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2022 IEEE 33rd Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC) | 978-1-6654-8053-6/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/PIMRC54779.2022.9977470
Abstract—Two research topics, namely, reconfigurable intelli- multicarrier modulation schemes such as orthogonal frequency
gent surfaces (RIS) and orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) division multiplexing (OFDM) in high-mobility scenarios [7]-
modulation, have drawn significant interest in recent wireless [9]. In high-mobility scenarios, the channel witnesses rapid
research. While RIS technology can aid communication by favor-
ably controlling the electromagnetic wave propagation towards variations in time. This introduces inter-carrier interference
the receiver, OTFS modulation can offer robust performance (ICI) in OFDM, which causes severe performance degradation.
in high-Doppler channels. Both RIS and OTFS are envisioned Whereas, OTFS is robust to rapid time variations of the
to be promising technologies for 6G and beyond. This paper channel as OTFS signaling is carried out in the delay-Doppler
investigates a RIS-aided OTFS system. A novel and useful (DD) domain in contrast to OFDM signaling which is carried
contribution in this paper is the detailed derivation of the end-
to-end delay-Doppler (DD) domain input-output relation of a out in the time-frequency (TF) domain.
RIS-aided OTFS system, which can serve as a basic system Owing to their inherent strengths and performance benefits,
model that can aid the investigation of efficient transceiver tech- both RIS and OTFS are envisioned to be promising technolo-
niques/algorithms, performance evaluation, and implementation. gies for 6G and beyond. For the same reasons, there has been
We consider maximization of the Frobenius norm of the effective a lot of interest in RIS and OTFS research. An increasing body
end-to-end DD channel matrix of the RIS-aided OTFS system to
choose the phase vector at the RIS. Our simulation results show of research has been appearing in the literature on these two
that RIS-aided OTFS performs significantly better compared to topics (e.g., [10]- [17] and several other papers in the litera-
RIS-aided OFDM. ture), where they are treated independently highlighting their
Index Terms—Reconfigurable intelligent surface, OTFS mod- individual merits. Investigation of RIS-aided OTFS systems
ulation, delay-Doppler domain, RIS-aided OTFS, input-output is of interest. An observation of interest in this regard is that
relation, RIS-aided OFDM. RIS-aided OFDM systems have been investigated in the recent
literature in [12]- [14], where RIS has been shown to improve
I. I NTRODUCTION OFDM performance. It is of interest to investigate RIS-aided
OTFS in high-mobility scenarios and assess its performance in
The key performance requirements in next generation wire-
comparison with that of RIS-aided OFDM. This paper focuses
less communication systems include increased energy and
on this aspect, which has not been reported before. Our new
spectral efficiency, high reliability, low latency, and high
and novel contributions can be summarized as follows.
mobility. Two promising research directions have emerged
• We derive the end-to-end DD domain input-output rela-
recently to meet these diverse requirements. They are recon-
figurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) [1]- [4] and orthogonal tion of a RIS-aided OTFS system. This input-output rela-
time frequency space (OTFS) modulation [5]- [9]. RIS tech- tion can serve as a basic system model that can aid the in-
nology is a paradigm that provides energy efficient wireless vestigation of efficient transceiver techniques/algorithms,
communications and OTFS technology is a paradigm that performance evaluation, and implementation.
• We propose the maximization of the Frobenius norm of
provides reliable high-mobility support. In a RIS assisted
communication system, smart reflecting surfaces consisting of the effective end-to-end DD channel matrix of the RIS-
an array of passive tunable reflecting elements are placed in aided OTFS system to choose the RIS phase vector.
• Our results show that 1) RIS improves the performance
the propagation environment to aid communication between
the transmitter and the receiver. This is achieved by favorably of OTFS, 2) the performance improvement gets enhanced
controlling the electromagnetic wave propagation towards the for increased number of reflecting elements, and 3) RIS-
receiver by tuning the reflection characteristics of the elements aided OTFS performs significantly better compared to
in the surface. By tuning the phases of the reflecting elements, RIS-aided OFDM in high-mobility channels.
the incident signal from the transmitter is reflected in such a The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The RIS-
way that the directivity of the reflected signal is maximized in aided OTFS system model is introduced in Sec. II. The end-to-
the direction of the receiver, leading to significant SNR gains. end DD domain input-output relation of the RIS-aided OTFS
The passive nature of the reflecting elements renders the RIS is derived in Sec. III. Simulation results and discussions are
approach to be an energy efficient approach [10]. presented in Sec. IV. Conclusions are presented in Sec. V.
