smu {a Old NCERT (Ancient India) - RS Sharma Ws By SAINIL NAGARE CHAPTER 25: DEVELOPMENTS IN PHILOSOPHY 25.1 GOALS OF LIFE © The ancient thinkers advocated for the attainment of four goals after the varna-divided social order had been firmly established. © Artha: Matters relating to economy were treated in the Arthashastra. * Dharma: Laws governing the state and society became the subject of the Dharmashastra. kama: physical pleasures were discussed in the Kamasutra. Moksha: Salvation or moksha became the central subject of the texts on darshana or philosophy. © By the beginning of the Christian era, six schools of philosophy developed. These were known as: Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa, and Vedanta. 25.2 SAMKHYA ‘¢ The world owes its creation and evolution more to prakriti than to God. It was a rational and scientific view. © Inthe fourth century AD, It said that nature and the spiritual element together created the world ‘© Thus, at the outset the Samkhya School of philosophy was materialistic, but later it tended to become spiritualistic. 25.3 YOGA © Aperson can attain salvation through meditation and physical application. '* Practice of control over pleasure, the senses, and bodily organs is central to this system. 25.4 NYAYA ¢ It was developed as a system of logic and believed that salvation can be attained through the acquisition of knowledge. © The stress laid on the use of logic influenced Indian scholars who took to systematic thinking and reasoning. 25.5 VAISHESHIKA The Vaisheshika school gives importance to the discussion of material elements or dravya. ‘© They propounded the Atomic theory. The Vaisheshika thus marked the beginning of physics in India, ‘©The scientific view was diluted by a belief in god and spiritualism in later periods. For More Study Material, Visit: studyiq.com cs Ftsmu {a Old NCERT (Ancient India) - RS Sharma Ws By SAINIL NAGARE 25.6 MIMASA It means the art of reasoning and interpretation. According to the Mimamsa school, the Vedas contain the eternal truth. The principal object of this philosophy was to acquire heaven and salvation. In order to attain salvation, the Mimamsa school strongly recommended the performance of Vedic sacrifices which strengthened the position of Brahmans, 25.7 VEDANTA Vedanta means the end of the Veda. The Brahmasutra of Badarayana compiled in the second century BC formed its basic text. According to it, brahma is the reality and everything else is unreal (maya). Ifa person acquires the knowledge of the self (atma), he acquires the knowledge of brahma, and thus attains salvation. The theory of karma came to be linked to Vedanta philosophy. It implies that people suffer not because of social or worldly causes but because of causes which they neither know nor which they can control. 25.8 CHARVAKA AND THE MATERIALISTIC VIEW OF LIFE The six systems of philosophical teaching promoted the idealistic view of life. Materialistic ideas also figure in the doctrines of the Ajivikas, a heterodox sect in the time of the Buddha. © Charvaka, however, was the main expounder of the materialistic philosophy which came to be known as the Lokayata, ¢ He accepted the existence/reality of only those things that could be experienced by human senses and organs. ‘© The schools of philosophy with emphasis on materialism developed in the period of an ‘expanding economy and society between 500 BC and AD 300, © By the fifth century AD, materialistic philosophy was overshadowed by the exponents of idealistic philosophy. THANK YOU Ong Sainil Nagare a ELT cat © csewithsainilnagare ri @ csewithsainiInagare ae = Pes cnu ene nee La For More Study Material, Visit: studyig.com rcs