© ~ COMPUTER ORGANIZATION [Gt % not a Pastis of Compitex Uke Kouboold 1 Ynouse, psfvler , Speakers , monitor etc. 2 OH refers to discuss the ‘intemal Parti of a. Computey: Computer ‘ong anf zation fs nothing but how’ oar doris 19 destgn and st ofll oor: ake are not going to gee the phystaal Posls ; here we are ing to discuss working of Sevnat Pasiti of a Computer Cintetnat poxk ¢ 7 i the fnternat ports Uke — mothetboar d , fam, Gche rmemory | Rom, au these axe nothing but \a ‘ternal pa of Compaley' which %s aon See the” Cols trate. p [ Snpat b-——9 [er] ; Fee | fen i [: (CPO —> Central Proce ssing wit ALU —> Arthmatic Logic wie > Contol unit 34 —> Pataline Pap Signal ‘ work! _4 Computer ¥y5 an electtyntc device dota pices. daice. @t Consists of thie mafor Posts. j 1. Gynput a, CPU 3 output: le put *- The data given to BS known aS ‘input “The ‘input #5 given thinagh Kexotore, mouse, Joysttks, Scanner etc. % CPyt CPU means Central processing unit. 2 So further divided into 2 Post: |. Alu / 2 C0 Ccontol unit) 3. Memory (pam) flue Dt meand Arithmetic logfe’ unit, St | perbin alt arithmetic operation. Ad dt tion, dubbatio, multiplication , clivision and alto perform ‘loateat operation AND, oR, NOT. AL the | Computation ane (aseuy out by ALU. | CUs- = overatt operations of the Compu is undet ‘sts cmtol Dt performs five basic functions. LL Fetch the ‘input. la. Decode Sato machine ¥eadable fom. 2 Pexfosm necessary Operations. IH. Decode tt back to user Yeadable form. 5, output the vesults - : Al ‘the five Opesations ave pertirm by deHterent units cotth the help. of real SalMemory i Memory 79 used to Stovage Puspose ot Consol ¢ {wo' “types of rmemibrry |, RAM e Random artcess rmemory ' (on) Read and corte. memory Cor) volatile memo The ry fo also Known as “pitkin | 8 temporary: wm dly udhen power ts Off then the (Contents of raw date. ui! be loss: fos Rom ¢ Read ond Se mCnY Non volattte memory | or mem This oa age we sed tox Loviting onk $3 meadina . Ot Comatats “dbo. Progyaro,, Galle d yPost [Power on Self Test] uid for Computer ‘boing | Peetpose' » a] a He Booting ‘ : Booting 7 0 Compile? ‘nstallization on . a pass Woe CVT oh 7 or sf ae ts, a Gellection of prngram sist Sem, Software |. Bo ktuane | is used for sgptein Porvposes re uw A ? BROS, Comgtley; aSSemble, edttnt', ‘ntenpeten etc. heel SoPlua' 3 ie | A Sothoame fs used -f2! ayniat Purpose BS specitic fur pone ka “Banking appli ction, , ‘Railway, applications , 0 —Commerce ett:- machine Lamguage ¢ ef a oe of arly 0s & "5+ 2t S an, Knoum as ty bamquage: ¥ Assembler Lan at aa of 44 mbolic Course - Ep aAdd, tub, mu, div et- + Highlevel ‘ong wage E- Tk 5 English Uke Syntaa (grammy) EFC, CpP, Java! python ete on ‘Comgil eve ries * (empler fo a yom that Converts highlevel language to machine. level Longaage: Assembler &: 4 . Tt 5 a langage to Convert absemble level longuoge tO machine level language Cinterpate , Tt ts prgam that Converts high bel language to machine Language, he Piss lines | Editor ¢- | 9 is an emvironment whee ay: enter a Pagram And also do modeftcations 4 Mee Pagram 3- x { A finite. Set of Seqjuente * of cell—defned ‘fnstuctions that axe quiden by “ progiamning language that 75 olve quoq used to Seve a pabticudax Problem. What ase differences blu Computer Architedtte and Gem putty oxgaritzationCompiler _ Architect 2 _Compaile organization . |. Compiler Avcritecture ||, Computer oeuteaton vdescribes) what, 2 Comput decexfbes, how a -ex shoud do-, -, compiler works. 