OTFS modulation is a recently introduced modulation II. RIS- AIDED OTFS SYSTEM MODEL
scheme [5] which significantly outperforms contemporary
Consider a RIS-aided OTFS system consisting of an OTFS
This work was supported by the J. C. Bose National Fellowship, Depart- transmitter, an OTFS receiver, and a RIS as shown in Fig.
ment of Science and Technology, Government of India. 1. A single antenna is assumed both at the transmitter and
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where Y r (t, f ) is the cross-ambiguity function between the where yr , x ∈ CM N ×1 , the (k + N l)th entry of x, xk+N l =
received signal y r (t) and the receive pulse grx (t), given by x[k, l], k = 0, · · · , N − 1, l = 0, · · · , M − 1 and x[k, l] ∈
r
Z
′
A, where A is the modulation alphabet. Similarly, yk+N l =
r ∗
Y (t, f ) = grx (t′ − t)y r (t′ )e−j2πf (t −t) dt′ . (8) y [k, l], k = 0, · · · , N − 1, l = 0, · · · , M − 1, and Hr ∈
r
t′
CM N ×M N is the effective cascaded channel matrix for the
The input-output relation in TF domain, ignoring noise, can rth sub-surface. Combining the reflected signals from all the
be written as [9] L sub-surfaces at the receiver, we obtain the overall end-to-end
N
X −1 M
X −1 DD domain input-output relation for RIS-aided OTFS as
Y r [n, m] = ϕr r
Hn,m [n′ , m′ ]X[n′ , m′ ], (9) L
X
n′ =0 m′ =0 y= ϕr Hr x + v, (17)
r
where Hn,m [n′ , m′ ]is given by r=1
Z Z Z Z where y is the combined received vector from all the sub-
r
Hn,m [n′ , m′ ] = g r (τ2 , ν2 ) hr (τ1 , ν1 ) surfaces and v ∈ CM N ×1 is the additive noise vector at the
ν 2 τ2 ν 1 τ1
receiver.
Agrx ,gtx (n − n′ )T − (τ1 + τ2 ), (m − m′ )∆f − ν1 − ν2
A. Reflection phase design
′ ′
ej2πm ∆f ((n−n )T −(τ1 +τ2 )) ej2πν1 (nT −(τ1 +τ2 )) dτ1 dν1 We consider a reflection phase vector design at the RIS
that maximizes the Frobenius norm of the effective end-
ej2πν2 (nT −τ2 ) dτ2 dν2 , (10) to-end DD channel matrix of the RIS-aided OTFS system.
Let γr = 1 and θr ∈ [−π, π], r = 1, · · · , L. We are
where Agrx ,gtx (t, f ) is the cross ambiguity function between
interested in the reflection phase vector Θ = [θ1 θ2 · · · θL ]
the transmit and receive pulses, defined as
that maximizes thePFrobenius norm of the effective channel
L
Z
∗ ′ matrix, given by ∥ r=1 ejθr Hr ∥2 . We use a random Monte
Agrx ,gtx (t, f ) = grx (t′ − t)gtx (t′ )e−j2πf (t −t) dt′ . (11)
t′ Carlo sampling approach to obtain an approximate solution
The derivation of (10) is given in Appendix A. It is assumed to this maximization problem. Let θri denote the ith realiza-
that both the transmit pulse and the receive pulse are ideal tion of randomly generated phase uniformly distributed in
whose cross-ambiguity function is given by [9] [−π, π], so that the ith realization of the phase vector is
( Θi = [θ1i θ2i · · · θL
i
]. A large number of such phase vector
1, n = 0, m = 0 realizations are generated and that vector which gives the
Agrx ,gtx (t, f ) = (12) ∗
0, otherwise, maximum Frobenius norm is chosen, i.e., choose Θi where
L i
i∗ = arg maxi ∥ r=1 ejθr Hr ∥2 .
