Program: BS Paper: Atomic & Molecular Physics Time: 02:3 Total Marks: 60 Spring-2022 Note: Attempt all questions. SECTION A : QI: Choose the correct answer. Marks: 20 i. The great majority of alpha particles pass through gases and thin metal foils with no deflections. To what conclusion about atomie structure does this observation lead? (@) Positive charge on the nucleus. Negative charge on electron c. Disereteness of energy levels —d. Emptiness of most part ofthe atom For shortest wavelength in the Laymen’s series, the transition is to occur between @) n=landn=2 bn=2andn=3 cn=3andn=1 dn=landn=0 For longest wavelength in the Balmer's series, transition isto occur between (b) n=l andn=2 -c) n=2andn . (@) n=3andn (©) n=2andn=0 iv, 13.6 eV ina H-atom is energy ofthe: (@ Proton b, Electron c. Neutron d. H-Atom system Consider energy of a hydroge. ‘om becoms zero. What will happen among the following? ‘~{a) Electron will fall into the nucleus (b) Electron and proton will be bound no more ea other oy. (©) Electron and proton will come in a stronger hond (d) Another isotope of H-atom will be made. 2. Write Short notes on the following (two or three lines). Each carries 02 marks, ” x” e* dx GE: Hind the Fourier sine transform of f{x)= e"™ RESolve with the help of beta function f(x? / Van) dx WBBIOLABDUL WALI KHAN UNIVERSITY MARDAN BS Physics eM = en SEMESTER 6 (SPRING ~ 2022) ‘Max. Marks: 60 Paper: - Electrodynamics-Il Note: Attempt ALL questions, SECTION A QL. Choose the correct answer i. For static magnetic field, &VxXB=p &UXB= Wl 6 VxXB= - Vx 7 LVXB=ypol d.VXB=0 __ th The time varying electric field is aE=-WV bB=-0V-A ¢.B=-¥V-B d.E=-VV-D vi. re caused by accelerated charges. ing fields b. Waves. ¢. Both Time-varying fields & Waves EF None of these For free space, bo=0 S40 b. none of tinese ‘The depth of penetration of a wave in a lossy dielectric increases with increasing a. Conductivity b. Permeability c. Permitivity d. Wavelength Unit of Poynting Vector is a, Watt” b. Watt/s. Watim —d. Watt/m? aos Q2: Write short notes on the following (two are three lines). Each carries 02 marks aie Static electromagnetic field Refraction of electromagnetic waves Wave Guide Magnetization Motional emf Guage Transformations ar air i. —<7 Mathematical expression for Ampere’s law in Magnetized material ot or SECTION B QX Work done in a current carrying wire as a Joule heating of the wire, Calculate the energy delivered per unit time using Poynting vector. L-O4 — Write in detail Maxwell’s equations in its differentials and Integrals forms. Describe the physical concept of Maxwell's equations? 057" What is lincarly polarized wave? Using this concept find an expression for the linearly Q6: polarized wave including E and H. Also show that EeH = 0. Describe its physical significance? Find the exact reflection and transmission coefficiew', vithout assuming fy = Hz = Ho and to show that RT=l, where R is the reflection coefficient and T is the transmission coefficient,ey) ABDUL WALI KHAN UNIVERSITY MARDAN Program BS ‘Semester 7" Subject: Physics Paper: Thermal & Statistical Physics Note: Attempt all questions, Time 25 hrs Total Marks: 60 Section A Fall-2022 Q.1 Choose the correct option (06) i) Consider a system whose three energy levels are given by 0,€ and 2e. The energy level € is two-fold degenerate and other two are non-degenerate. The partition function of the system with @ = 74 is given by (A) 420% (B) 20° +e (Oates? Opie +26 ii) Isolated system in statistical mechanics are dealt by which ensemble and its constraints are (A)Micro- Canonical ensemble (B, V, N) @ Grand Canonical Ensemble (T, V, 1) © *) Canonical Ensemble (T, V, N) ()All ‘The partition function for a system of N indistinguishable particles is wz @z oz OF Using Maxwell's speed distribution (yay = 4an(—™—)""'v? exp “4 ‘The most Tai probable speed Cy ae pa (D) None of these y) *nsider two situations involving a container with N particles of monatomic ideal gas. Suppose the container has N, particles of gas a and Ny particles of gas b, with total particles N = N, + Np. Write down the partition function of this mixture in terms of Z, (the partition function of a single particle of gas a) and Zs (the partition function of a single particle of gas which is er wwe COam’ = vi) Consider that there are two particles and three states. So find the total number of ways of arranging these twa particles among three states using Maxwell Boltzmann Statistics (A)3 (BY (C)6 @)12 Q2. Attempt all short questions. Each carry equal marks. 