2. \Gompuley Arlt 2: Co deals with o deals with the andor 8 gry ctu tion Hips, mental behawious of & rectal ee Compiler System 3. 9b deals with high 3 Dt deals with low level design. level design: H, Architecture fndfcates ty Where organization tts haxdtuase “| tndfcates performance. iP:, Ayo progroramey e 5. the ‘implementation a Con View Architectore') aychitective 75 Called as oO Seafes of instudi= yg gitontion. : “ond addressing model 2 en | & Negisters. Sse \6. for designing & 6) For designin - On Computer it's architedtie Grnputer oy! cvgantzatir io @ fixed first’ fg divided 8 it's POM ad | QyehPe ctave: = Cofnpietey Sanchitectire ie ro co ~ hk Co Consists of * Catifins? oafeat Oe Tok hal unity Uke PBRebhe gaps jy EEE Nation «pet intruclion Gets , Feg*SHeAS , : asign Pesials dato types ond and | addyess : addressing modes. |Ye Lo te gates 7 BE Greisd BG THES Of loqic & 4 x fegte aS ye GIF» Ser 6 LW of tei hoe A logic gate 5 an, elechonic — Civcasit, ! ‘which produces a Pease Signal epg on itS Snput signal. the, Signal the of & gate fo a Simple boolean operationd [usr @) FC) of ites Snput Signal s Gales ave asic logte elements: ; the Seven basic Loate gates. hig Baste Logie gatys AND, oR, Not | Unliversat gales? ALANID, Nop. | other gales KOR, XNoR. my boolean . function can be vepreserited Yn the form gates We Gn represent the gas i | | ow three. These ax® a, * Logic diagram , “tobe oro x togfe function , cob Sip sy & Tmth tables 9 Riesb wo Sap gee sae ~ OE sis ubed fos {Snovy wullptcation "the | Aud. gate “ts an electonie ctrcuit (bch gives | a. high output only of all 8 npuls ase... high , Otherwise it will gives loco putPyb-AND, Operation is tepresented joy dat C+) Signs 292 sl duct &eh able a@rput | output Truth Table jaa am [Ape |) Kame jo| oj} o } orl | 9 | | "| 0 | Oo | | | Lip 1 | OR gates [= Se Yo used for binary addition. the og igatte fs an: electnice Circutt cohich gives a fow output, only If all fis ‘tnputs ave loo otherwise ‘tt willl gies a high output. OR Operation! ts Beprecented Mt oO. Plus q@) sign. ‘Lo Polo rom $ - | ont * T hon! fhe 3) tagthyg 8B Soyagic. fanction « = X= A+B “Truth ‘Vtable)z Sapa ST cit t= els LA B output fp Bo xsasa. | | O;o} o | - | ° | | | 4 | | Pye) “NOT gate ¢- a ’ 1 Tt anew ‘ehh x FE. Caner ment: ves hg Comp operation, Autres ike, output re the ‘input % lag, ‘inverted Version: - of the.S input at it's outpt ff 78 also Known gy frvertex and vice versa. Notes: A (Or) Ab (BWA | Logfe dio.gram - A Bo % Late. function s- X= A Truth Table ¢- —Dnput output oy AC [i Aur tpx2Aze. H 0 Pee pet wer a) LN yp oa oe —> NAND gale 3- } It 19 0 ‘Compleient Exclusive ~OR/KoR gate 5- “the XR gate fs an electronic Cfrcte i which gives high output only Cf one of %& ‘nputs fs Htgy but not both of them: Otheneie, fe wh qives, low output: The XoR got %s Tepresnted by an encircled plush sign: Logic dia.grams- ikegic. fandtons- "x = Oe '@) AB+AB ee et iomaaa my li > [reese Nog ae He is a ‘Complement oe moe tga The oR gate is On Blettyonic cfrcle ochich ‘gives a bow ai only tf sone of, Pts | Ynputs fs high t rib both of thn The, Small Cfacle sepresen ty. Snversion:. d Logic diagram 3- Logic function &- x= ROB (B) AB+ABTach Obes: ut. | — out put _| | defei) Bo | Xs AOR 0°} | | = NumBt BRR SYSTEM 3, | A Gm puter understand the. ‘information (Compasecl of Zew's And 4'5 | Shstnitns ard data. axe Processed by ve sonal in the form of oS & 1's. OO “3 b=tHe? leasfc nett ber soptes * aan four types: 3 ar Number system , Binary. Num bey System , 3) ect a Nurnber &yatena,.and ect! 12) es decimat Num ber iSyatern ‘D degimat Nuger syste 9- ona! te Contains theHuumbers 011) 23,4456, | 4,84 Brey “element 5 4! 