Name : Rinda Sipa Nuraeni

Student ID : 2206294
Class : 1C
Drafting Esai 1 and 2

Esai 1 (Cronological Order)

The process of forming cancer with 4 stages

Cancer is a dangerous disease that exists in the body, a person affected by

cancer certainly has cancer cells that grow and multiply rapidly until they cannot be
controlled by the body. The growth of cancer cells can be said to be abnormal cells,
because cells grow, divide, and experience death or apoptosis. These cancer cells
divide improperly and spread the cells without control and then attack the
surrounding tissues. Cancer is also caused by a multiple change in gene overflow
that is disordered, the balance of cell proliferation and cell death, eventually spreads
widely into invading populations into tissues, which causes excruciating pain and
death. Many people think that cancer is a tumor, in fact, not all tumors are part of the
cancer itself, because tumor is a disease with a very prominent characteristic,
namely that there is a large lump or blood clot that develops in the body but on the
side of the tumor. It is also present in visible and hidden body parts. Cancer in
general can be said to be a malignant tumor. Broadly speaking, there are four types
of cancer in the division of groups, including. The first is Carcinoma, which is a
cancer that grows and develops in epithelial cells. The second type, namely sarcoma,
is a cancer that grows and develops in supporting tissues. In the third type there is
Leukemia, which is cancer that can attack tissues that can produce blood, and the
last type is Lymphoma, which is cancer that attacks the spleen tissue. Cancer
develops a process through carcinogenesis, which is a process of forming cancer
that does not occur immediately but rather arises as a result of accumulation which
causes certain damage to the body. Carciogenesis consists of three stages:
initiation, promotion, and progression. Initiation is the initial stage of analyzing
carcinogenic compounds, at this stage compounds that can cause cancer in
changing the functional DNA structure or genes that cause differences in genes from
their original form or known as gene mutations, there are also promotion stages, at
this stage cell proliferation or division occurs cells that have a distorted gene on
mutation and form a population (clonal) in the body. At this stage, the activation of
protein kinase C or PKC results in protein phosphorylation that regulates cell
differentiation or proliferation. PKC activation is associated with proliferation which
is followed by induction of activation of several genes, the last stage, namely the
stage of progression, which is an irreversible stage. At this stage, cell transplantation
occurs from one location to another, often referred to as metastasis. if metastases
or cancer cells have spread to other people, it will most likely cause death. There are
billions of cells in the human body. The cell is the smallest unit that forms all living
things, under normal conditions, cell division is strictly controlled or often referred to
as the cell cycle. Eukaryotic cells include the multiplication of genetic material at the
time of reacting cell division and interactions with proteins and enzymes. Cell
division consists of mitotic division, which results in the division of 1 cell into 2 cells,
and interphase division, which is the process between 2 mitotic processes. It can be
distinguished for mitotic division (division in the cell body or soma) consisting of
four stages, namely prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, while meiotic
division (division in gamete cells or sex cells). There is also an interphase process
consisting of four phases, namely the G1 phase, the S phase (synthesis), the G2
phase, the M phase (mitosis), the G0 phase is active or in a state of not dividing.
Under abnormal conditions, cell division does not have a series of processes in the
cell cycle. This causes cells to experience uncontrolled growth. In this condition,
DNA damage or mutations result in damage to genes involved in cell division. It has
been studied that there are four groups that play an important role in regulating the
signaling mechanism of cell cycle formation and growth factors, namely proto-
oncogenes which play a role in carrying out growth (proto-oncogenes) function as
genes. which play an active role in telling cells to divide, cancer suppressor genes
(tumor suppressor genes) function as telling cells not to divide, which inhibit the
growth of antioncogenes, which regulate apoptosis or planned cell death, there are
also suicide genes (suicide genes), this gene functions to control apoptosis where
the cell kills itself if an error occurs in the apoptotic process, and finally the repair
gene, the gene whose function is to tell the repair of damaged DNA cells. Normal
body cells can grow and divide in an orderly manner and know when to stop growing
and will undergo apoptosis, while cancer cells continue to grow and uncontrolled cell
division does not undergo apoptosis which causes cancer.
Cancer will continue to develop if you do not pay attention to the factors that
cause an increase in cancer, and the risks experienced will get worse, there are
several factors that increase the risk of developing cancer, there are environmental
factors including chemical substances found in cigarette smoke which cause cancer
in active smokers and passive smoking is 90% the cause of all cases of lung cancer
which is the cause because every time you inhale there are at least 60% carcinogens
which can cause an increased risk of cancer, there is also an excessive irradiation
factor of ultra violet rays in sunlight if excessive will cause skin cancer , active radio
rays and X-rays that cause skin cancer and leukemia, then there is the air pollution
factor Chen Zichou an expert at the Cancer Research Institute said, the main cause
of increasing cancer from air pollution factors both from air pollution itself, the
environment, unfavorable air conditions, many chemical companies and industries
that dispose of waste without paying attention to environmental factors, there are
also factors that play a major role in increasing the risk of cancer, namely food
because food is due to the presence of chemical substances such as sweeteners
artificial, nitrosamines in artificial preservatives, coloring agents in food, beverages,
cosmetics, and drugs. If the factors that cause cancer are not considered, the cancer
will get worse and increase the number of deaths from cancer. Cases of death from
cancer, until now become one of the biggest deaths in the world. In Indonesia, cases
of death from cancer tend to continue to increase, around 10 million people die from
cancer, this cancer always increases every year, and even 70% of cancer deaths
occur in developing countries. Avoiding risk factors that cause cancer is one of the
preventive measures.
The first stage, stage first cancer, is a condition where cancer cells in the
body have started to grow and form small tumor tissue. At this stage the growth of
cancer cells or tissue generally does not produce typical symptoms, which makes a
person unconscious of having cancer. These cancer cells have not fully grown and
spread to other parts of the body and Stage second, the cancer cells have grown to a
larger size. However, these cells are still where they started growing, have not spread
to other body tissues. If cancer at stage 2 is not treated quickly, it will continue to
develop at the next stage.
Stage three, cancer cells at this stage have started to spread to the lymph
nodes, but the cause has not yet reached parts of the body that are far from where
these cells originally appeared and stage four, at this stage cells that were previously
still in their early position developing at this stage cells have started to spread to
other body tissues, for example, cancer that initially grows in the lungs can spread to
the brain when it reaches stage four. This spread is known as cancer cell metastasis.
The higher the stage of the cancer, the lower a person's chances of being cured of
this cancer.
In cancer with 4 stages with the first stage that has not felt cancer, in stages 2
and 3 you have started to feel pain in parts of the body, and in stage 4 extraordinary
pain has begun to be felt in someone who has the disease cancer, because cancer
cells at stage 4 have started to spread to the lungs and even spread to the brain,
someone who has cancer at stage 4 has little chance of recovering.