P
for t ∈ (nT − τmax , nT + τmax ) and f ∈ (m∆f −
νmax , m∆f +νmax ), where τmax and νmax are the maximum IV. R ESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
delay and the maximum Doppler, respectively. It is clear In this section, we present the simulated bit error rate (BER)
r
from (12) that Hn,m [n′ , m′ ] is non-zero only when n′ = n, performance of the considered RIS-aided OTFS system. Table
′
m = m for the ideal pulses satisfying bi-orthogonal property. I shows the system parameters used in the simulations. A
Therefore, (9) reduces to carrier frequency (fc ) of 4 GHz, a subcarrier spacing (∆f )
of 3.75 kHz, and BPSK modulation are used. The maximum
Y r [n, m] = ϕr Hn,m
r
[n, m]X[n, m]. (13)
Doppler considered is 1.875 KHz, which corresponds to a
TF domain-to-DD domain: The TF signal Y r [n, m] is maximum speed of 506.25 km/h for the considered carrier
transformed to the DD domain using SFFT as frequency of 4 GHz. The channel fade coefficients hri s and
N −1 M −1 gir s are assumed to be i.i.d and distributed as CN (0, 1/P ),
1 X X nk ml
where P denotes the number of DD channel paths in the
y r [k, l] = √ Y r [n, m]e−j2π( N − M ) . (14)
M N n=0 m=0 corresponding link. In all the simulations, the same DD profile
is considered for all the sub-surfaces, and 30 random phase
The end-to-end DD domain input-output relation associated
vector realizations are taken in the Frobenius norm based
with the reflected signal from the rth sub-surface is derived
choice of reflection phases.
as (please see Appendix B for the derivation)
Performance of OTFS without and with RIS: Figure 2 shows
P2 P1
X r,2 r,2 X r,1
(τpr,1 +τqr,2 )
the BER performance of OTFS without RIS and RIS-aided
y r [k, l] = ϕr gqr e−j2πνq τq
hrp e−j2πνp OTFS and for L = 5, 15, M = N = 2, P1 = P2 = 2,
q=1 p=1 and maximum likelihood (ML) detection. From Fig. 2, it is
x[[k − (βpr,1 + βqr,2 )]N , [l − (αpr,1 + αqr,2 )]M ], (15) observed that RIS-aided OTFS for L = 15 achieves the best
performance followed by RIS-aided OTFS for L = 5. OTFS
where [.]N is the modulo N operation. Now, the input-output
without RIS has the least performance. For example, at a BER
relation in (15) can be written in a vectorized form as
of 10−4 , RIS-aided OTFS has SNR gain of about 20 dB and
yr = ϕr Hr x, (16) 25 dB for L = 5 and L = 15, respectively, compared to OTFS
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Parameter Value 100
Frame size (M, N ) (2, 2)
DD (τi , νi ) profile for 2 paths (0, 0), ( M1∆f , N1T )
(0, 0), (0, N1T ),
DD (τi , νi ) profile for 4 paths
( M1∆f , 0), ( M1∆f , N1T )
Maximum speed 506.25 km/h 10-2
Modulation BPSK
10-2 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
100
-6
10
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
10-2
Fig. 2: BER performance of OTFS without RIS and RIS-aided
OTFS with L = 5, 15. 10-4
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Dopplers and practical pulses, which can be taken up as future
100 work. Also, efficient techniques for RIS phase optimization in
RIS-aided OTFS can be explored as future work.