2dombination, of these )) numbers only» Ft allows 40’ numbers. $0 the base! Ids the! ‘cecimal number System ‘to’. ry i 3 ey Aluraber System ¢- of jon) at Contains the vuwibers ot: $6 the badtlof tHiSS number Spit Is sai, Eye _Bxttlorney ¢ " ' |2 Octal Number System? At contains the numbers ohare The bate of this number System is ‘gh "| Eqe Hog: 4) Hero aecima] Number System & AL Contains the numbers 0119314, 5 6 718,9,48,C,0,€,F @D (0-4) ABCD) GF+ so the base gf thi number system fs "6" ir (g) > Base) Radius: The number g- Syminls in a Pasctivalas number System iS Called bose ff hadi: | Binoy Alumiber gyptems- 4, ontx ocbal Number Systems: | : ——— }L Decimal. octot__ _ ettal_ o 0 — 18 Ly rf at | Ls L Rk | fy ee ee ee | i te ft 4 _ lb. | 20 st 5 | tdo ft ar | 6 | 6 | | 18 aa | _ 4 a | | ak Le Ip | | fa 3 jt | ay 25. to L ve ab ) ty es 2 | ar X Hexadecimal? num ber Speen 8° Decimal |. Hera Decimal L Hera fe -aet 0 | 16 | = fo { > ~_& ee a = | Yo! 3 5 4——| rif Me | ae at Ls po bs aa 16 £ 2a | a F-] =f 24 iar ot as 9 (ep. A___ ab 1A = Bo at | IB ef | ah te | | mM} | 30. le 1S F | 307) LE[ ~! Conversion’ - x Decimal b Binoy 6 » 25.00) 7 (hy checking + ee a 2\,! Q a5 | 4 0 Oo , t -l/ = 05 = hbo, ) 6a} =C Deb 39) IQ -! pe ae 24 _ -| 9L4 -0 | -o ° = (L001) { wy Q559,5=( : | | | | | | | § Q5)iq BN ° = i O55 3l - ass) 549) (Bip (")g [0 = -6 g | ale Bip = © 11a -Va 1 spa lyr 4 ove dor str. a} 6 -0 | = IXlo+ ®t Ot0 +1¥} -d : u3 = 164 841¥ Decimal to Hexo —Dec Decimal 2- b t (@5)o= x GH QHD) = Og as R55 Is 1S RD “iD * B80 = GO ig z ty to dedmal :- ie (ye Ge ot (to), = Mio ale + xd ares = (xd! eye + xe toe on! = 16 +e+4+0t0 = U4ar) 24 eae y= Pro J (Woo. = Q®)o ff Grit = Or dy, (te = Ge aeP tonal 4d a ce oxP sod Hee tox? ond tone OXD =a. = 32+0+ 8+0 +040 ' 230824, “x Qa)py = @ 10 “ (otoos), = Yoo ry 1 Qooo!), » =p 2128+ pealgox2' cond roma ee = 32 416 +040 +0+| | | { Ped booing | 2 (tooo!) 2. = U4 10 | Binawy Addition | fon A [oD X=m6 =10 Cusith 4 + Gove to ner es)Ee \oolo 001 10 He | TPr000 “a4 jb18=s4 73 ror > Binary Subtraction §- A B X=A-B | | : \ : ° | Ca 4 fiom the | | hi a io, , t 0 | | nee i cba iti} Ee | 00-351 vy 2 9! aS 68 yat | ( to OS Plo 6 a as Complement 3- | “The 3S Compliment fs used ty repre Negatit Cr the bt number - Before undersran ding the a5 ( Compliment in the Exnasey Tuambex dystem. lot us, 47 UndkxStand 9's and 40° \Compliernent” ‘in the “decimal riumbes System #43 Complrmat debinal Systems TD Obtain the q's Complernent of decimal System is each dpit oh the nuntber ts Gubteack fim 9. LGR TS Compliment of 4s compliment f 523 749 994 | HS S23. 5Y 64+6 || {o's Complement ¢ oo the to's Compliment of deamal numbes to 45 Compliment add: Egi- 40's Complement 4 45 4 ae 5 Complement — em! pai jos Comp (hdd wn) «1's Compliment __of binasy nunabets s- q 4's Compliment of Kasey Sate 7s Simflax ‘ fi ; . to as compl pent of decimal System. as Compliment of binasuy " olstagned ey by Subbacting each digit 4.) 