C tt OT Complete Nite on Os Andustrial Povier Dieltibution And Stlumination For gev|mL/T Anu Re: 8) SELECTRICAL WIRING AND DISTRIBUTION j,Gonefal Rules'for Wiring. | of wire connecting vari - = neiwork oF i Various accessories fi Be tener ’ : ories for distribution of electric 1 grater board o . Thrown flesttieal enerey consuming devices-such as lamps. fans and ouher Fearon Of internal wine ee oUNe and saiety.devices ig known as internal wiing system, For a iies Tallow fore BESESSArY on the pan of estimator that he is fully conversant with the followed f it ecution seneral rules or intemal wiring, Tie be kept in mind in ex $rinteral wiring work. 1g. The general rules. which are to be kept 1. Every installation is 1o-be proper! irom she supplier a two-pole i rotected it of supply cables linked main switch and'a fuse uiit, A Spote switch esa ic be used in-phase suppl ly. The conductors used are 10 be of such a size that it men carry load current safely Every sub-circuit is to be connected to a distribution fase bound. A swite-board is to be installed so that ts botiom lies | 25 metres above the flor. a) All plugs and socket-outlets are to be of 3-pin type. the appropriate pin of socket being connected permanently to the earthling system, Deen by Adequate number of socket-outlet use of long lengths of flexible cords, 10 be provided at suitable places in all rooms so as to avoid ¢) Only 3-pin. 5 A socket-outlets are tobe used in all light and fan sub circuits and only 3-pin. 15 A sockeroullets are to be used in all power sub-circuits. All socket outlets are 10 be controlled by individual switches. For 5 A socket-outlets, if desired. be installed ata height 1,30 metres above the oor level. In situations where a socket-outlet is accessible to children, itis 4ecommended to use shurteredt-or interlocked socket-outlets 4) In,case an appliance requiring the use of a socket oiitlet of ratin isto be connected through a double pole switch of appropriate rating. ; £) Socket-outlets are to be installed either 25 cm or 1.30 m above the Noor level as desired. £) No socket-outlet is to be provided in the bathtoom at a height less than 1,30 metres. 6. a) All incandescent lamps. unless otherwise required, are-to be hung at a height of 2.5 metres above the loor.level, ; i (b) Unless otherwise specified, all ceiling fans are io be hung 2.27 metres above the floor. : 7. (a) Lights and fans may be wired on a common circuit, Each sub-circuit is not-to have mote than’a _ total of ten points of lights. fans and socket-ouitlets. The load on each sub-circuit is to be restricted to 1000 watts: Ifa separaté'circuit-is installed for fans only. the numbér.of fans in that eireuit is not to jer than 15 A is to be.used. it exceed ten, ne : or: (b) The load on each power sub- to be normally restricted 16 3.000 watts. In nu.case more: than three socket-outlets are to be in a power sub-circuit. . 8. No fuse and switch is to be provided in earthed conductor, 9. In any building. light and fan wiring and power wiring are to be kepi separate. 19. The metal sheaths or conduits for all wiring and metal coverings of all consuming apparatus’ or appliances is to be properly-earthed in order to avoid danger from electrical shock due to leakage or. failure of insulation. . 1. Each sug-circuit is to be protected against excessive current by fuse or automatic circuit breaker: 12. After completion of work the installations are (o be before energisation.2 Determination of Number of Points (lights The number of points is determined as per size of the F liiciency of the lamps to be.used... 3 Determination of Total Load x For determination of load of an installation the followin known or specified... (i) Fluorescent lamps ~ 40 watts i) -_ Ineandescent lamps. fans and socket-ou ji) Power socket-outlets ~ 1000 watts. (iv) 4 Determination of Number of Sub-circuits The numbers of sub-circuits are decided as per number of points to bs connected to the supply systems, The sub circuits are mainly divided into two groups, (a) Light and fan sub-circuit (b) Power sub-circuit socket-outlets) lamination level Fe wired and the Luminous ‘oom: i ratings may be assumed unless IME values are itlets — 60 watts. Exhaust fans-as per capecity of exhaust fans. yer e wired and-total load to be Light and fan nay be wited on a common ciicut, Each sub-circuit sould have not more than a toa) of ~ ten points of lights and fans. The load on each sub-ciruit shall be restricted 10 1000 walls: itis advisable te ppovide ot least Lng lighting sub-eireuits i each house so that in case of a fault in one sub-circuit the whole house is noi plunged into darkness. Power outlets should be-installed in the separate sub-cieuit. Each sub-cireuit should have not more than three 15A socket outlets. The load on each sub-circui 5 Systems of Distribution of Electrical Ene ‘Since. the maximum numberof points (lights and fans) that ea t shall be restricted to 3000 watts rey sabe connected in ore light sub-cireuit is 10 (ormasimum oad can be connected in such 2 circuit is 1000 watts). And 3 power outlets (or maximum of 3000 watts) in one power-stub circuitthen The distribu in board system (fig..) is used for this condition, be done by having more than one eieuit in caseof more points are required to be connected to the Supply. ‘MAIN SUPPLY Aus + a MAIN DISTRIBUTI BOARD ON SUB sus DISTRIBUTION BOARD-| DISTRIBUTION BOARD:2 6 Dete internal G) Min wires) | fiexibl Gi) Cu circuit orres} propor is pror area. I rate. 0 increa6 Determination of size of cona, - “ luctor {neve are three poims. whiety mu _ingmalining er niven cieui, Be taken into sccount, while determining the size Of conductor for (i). Minimum size may, = ize main ) Curent camying en ly for mechanical Git) Votiage anon, = SOB ; () Minimum Size of the Cable: ‘nites) must not be size less than, esiblecords and firting wires, a s The conductor bermpe airs ITs SORducor used in domesti wiring (xen! lesble en Bring snalieg tenet COPRET oF 1/1.40mm (1.5mm) in aluminum wire, For lowest size is permissible viz. 14/0.193 mm may be used. (iy Current Carrying Capacity: The wire circuit current continuously wither ire or cable should be of size sufficient to carry the maximum coresponding {0 maximum current gq eatne: From the table the size of wire oF ‘cable can determined oporon tothe sectional acces of he sng teu The masimum possible currents ere not fo ee is proportional to the resistance of i conductors, The amount of heat developed due to flow of current oar the Temperature ae a COngustr and consequently in inverse proportion foe sectional 2 of dissipation of heat fa ey Gepend on the quantity of best Beveloped but also on the fnereases the permissible eursent denigg ascent Te Hee oF the conductor of the cable Voltage Drop: Maximum v. fo exceed the prescribed Fa mn drop from supply terminals to any point on the installation is not percentof supply voltage for ower iad ane see Voltage plus one volt for light load wiring and S ‘Table 3: Copper Conductor Cables Current Ratings 1 aE Copper Conduct ductor Size of Cable Current Rating in amperes : No and Dai. off Nominal area 2 cable 3 0F 4 ce ental crop in SWG | in mm? sthwle phase 3ephase.