10-1
A PPENDIX A
D ERIVATION OF (10)
10-2 r
In this appendix, we derive the expression for Hn,m [n′ , m′ ]
r r
in (10). Substituting y (t) from (6) in (8), Y (t, f ) can be
10-3 written as
Z Z Z
r ∗ ′
Y (t, f ) = ϕr grx (t − t) g r (τ2 , ν2 )
10-4 t′ ν2 τ2
Z Z
′
hr (τ1 , ν1 )x(t′ − τ1 − τ2 )ej2πν1 (t −τ1 −τ2 ) dτ1 dν1
10-5 ν1 τ1
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 ′ ′
ej2πν2 (t −τ2 ) dτ2 dν2 e−j2πf (t −t) dt′ . (19)
Fig. 5: BER performance comparison between RIS-aided Substituting x(t) from (2) in (19), we get
OTFS and RIS-aided OFDM. Z Z Z Z Z
10 -2 Y r (t, f ) = ϕr ∗
grx (t′ − t) g r (τ2 , ν2 )
t′ ν2 τ2 ν1 τ1
NX
−1 M
X −1
r
h (τ1 , ν1 ) X[n′ , m′ ]gtx (t′ − τ1 − τ2 − n′ T )
10-3
n′ =0 m′ =0
′ ′ ′ ′
ej2πm ∆f (t −τ1 −τ2 −n T ) ej2πν1 (t −τ1 −τ2 ) dτ1 dν1
10-4
′ ′
ej2πν2 (t −τ2 ) dτ2 dν2 e−j2πf (t −t) dt′ . (20)
10-5 Rearranging the terms in (20), we get
N
X −1 M
X −1 Z Z
r ′ ′
10 -6 Y (t, f ) = ϕr X[n , m ] g r (τ2 , ν2 )
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 n′ =0 m′ =0 ν2 τ2
Z Z Z
r ∗
Fig. 6: Effect of number of sub-surfaces on the BER perfor- h (τ1 , ν1 ) grx (t′ − t)gtx (t′ − τ1 − τ2 − n′ T )
ν1 τ1 t′
mance of RIS-aided OTFS and RIS-aided OFDM. j2πm′ ∆f (t′ −τ1 −τ2 −n′ T ) −j2πf (t′ −t) j2πν1 (t′ −τ1 −τ2 )
e e e
improve as L is increased. However, the performance of RIS- ′
ej2πν2 (t −τ2 ) dt′ dτ1 dν1 dτ2 dν2 . (21)
aided OTFS is significantly better compared to RIS-aided
OFDM. Also, the performance gap between RIS-aided OTFS Evaluating Y r (t, f ) in (21) at t = nT and f = m∆f and
and RIS-aided OFDM becomes large for large values of L. comparing with (9), Hn,m r
[n′ , m′ ] can be written as
For example, there is about one order BER performance gap Z Z Z Z
in favor of RIS-aided OTFS at L = 5, and the performance r
Hn,m [n′ , m′ ] = g r (τ2 , ν2 ) hr (τ1 , ν1 )
gap increases to three orders for L = 20. ν 2 τ2 ν1 τ1
Z
V. C ONCLUSIONS ∗
grx (t′ − nT )gtx (t′ − τ1 − τ2 − n′ T )
We investigated the performance benefits of using RIS in t′
j2πm′ ∆f (t′ −τ1 −τ2 −n′ T ) −j2πm∆f (t′ −nT )
OTFS modulated systems in high-Doppler channels. In this e e
effort, we derived the end-to-end DD domain input-output e j2πν1 (t′ −τ1 −τ2 ) j2πν2 (t′ −τ2 )
e ′
dt dτ1 dν1 dτ2 dν2 . (22)
relation in RIS-aided OTFS systems. This derivation is a new
contribution. The derived input-output relation can aid further Now, changing the variable of integration t′ in the inner
investigations in RIS-aided OTFS relating to transceiver tech- integral of (22), i.e., t′ − τ1 − τ2 − n′ T = t′′ , we obtain
niques/algorithms, performance evaluation, and implementa- Z Z Z Z
r ′ ′ r