2 Pitty Wloltio OOO] EES Cornpliment: $- | KH & Similar to the Compliment of decimal System | The 2. Compliment «ts obtained by. t's (Compliment en Binary rumber and adding on in previous binaxy number. BAF as Compliment of, (uy Vly mu | 0000 + \ Soo] ~— we NN—> Base to octal s- ) #, (0 o0l0lo),5= (7) 4b (10°) 55 =: C} cy) vt (9 8) ° atyyotpard y HH; 1.0/0! | 010 tt °° oli le 3 = (alr) 2b%g) Oe => Binasey b Hexa decimat $- b Wenig ag) If (0 10001010) y= ( Ye if Tb6 0 alee & 842 = b+ t ye oR b gee 8 1 =the “BA WO ~> Oca) to decimat z- u (62: “Uy ut Ae = %op = Oxsl 4x8" = as eqs = 48 +7 =H | =85 hs a 6D ge) » GD) bo, > Octal to Binase ity *, 6dey= oy | + 1 to} tu 3-0 3) =(l10 11, . ri) Ger =10— oeryi {1 6) gy = ( they ofa tf] 6 fxs to }110 J=(0 * Octal Binoy > pecmatfocta to-hera decimal] | Egy ta + a ~ Ut] Blo = (\N10l0)-, tl froto 3}10 =Bldc4) Av Bu 4 MANS ub 4 Ol} loo Qot011 100}, 45 | o| dlol i, | oo 2 J BOS oy 7 tera.dectmal to ay : Nb Os 2?) eyo ‘ te 5 YI, | 2 26-9 ji “008 ty toate 5° | ae tty) (lotiloo)¢iy ris 5240) amo fi lasD Ila |s ]| os) bolo | Stol} tol ee> Hera to decimal :- © SDig eke T G2) y= Mp = SKE 13XIe = 1x64 9x16- = OHS =Fulo+ax| 93) alle? L (to) = (U4) ip. “yttera to octal [Hera = Bina — octas s- Big = Cg i GPa ; 3 4 ; iz ool } tolo A tt eelyt plo Pt ji - tilde . =), ERD) - VW" Boclean Mocha s- Tk ‘9 alpbra, of Lira Vasdables. the bin Vastabies axe Known a4 > Boolean Vosiables the boolean vesuables” hae {wo Valuus oCfalie) and 4 (rus: the oily Logf cal Operatitty fn boolean abebia. axe AND and oR | opevacions - : . The mathemati cat Symtot + and. « Stands fa OR and AND Operations: The symo) A Complement Stands 8!» No ofevatrons: Boolean Sdentittes §- Boolean variable A. meons 01 oY i> Dominan's law; —> Assodative law’, Attel | Ao-0. AG 40) = G+) +¢ -y Sdertity Law: A(B, O> (A-B)ic — > Distihrtive law; Ato-A | Arle A 6.0) -(n+@) Ate) - “ent a A (BrO=(A B+ c) ~> Complement Lad: | —> Absotption Lavo: Ab Ae | AA=0 Axaie)ed erable : Complement : aoe a AA (AN (F4D= A-B- 7 Computatie “laws sg Bemagan’s low: Mee Ba | eee. w= RS fo oo BR A+B Fit te Telcing expression uaing Boo (ea 6) AFAB |= At+AB =AC148) | =a) aaa =A ta le “Tht Table:* Rasmough Map (k-Map):- Simplftcation. auihg Knap ewe Can Sd booleay, expressions easily without using Woolean Cains and beofean theorms St 7 used to Reto format » The algebraic expessions Gn extst im two fem. Sum of. product (Sop) mivileims £9 W8)-4+A.B) | cohtrever the eqyuattion greet LOR ar | taking those ase ‘in Sur oF Pooducts, (Sop 48): Definitely we need to Constant “L's: 2n | qeneratly ue axe ing Sop, gules: | 2. Product of sur (‘pos ria teins)! E4s-(A4B) (A+B) when the expression and Product qf Sum (5) fom then we need +0 Gmsidey oS 2 vasdable K-Mape The numbes ck cells 2 ttere n io number of vasaables- 2 a4 | n 3 Vedable Kap: “the number of Ceus, 2 tes n 2a number of vasdalts. 9°-2. Qe :4 yasctanle K- Map | gle ls Meng vartables ABCD =f WU? | o_o OL Lt 10 | ov} o|! | 3 2 on 4 | o | + } [ia | 13 \Y 10 rei | at Ts = Rules #6! keMap Simplifications» l Goups (etd May wot Certain ’ 0,. 2) we ‘Gn gree 1,9 (48 (oi) ae ‘Cells » 3:| Goch, gree Shod be ob’ laxge aA posstéle. 