John Russel H.

Combis
Grade 12 Sagittarius (GAS)

~~~~~~~~~~ PHYSICAL SCIENCE ~~~~~~~~~~

“The structure of matter”

Primarily, the atomic structure of matter is made up of protons, electrons and neutrons.
The protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of the atom, which is surrounded by the
electrons belonging to the atom. The atomic number of an element describes the total
number of protons in its nucleus.

“Properties and uses of matter”

Properties of Matter:
1. Physical Properties - These properties can be observed or measured without
changing the identity or composition of the substance. Examples include color,
shape, size, density, melting point, boiling point, and conductivity.

2. Chemical Properties - These properties describe how a substance interacts or

reacts with other substances to form new substances. Examples include
flammability, reactivity with acids or bases, and oxidation.

Uses of Matter in Different Fields:

1. Building Materials - Matter, such as wood, bricks, and concrete, is commonly
used in construction to build structures like houses, buildings, and bridges.
 2. Medicine - Matter is used in the production of pharmaceutical drugs and
medications. Different substances are used to treat various ailments and
diseases.

3. Energy Production - Matter, such as fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), nuclear
fuel, and renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydroelectric), is used to
generate electricity and power various industries.

4. Food and Agriculture - Matter is essential for food production. Plants, animals,
and microorganisms are utilized to grow crops, raise livestock, and produce food
products.

5. Transportation - Matter is used in the manufacturing of vehicles like cars,

airplanes, and ships. Materials like metals, plastics, and rubber are used to
construct various components.

6. Clothing and Textiles - Matter, such as cotton, wool, silk, and synthetic fibers, is
used in the production of clothing, textiles, and fabrics.

7. Electronics - Matter is used in the manufacturing of electronic devices like

computers, smartphones, televisions, and appliances. Materials such as silicon,
metals, and plastics are used to create electronic components.

8. Packaging - Matter is used to create packaging materials like plastics, paper,

glass, and metal, which are used to protect and store various products.

“ Two (2) classifications of matter”

- Matter can be classified into two broad categories: pure substances and mixtures.

• A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition and

properties that are constant throughout the sample.
Examples:

Gold Oxygen Diamond

Copper Chlorine
Classifications of Pure Substance:
1. An element is a substance that consists of only one type or kind of atom. An
element is a pure substance as it cannot be broken down or transformed into a
new substance even by using some physical or chemical means.

2. Compounds, on the other hand, are also pure substances when two or more
elements are combined chemically in a fixed ratio. However, these substances
can be broken down into separate elements by chemical methods.

• Mixtures are physical combinations of two or more elements and/or compounds.

Classifications of Mixtures:
1. Heterogeneous mixtures have visually distinguishable components,
2. Homogeneous mixtures appear uniform throughout.

Three (3) kinds of Mixtures:

1. Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. We describe a
solution as homogeneous because the added components mix completely and
are uniformly distributed throughout the mixture.

Example: Sugar in water and salt in water solutions, soda water, etc.

2. Suspension is defined as a heterogeneous mixture that contains large particles.

Example: Oil and water

3. Colloid has properties that make it fall in between a solution and a suspension.
For one thing, a colloid is a mixture of intermediate-sized particles.

Example: Gelatin Mixture