* ite rea teres 1 nV SS 35 a ~ 1S 13 u 72 ‘ I 25 18 16 0 =F 4 24S 165 | 3h 260 E a t 380 4 T @ I 343 \ | 1 | 1.050 | 120 = VATS single. twin or multi-core cable PVC insulation copper .d on an ambient temperature of 40°C. The Table 4.3 gives the current rating for conductor in conduit. The ratings are base | i t istati ppliances and each of the: The eu sna glven place wil conse of «purer of eesti ce Sey Ine ceca ond navn es Sm ply amo Un NM pnt outs he supplied wt lec owe price CCE SP card fom tis Pedr 15 Nepal Elect Auer eM ate a comection 1 Bs Mn ST ibute power © ll neue wires wll then run along the consumer's building and other premises 0 em. Far distribution the points where his load is situated, This is the consumer's intemal dist rae peettninthe consumer’ premises electric wiring is TE0 7 Systems of Wiring ‘There are mainly two systems of internal wiring _ 1... Surface wiring 1.6 2.” Concealed wiring ae 7.1 Surface Wiring - pyc This type of wiring run over the surface of walls and ceiling with the help of wooden battens or PS battens or PVC conduit pipes or rigid stee! conduit pipes. 3 In wooden batten system of wiring wires are run on well seasoned straight teak «wood battens well -kness, the width of which is such as to suit 7 fixed on the walls or ceilings by flat head. , vamished on four sides of not less than 10mm finished thie! total width of cables laid on the batten. Battens should be wood screws to wood plugs or other approved plugs at’an interval (PVC wires. and also called PVC cables) are held on the batten by Batten wiring. particularly with PVC cables. is very widely ‘used for indoor installati wiring). Its main advantages are that it is cheap and takes comparatively, less time to erect | not exceeding 75.em. The wires ‘means of tinned. brass link clips. jon. (internal iL ‘en through rigid stéel conduit pipes or PVC conduit it Surface conduit wiring consists of PVC wires tak pipes and run over the surface of walls and ceiling. The conduit should be laid completely before cables are’ drawn in, Surface conduit is mainly used for factory’ lighting and motor wiring. It is an expensive icing and requires more time for installation. Surface conduit provides protection against This system is water proof and replacement of system of mechanical damage and against fire due to-short circ defective wiring is easy. fi 7.2.” Concealed Wiring . led under masonry work. The conduit is placed in + In this system of wiring the conduit pipes are conceal ‘a chase cut in wall. In the case of building under construction the chase should be provided in the wall, ceiling etc, at the time of construction and should be filled up neatly after placing the conduit and then: the required finish. should be given to the wall causing the wiring to be completely concealed ii Concealed conduit wiring’ is used in residential, commercial and public. buildings to improve ‘appearance. PVC conduits are increasingly being used in place of steel conduits. PVC conduits afe less expensive and the labour time saved may be as much as 25% compared to the time taken when installing stet are resistant to acids. alkalis. oil and moisture. They can be-buried in line & conduit, These cond cement plasters without ill effects. The main disadvantage of PVC conduit is its movement due ® (C conduit is not suitable for use iri locations prone to fire hazards. temperature changes) Also(urrent C2rTYINE capacity os or cable €29 Cary continugsey i. Cables : TENUOUS: withous poo oetined as the maximum values of current that the Sucing excessive heating and without damaging its carving capaciy of Numer of corse and the ables oF wire I number of curren canes of coe in 'S Upon the following factors: more, the rate of heat dissipation will deere i i Method of instatlation: The weit) Nill decrease oe Na compare to cable tard pacing effect will more effeetive in eabe laid underground ji RUNS Somperivey gn ened ofa These te abe ald ude round : ir temperature SUTEN carrying capacity inereases = he curent camying capacity win eecrase wg tre sea meanness 1 Methods of wiring and cabling, =" ve various method of wirin bi Fee Cleat wising COPE ae i Wood casing witin; Wood batien wiring Conduit wiring ee Concealed conduit wiri Metal or PVC trun Cable tray system Vertical rising main system king wiring j, Cleated wiring: The cleated wiring system is almost absolute (no more used) now-a-days ii, ~ Wood casing w In ‘this syste 1S ig: i m of wiring PVC insulated. wires are run in grooves of The casing is covered. with vanished caping fixed with iron or brass nails. The casing should be laid on dry walls and plastered ceilings only. ONES ED ees ot Wood Batten Wiring — This method ig widely used for indo installation. In this metiiod of wiring. PVC insulated. wires are run on varnished wood batten strips. the width of which is such as to suit total yidth of cables laid onthe batten, Tinned brass link-clips are used to fasten the wires on the baltens. 