4. | Cells Containing TK fiip Flop + Modéffcattion of SR fltp flop No abbrevatiin 8° Sik: > T—fig Flop » Toggle CD , without clock SR Hip +Flop CLateh) Wy 9t stands #6" “ Set —Reset” Flip Flops. —-> the “set- Reset” Consists tf Tu 1NoR Gatts “and Two NANID Gates - > The daign of thee ftp flops also ‘yes | fico Input called, Set) Baek, (R) There o7e alo uno ‘rps g and gl —y thae flip flops axe allo Knovon a4" SR | latch. ~The. basic, Homge elements. #5. called lata. _#s the name Suggest its latches So’ B 4’. > NAND gait oO S$A B xX=AB s 0" 0 \ Oo l I {16 | ! | | t{ po | | S R Qh Brat a | 0 0 | K °| BDGnot cused) ; | 04 b@i, =! x 1 I eateo) © BSE B70 Pat x | No change | UY G0. R=0 a, $21) Reo rar Fn F=F Gh FD =I he? Qnuz OR sO=1 | Ch 20 Oy Soowp . 1 ont’<. Wt) S20 Rel ify S21 Re ne OG ==! Ontt® | Qr=Gn=On | GnH= OTK Qe =0 | Onn = bon =a 7 Clocked SR Fate Flop 8+ Flip flops” are Single br Storage ‘device and by ustag Hip poe Gn dcestgn memoly and etc. > They operation of loasic flip flop. Gn be modi fred by Paviding an muattiplication Control ult Dt Specifies when the Stale of the iudt f to be Changed:she Uinitation with SR flip flop using NANp | $5 the: ‘invalid State - _s this Paoblem Can be overs Come by Using a Gable SR flip. flop that Can Change cutpuls. When textain Mnvalid States ane Tegoadless | eg the condition’ of either the Seb ane 0 Roset npuils : ~ . p Nes > J+ | —-— Ge Gt | | OA UZ fore| a ™ LL olr-_|- <= @ |} ea a ye ee] [de | Tor | Onn > xe AB | | clk |S Rn One LTaelao ber | fo |, er | | | 0 KX, Xx | Qe | | | | | | hang & Po jetii od 4 \ py* % Nem | (i) of] 4 | a A pity o:_| | Ip jo] * [dese “Ongia! See Pod ttf bape po(iet wed Ons 9 Pest - — by deo, RO: __ One be On = On = On Ene =n on =6n Gar D-fitp Flop Can gee that the: D: ‘put fs ~tithedid to he St-fnput’ aiid the ene * = ¢f the D Snput fs Connedtid - ty the R-; ~hput Logi Diagrams = = a - FS ahs | a — ae | D; "J On Hy ale ~ ae =| » mt $n Bu PThuth Tale +- AB lx2a8 | Be gS [bol 4 2B Te Hotei a | [0 fay ee | et | 4 é | YY i 0 \ | ie < A set Piof | tf} 6 fp b+ | Ona n = On! 29,20 | Ohi= OGn =o=1 = Tx 4 Flop $- J+kK Hiptlop %e Considered GSO “ mad{frcaton, of the S-R -Hip-+tlop: x The. main léffernce is that the | tlermedidé fo more ve fined (Pred ¢ precise (sha) then that 4 $-R -flipttop.- 4 the chanacteristtes game oS $ and R flop. ig Re of ‘inputs aly 9h of le Op Ong | | 0 | o-w1l—0 Jone | Racing Condition | | i}¥o | WK get Q) | vor le Condition [ [S| | | be PLL a? fon Croggle eh ol fe cana) | a Oso - k=0 vip Tet K=o | Ont 2 R= Gr net = OD Gn= T=! Gna =P = Oe Prat = bn = Fy 0° sf Tao Kat ops AY Jet Ket Onna Gn wean | Ont 0 Qr=0 =) a Ippem | Ont = b Gn = Qn=0 QJ and K is fnputs as the SR Flipoh. Tete? Flops St to much Simmpliffer Version Tk Fly ¥ Both th J GE tnpub ave Connected ras Girgle bit Snputs Sank kK Hilp Flops: (eo fitp flop :- eat ac of the flip-flop % songs | bY Q momentday change fh the fnput” Sianay this momentary Change fo Known as Togale eee 1 et Om 0° ~ _ . oie sy ple a Ony = One Be | “Togqk — Cmdition- Onn 2b Gn = Gro, | Qn= <0? re | y aA Bl xeae] SEO IPT o katte | 240) 1 egy | 7 ee ee " ‘alg ae gol om ato © : Gri? On= One Oy Gh =) Qn = & | / Sh cael | ee "Racing Condttion| = | iyF there ae two tapes of clightal Chrcufts “the: prea Combinational Chicutl, and 4 Q. Seapretiat Civil - |. Combinationa! Circuit + % The output of o Combinationa| crit clepends upon the Combination of piesertt “nputs x Ht 0 Lote - ciecetit havin logic gates Snbuilt 3 ‘viteguited in if y¥ AND, OR ond NoT operations axe vequutsed. x Gt doesnot used any mema'y « Eon’ number of Fnguils , rm narnber of outfuts - ee serait sy ey Va G@mbinatioah |e at, Wy fw y { x Outpl pee BL Gye em 5 > Addex /dantractor , ovtthematic lof uyfit , _ di ital muti plexer (selectus), D-roultiplexer, » Vdecodet, eNCoder, Rosiiti/ genesatd Checked) - / . » a. + a ascayuenti! Cteuit sy Pf = Bem (39-3 ? - 2t> . cy BR the output oof the Seaqurertiad Chycuctt depends ; upn the Comifnation of the present “input a4 well a5 pievious outputs - # Bt fo O logic circuit havin te giles in | built 8 ‘pteqrated tn % . AND, BR, Nor opexafions ond Ftp Hops “ane Yequived: \® I i> Mouited the Memory, Py o . 