tion. The reflection phases at the RIS were obtained by max- Hn,m [n , m ] = g (τ2 , ν2 ) hr (τ1 , ν1 )
imizing the Frobenius norm of the effective end-to-end DD ν2 τ2 ν1 τ1
Z
channel matrix. Our simulation results showed that RIS-aided grx∗
(t′′ − (n − n′ )T + τ1 + τ2 )gtx (t′′ )
OTFS achieves significantly better performance compared to t′′
′ ′′ ′′
RIS-aided OFDM in high-Doppler channels. In this work, −(n−n′ )T +τ1 +τ2 )
ej2πm ∆f t e−j2πm∆f (t
integer delay-Dopplers and ideal biorthogonal pulses were
j2πν1 (t′′ +n′ T ) j2πν2 (t′′ +τ1 +n′ T ) ′′
considered. This can be readily extended for fractional delay- e e dt dτ1 dν1 dτ2 dν2 . (23)
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Rearranging the terms in (23) and using algebraic manipula- The hrw [k, l] in (30) can be viewed as the sampled version of
tions, we obtain l
hrw (ν, τ ) at ν = NkT , τ = M ∆f , where hrw (ν, τ ) is given by
Z Z Z Z
r N −1 M −1 Z Z
[n′ , m′ ] = g r (τ2 , ν2 ) hr (τ1 , ν1 )
Z Z
Hn,m X X
ν 2 τ2 ν1 τ1 hrw (ν, τ ) = g r (τ2 , ν2 ) hr (τ1 , ν1 )
Z n=0 m=0 ν2 τ2 ν1 τ1
∗
grx (t′′ − (n − n′ )T + τ1 + τ2 )gtx (t′′ )
−j2πm∆f (τ1 +τ2 ) j2πν1 (nT −(τ1 +τ2 ))
t′′
e e dτ1 dν1
−j2π((m−m′ )∆f −ν1 −ν2 )(t′′ −(n−n′ )T +τ1 +τ2 ) ′′
e dt
ej2πν2 (nT −τ2 ) dτ2 dν2 e−j2πnT ν ej2πm∆f τ . (31)
′ ′
ej2πm ∆f ((n−n )T −(τ1 +τ2 )) ej2πν1 (nT −(τ1 +τ2 )) dτ1 dν1 Rearranging the terms in (31), we get
NX
−1 M −1
ej2πν2 (nT −τ2 ) dτ2 dν2 . (24)
Z Z Z Z X
r r r
hw (ν, τ ) = g (τ2 , ν2 ) h (τ1 , ν1 )
The inner integral of (24) w.r.t t′′ is the cross-ambiguity ν 2 τ2 ν1 τ1 n=0 m=0
function between the transmit pulse and the receive pulse −j2π(ν−(ν1 +ν2 ))nT j2π(τ −(τ1 +τ2 ))m∆f
e e
defined in (11). Therefore, (24) can be rewritten as −j2πν1 (τ1 +τ2 ) −j2πν2 τ2
Z Z Z Z e e dτ1 dν1 dτ2 dν2 , (32)
r
Hn,m [n′ , m′ ] = g r (τ2 , ν2 ) hr (τ1 , ν1 )
ν2 τ2 ν1 τ1
which can be written as
Z
′ ′
Z Z Z
Agrx ,gtx ((n − n )T − (τ1 + τ2 ), (m − m )∆f − ν1 − ν2 ) r
hw (ν, τ ) = r
g (τ2 , ν2 ) hr (τ1 , ν1 )
j2πm′ ∆f ((n−n′ )T −(τ1 +τ2 )) j2πν1 (nT −(τ1 +τ2 )) ν2 τ2 ν1 τ1
e e dτ1 dν1
w(ν − (ν1 + ν2 ), τ − (τ1 + τ2 ))e−j2πν1 (τ1 +τ2 )
j2πν2 (nT −τ2 )
e dτ2 dν2 . (25) −j2πν2 τ2
e dτ1 dν1 dτ2 dν2 , (33)
which is same as (10).
where
A PPENDIX B N
X −1 M
X −1
D ERIVATION OF (15) w(ν, τ ) = 1.e−j2π(νnT −τ m∆f ) (34)
r n=0 m=0
Substituting Y [n, m]) from (13) in (14), the received signal
y r [k, l] in the DD domain can be written as is the window function and hrw (ν, τ ) is the circular convolution
of the channel response with the SFFT of a rectangular
N −1 M −1
ϕr X X r nk ml windowing function in TF domain. Substituting for hr (τ1 , ν1 )
y r [k, l] = √ Hn,m [n, m]X[n, m]e−j2π( N − M ) .