4 nig ov ceilings by fat wires 8 OS, Battens should be fixed on walls or ceilings by flat 1 wood screws to wood pluus-er other approved 4g 5 = plugs at an interval not exceeding 75 ¢m. toes The link-clips should be spaced at an in interval of cm (C em in ease of horizontal run and 15emin case of = vertical runs. - " ; Conduit Wiring: Ly Net less -(he0, Lora vyfate of P id steel conduit pipes orPYC conduit Sipes ana run | This corigsts of PVC wT f conuisishould be laid cofeletely before cables are ight id otor wiring. It is expensive‘ = i pes or PVC conduit pipes and run“ This consists of PVC wires taken through Fuld sel conde Oe oP pletely ‘before cables are Gver ihe surface of walls and ceiling. The conduits shoule, iring. It is expensive» * eg he vt for factory Fighting | and moto ep eon sain a ~ Seem of wiring’ and requires more time for installelier: ‘water proof ~ sof wig and regres mor once Tas system WAST PO and: ‘replacement of defective wiring is eas). ‘Two types of conduits are used for this type of wiring: cs ~ | ‘2. Non-metallic (ie. PVC) conduit A 6. Metallic conduit made of mild steel with anti-corrosive paint PVC conde en state MS conduit are fied an the walieiling wit the help of PVC oF metallic MS ' saddles at an interval not less than 30cm. The various accessories required for ‘conduct wiring are i shown below: : Branshing box 2 gubighn Coupler Elbowssaa=ese | ‘oe: Ft == F : \ pen ‘YY = ad 1 Oo 1 ah Sadalé 5 i i fp PC. MS ‘Conduit aa \ aiag| . ~ WJ The following table shows the various size of conduct and maximum nos. of wire that can drawn, through them. The following table also shows the various accessories specification. : ‘Maximum Capacity of Conduits for Drawing in 250V Grade Cables. . . _ [Nominal ] Nominal ‘Number of cables that can-be accommodated in conduit of size ) a size | - area | 19mm, | 25mm—| Simm y 38mm | pens the It is the simplest form of protection device made of thin metal wire, which melts and ope ' circuit when current through at. exceeds a certain value for a sufficient period. Melting is caused by the heat generated by the current, Generally a fuse wire is made of lead-tin alloy with 75% lead and 25% tin, : . fuse caver * at SG fuse csive Advanta: i. Cheapest ii, Less Maintenance si ine sadvantages - i, Unreliable operation Oxidation of fuse wire and consequent th iii, Low rupturing capacity (4KA)* . ~ > iv. Fuse element néeds to be replaced after each operation v. Possibility of misuse by using wrong size of fuse wire. baie nning of wire with lapse of time, ‘Current rating of fuse: It is that value of RMS current which a fuse element can carry’ continuously without producing excessive heating and melting. . went Melts Minimum fusing current: It is the minimum current (RMS value) at which the fuse elen , carrens raring of A fuse possesses inverse current time characteristics as shown in fig. *e karte leWice ‘ Qyacrh=ysnort circuit occurs at @ poi when ® time current characieristi int “ES Sk Fag 7 € Will blow out before 16A fuse blows out cue to their z less the fusing factor. better is the quality Jos Rc 14 Rewirable Fuse: 1.8 HRC fuses: Fuses with a rine : pelo shows @ sectional vie ae SBpaclty exceeding 16kA are covered in this category’. Fig guounded by an inert are quenekent lS. The fuse element is made from silver an i Znelosed in an outer body of serene sion Tike chemically treated sand (Quart sans powder) Meal endcap — Copper ezminal Fuse element Chemically csiver) wearad gana (Quartz. cand Ferocler ) to breaking or rupturing capacity HRC fuses are sub-divided into following classes: eee Cenmic Casing Accordin Category 7 Rupturing capacity . Class-l : ; 16kA Class-2 33.kA ‘Class-3 4OkA * Class-4 oan SOKA ~ The standard rating of HRC fuses available are:- ; - a pare eorets 16A. 25A. 304. 50A. 63A. 80A. 100A. 1254. 160A. 200A. SOA. 630A, 800A. 1000A and 1250 A. 3204. 400A. The usual fusing factor is 14454 delaved action fuses are stitebie fy Quick response fuses are suitable fr steady loads with transient ane Ge perigee ane rotor loads where heavy starting tansient current are involve con suitable for either type @f load. z 2 Advantages . - . i. «Silent operation and non deteriorating features. Do not fequire maintenance. sing capacity. They are cheaper compared to other eircut interrupter of same breaking capacity iv., Operation is quick. sure and reliable. Disadvantages: ing the fis2 ie Nose uneconomical a the whole unit wll have to be replaced each time after Blowing he Fuse wire. ii, Little difficult to ascertain which of the fuses has blown. iii) MCB (Miniature circuit breaker) . 1 1” MCB has breaking capacity upto 10 KA and is small in physical size. Ithas thermal as well as ‘magnetic tipping device. Therefore it provides overlaod as well as short circuit protection. Because of its small size. they are suitable for mounting on the distribution board to provide protection for lighting circuit, motor circuit and heating circuit. It ean be used again after clearing the fault inthe circuit. The switching knob provides direct indication of faulty circuit and is more reliable than rewirable fuse. gy The standiard rating of MCB are 6A..10A, 16. 32 A. 40A. 50A. 63A, 80A. 100A, 125A etc. =flxect asrleice Slicing o>" y : IF eh, . i a7 iv) 2 Th for Th M : w . Tadvants Itis more reHable than re-wirable fus: nstallation, jy. Non-deteriorable characteristics. for many distribution applications. They also provide prot They are v with switched neutral versions. The rupturing capacity of MCCB's are: ShA. TOA. 25KA. The standard ratings of 1604, 1754. 200A. 1254. Selection of cable size: While seizcting th considered: Current carryin: Aoltage drop in the cable ii, i. The current carrying: cable. ix) Moulded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB) | __They provide overlaod and shor circuit protection serve apart fro The overload and instantenous tripping element adjustable over a wide ban‘ e faults. earth faults etc fection agains undervoltage (UVR relay). phas: ith comparison to very much similar to MCB but it has higher rupturing capacits wi MCB and its physical size is larger than MCB. They ere av: MCCB are- SA.10A. 135A. 20. 30. 350A. 300A. 400A, 500A. 600A. 7 re size of cable for capacity of cable Housing Top terminal iene Are Chamber Electromaanet Operating Knob pane! Fixed Contact Moving Contact 8. Blow-out magnet 9. Bimetal 10. Bottom terminal 41. Din rail clip of replacement (i.e. can be re-used) zilable in single pole. triple 30KA, 35KA. 40KA. SOKA, SOKA. etc, 40A. SOA. GOA. 75. 100A. 1 ODA. SODA. 1000. 