Esai 2 (Logical division)

Type of mosquito that causes dengue
Breeding places for dengue mosquitoes are found in places such as bathtubs,
toilet bowls, buckets, etc. However, dengue mosquitoes are often found in bathtubs,
drums, buckets. Dengue fever is a complication of dengue fever caused by the
Aedes aegypti mosquito. Density of larvae is an indicator that influences the
existence of the Aedes aegypti mosquito as a vector of dengue virus which causes a
higher risk of people contracting dengue disease. The danger of the DHF mosquito is
that the virus carried by the Aedes aegypte mosquito when it enters the body will
secrete fluids from the bloodstream and the composition of the blood changes due
to a decrease in the platelet count and an increase in the hematocrit rate. The case
of death due to DHF is one of the problems in Indonesian society because the
infection rate is evenly distributed throughout Indonesia. The Minister of Health
noted that in 2022 there will be more than 432 people with DHF with a death rate.
Dengue fever is caused by the dengue virus which is carried by the Aedes
aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. In Indonesia, there are 3 types of
mosquitoes that can transmit dengue virus, including Aedes aegypti, Aedes
albopictus and Aedes scutellaris. The dengue virus is further divided into four types
of viruses known as secrotypes, including. The first DEN, has a characteristic when it
enters an area that has never been infected before, this virus is very fast to spread,
but besides its wide spread, DEN 1 does not cause serious illness even though it has
affected many exposed cases. The second DEN and the third DEN on this dengue
virus cause severe disease, because the majority that infect people become the
most passive virus in the third DEN. The DEN of the four types of viruses are the
least found and this virus is not too virulent. This virus is rarely studied because it
has the least amount of transmission.
Symptoms of dengue fever, dengue fever is divided into 2 types. The first is
dengue hemorrhagic fever (Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever) which results in leaky blood
vessels, and dengue fever (Dengue Fever) which does not leak blood vessels.
Symptoms of dengue fever usually occur for 2-7 days, reddish spots appear, joint
pain, muscle pain, pain in the eyeball area, bleeding manifestations on the skin,
mucosa, and digestion. Dengue fever phase, in phase 1 High fever (Febrile phase)
generally this fever lasts for 2-7 days starting with a high fever to a temperature of
40 degrees Celsius. Red spots appear on the skin, the platelet count will decrease
rapidly to less than 100,000 per microliter of blood. The second phase is the critical
period (Critical Phase), the second phase must be very vigilant because in this phase
the body temperature decreases below 38 degrees Celsius so that a person feels
that he has recovered. In this phase there is leakage of blood plasma. The critical
phase is characterized by abdominal pain, repeated vomiting, easy bruising, black
and sticky stools, and difficulty breathing. The third phase, recovery (Recovery
Phase), this phase occurs in the period of 48-72 hours after the critical phase, fluid
that comes out of the blood vessels can re-enter the blood vessels. If someone has
been exposed to this phase, it can trigger death due to excess fluid in the blood
vessels.
DBD can be treated with several steps for help, including ensuring adequate
fluid intake, 2-3 liters per day, you need to know that dehydration can threaten a
person's life. Then reduce carbonated drinks and caffeine, these two drinks have the
potential to draw fluids out of the body. Take complete rest (bed rest) as long as you
feel a fever. Overcome fever with compresses and taking febrifuge. Dengue 1-4 is
indeed quite dangerous for the body, especially if it has been infected for a long time,
maybe DHF will be quite difficult to cure.
The mosquitoes that cause dengue fever are caused by the dengue virus
which is carried by the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. This type of
mosquito really needs to be watched out for because its symptoms are very vicious
for the body. Mosquitoes that cause dengue can be prevented through a clean
environment, paying attention to bathtubs, buckets and paying attention to other
water reservoirs in a clean and hygienic manner.