M N n=0 m=0 and g r (τ2 , ν2 ) from (3) and (5), we obtain
(26) Z Z X P2
Substituting for X[n, m] from (1), we obtain hrw (ν, τ ) = gqr δ(τ2 − τqr,2 )δ(ν2 − νqr,2 )
ν2 τ2 q=1
N −1 M −1 NX −1 M −1
r ϕr X X r X
y [k, l] = Hn,m [n, m] x[k ′ , l′ ] P1
Z Z X
M N n=0 m=0 ′ ′
k =0 l =0
hrp δ(τ1 − τpr,1 )δ(ν1 − νpr,1 )
ν1 τ1 p=1
′ ml′
j2π( nk − ) −j2π( nk
− ml
)
e N M e N M , (27) w(ν − (ν1 + ν2 ), τ − (τ1 + τ2 ))
Rearranging the terms in (27), we get e−j2πν1 (τ1 +τ2 ) e−j2πν2 τ2 dτ1 dν1 dτ2 dν2 . (35)
N −1 M −1 NX −1 M −1
ϕr X X X Using the sifting property of the impulse function, (35) can
y r [k, l] = x[k ′ , l′ ] r
Hn,m [n, m]
MN ′ be written as
k =0 l′ =0 n=0 m=0
P2 P1
′ l−l′ r,2 r,2 X r,1 r,1 r,2
X
−j2πnT ( k−k ) j2πm∆f ( M ) hrw (ν, τ ) = gqr e−j2πνq τq hrp e−j2πνp (τp +τq )
e N T e ∆f , (28)
q=1 p=1
which can be further simplified as w(ν − (νpr,1 + νqr,2 ), τ − (τpr,1 + τqr,2 )). (36)
N −1 M −1 Substituting for w(ν, τ ) in (36), we get
ϕr X X
y r [k, l] = x[k ′ , l′ ]hrw [k − k ′ , l − l′ ], (29)
MN ′ ′
P2 P1
k =0 l =0 r,2 r,2 r,1
(τpr,1 +τqr,2 )
X X
hrw (ν, τ ) = gqr e−j2πνq τq
hrp e−j2πνp
where q=1 p=1
N −1 M −1 N −1 M −1
r,1
k l
+νqr,2 ))nT −(τ −(τpr,1 +τqr,2 ))m∆f )
X X X X
hrw [k, l] = r
Hn,m [n, m]e−j2πn N ej2πm M , (30) e−j2π((ν−(νp . (37)
n=0 m=0 n=0 m=0
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Separating the summations, we get Using (44) in (29), we obtain
P2 P1 N −1 M −1 P2
X
X X r,2 r,2
r,2 r,2 r,1 r,1 r,2
y r [k, l] = ϕr x[k ′ , l′ ] gqr e−j2πνq τq
X X
hrw (ν, τ ) = gqr e−j2πνq τq hrp e−j2πνp (τp +τq )
q=1 p=1 k′ =0 l′ =0 q=1
N −1 M −1 P1
r,1
(τpr,1 +τqr,2 )
X
r,1
+νqr,2 ))nT r,1
+τqr,2 ))m∆f hrp e−j2πνp δ[[k − k ′ − (βpr,1 + βqr,2 )]N ]
X X
e−j2π(ν−(νp ej2π(τ −(τp , (38)
n=0 m=0 p=1
′
Now, define δ[[l − l − (αpr,1 + αqr,2 )]M ] . (45)
N −1
X r,1
+νqr,2 ))nT Using the sifting property of the impulse function in (45), we
G(ν, νpr,1 + νqr,2 ) ≜ e−j2π(ν−(νp , (39)
obtain (15).
n=0
R EFERENCES
M −1
j2π(τ −(τpr,1 +τqr,2 ))m∆f
X
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M −1
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X 2π ′ r,1
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X r,2 r,2 X
Dec. 2019.
hrw (k − k ′ , l − l′ ) = gqr e−j2πνq τq
hrp [18] Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Base Station
q=1 p=1 (BS) Radio Transmission and Reception, Version 14.3.0, Release 14,
−j2πνpr,1 (τpr,1 +τqr,2 ) ′ document TS 36.104, 3GPP, Apr. 2017.
e N δ[[k − k − (βpr,1 + βqr,2 )]N ]
M δ[[l − l′ − (αpr,1 + αqr,2 )]M ]. (44)
415
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