12 a particular application: sm serving as a circuit breaker. \d makes the MCCB's ideal pole. triple pole 00A. 16008. he following two factors has to be A, 150A.ii, Voltage drop: | ‘Let us consider a single phase load supplied by. volt 1s shown in the figure below: age source at a distance of “L” m A —- als ho Let r= resistance of *L’ mi of cable “The'load terminal. voltage *V;" will be always less than the supply voltage of voltage drop with line due to its resistance. ‘The total voltage drop = 2 Ir... where ‘Vs because | Therefore, [Vi=Vs—21F ne : i ‘The voltage drop in the liné should not be too high: otherwise the equipment connected at load side will receive very low voliage and cannot ive good performance. The maximum permissible voltage drop in the line after distribution transformer is 5%. The following figure shows the maximum permissible, voltage. in the different section of the distribution system. : a0 ens : an : “Distrigution SDB ! Tronsformers) a 1% Referring the previous figure for single phase load. ; _ Let. k = resistance of cable having length of 1m and cross-sectional ared of 1 sq.mm. aa [80:02 for copper. and K= 0.03 for aluminium] Then resistance of the *L’ m of cable= r ake Where A= cross- sectional area of the conductor ~ The total voltage drop= 2Ir = 2 1 Ne which should be < permissible voltage drop on Ke ss voltage drop“ of : 650/1200V pyc j ins Power cable wi ith Alumini inductor lated armen Aluminium / Copper Co '"e¢/Unarmoured PVC Sheath Cable mma gen a [_—_tsidineroune 4 Laidin duet i Sinle core. |:.3.35 ora core a-inple care’ | 3.25 0r4 core ‘cables cables cables cables ae Amp me | tae amp '~ | WA(ems) wae pape TA] @ TA] 36 | aa ea fae P20 as | a7 oat | 037 21 fase [3a Par [a7 [a8 | 24 [049 [0.29 30 {38 [237 [730-27 [35°] 23 | 30 103 [0.46 = 37 [a8 [30-38] a5 Ta Tao 139 1 048 | 0.69 aso TF $1 | 6a [739 [so [a7 | 60 | a0 | 52 {075 | 3.15 10 | 76} a5 S| es [750 | 64 | 6a | o2 | si | 66 | 122] 2.84 [Bt ee 84 | 110 [es] 1 | ea | a0 | 70] 90 | 169] 2.86 35 ae 320 | "100 [325-77 99 | 105 [130 | 6 | 110 | 2.63 | 4.03 50_| 120 Sj 120 | 345 [115 [aso 95. | 125 [130 | 165 | 105 | 135 | 3.89] 5.75 7o_|_340_| 190 | 135 [375 [ass 47s |- 115 | aso [15s | 205 | 130 | 165 | 5.82 |.8.05 gs_|_375_| 220 | 165 [Tao [as5 200 | 140 [7175 -[ag0 [245 | 155 [200 | 7.28]. 10.9 20_| 498 | 250 | aes [240 [470 [-g90- | ass 395 | 220 | 280 | 180 | 230 [942 | 23.8 | wf 229 1 20 | 220 [270 [a0 2as [ars [ans -L 250 [ano [20s [es Pane [273 3e5_| 240 | 305 | 235 | 300 [230-260-200 Trass-| oe Paro | 200 [30s ee 21.3 740_| 270 | 345 | 275 | 345 [2257] 285 | 235 295_| 335.| 425 | 280 | 355 | 18.2'} 27.6 300_| 295 | 375 | 305 | “365 [245-310 | 260 1 35 380 | 475 | 315 | 400 | 22.8 | 34.5 fo0_} 325 1 400 | 325 | 425 | "275 335 [250-360 | a3 | 550 | 375 | «ss | 304] a6 soo | 366 | 425 1 285 | 4ao [295 | 35s [315 | 390 | 480 | 590] 405 [ 500 | 38 [575 ‘Jabulation designed for 40°C ambient temperature and Current Ratings for Single Cicircuit of Single Core PVC Insulated Cables Copper Conductor 30°C ground temperature Ig Enclosed.in < < Imperial Metric conduit or |’ In the air cable trunking | ‘ aeeables| 30r4 | 2-cabies]} 3.0ra Nomina} Construc] Equivall».5.i,,|COnsErUC] cca | cables | single |cables_3| Isize Las ent | atarea] on phase | 3 phase} phase | phase (no/dia) |, area (No/dia) acorde|. ac Jacorde| ac se/Sw[inen _[sqmnm]sqmm|_mm | Am-| Amp | Amp | Amp ans [ayosay a [1 - [4/135] 10 | 2 | 12 2 3/22 [3/028 13 | 15 [3/085] 13 | 12 | 14 a 13/038 | 3/104 16_| | [7r928] 70.85) i [7/036 7/2,08) 17/088 7/035 | {71.088Earthing sthing is the system of connee fe non-cUrrent carry F elec tHiNe’ means connecting the neutral point of a supply system or # T° of electrical energy takes place without dang The purpose Of earthing is to proy " deatical hazards, ® Provide protection to the human beings as well as equipment fro inane instalation, UEMEtllic par ot an elecsc appliance comes in direct contact tha bare oF Aitnthis charged metal par poy onsUCtor of electricity ic charged. Now if any person comes in contact Ihe body ofthe appliance. iy ipl S28 severe shock, Fig, 34 (g) shows the eieuit without earthing of pete TEMS Condition, the current through the body will be calculated as i+ [pos is not larg ¢ enoug! 0002 ny eaatBEEeROUR Yo lowout ihe fse . But if the metallic parts of the appliances are earthed as shown in fig. 3.4 (b), the charge will be transfered to the earth immedistely. And as the dlscharge-akes-place to earth, the resistance of path of the current is low, a large amount of current flows to earth. In this instant, the current exceeds the limiting value, the fuse provided in the cireuit will blow off and cut off the appliance from supply. Fig. 34 (p) shows the circuit with earthing. In this condition, the fault current through the earth will be calculated as Vv 3 POR. Where, Re = Resistance of the earthing, which is very low, i co Therefore, 1 = 1, + Ir will be enough to blowout the fuse instantly before somebody comes in contact ith the appliance's body. i swith the appl ly. Body of appliance. Fuse I=. Aee Fig. 34 (b) Circuit with earthing of appliance body F i ide safety. Thus, earthing of metallic parts of electrical equipment and appliances provide safety. . re given below: The various important specifications regarding earthing as recommended by : eae e avin a distance 1. Distance of Earth From Building: An earthing electrode shall not be situate 1.5 metres from the building whose installation system is being earthed. \ 2. Size of Earth Continuity Conductor: The conductor, by means of which the ee ee equipment or appliance is conriected to the earth is known as earth continuity condurtis OC The earth continuity can be ensured either through metal conduit, metal sheathing of me pa cables or by a special earth continuity conductor. The cross-section of earth continuity conductj should not be either less than 2.9 mm? (14 SWG.) or half of the installation conductor size. _ 3. Resistance of Earth: There is no hard and fast rule. The main principle regarding earth resistance that the earth resistance should be low enough to cause flow of current sufficient to operate th: Protective relays or blow fuses, in the event of an earth fault, The value of earth resistance does nm Temain constant but changes with the weather, as it depends upon the moisture content of the sai, and are maximum during dry season. As a general rule the lower the value of earth resistance bet it is but even then the following values of earth resistance (maximum permissible values) will git Satisfactory results. Large power station . 