portance of Indian Agriculture { | 1 1 wides Raw Material S : Ee Industries. Provides Employment Provides Foreign Provides Food for [Exchange for the countey| the Population Problems of Indian Agriculture Dependence Fragmented Improper Irrigation Land Old Methods Poverty and on Rainfall Holdings Techniques Tenure of Cultivation Iliteracy Solution/Reforms These have been mainly by the introduction of the Green Revolution. The main features are: + Use of modern scientific methods of farming. + Use of high-yielding varieties of seeds. + Modern facilities of irrigation + Use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides. + Favourable government policies. [pes of Farming in India “t | v | or ¥ Subsistence Shifting Extensive Mixed | i i } * Crops consumed ] | { * Also known as stash and | | |» One crop grown ona large * Cultivation of crops as by farmers burn agriculture area well as rearing of animals * Notmuchleftfor | | | * Carried on in hilly regions | | | * "Areas of sparse population + This is done for extra sale of the north-east + Machinery is used income v —— v : S (Commerc 1 Intensive Plantation ¥ ¥ ¥ + Cropsare grown | [ » Carried on where population is dense || * One crop grown on large mainly for sale || + Land is less estates ; + Machinery used |] * Many crops grown + Scientific techniques used + Large farms + Fertilizers used for maximum yield || + Grown mainly for saleoto | Crops Grown in India Cereals eg. Rice, wheat maize, barley Pulses Gram, tur, moons, masoor Zayad (Extra Crop) Pepper, chillies, ‘arian Spices Non-Food Crops (en a Fibres Cotton, jute, silk Oilseeds ‘Cash Crops/Plantation Tea, coffee, rubber Other Crops Tobacco Groundnut, mustard, coconut ib Food crops: Crops ‘Temperature Rainfall Soil Main Areas of Production Rice 7] crac 1. About 16°C - 20°C during early period. 18°C — 32°C during the ripening stage. (20°C - 27°C) 150 cm - 300 cm Alluvial soil with sub-soil of clay. West Bengal, Bihar, Andhia Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. ‘Wheat (Rabi) 1. Early period of growth (10°¢ - 20°C.) Ripening p (26°C - 28°C. 50 em ~ 100 cm (Rainfall mainly in winter) Clayey or any soils (Black and Alluvial Soils). Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh. 3. Millets (owar, Bajra, Ragi) 4Pulses (27°C - 32°C) Can survive in high temperature and very low rainfall (20°C - 30°C.) 50 em ~ 100 em (Rainfall mainly in winter). Loamy soil, rich in nitrogen. Jowar and Bajra — (Gujat) Andhra Pradesh, Karnatek® Maharashtra.) Ragi— Karnataka, Tamil N and Andhra Pradesh. fad i 50-75 cm Can grow on any inferior soil and dry soil. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pade Rajasthan2. Non-Food Crops: Fibre Crops Crops | Tempernture 1 Jute |27° 4| fn JA Cotton | 21°C - 30°C v (200 frost-free | days) Rainfall Bal pins and al 150-cm ~ 250 cm | Alluvial soil found in the flood | West Bengal, Bihar, as of rivers, | Odisha, Assam. ~ Jona __| SOem = 100.cm | Light, well drained alluvial | Gujarat, Maharashtra, {well distributed) | soils rich in lime or black lava | Punjab, Andhra soil (Regut soil), Pradesh. Main Areas of Production Crops | Temperature | Rainfall Soil Ee kl Production IFC soil toallow water to percolate. It is grown on hillslopes as too much of °C |150em~ 250em| Light friable loams| Assam, West Bengal, well distributed. | with iron, porous sub- | Uttaranchal, Nilgitis. | water isharmful, | | \2 Coffee 16°C - 28°C | 120.cm - 200 em | Alluvial soil or Lava soil, | Karnataka, Tamil N +-| distributed over and Kerala (Nilgitis). | { the year. ora 20°C - 30°C | 75 cm - 150 cm | Well drained sandy loam | Uttar Pradesh, / (Kharif) with sandy clay, Soil rich | Maharashtra, in potash and iron. Karnataka, Bihar. 4, Oilseeds: [Crops | Temperature | Rainfall Soil Main Areas of Production ay Groundnut | 20°C - 28°C |50cm-75cm | Dry sandy light | Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil | soils. Nadu, Karnataka, 4. Mustard | 10°C - 20°C ] 50.em ~ 100 em | Alluvial. Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, “PRapeseeds Punjab. 3, Soyabean | 15°C - 24°C | 40 cm - 60.em | Loamy soil. Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan The following states are the leading producers of: Crops States Rice ‘Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh, Wheat Western Uttar Prades, Punjab and Haryana, Millets Deccan Plateau and Gujarat, Jowat Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh BajraRagi Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Pulses Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Haryana. Cotton Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab. Jute West Bengal, Bihar and Assam. Coffee Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Tea Assam,West Bengal. Sugar cane ‘Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra and Karnataka. Groundnut Oil Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Mustard Oil Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. Soyabean Oil Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat.i Short Answer Questions What is the importance of agriculture j ? a Meee portant in ea da? Menton wo tr ce (a) It provides employment to about 70%, (6) It provides raw materials for the of the population, t Agro-based industri like ec hath: seat qa: Mention any to problems of agricutne se OUeNT ke colton, jt, sugar and tobacco. Ans, The two problems of agriculture in India are ay, Pony (a) Unreliable, seasonal and unequally nee (@) rainfed crops Requally distributed rainfall is the main cause of the failure of Q3. What is ae farming? Mention any one benefit of mixed farming. (2017) Ans, Cultivation of crops and rearing of animals is done together on the same farm, Fruits and vegetables may be grown for @ steady income when crops fail due to droughts or floods. Fodder is also grown for the animals, Q4. Mention any two features of plantation farming stating two examples. (2014) Ans. The.characteristics of plantation farming are: (a) Vast estates are required, (6) One crop is grown on a large scale mainly for export. ‘Plantation Farming was begun by colonial rulers who grew crops like rubber, tea, coffee ete. on large estates. a Q5. With reference to rice cultivation, answer the following: (@) Why does rice grow well in a soil with a clay like subsoil? (6) What is the advantage of growing rice in nurseries before it is transplanted? (2016) Ans. (a) Rice grows well in a soil with a clay like subsoil as the water holding capacity of clayey soil is more over long periods. Rice”cultivation requires large quantities of water. (6) When rice is grown in nurseries before being transplanted, there are advantages such as very low weed growth, less time period required for crop in the fields and more uniform plant ~poputation. Q6. With reference to rice cultivation, answer the following: (a) Name two leading states in the production of rice. (6) Give two advantages of growing rice in nurseries. _ : ; _ (2013) Ans. (a) West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh are the two leading states in the production of rice. (6) Rice is grown in nurseries S0 that only the best and healthy plants can be transplanted into the flooded fields. This also results in increase in yield._ Q7. Name the state where rice is grown almost exclusively as a cash crop. What makes rice the staple food crop of India? + Ans, Punjab rows rice ‘as a cash crop. Rice is a staple food crop of India and can be grown in a riety of climatic conditions. The shortage of water is compensated by adequate irrigational facilities. Wheat is largely consumed in the state and rice is sold. 28. State two geographical requirements for the growth of wheat in India. 011) Ans, Wheat re ioe rainfall between 50 cm and 100 em and grows mainly in winter. : reaps sare required is between 10°C and 20°C in the early period of growth but 26°C and 28°C during the ripening period.Q.12. Ans. Q.13. Ans. Quid. Ans. Qs. Ans. Qu6. Ans, Qu7. . What are the requirements for the cul ). Which are the two staple food crops of Int tion of wheat with reference to: (6) Rainfall? (a) Soil . Requirements of wheat with reference to: (a) Soi: Dry loamy soil or black eotton soil are most suitable. Soil should be easy and moj, retentive (6 hold the plant. (6) Rainfall: Wheat requires rainfall between 50 cm-100 cm a? Name against each the agricultural season in hig, it is grown. ;» The two staple food crops are Rice and Wheat. Rice-Kharif Crop (Summer), Wheat-Rabi Crop (Winter). . Name a pulse crop cultivated in India: (a) during the kharif season. (6) during the rabi season. (a) Pulses grown during kharif Season—tur, moong and urad. (b) Pulses grown during rabi Season—gram, peas and masoor. State the three coarse grains (millets) grown in India. Name two states where-these are grown on a large scale, The three millets grown in India are Jowar, Bajra and Ragi. These are grown on a large scale in Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. Mention two different ways in which sugar cane is propagated. : 2010) Sugar cane is propagated by either the sett method or by ratooning. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of ratoon cropping. Advantage: Ratoons mature earlier and cost of production is also less as no preparation of the field is required. Disadvantage: Ratoons produce low quality crop as the canes are thinner with lower sucrose and there is also high risk of pests and diseases. Mention two problems faced by the sugar cane cultivators in north India, The two problems faced by the sugar cane cultivators in North India are: (a) ‘Sugar cane is grown on ‘small farms’ and since it is soil exhausting, farmers have to depend on irrigation which increases the production costs. () ee mills are old-fashioned and are far from the sugar farms leading to delay in Give the geographical requirement for the cultivation of sugar cane, The geographical requirements for the cultivation of sugar cane are: ‘Temperature: Sugar cane crop requires the temperatures between 20°C and 30°C Rainfall: Rainfall should be well distributed between 75 em and 150) cm. Irrigation & best suited. Soil: Deep, well drained, loamy soil. Name the most important cash crop of West Bengal. Describe two geographical conditions which favours the growth of this crop. . Jute is the most important cash crop of West Bengal. The two geographical conditions that favours its crops are: Rainfall—170 cm to 200 cm, Temperature—24°C to 35°C. See ee coneew ent Gene eeeQs. Ans. QU. Ans. Q.20. Ans. Q23, Ans. Q24, Ans, Qas. Ans, Q26. Ans, Q27. Ans, . State two geographical req The two geographical requirements for the growth of cotton are: Name four types of oilseeds, the oil of whi Groundnuts, mustard, sun ‘hich can be consumed. Wer and safflower, oL - Oilseeds Crop season Area of growth a ee Kharif Gujarat i Rabi Uttar Pradesh, Punjab. cultivation of cotton in the state mentioned? State: Short-stapled cotton is Produced in Rajasthan, Climate: Temperatures between 20° C and 30° C. Rainfall varying from 50 to 100 cm. Frost-free period for at least 200 days. Soil: Black or alluvial soil. (a) Which is the most important and widespread fibre crop in India? (6) What kind of soil is traditionally suited to this crop and why? (a) The most important and widespread fibre crop of India is cotton. (b) The soil required is the regur or black cotton soil because it is moisture retentive, ‘ments for the growth of cotton. (@) Mild, cool, dry climate with temperatures between 21° C and 27° C. (b) Moderate rainfall of 50 cm to 80 cm, well distribuied throughout the year. ive two climatic features that favour jute cultivation. Jute requires high temperatures (27°C-34° C) and high relative humidity (75%-90%). Rainfall should be between 170 cm and 250 cm. Which crop in India represents the world’s best example of plantation agriculture in all its aspects? What are the climatic requirements of this crop? Tea — Plantation crop. Climatic requirements are: Temperature: — (13°C-35°C) Rainfall: — (150 cm-250 cm) Name the two varieties of coffee grown in India. The two varieties of coffee grown in India are Arabica and Robusta. State two problems faced by coffee cultivators in India. The two problems faced by coffee cultivators in India are: (a) Present coffee yields are low. (b) Fluctuations due to climate and other factors. (c) India faces stiff competition in international markets from Kenya and Brazil, (any two) Give reasons for the following Mention any two reasons for the importance of agriculture in India. eae) Agriculture is important in India because it provides: d (a) raw materials for the agro-based industries like cotton, jute, sugar and tobacco. (6) employment to about seventy per cent of the Indian population.Ans. Q30. Ans. Q31. Ans. Q.32. Ans. Why are pulses grown so widely all over India? i Pulses are grown so widely all over India because they can be grown under a large variety of climate conditions. They are leguminous plants and help in crop rotation. They are highly nutritious ang the vegetarian population is largely dependent on it. Give geographical reasons for the following: (a) Regular pruning is essential for tea bushes. (6) Coffee beans are roasted. (©) Millets are known as dry crops. Pon, (a) Pruning is essential for the tea bushes as it encourages the growth of new shoots with softer leaves. The central stem is removed to encourage the quick development of the lateral branches. These are pruned to keep the bushes at a convenient height of about 40 cm to 50 cm for the pluckers. (6) The coffee beans are roasted after they are taken out and sorted out according to size and quality. Roasting gives brown colour and the aroma, flavour and taste. (c) Millets are known as dry crops as they are grown in areas that