4) 7 When you hold a paper cup full of water over aflame, what will happen first, the cup will bum of the water will boil? Explain your answer with reason. Mi) Given U = avT4, s = “© where ais constant, Tis the temperature and V isthe volume. Find expressions for Helmholtz free energy ~iii) State and explain second law of thermodynamics. Also explain why the efficiency of ‘Carnot heat engine is not 100%, iv) Calculate the number of degrees of freedom in 15 cm’ of nitrogen at STP? 1) What are the values of heat capacities of source and sink for an ideal camot heat engine? yi) ‘What do you mean by accessible microstates available to the system? vil) Whats the main ference between classical partes and quantum particles? Section 3. Derive partition funetion and mean energy for simple harmonic oscillator (I-D) onthe basis of quantum mechanical approach, Derive an expression for mean energy forthe following cases of (i) ho a he 10) Fey 1 and GFZ, 1 a0) 4. Derive Maxwvel}'s speed distribution given below and calculate most probable speed from below distribution. Hovde eng iit et on FE Qs. In how many ways one can distribute two distinguishable particles (A and B)4 three states (labeled as 1, 2, 3). If the particles are indistinguishable (A= B) and obey Bose —Bibstein and Fermi- Dirac distributions. ; do) Q6. Explain in detail Bose-Einstein statistics and black body radiation, (10)| @) WWg3 . BOUL WALUKHAN UNIVERSILY.MARD F gn ‘Semester 7" Subject: Physics Paper: Nuclear Physics Note: Attempt all questions. Time 23 hrs Total Marks: 60 FALL-2022 Section A Marks: 20 Ql: Choose the correct answer. i. The mass of a proton in a unified mass unit is than a neutron (@) greater (6) smaller. (equal (@) cannot be determined ii, Nuclear masses are to(than) their mass numbers (@)equal —_(b) greater _(@) smaller (@) close (can be greater as well as smaller) . The Q-value of a nuclear reaction is. (a) The energy released during nuclear fusion (b) The energy released during nuclear fission (©) The energy evolved or absorbed during the nuclear reaction. @ All of the above iv. ‘The total energy released in is greater than = (2) nuclear fusion, nuclear fission (b) nuclear fission, nuclear fusion (©) alpha decay, nuclear fission (d) gamma decay nuclear fusion v. which one of the following is true (a) alpha and beta energies are discrete, while gamma energy is continuous (b) alpha and gamma energies are discrete, while beta energy is continuous (©) Beta and gamma energies are discrete, while alpha energy is continuous (d) None of the above vi, The __ model explains the magic numbers (@) Liquid drop model (b) Fermi gas model Collective model G (shel modet Write short notes (two or three lines) on the following. ‘What information does the binding energy curve ‘g/A vs. A) give about the relative ar nuclear binding energy? ‘i How can nuclear Fission and Fusion be explainec: ing the binding energy curve? “iT What js the role of controlled rods in nuclear fission? jv) Why's an accurate determination of atomic masses important? wy Define the cross-section of the nuclear reaction “i) What information does the discrete energy of gamma-ray emission from a nucleus give, Section B Marks: 40 Q3. 3.25 microgram of radon gas 7*Rn) is separated from a certain amount of radium (**Ra) in secular equilibrium with its products. The half-lives of radon and radium are 3.84 days and 1620 years, spectively. What is the amount of radium? iden between the mean-life time and halflife time of a radioactive sample. Explain why latter is of great physical significance compared to the former. Describe in detail the different methods used for the determination of beta energies. What is the oxégin of the peaks observed in the momentum distribution of beta particles? oe ee that are endoergic reactions? Derive an expression for the threshold energy required to initiate eh reactions. 