STATISTICS IS THE GRAMMAR OF SCIENCE

PREPARED BY

FAST NUCES ISLAMABAD

MT-2005 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

THE BASIC COUNTING PRINCIPLE

If task A can be performed in m ways, followed by task B which can be performed in n

ways, then task A followed by task B can be performed in m  n  ways.

FACTORIAL FUNCTION Let n be a positive integer then factorial of n read as n factorial

is denoted by n! and is given by

n! n  n  1 n  2 ...... 3  2  1

For example
 1! = 1
 2! = 21 = 2
 3! = 3 2  1 = 6
Note that

 n! n n  1!
 0! = 1

RESULTS

1. The number of ways of arranging n unlike objects in a line is given by n !.

2. The number of ways of arranging n objects in a line, of which p are alike,

n!
is given by .
p!

3. The number of ways of arranging n objects in a line, of which p of one type are
alike, q of a second type are alike, r of a third type are alike, and so on, is given
by
n!
p ! q ! r !...

4. The number of ways of arranging n unlike objects in a ring, when clockwise and
anticlockwise arrangements are different is given by

n  1!.

5. The number of ways of arranging n unlike objects in a ring, when clockwise and
anticlockwise arrangements are the same, is given by
n  1!
2

PREPARED BY HAZBER SAMSON SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES DPT FAST ISLAMABAD

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MT-2005 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

PERMUTATION A permutation is an arrangement of objects in a definite order.

The number of permutations of n different objects taken r at a time is denoted by
n
Pr or P(n, r) and is given by
n!
n
Pr 
n  r !
For example

 5
P3  60
 8
P2  56
Note that

 n
Pn  n!
 n
Pn1  n !
 n
P1  n
 n
P0 1

COMBINATION A combination is an arrangement of objects without regard for the order

in which they are arranged.
The number of combinations of n different objects taken r at a time is denoted by
n
Cr or C (n, r ) and is given by

n!
n
Cr 
r ! n  r !
For example

 5
C3 10
 8
C2  28

Note that

 n
C n 1
 n
Cn1  n
 n
C1  n
 n
C 0 1
 n
Cr  nCn  r

RELATION BETWEEN PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

n
Pr  nC r  r !

PREPARED BY HAZBER SAMSON SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES DPT FAST ISLAMABAD

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