‘The fundamental principles upon which the various methods of plane surveying are based are of very simple nature and can be stated under the following two aspecis : 1) «Location of a point by measurement from two points of reference The relative positions of the points to be surveyed should be tocated by measurement from at least two points of reference, whe positions of which havc already been fixed. Let P and Q be the reference points on the ground. The distance PQ can be measured accurately and the relative positions of P and @ can be plotted on the sheet to some scale. The points P and @ will thus serve as reference points for fixing the relative positions of other points. Any other point, such os R, can be located by any of the following direct methods (Fig. 1.2) : Pe P P e P Bs, AS R fi vA A 0° c a ae «/ af a @ @ a a @) o) ) @ (s) @ FIG. 1,2, LOCATION OF A POINT. (a) Distances PR and QR can be measured and point R can be ploned by swinging the two arcs to the same scale to which PQ has been plotied. The principle is very much used in chain survevine (b) A perpendicular RS can be dropped on the reference line PQ and lengths PS and SR are measured. The point R can then be plotted using set square. This principle is used for defining details. (c) The distance QR and the angle POR can be measured and point R is plored either by means of a protractor or trigonometrically. This principle is used in traversing. (@ In this method, the distances PR and QR are not measured but angle RPQ and angle ROP are measured with an angle-measuring instrument. Knowing the distance PQ, “point & is plotted either by means of a protractor or by solution of triangle. POR. This principle is very much used in triangulation and the method is used for -very “extensive work.. {e) Angle RQP ard distance PR are measured and point R is plotted cither by protracting an angle and swinging an arc from P or plored trigonometrically. This principle, used in traversing, is of minor utiliry.