14 freeeVT => x vga) i lr=Me es Gy Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Program: BS Physics 7” Total Marks:60 Paper: Cosmology , Semester: Hila ‘me: 2:30 hrs SECTION ~A Q1. Choose the correct answer. me (i) The proper time dx” is related to the interval via ee corner BFR Cdk (dd = ee ® he inverse ofthe Hubble constant isthe Hubble ime, which isa rough estimate ofthe ime of decay (b) creation of a black hole {e) age of the universe () None of the above (ii) In Lorentz transformation the time i. ‘quantity. {@) an absolute (b) a relative (©) can be both a & b (@) None of the above fatlew fast docs a rocket ship have to go for its length to be contracted to 99% ofits rest. sfa)y = O46 (b) v= O14 ©v= 04sec @yre (v) ifa" = 3, 6, -7, 4) is a four-vector. Then the coordinates of a (@)20 (b)4 (©) 63,-6,7,-4) 4G, 67,4) (vi) Consider two frames in standard configuration. The phenomenon of length contractioncan bbe desctibed by saying that distances are shortened by a factor of ay Vg (b) Vi+e @l- @i+e Q2. Write short answer {o the following (twolthree lines). Each carry two marks, AT What isthe Einstein summation convention? Give an example. i) flash bulb is located 30 kms from an observer. The bulb is lit and the observer see theflash at 4:00 PM. What isthe actual time that the bulb is lit? 4LGli) What is red shift? What isfare the main cause of electromagnetic redshif. €) What is the difference between a scalar, vector and a tensor? Find the rest mass energy of an electron. The mass of electron is 9.1 x 10°" kg Jefine geodesics with example? Ai) What is the force equation is relativity? _ - — = 7 SECTION -B ‘Marks:40 03 particle has a total energy of 6 x/6-Me¥ anda momentum of 3 x 10° MeVic. What isits rest mass? * .Q4-Show from the Lorentz transformation that by ogee spherical pulse of light vryte-er= originated at origin “O" at = 1'= 0 measured by the origin “O° willbe spherical as well, in avcord tothe statement: velocity of light is same forall observers. {Q5. A particular object is observed to move through the laboratory at high speed. Its total nergy and the components ofits momeitum are measured by lab workers o be (ip SI units)E = 4.5 = 10!” J, ps = 3.8 * 10? kg.ns, Py = 3.0 * 10° kgs, and p: » 3.0 * 10° kg. m/s. What is the ‘object's rest mass? Oey ‘rite note on Ong of the.following. YY Michelson-Morley experiment eP a ~4by Hubble’s Law E t pot og Sint? E=meC Ve bhi og vo SAS ue ana 7 SURES UsSIA CUTTS TOS Program BS Subject: Physics Semester _7". Neto: Alseaint all eeatlones Paper: Nano Physics & Nanotechnology Total Marks: 60 ie Section A Marks:20 a : chee the correct answer. If the radius of a single ca F iW Weald Bi i ee cee atom is 500 Pm, then how man} ‘ ® SQOSt aD meter space? Which of the followit i (OA palt ee 2 ree is considered to be in the nanoseale regime? Neon roc of 0.2 micrometer (b) A particle with a diameter of 150 nm Ton ee atone micrometer (d) All of them eee nanostructures, the __ _ is the separation Vy, ® chem () Tighter €6) Wider (4) Smaller a ao dimension in nanoscale and the other two dimensions are in @) Quantum wire (b) Quantum well (-) Quanta ¥. Q at uantum dot (2) Nanocrystals Sy among the following helps us in getting a three-dimensional picture of the (a) Atomic Force Microscope (b) Transmission El i ) Cn ws © ‘ransmission Electron Microscope (¢) Compound VI. Ina quantum dot, the electron is confined i freedom for an electron is oo (a) Two, One (b) Three, One (6) Thee, Three () None ofthe above Q2: Write short notes om the following (two or three lines). Each carries 02 marks. Why the nano-size ‘ZnO appear transparent compared with bulk Zn0? _ Classify the methods for the preparation of thin films, nano-powders and IC circuits What are the effects of size reduction on magnetic properties ‘of nanomaterials? Why the physical properties of diamond and graphite are