052 ‘Major power station - 102 Small substation 7 202 Inall other cases : 8.09 4. The sensitivity of the protective equipment, syste relate to. permissible value of earth resistance, In value, then in case of earth fault, Protective equipment (such as fuses o >. The earth wire and earth electrode will be of same materialFactors Inf she earth wire shall be taken low trou gpove and BEIOM BrOUNE surface yeah Gl Bipe o Sem length © earth clean nde?" Of diameter for at leas j,i 90 MECESEATY that 1 damage a ode to protect it against mechani n. All the earth wires ny VTS Connscte, sie iain board and erg “2 long the cece, "© & earth electrode jg run alone the whole wiring ductor * either less than ett ME shall be taken tothe earth electrode. The (14 $.W.G) or half of the size of the sub- his earthing electrode shall gh, may be in contact with all the diffe Placed in earth layer, CA! Position inside the earth or pit so that it poinisto be Earthed: According to Rules and R, 1: ‘egulations: Earth pin of 3 pin lighting pi 0 Ervetlicently earthed. = P1Y8 Sockets and 3 ang 5 {a All metal casing or me apparatus, such as iron clad swite) enclosing VIR oF PVC cables. the 6 stribution fuse boards, Gl pipes and conduits should be connected to earth, f electric fans, metallic reflectors of light fixture cin Toe Dearie Ee orm such 28 heaters, reftigeratrs, hand lamps, sidetin irons ae (aeons ie A0 each, any One ofthem is installed in xed position, & connecting cable, Should be provided in addition +o the earth wire in the (i The frame of every generator, conductors) of all transformers should be sven aggre Pir (on eacles (i) Toeneutral conductor of a 3-phase, 4.» er a Ss ie system and the middle conductor of a 2-phase, 3-wire mee eee “bseniah’t {80 separate and distinct connections with earth at the distribution system or service line in additi consumer's premises, (vIn the case of @ system comprising electtic supply lines having concentric cables, the external conductor of such cables should be earthed by two separate and distinct connections with earth. (vi)Fabricated steel transmission line towers, tubular steel or rail poles carrying overhead conductors should be earthed. For this purpose a continuous earth wire is provided and connected with earth at four points, in every mile (1.61 km.), the spacing between the points being as nearly equidistant as possible, alternatively, the metal work should be connected to an effective earthing device at each individual support. tallic: cove tings. containin, : ining or pr supply line. or ion clad ine Of Protecting any electic supply lown 10ds of Station motor, portable motor ice: The resistance of earthing system depends upon the following factors: 1. Condition of soil. 2. Temperature of soil. 3. Moisture content of soil. 4 Size and spacing of earth electrodes. Depth at which the electrode is embedded. Material of conductor. y Metoas of Reducing Ertl " Mentioned above earth resistance rege? Of earth electrode and iced : ce can be considercbly ets, cleanin g the surface of the by digeit id the earth .cat solution, In SUIMIE ea%05, filing with charcoal soaked in s2l yn ahroush Pipe oy cx lt pip al st ands ing with ven SE ss curing ob rest saltwater (Copper suite 5 fine soa be il euuce the earth resistance creasing of plate are increasing of plate ayy, e of the system h resistance of ‘The additional steps for reducing the earth es in parallel ingreasing of pit depth and increasing of number 0, electro 3.3. Methods of Earthing “The various methods of earthing ore: 2 strip electrodes of cross-section not jg, 2. Strip or Wire Earthing:~ this system of easing, sp cee ar eared than 25 mm x 1,6 mm of copper or 25 mm x 4 mm of gi ve re used, their sectional are shall not be smaller then 3.0 mm if of copper and 6.0 mi ited earih resistance Stel The length of buried conductor shall be suisien! wo give the required cath Hsis te, | Shall however, be not les than 15 meters. The electrodes shall be as widely distribwed ossibi, preferably in single saight or siraler wench or In # number ox trenches Foe ty from a point. If conditions requires use of morel than one strip, they shall be parallel wenches or in radial wrenches. This type of earthing is used at places which have rocky soil earth bed because at.sucl pla excavation work for plate esrthing is difficult, 7. * Rod Earthing: In this system of earthing 12.5 mm. diameter solid rods of copper oF 16 m diameter solid rods of galvanised iron or steel or hollow section 25 mm G.l. pipes of length n, less than 2.5 meters ave driven vertically into the earth. In order to increase the embedded leng of electrodes under the ground, which is sometimes necessary to reduce the earth resistance, desired value, more than one rod sections are'hammered one above the other, This system of earthing is suitable for these areas, which are sandy in character. This system, earthing is very cheap as no excavation work is involved % Pipe Earthing: Pipe earthing is the best form of earthing and is very cheap in cost, In this method of earthing, a galvsnised and perforated pipe of approved Jength and diannetei placed up right in a permanently wet soil. gee or four buckets of water shall be pour into the sump through the watering chamber eve week, ca om. around the pipe. Generally, alternate layers of coke and salt: effective area of the earth and to de: mm diameter and minimum length reducing socket 's are used to increase} ‘crease the earth resistance Tespectively. Another pipe of! 1.25 meters is connected at the top to G.I. pipe throw In summer season the So a cement concrete summer to hayean Se wi M reThe earth wire cit ihe Gt, yin fay eueen SICH) cared in a pipet OF Gd. sep ofsucienterosssction to erry fauly curren Plate Earthing of galvani face vertical ‘Slameter 12.7 mm, at a depth of about 60 em. rors the ground, hing pla sas - rngielite cither of copper of dimensions 60 cm x 60 em x 3.15 mm o: 18 depth of aS SU em x GO'Em G30 me bared ino the round with ie in alternate layers of coe, than 3 meters ho ‘ground level. The earth plate is embedded for G.l. plate earthing ene {or 8 minimum thickness of 15 em. Te ean wie (G1 wire plate with the help of a hoy, Peet Wite for copper plate earthing) is securely bolt=d to an eart yantt and washer. These are made of