1 narnber of inpils,m number of oectpuls. L Ap | mr SHE ‘ Shift Yegrsters , Counters, memdly and _ weti re = combinational | = . Ciscett | ro J outputs ; remy, | a > Adders s- Adder to Qsdithematic logtcal Combinay| -al Gredt Wwhtch’ @n ened adelttin of | roulti ple Wis. Adder 48 clascified into . two types: DY Halk -adder , and i ‘ fatl-addes- , bi Hatt adder s- ' RE I avttthematic cat’ Combinaitfonas | Chagt cohtth Gan Performed addition 4 00 pits, it ooflt gives Sum and GBsxry. | A —~— | Svat Hat # sun(S), ae tt eee yn ie er of Snguts oul Ete” 4 Anput Combinations) x] | Sure | Cas | | = | Oo. 6 o | 8 | o | | por ' bitay | 0 0 Lj] ° (Ro Surat “Kemap cause “On -FBE Sura “gum - AB || |Fogic ofagrams - Se: te al HA a | ¥ Ree hee 1 | & ful Addex t- | at's ali astthnettcat logical Comb! national idratt. which pextiimd Addifon of 3 bts (2 inp bit. { previous ax) it anil gives Sum § sory: Ae— pL funn, , pj oe ae ora he S Colt, hene N= no+ of ‘nputh 5 N23 228 (the 8 ‘put combination), | 3Oo 0 ra 20) J 0 0 / i {°o oO | | ol: | iE Ve \% ADBD«, reo pe | es SSN #O 1813 |Z (om Kote tAegaa® || 7 | | | | — a { S ge ogee Ft) = 2 fy ‘ed> & Ye codete-s\ oO” Bo pla AIO A “Necodey Can be egcrtbed a4 1 tembinationad Cacuit that Convertt bin ineimation to high level ‘iefosmation. A dkcoder: half ‘n npuls , on enable (me CE into a ‘cartput Tes ° us ° n Given ieee cae it outputs 2° Fe Topas , acy =| 7 oxttpus Eco e E=0 peloder % disable: | where f= enatio< po pecodesr fo enable ax Becoder ¢- b ~- Co *|bLogic tunction'- hor AB Aye AaB Xe Aw fg =AB ‘c dfagvams~ ~h = e(ebtk 8) a ae LLL . YTB poe FE 4 Phas a Me AB I TH ee ah Cont O5t WOE Detodent~ A ckteder ‘to a, Com Sa dtional Cheat i W tohtch will decode * W) tmports into a oust x . ‘ik ‘ o-— 4% ey i, " 3x8 —H ” Pee detoden EY : OT ap | etoooe 2B BOK go0o. & 8 74-594 \ ) ely g 02 0 QH+100 > % | oO o> ow Sar yas y | Sr J) 0 ° - oOo . | EL: _ 2 As 9 Ha advo Ole “i . — 4 . cc | [#;© 9 °° © O59 9) (en I BSS OH OO DOaGQ\d an - ~ TTT 1 0 > oe } |x/9 © 7 © © S\geal! x) * Pep SQ \ * Re BPO sO, Hoa, 4 ian eae ota ee | . S 5 2 Vig Tse gee. 2) Bo t } K a —_— a 3 Met, — eo 8 | I i isl SX Og _- e+ 3] Bhs BY Gy 1 < EXO 92 eo BH Sy ,eae ay o Fle woe - ' - TAT oanne Hye Decoders A decodes: 5. Combination! otra ohh udtl de Coden! inputs ‘nto. oot | Eh | f me” A Tuyte ze 3S ‘= iy \o ice) oO} 0|0 19 'O | 0 6 O° 6 oO oO. of } [ | 0\0|o0| 0! 0} | 0 ojo'010! 0\0 0\% |o 0}o}o}a/0|0|9 ofa,o 0/0) 1/0 /8}0/®)0/0 0/0! 6 rloO oo PS © CT8oo 8 Ses 8 —9029000 se 0 = oO octet pul - Xs|Xo X2/ Xe 2EFT2OBE'0O eo88©o9o0 Og. Kr X3 [xy 6] 0/0] ooo jo] | 0| olelolojo| o]o| ojo; e;/ 0/0 9 O| Ojo jo e[0900DG0 OG OKo =AbCD Xs= ABCD K+ ABCD %* ABCD % ABD X,- ABD x37 ABCD Xe - ABCD xy = ABCH pa eee ‘aly BYR Kor ABCD x,- yy EAB CD ip 7h Kye need Xs ABCD Xue ABCD5xX3a Decoder s- A decode $$ a Combinationas Chiat hich wit! okede \n’ Snpuls ‘into dd octpubs . neo A Ko —l " Gye BOX 5xge C—O Deter =| 5xdu] pa = ie teg?e functions: — Exrable (2): fos ABCDE Xiyr ABCDE ¥,,= ABODE R=ABCDE