so different? DE How do the optical properties of a material changes at the nanoscale ‘compared to the macroscale? Define Exciton-Bohr radius. When a strip of graphene is rolled up into a tube, it .n. kes different chiralities. Write ~ down their names and chiral angle theta? carbon atoms lined up in dimensions and the degrees of SECTION B Marks: 40 Q3: Why Ohm’s law is not obeyed at the nanoscale? Ifthe copper Tet (2 mm cross diameter, 2 rm length) was, instead, made up of a material with a meant time between electron collisions of 10"s at room temperature, what would its resistance be? Ji Deseribe the working principle of atomic force microscopy and what type of information can be gained by using atomic force microscopy? Aviat do you mean by quantum dots and nanoct-ystaly what does it significance in ‘otechnology, and how is it fabricated? L466: Deseribe any one method to produce graphene? Why it is called semi-metal or zero-gap semiconductor? Also, deseribe the properties of graphene? me~“~ fee S Physics s a solid State Physi Jemester: z Total Marks: Seg Sate Phes=it Time: 2330 brs. Fall-2022 NOTE: Attempt all questions, SE m a es eusdivee Marks: 20 i, A substance can i ; non-vanishing sees Permanent magnet dipoles ifthe electrons ofits constituents atoms havea net & ‘nevlar momentum B. Linear momentum , . Linear velocity D. Be i \ire Lbeey co . Both options B & C 2% ns eet ic field in copper (Cu) is 10° A/m and its magnetic susceptibility is z ° a magnetic flux density in Cu is, oe . rye A laser Bo 33867 Ben h iva heute D. None of the A, B & C. at Ina dielectric medium, the Lorentz field is given by.. a Soe) kL A. Pie, B. e/3P 2A : 7 C. Pie, . e/P iv. Liquid oxygen is hase: ‘A. Diamagnetio C. Paramagnetic B. Ferromagnetic D._Anti-ferromagnetic In KP model, when potential barrier strength “P” approaches to infinity then E vs. K? relation shows her ssrae sr ‘A. No forbidden energy levels exist C. Forbidden energy levels exist B. All energies are allowed D. Both A&C vvi, For ferro- and paramagnetic materials, the degree of success depends upon... A. Temperature C. Number of e B. External magnetic field D. Both options A &B 2: _ Wii short notes on the following (ort lines) Each cries 02 marks ‘What will happen to the dia, para- and ferro-magnetic materials if they are brought near to the strong pole of a permanent magnet? Briefly explain it in terms of the alignment ofthe dipole moments in these ‘materials in the external field. GY Is it possible to convert a ferromagnetic material to paramagnetic? Explain it by an cexample/demonst AD Beiety explain that uli aluminum (AD why I permanent magnet as both are paramagnetic mat iv) What is Clausius-Mosotti relation for dielectrics? --¥) What happens to ferromagnetic material above the Curie temperature? pee will happen to a diamagnetic material if you bring it in a non-uniform magnetic field at strong f) Why oxygen (0;) hangs to the strong poles of a strong ole/side of a permanent magnet. 'y Gadolinium is ferromagnetic in winter and paramagnetic in summer? SECTION -B Marks: 40 {Calculate the energy values for the first three energy states if the length of 1D potential box is ) Olnm& Lem? i jon, the expression for orientational polarization is Po = Nppliay P 3 a Geter 5 esited tie tenis! ; were Ley % cot h(a) ~ 5 & FETIP scale the Langevin faneton, Show that & gE a) for sfnaller value ora" ( at), Lay = Mg vad 2 ae ! Marks=10 ) orientation polarization, @o) = 3g Q5: Using Kronig-Penney|model for'band poe of solids, ifthe scattering power P of the potential barrier approaches to infinity hen show thatthe allowed energy band structure reduced to the ease of discrete eg es that exists in isolated atoms? | Marks=| 'a). The magnetic field in copper (Cu) is 10" A/m. Ifthe mpgnetic susceptibility of Cu is leylate the flux density B ahd magnetization ip copper? : ‘ ir ieole nobiles in a St sample are 0.135 and 0.048.1°/V, respectively. Determine the -0.8x10°, »), Electron 2 D const intrinsic Si at 300K ifthe intrinsic carrier concentratjon is 1.5*10'*atoms/m’. (Note: e=1.6*10"f) Marks=10 | a