same material of that of earth Anean Earth electrode ‘ OPIS electro fliowing formula is used 100 Ra tog, At 7 Dat Where 2 = Soil Resistivity Ohm-m Aguvimat value ofp sol essie aa 4 = Diameter of rod oF pipe in em 1." Alluvium (Leftby iver orfloods) 640 | = Lenth of the rod or pipe inem | 2 lluvim dy sandy ee 3. Clay black soit ea 4. Sandy loam : For plate electrode following formula can be used ‘Where, A= Area of both sides of the plate (m?) 6 — Measurement of earth Resistance There are various methods of measurement of the earth resistance. The simple method of earth A resistance tester is “Megger earth tester". The Megger earth tester works on the potential method. Leson 4 Joon] r Where, A ~Barthelectrode ~ Two auxiliary electrodes, os: used for potential end current circuit.CHARCOAL LAYER - 40 mm Gl. PIPE 270 3 MTS. LONG (ON SOW, CONDITION) 200 to 300 emATE EB ARTHING PL1 earth Which releagg, ~ <0 cloud or cloud t 7596 of lightning occas, the whole lightning: ith, To protect from Tehting, Vghtrng Lightning Protection Earthing veen cloud: Electrostatic discharge of accums y is known as lightning. Among between clouds and 25% lighting occurs from cloud 1 £2 t ulated charge Betw' large amount of energy arrestors are used. Lightning Arrestor (Surge Diverter) / on electrical power systems and telecommunications systems | aging effects of lightning, The pieg inal. When @ lightning Surge (4 Ihe arrester, the current fFOm th A lightning arrester is a device used juctors of the system from the damé protect the insulation and cond voltage terminal and @ ground term lightning arrester has a high- ‘switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power lin ‘surge is diverted through the arrestor, in most cases to earth, If protection fails or is absent, lightning that strikes the electrical system introduces thousands ¢; se severe damage to transformers a Kilovolts that may damage the transmission lines, and can also cat ‘ices in incoming poy other electrical or electronic devices. Lightning-produced extreme voltage SP! lines can damage electrical home appliances. ‘These equipments are connected between Tine and earth is. in parallel with the equipment £98 protected. They are made from metal oxide. The resistance of lightning arrestors vary according, voltage level. 7 \ on peak Or ogee R felectto\ Sek ¥ : Ap one NI Eaorth We’ Repictance eaten VeeET OE < ve e to tl : =e 2 lig eee During lighting the system voltage becomes very high ive CPMY tage, the lightning aresors ®" Se AN Nap close switches (short circuit) ant Jarge amount of charge is dissipated to the earth. At normal condition, the voltage level of the system is in the operating range and lightning arrest Of as 2 open circuit. Therefore, there is discontinuity to the path of earth,side -S Supply PPly System for Industrial Pants an ints wstal follows Ei wo aiff jgoreese in reliability, 01 types of basi ciruit arrangements. n general. cost increases with a, Radial Feeder The feeder radar fs from the subs served. IVs the Substation and branches to laterls whieh extend 10 all pars fe ares : Simplest. m . most economy tical and most commonly used syste” Drawbacks: and most commonly used syste Poor Reliability: W) = faut pon one fault oceus at any point on the feeder. supply fi In case of iney tail end gets imerrupted 2S ease i FSaSS 19 load demans, the length of feeder has 1b fo Come. ET BYE CO. to alleonsumers beyond the ve extended causing voltage drop. Buy A pak core LT A tA ba Gang 7 OMe oe opesthig) Tep aa eel wre Chigh UpRg | po ope Time sp Day. : Le pmece | \ ~rpmecs, d * Ss be as b. Secondary Selective System iene rotectve ctevice cy TEI Normailly oben. Be ae Bm a ‘This Mem highly used Becnuce it increases reliability by reducing heh J the « load is without veo a fault in a unit station transformer or its primary feeder. It provides flexibility n operation jpment is being maintained or serviced. ‘onditions. the system is operated with the tie line breaker open and each Pe power di particularly when equi Under normal ¢ transform wn Toad. Ifthe faults occur in a transform: breaker is opened and the tie Jine brea energized ransformer.Ss\ide-4 Eu TRIC LIFT SELECTION problem is one of Ne of service; 5 ® $0 Muny’ factors enter in to this problere that each individual iN mus: be considered as g sored for the guidance of lig geear"® Proble; © Of LR Selectigg, OOM in itself, However, some accepted genera! rules may be gee and SHADE Of the C, se ary =n ofthe hk isons supe of the BF car, The condone st Tift installation consideration should be given to size and svalibe Or the Ts. whieh, when ihe eanting te design of the building usually determine the space aie, 68 the Size and shape of the mar ® PFOPET Clearance allowances between the car and the walls are snce has shown eg Dest Shape for it ear is one having a wide font gulow depth. The wide front Sesengers at loor levels, | “RIS Of wide door openings, thus providing for 2 quick wansfer of in conjunction with a she size of the car is determined either : Phaileine desian, as mentoneg ne om the numberof passengers to be caied cr by imitations in 7 ly. sp figuring the, car of j Fore we person Tae ease fo 8 given umber of passengers, the ual patie i to low 8 psume the average weight of a pee arecty ofthe lift is figured on a basis of 360 kg/m’, which Lift Speeds (m/min.): - The spe | »: ~ The speed at which a lift should travel is determined by consideration of the See in addition to the character of the service to be performed; i.e., residence, offices. The usual practice for the sped of lift is as follows: - ee eee Passenger lift speeds a Deseription Meter! minute 1. | Private residences: 30-45 (2: Hotels and apartment houses | [T= _ upto 5® floors 30-60 = 6" to 10" floors. 160-90. 3.