SANTINIKETAN PUBLIC SCHOOL

NAME : N. NAVEEN KUMAAR

CLASS : XII – ‘B’
SUBJECT: BIOLOGY
TOPIC : ACQUIRED IMMUNO DEFICIENCY SYNDROME
(AIDS)

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 Certificate

This is to certify that this “Biology project” on the topic “AIDS”

has been successfully completed by N.NAVEEN KUMAAR of
class XII under the guidance of Mr. M.Ramesh in a particular
fulfillment of curriculum of Central Board of Secondary
Education (CBSE) leading to the award of Annual Examination
of the year 2023 -2024
DATE :

ROLL NO:

Teacher-In-Charge External Examiner

Principal’s Signature

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my thanks and gratitude to our Principal

Mr. David sir for giving me this opportunity to do this wonderful project
on the topic “AIDS” which has helped me in doing a lot of research.

I would extend my thanks to my Biology Teacher Mr. M. Ramesh

sir for providing me with all the support I required all the time.

THANK YOU

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S. NO CONTENT PAGE
NO

1. INTRODUCTION 5
2. PROCESS OF TRANSMISSION 6
3. CAUSES OF HIV/AIDS 7
4. SYMPTOMS OF HIV INFECTION 7
5. DIAGNONIS OF HIV/AIDS 10
6. TREATMENTS 11
7. PREVENTION 12
8. MANAGING HIV 14
9. CONCLUSION & HYPOTHESIS 15
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY 16

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 INTRODUCTION

AIDS (Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome) is caused by virus

called HIV (Human Immuno deficiency Virus). It is a virus that attacks
cells that help the body infection; the illness alters the immune system,
making people much more vulnerable to infections and diseases. HIV is
found in the body fluids of an infected person (semen and vaginal
fluids, blood and breast milk).

HIV infection causes AIDS to develop. It is possible to be infected

with HIV without developing AIDS. Without treatment, the HIV
infection is allowed to progress and eventually it will develop into AIDS
in the vast majority of cases.

• HIV is the virus which attacks T- cells in the immune system.

• AIDS is the syndrome which appears in advance stages of HIV
infection.
• HIV is virus.
• AIDS is a medical condition.

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PROCESS OF TRANSMISSION:

The virus is passed from one person to another through blood –

blood and sexual contact. In addition, infected pregnant women can
pass HIV to their babies durning pregancy, delivering the baby during
child birth, and through breast feeding. HIV can be transmitted in many
ways, such as vaginal, oral sex, anal sex, blood transfusion, and
contaminated hypodermic needles. Both the virus and the syndrome
are often referred as HIV/AIDS.

PROCESS OF TRANSMISSION

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CAUSES OF HIV/AIDS:

HIV is a retrovirus that infects the vital organs of the human

immune system. The virus progresses in the absence of antiretroviral
therapy. The rate of virus progression varies widely between individuals
and depends on many factors (age of the patient, body’s ability to
defend against HIV, access to health care, existence of coexisting
infections, the infected person’s genetic inheritance, resistance to
certain strains of HIV).

SYMPTOMS OF HIV INFECTION:

Many people with HIV have no symptoms for several years. Others
may develop symptoms similar to flu, usually two to six weeks after
catching the virus. The symptoms can last up four weeks.

• Fever
• Chills
• Joint pain

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 • Muscle ache
• Sore throat
• Sweats(particular at night)
• Enlarged glands
• A red rash
• Tiredness
• Weakness
• Weight loss

Asymptomatic of HIV infection:

After the initial symptoms disappear, there will not be any further
symptoms for many years. During this time, the virus carries on

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developing and damages the immune system. The process can take up
to 10 years. The infected person will experience no symptoms, feel well
and appear healthy.

Last stage HIV infection:

During last stage HIV infection, the risk of developing a life

threatening illness is much greater.

• Esophagitis (an inflammation of the lower end of the

esophagus).
• Infection to the nervous system (acute aseptic meningitis, sub
acute encephalitis, peripheral neuropathy).
• Pneumonia.

Some cancers, such as Kaposi’s sarcoma, invasive cervical cancer, lung

cancer, rectal carcinomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, head and neck
brain cancers. Cancer in the immune system known as lymphomas.

1. Toxoplasmosis (a disease caused by a parasite that infects the

brain. It can also cause disease in the eye and lungs).
2. Tuberculosis
3. Life threatening illnesses may be controlled and treated with
proper HIV treatment.

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DIAGNONIS OF HIV/AIDS:

Diagnosis is made through blood test that screens specially for the
virus. The blood is retested several times before a positive.