Buys AOC ve _ pes A «ABE xx =ABCDE Kis =A BODE yp Ab bE (S37 ABCDE Xig= ABCDE Tags th BOE Ne ABODE mye Adee —- RgnABCDE [Yer ARDE Xig= =o - = B= ABCDE o> ABCOE [Xe = ABCDE ABCD = kicoe «NAT ABCDE Yay =ik8C OF a ape Ye? ABODE = KBCB UE ABODE fy i 2 ADE Yaz AEE Fu 2A BODE us ABtDE Xp =ABCOE Yoe> ABTDEF290 0 & 429900008900 000 © 000 g990 00200~ Foe © 8 6990088 [09090 0 ©0000900000~« £2208 909000909 008 90000 coD000 © 000-00 £09 99 99099202 000 caog 09 0~@SOCO0- ow BOS OF BON oP BS Pore sell eohecager ee #0 0 09 9900009009002 90000 9099 0 pow [#e° © 09099 099% 6 Be90e0 00 OOOO © Noo (Bo © Fe 90 99 9899900 gon 9009008 = OOOs0e0 floc e908 SaddeDe@H00 800 So O— FO gq200 0 oP PF, e8e 900000 20 22% 8 GQ Doeer0 Fe a ca Se zoo 9 2902805000008 200000 = 9 008 800000 iz - Ss foo 2 0 © 909900 089000 © 06 eA —9 0998 0,9 998 foo 0 20 099 Ogde0000 9000-9090 Pn Cote se Zoe QO 00 08 O850009 0 0 OO— Qo 080TH oOP00 | D Pee Oe 9e°9000999 8-9 000 07% E80 eooee Zoe 9020900 0009000 2-90 COP 00g oo 00008 [aoe De 009 OS 0S QGIOB — G9O Pgo0d 00 GOdae0 20 0 09 9990 DCE gece —O 2 g0 09 00 e OO COONS ry 22 — 2090 00 09409-90090 0? 9 ¢00 ©06q9090 DR) 2oe0-OQ00000 TSOo0Q00W qo \ foo B Do 000 Doge VOT 000 O © S09 0Gag20008 FBloo 09 CO 86 GO,y-050 9009 0000 0089S M90 XN o} [£00 0090 6 %90_9g09 989 0 090 99 Gag0 08800 rs 20 0o SSESSiviesSe2 ssl cls2eeseences [aloe 09 a g0- 90088 yO OU ODO ON Goo COP DRG x00 2 2 2 S~ 90000 060009 090000 9090 000 = Se OOOO SES | glee 2 2 92 99099R De 0098S © P9900 ccD00 see 8 ® = 09990090°9 o8 90 900 9 Gd980 S000 C09 = OOS BOOST OUIGTO SGATSOP O8c000 ae ETRE ATA EE ce 2 DO bb O'S DESSBO Tvs'9 6 6 GG5050600000 hum a- o-oo 50+ a-9-0- 5, 0.x.99- ~o0--ge--2?--a9-- 58 a Ul Xen BO gene ee bo oe DRS ob 2 geco=2 eS = so a0 | siGplae? Hie Be seainig 8 | o gh A maltiplener, fe “Giibitiatral | y Ciakt that yeerve: Hines,” 2nf8matton: ein ‘one of the“ angle edatar (nes base *tepor ow’ data, Selec to" lines into’ “only “one bedpat ‘dato, line A ole. OF 0» Pastiaclan tryut data. “Eines pu the-- output. - 1's. based. on. the boatsof data Sled ner. the multiplexer fo often .catled a3 cota. Selectors [ines Since it Slectt only) one 4 many dita inputs « * 2+! A > Gnputs 3a! 22.(1 Select line) 4 ‘inputs aarey (2 setectdl line) 8 inpits=>a°- 8 C3 selects! line) x» i: ¥ : : pil ' —* output [ine tn ba . : 8,4 -- —o4 (pate select? Gres) ay! Moxs- : : — —=—— asl OR gis! (1 selects! line) - Do axl fi ; acd te Loic fun ction s- X=D05 +B 5 | eee ere ener teLogic diagram: , ns os & ; AND Cafe ya pis. KEDOS +D8 wy Q LP) - = vw VY a yn)- Ase ext MOx 3 - es a4 Cn Select Une) 1 (2 Selects ne) _o ent ceed oO x= DoseST 4p * 4D2$0Si D3 SoSSelects’) 3 Select) on zl =l 1 % a at) . > Sxl MUX e- Hen sat 8 4-3 ln aw IS ase aga + 40 I3, [S18 | la a ls [ed elf r o BANA ———— 7 | op —- ANT x00 G9 A008 SISO + D452 5150.7 Noxt MUX f= an Bu tetect) be ; i el Dos, S554 + DISSES t 0} ) om pg D2 $3525 +0355 TI | | pq D483 535 $+D583 23TH 0 pio D6 BB sD +0¢e5 8051 | 0 ! 