{ Department stores: zl 1 = _up to 5" floors 30-60 | = 6% to 10" floors 60-100 fice buildings: I = Upto 10" floors 75-130 =_10™ floor and above 100-250 In department store service whore stopping fever floes requred for soles reasons, 100 min. is he masinrum inefeiemt operation; 75 m/min, is about ihe accepted corres! ver oB6 speed jor ths service. Note: -Combinarion lifs are usually install i ‘han lifts installed or passenger Service and ‘carry larger foods. In practice for combination lies i a follows. + Cargo lifis are gent Jrom 10 10 45 mi 1 in buildings for mamnfacturing purposes, They generally run at lower speednat $00 ke in 2000 kg. about lifts varies from 500 Ks Fo = buildings. The capacity 1300 to 2000kg in Ces ‘than 360 ‘ty of passenger ‘are to provide not Capacity of lifts: - The capaci residence, 2000 kg in department stores and from 17° determines the car size, which should be of sufficient floor, ren service is 6 + of lifts required to supply @ given s di res guiding is HS dividual ‘problem in itself. due t© a eee ine ion aypes of offices. Accordingly. the Fe Number of Lifts Required: im Getermined accurately because each buil in the demands suchas intemal tale depe similar buildings are used as a basis of calculation. ; . i .d in a building of fi in umber of lifts require The following method may be used as guide for determining the BURGER Oe known dimensions. The population can be estimated from the res [Big cities [7109 mr / person [Medium cities [910 12 m*/ person 4 [Small cites [11 to 14 m"/ person Total travel in meter if not known, can be estimated by assuming 5 m. for the ground floor and 3.5 m. between other floors. The estimated time for synchronizing the cars, loss in time due to accelerating and retarding, loading and unloading at the first floor is 30 seconds. The estimated time for accelerating and retarding, loading and unloading for each floor above the first is 10 seconds. The estimated time required emptying the building above the first floor usually ranges from 40 to 60 minutes. Example: The following are calculation of an office building; =—etal -PloowS [ Rentable area above S== fear uNnA Li ome 18000 mm” | [Travel 1™ to 16" floors Génie = som) 56m | | Car capacity, 850 kg and 3.2 m 15 person. Speed of car 135 m/min. Time required to enipty building 45 min, Estimated stops I stop each 10 m. Estimated rentable area in building per person 7.5m Population of building (18000/7.5) 2400 Number of trips to empty the building (2400/15) 160 try Ce ee Time lost stops at the first floor 30 Sec. ‘Actual running time per round tips (2 x 56 x 60/135 50 sec. | [otal round srip travel 2x 56) 112m, Number of stops above first floor (56 x 2)/10 Ll stops 1 Stopping time above the first floor 10x 11 110 Sec, Total time of round trip = 30+504110 ‘ 190 Sec of 316 mi Time required for one lift to"cap [se] zi isi e Go jour] sr | S92 i gre | $2 oz 6b got | G2b LL 08 jO10l 00% soz jt a bso | a fost] e [so] 6 188 ose | sot | oe% te ob St ger | gt | SOL os gi | SS |089 ost soz eeiglns 20m paceam S.008) cies] exam |e) oss | szt | set oa fe }se | 2 | ss | § [se josv | ost sob se} ze |e | 2 {9 | 3 | & [0% joo svt | Soh eo |sz]z]9 |] ssi» | se 18 ove | set | svt 9 fos] s | sv | se | ¢ [sz joe | oct | seh s |sv |v | se} e€ | $2 [oz joee | et | ect ae er | st [ser | + | so [so |, |__mdea] ni aha GHOSSSELNNNT uaa UALAW MI adds GH] OC | peo | Hew Memuorel ossed dS UV Jo az1S ww jo azig_| Jo “on Tammojoy jo 20mg pue Poo ai puie pods ‘Heo 71g KEMIDIEI PUL Sig “Siobuosseg Jo OqUINN DuInie o1de Iai) OTe,ice Building _glculation of no. of Lifts for Off Building Description ea feu! Description {+0 , [LI Ne of floor > |_18000 [2 Total rentable area above ground floor (m”) L_10 [3 _| Estimated rentable area per person (Mm *) 4800 [2 Total person at building 1800/10 ae [-& Time required emoty to building (minute) ae [6 Taverage floor height of building (m) Estimated Value for Lift Ca SN} Description 1_| Car size & capacity, 2m? &560 kg for no of person V1) 2_| Speed of lift (meter/minute) * 135 _|" 3_| Total travelling distance (9 floor x 3.5 x 2) in meter £3 Estimated time required at ground floor for synchronizing of Lift e.g ao accelerating and retarding, Loading and unloading (Sec) b) 5_| Estimated time for each stop above ground floor (sec) + a_|- Jun 6_| Total round trip for lift 1800/10 |_ 180 7_| Estimated stop above ground floor is 1 stop each(m) | 10 8 | Total Stop above ground floor 63/10 | 63 9 | Tirne required for stops above ground floor 6.3 x (sec) “| s0.4 10 | Total time required for one round trip 50.4 + 30 (sec) 80.4 [tua time taken by lift for one round trip (63x 28 60)/135 (sec) 12 [Total time taken by lift for one round trip 80.4+28 (sec) 108.4 Total time require to empty the building (180 ee Hh ie x 108.4)/60 minute [14 To. of Lift required to empty the buiiding 325.2/45 | 7.2267lamp mnting hei distance detween two adjacent lamps/Mow aecessary that the value ihuminetien, which can be only with reflectors, it is neces ratio is given as between 1 and 2 hing the tais showid be properiy chosen. The value of J isation: It is defined as the ratio of total lumens i) Utilization Factor or Coefficient of Uti \ working piane to total lumens given out by the lamp. \ \ Utilization Factor = Total lumens reaching the works to 0.8 and from 0.1 to 0. Jing plane/Total lumens given out by the lamp. 5 for direct and indirect lighting schemes vaiue varies from 0. respectively. 5) Maintenance Factor: Due to accumulation of dust, dirt and smoke on the lamps, they emit less Light than they emit when they are new ones and similarly the walls and ceilings etc. after being covered ~with dust dirt and smoke do not reflect the same output of light, which is neglected when they are new. ile. Maintenance Factor = Illuminations under normal working conditions/illumination when every things is perfectly clean Its value is more if the lamp fimings are cleaned regularly, say 0.8, and less if thete is much dust ete. say 0.6. erely the reverse of the maintenance factor. Tts value is more that k) Depreciation Factor: This D Lamp 5g power i ‘ ut 7 Boe oe ‘power input. Itis lumens per unit watt. Table given below gives the approximate efficie cy of incandescent wrgs®? unity, jament lamp end fluorescent lamps.uminous Flux, | Lumens [vat Efficiency 5. Lumens/ watt 47.50 60.00)normal to the illuminated plane. is (ii) Lamber's cosine law pee aw of Inverse Squares:- if a source of light which emits light c4) ot the sphere, Laat ae Sear a ee flight 3.4. If we consider paratiy} — square mm of the surface will receive the same amount Lis ical with a beam of ligt in the form of a cone or pyramid, as shown iP TP" of these surfaces a) Surfaces, which eut the pyramid at different distances from the source, 196 WAT Oost, ne ip proportional to the square ofthese distances, and therefore the amount of HEM! WN