➢ ELISA TEST: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, also called

ELISA or EIA, is a test that detects and measure antibodies in your
blood. Antibodies are proteins that body produces in response to
harmful substances called antigens.
➢ HOME TEST: the only home test approved by the U.S. food and
Drug Administration is called the Home Access Express Test,
which is sold in pharmacies.
➢ SALIVA TEST: a cotton pad is used to obtain saliva from the inside
of cheek. The pad is placed in a vial and submitted to a laboratory
for testing.
➢ VIRAL LOAD TEST: This test measures the amount of HIV in blood.
Generally, it’s used to monitor treatment progress or detect early
HIV infection. Three technologies measure HIV viral load in the
blood – reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR),
branched DNA (b DNA) and nucleic acid sequence based
amplification assay (NASBA).
➢ WESTERN BLOT: this is a very sensitive blood test used to confirm
a positive ELISA test result.

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TREATMENTS:

The treatment for HIV is called antiretroviral therapy (ART).

ART involves taking a combination of HIV medicines (called an HIV
treatment regimen) everyday. ART is recommended for everyone
who has HIV. ART cannot cure HIV, but HIV medicines help people
with HIV live longer, healthier lives. ART also reduce the risk of
HIV transmission.
HIV testing can identity infection in the early stages. This allows
the patient to use prophylactic (preventive) drugs which slow the
rate at which the virus replicates, delaying the onset of AIDS.
• Account for individual drug resistances (viral genotype).
• Avoid creating new drug resistant strains of HIV.
• Maximize suppression of virus in the blood.

The classes of anti-HIV drugs include:

1. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors(NNRTIs)

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 2. Nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors(NRTIs)
3. Protease inhibitors (PIs)
4. Integrase inhibitors
5. Entry or fusion inhibitors.

PREVENTION:

To prevent being infected with HIV, healthcare professionals advice

precautions related to:

Unprotected sex:

Having sex without a condom can put a person at risk of being infected
with HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). HIV can be
spread by vaginal, oral, and anal sex.

Drug Abuse and Needle Sharing:

Intravenous drug use is an important factor in HIV transmission in

developed countries. Sharing needles can expose t HIV and other
viruses, such as hepatitis C. strategies such as needle- exchange
program are used to reduce the infections caused by drug abuse.

Body fluid Exposure:

Exposure to HIV can be controlled by employing precautions to reduce

the risk of exposure to contaminated blood. At all times, health care
workers should use barriers (gloves, masks, protective eyewear, shields,
and gowns). Frequent and thorough washing of the skin immediately
after being contaminated with blood or other bodily fluids can reduce
the chance of infection.

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Pregnancy:

Anti- HIV medicines can harm the unborn child. But an effective
treatment plan can prevent HIV transmission from mother to baby.
Precautions have to be taken to protect the baby’s health. Delivery
through caesarean section may be necessary. Breastfeeding may have
to give way t bottle feeding if the mother is infected.

Prevention methods to AIDS

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MANAGING HIV:
Adherence:

HIV treatment is effective if the patient is committed and constant in

taking the medication on time. Missing even a few doses will jeopardize
the treatment. A daily methodical routine has to be programmed to fit
the treatment plan around the patient’s lifestyle and schedule.
“Adherence“is sometimes known as “compliance”.

General Health:

It is crucial for patients to take medicine correctly and take steps to

avoid illness. Patients should seek to improve their general health and
reduce the risk of falling ill by practicing regular exercise, healthy
eating, and not smoking.

Additional precautions:

HIV infected people should be extra cautious to prevent exposure to

infection. They should be careful around animals, avoid coming into
contact with cat litter, animal feces. Meticulous and regular washing of
hand is recommended.

Long term condition:

HIV is a lasting condition, and therefore patients have to be in regular

contact with their healthcare team. Treatment plan is reviewed
regularly.

Psychological:

Common misconceptions about AIDS/HIV are diminishing. The stigma

of the condition persists in many parts of the world. People infected

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with the virus may feel excluded, rejected, distressing, and feelings of
anxiety or depression are common.

CONCLUSION:
After studying the cause and effects of “AIDS” from different views,
we conclude that it is pandemic disease. It is mainly spreading sexually
and person of the age group of 25-45 years are the most affected
group. There are some methods like ‘Antiviral Therapy’ and immune
simulative therapy which bring some hope that even then no specific
treatment has been found so for and morality form is virtually 100%. So
prevention is the test medicine care.

HYPOTHESIS:

AIDS is non curable due to its nature pathogen. It also damage

immune system of the body. Therefore any medicine (Antiviral) drugs
are not effective against HIV virus. Ignorance and lack of knowledge
about this disease is the root cause of wide spread of this disease.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.wekiepedia.com
www.biflora.com
www.icbse.com
www.who.org

www.vectorstocks.com

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