are too dry for rice and too hot for wheat to grow. They can also grow on poor soils. e a geographical reason for each of the following: (@) Cotton grows widely in Maharashtra. () Clonal planting is the best method for tea propagation. (c) Oilseeds are an important commercial crop grown in India. (2014) (a) Cotton grows widely in Maharashtra because of favourable climatic conditions. It has a warm climate, the land is irrigated and there are frost-free days during ripening. The Black soil iS water retentive and provides the suitable moisture to the plants. (6) Clonal planting is the best method for tea propagation as it gives a better yield, special flavour and quality to prop: ee PON (c) Oilseeds are an important commercial crop grown in India as recently it has become one of the important foreign exchange earners. The oil which is extracted is also used as a raw material for manufacturing products such as paints, soaps, cosmetics etc. Give a geographical reason for each of the following: (a) Tea is cultivated on hill slopes. (6) The yield per hectare of sugar cane is higher in the southern states. (c) Pulses are important food crops. [2015] (a) Tea is cultivated on hill slopes as excess and stagnant water near the roots damages the plants. (6) The yield per hectare of sugar cane is higher in the southern states owing to the favourable Q etter irrigational facilities and assistance from the government. — (©) Bulses are important as they are a source of protein for the vegetarian. Being leguminous, pulses fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil and are rotated with other crops. —— Give geographical reasons for the following: (a) Jute has to be retted (®) Tea is grown on hill slopes (©) Silver oak and banana trees are grown on coffee plantations. (2012) (a) Jute has to be retted or soaked in soft running water for about a week to separate the fibres from the stem. (6) Tea is grown on hill slopes as the roots of the tea bushes cannot tolerate stagnant water and the hill slopes drain away the water. : Silver oak and banana trees are grown on coffee plantations as they provide shade to the young plants from the direct rays of the sun. (c)Q33. Give geographical reasons for the following: Ans. (@) (6) © (@) () © Tea bushes are pruned at regular intervals, Tapping of rubber trees is usually done in the morning hours. Oil cake is a useful residue, [2010] Tea bushes are pruned at regular intervals to encourage the growth of new leaves and to keep the height low for the women who do the picking. TTT Rubber trees are tapped early in the morning as rain is unlikely at this time of the day and latex flows more freely. Oil cake which is the residue left after the extraction of oil from seeds, is extremely useful as it is-generally used as cattle feed and as 4 fertilizer. eo eeeet: a Q34-Explain why Pulses are grown-as rotation crops? Ans. Pulses are grown as rotation crops as they are leguminous and are capable of fixing nitrogen. This helps to improve the quality of the soil. . Explain briefly why: Wheat is grown as a Rabi Crop. Wheat is grown as a Rabi Crop because it requires a cool climate (10 °C to 15° C) and moderate rainfall (50 cm to 100 cm). Q3s. Ans. (@) (b) © (@) (6) ©) . Give two reasons why: Sugar cane production is increasing in Maharashtra, Jute cultivation is most successful in West Bengal. Cotton cultivation is one of the main occupations in Gujarat. Sugar cane production is increasing in Maharashtra because of its ideal geographical conditions, well-planned plantations, greater capital investment and modern scientific agricultural methods. ,Te=-~ Seow (Mantes), Jute cultivation is most successful in West_Bengal because of the following reasons: ‘A damp, hot climate with high humidity, average temperature 27°C. Rainfall — over 150 om Soil — A rich loamy alluvial soil of the delta regions. Cotton cultivation is one of the main occupations in Gujarat as cotton grows well because soil and climatic conditions are ideal here. There is no frost, temperature is between 20° C and 32°C, rainfall is between 50 and 120 cm and there is water retentive soil. Q37. Give one reason for each of the following: Ans, @) () (a) 6) ‘The groundnut crop is often used as a rotation crop with bajra, jowar and gram. Ratoon cropping is popular in sugar cane. ce ‘The groundnut is often used as a rotation crop with bajra, jowar and gram because it is a leguminous crop and adds valuable nitrogen to the soil. Ratoon cropping is popular in the cultivation of sugar cane because itis labour saving, decreases costs and matures early.