Ne source, ‘Ty the area of these surface is inversely proportional to the square of the dist relationship is referred to as the law of inverse squares. ti from the poi Let us consider surface area A: and surface area A; at distances r1 and 2 read Poin) light source S which has I luminous intensity and normal to the rays as shown In HE." Let the solid angle subtended be @ steradians Total luminous flux radiated = Jo lumens Tlumination on the surface of area At, Ey E, = lo /A; lumens/unit area, and area A = © 117 fig lumination on the surface of Area Ay E) = lo /or? = Vr? lumens per unit area 2 Similarly illumination on the surface of Area Az ‘The EXPE Ez = Io /A2 = Io /o m2” = Wrz? lumens per unit area Hence the illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between th) Hence tl surface and the light source provided that the distance between the surface and the source is suffécienth) semal large so that source can be regarded as a point source. these I ‘That is Fig. 2.4, Inverse Square Law Gi) Lambert's Cosine Law: Generally the illuminated surface is not normal to the direction of light AC in fig. 2.5, but is inclined as AB by an angle @, where 8 is the angle between the line of flux arad the 4 ouig: Two planes: _ fig: Two pl One normal to the light rays and another inclined to the.direction of light rays qhe expression for the illumination t bh E = Icos6/r* Hence the illumination at any point on romial at that point and the direction of i j] Bes laws of illumination are only applicable to point sources where there are no reflecting surfaces. That is why, this formula can be used for t outdoor installation like street lighting, garden lighting etc. {bu for indoors lighting system, reflecting surfaces, like walls, ceiling etc.. play a very important part in ieillumination of the room, Also the light source may be fitted with a reflector, or covered with a then becomes @ surface is proportional to the cosine of angle between the luminous fluc. 24 Various Types of Light Source - ie different methods of producing light by electricity many divided into three groups. By establishing an arc between two carbon electrodes. In this case, the source of light is the mudescent electrode. . By temperature incandescence. In this method, an electric currents passed through a filament Mie placed in vacuum or an inert gas. The current generates enough heat to raise the temperature of lament to luminosity. Incandescent tungstea filament lamps are examples of this types. Discharge Lamps. In these lamps, gas or vapour is made luminous by an eleciric discharge 24 them, The colour and'intensity of light depends on the nature of the gas or vapour only. It “ld be noted here that these discharge Jamps are luminescent light lamps and do not depend on Eure of higher efficiencies. In this respect they difer radially from inandeseent lamps wheke, stieney ig dependent on temperature. Fluorescent lamp, sodium vapour lamp, mercury vapour amp /n-gas lamps are examples of discharge lamps. .Arc Lamps: pe i ct with each other whj. {fran ar Tainp electric curent is made w flow through @oW electrodes aly acalintwerytel ent are drawn apart. The result is an arc being struck. The arc maintains 4 ve Cifjame are OT MORNEtie source of light. There are various forms of are lamps such as cart 7 lamps. ov th lights. Wh, po (a Carbon are Lamp: This is earliest ype and is still used in cinema projectors and search Hetts, oe ‘hwo hard carbon rods are placed ends to end and connected to the terminals of oa Z anda To yy fact less than 45 volts, the current flows through them and the ends of carbon rods soon DESAI’ Mets Cescen sper due to high resistance. If they are slightly pulled (say about 2 or 3 mm) an are will be a etwen two carbon rods and white light will be produced. The arc is maintained by transfer of carbon particle; it from one rod to another one. It is found thet these particles travel from the positive carbon rod w IR negative one. That is why, the positive rod after sometime of use becomes hollow and negative becomes a 2 pointed pencil, Due to transfer of particles and oxidation both rods bum away by and by. The rate of f " burning of positive rod is twice of that of negative rod, that is why, the cross section of positive rodis HP ce 1 made twice of that of negative rod. In case of a.c. supply the rate of burning of both the rods is same and JB and therefore they are made of equal cross section. Since the carbon is consumed during operation, therefore By requires adjustment of distance between two rods now and then. 5 10 The carbon are is unstable, since asthe current increases the amount of vepourised carbon inereases, and fp DSSKS the resistance decreases so much that the product of current and resistance i.e, the voltage drop actos; ot the arc falls. A steadying series resistance is therefore used forestabilising the arc, and this leads to a low pS} overall luminous efficiency. In case of ac. supply an inductor is used in place of series resistarace fer J 5 °°" stabilising the are, lamps. : surface In a carbon arc lamp about 85% of light is'given out by the positive carbon, 10% by the negative carbox § me! and 5% by the air. The temperature of positive carbon is between 3,500°C and that of negative one is f°? about 2,500°C. The luminous efficiency of such a lamp is 12 lumens per watt. heat, enter ARC . i Y Dischs q T u When the gas Bs, 50 Fig. 2.6. Carbon Arc Lamp (6) Flame arc Lamp:’ The principle of operation is similar to t such a lamp has 5 to 15% fluoride (called the flame material) ies eae ee G ae ee 3 carbon electrodes are used and the cavities are filled with fluoride. The uorde Ieee eee te which radiates light energy efficiently from a very high heated arc stream. Fluoride tur or ot along «with the carbon and these fluoride vapours cause very high luminous imeneiteah canta fluoride there are also other some flame material. Diff . Different flame materials wil ifferenl BS colours. Most of these colours do not appeal to eyes and atthe same time thor su rotiee ister Pc The are can be drawn out to one side with the help of a magnet. Though the ure i vee iment, DH AS owing’ to objection to its colours it has now been superseded by the electic dine ce ene THe fet luminous efficiency of such a lamp is 8 lumens per wan. mie discharge, lamps. Sty