0 1 | 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 ( } i Dn Dee ee SoH +09 3527 | | [Die] Dio 8332 8150 ey 43.5551 | Di OD 83 2 550 + IDly| py $3595) $0 4 ‘oi! Dp 83 525150 + Dg $352 SISO. c : & a 5 iRef HOR BBM sdeg HE : a YA regiotn io ao " dequentian logic Cac) ewhen one tip-top % Commected to Another ty ‘increase the Storage Capacitivity fo Called Tei gi) KA Registd! fs a fast membly wed DW actpt, — Stéte fond trangfes date and fnstsuctions thay - oxte being used fame diately by the PU» | kA reatstoy Can alio be Considered 96 4 din of Flip -flop with each tip flop Gpable of Storing 4 bit of enformatton: KA veqistor with ‘n’ fop-flop ts Cofable of Storing binasey ‘nfBtwation of n-bits: yy - BY ‘Registor : A The above diagram a vegistos —aongtnuded with Hp type ftip—floP anda Gmmon Clock pulse -aThe Clock pulse 15 enable ak the l tlip-Fl that the fn-formation presently auatlable ot the ay input (BoP, 2) Gn be Transfer 4 outputs Qo, Ay 3) int the 4 Petal » Shy ke gion os oA A shite register se Civcert > t x ShItE te ae cog bl of sting thee | bios imation in tne’ a both di sectiow x The (oqrca.| Agucsation of a Shit pei meat of 10 ot of Fifer ibe 6P (One ie AP taneced a tequert al logic. “age ee cae . ; “ : alee ote ee + bit shi tte ® aE natch be ys ad ted Fou types: , Keipar - [Drfefat’ -In-Serfal out [Sido] . 3 sofal In - Poraltel Out [sive] } forallel In~ Sestal out [pPs0] 1) Peale ( Qn forallel out (pFPO] ~ —_——e) Sevtat_ In Serial put [8.50J#~ ng . Serial In-Seriat out 15 oO Shit regia | {5 O Seqyuentian logic ctutts | one bit of enformation wilt be enn | sto the Shift FO and actortingy One bit of esfumation wilt be Corning oat Pann he. | | G50 Shift regider in 4 Gugl clock pulse (1), | 2) Sevat_In—Porallel out (S2P0] 2 SS —_———o Le oct; ‘A Sevial- 9n- allel out 3 Pt gis %, a. Sequential logic Circuit: one Bt of: $n fovmation: entering ‘nto atk On feoallel Out shift iregistey. Ond accordingly mattiple bes 0 Frtovmation wit be “Coming out from the | szpo | at tes, Tn a cae Clock. pull) AWW! hs tlt, b& |) Rrattel Qn- Sesial out [FPsa}:- ee 8 o a pulbple bits. wrt be grining into the ‘Pallet fn. Sevtout Out shite estes and acordingly only one bit at a time will be Corning Sut fom the Peo shit Vegi, Ma gingle* cl pure (Ny 7 ro PO NBit S2pe paso Regater. Very ij ) Pallet Dn = Paatiol out (P2POD:~ | Ruaatlel Bn Parallel cob Shift yegistes. Seqyuertiat logical clreuit. Pruttiple bits ill be ret into the PPO wegistes and atcoseing| ‘multiple is Q iple Lis unfit’ be ‘Coming out fim -the fipo She Ft register fn a! single. . | ied AA | aorCourlers- 08% ye oe Be A Ceuntes %9 a Sequential logic Clic 5 Couey is a chuicer cohich Stes the tn, SOF Himes of o Pasdiulan evert (8) povces ha OCured; often in Yelotionship toa clock Pulser), , Fath clack puse appl to ‘the clock | input Frcrements (0/,213,---) F dlecieerents (433 “The number fn a’ Courter | 1 The’ Counter Greuit ts wually Conttyutkd of a number of fiptlops * Connected in Grenk Céeies of Bde). Court Far be Count in tuo eonys: 2D OP Count: ° 3) Bion Gant? D apcourt ¢- te = ‘ Counting the events incseasing Boley. | Bgr Election votes (Evia Pad]; Dprsh Gant + ~ Countin the events tn decreasing. Hed. Eg Rocket (Launching , C#enSus - —» State of the Counter is nathing but present i Count of the Courter Me required ‘\n! lpflops tp design “n” Bt Counter fo. court “n’ Bits “ave, to Pas thmugh x Stakes: {7 Co Fla Rr \: bit Counter > a prt couse — 3 bit courler: an. 7% (state) Curiter 79 Classified according tp CeeK Pulse in 1100 ‘Tyres - > Asunchoomous — Coatifer and a Synchoonous Couriley « ) Asynchronous Courter 2 Pn an asunchsonous counley all fipelops ase having dftferent clock Pulse - £9%°3-Bit a-syrthimnous counter: L-2- (States) 2 Syrdmmus Couiiter i- 2n a Sunchionduts Cou a ow basing wt me aul alt. ftiptlops EG S Bit Syrchewrous cousler- mop ce