M O V I NChapter–4

G C H A- Moving
R G ECharges
S A NandMagnetism
D MAGNETISM
COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS

Q1. Under what condition is the force acting on a charge moving through a uniform magnetic field minimum?

Ans. - When ɵ = 00 or 1800,

Then the force = qvB sinɵ = qvB x 0 = 0,
So when a charge moves parallel or anti parallel to the direction of magnetic field, it
experiences minimum force.

Q2. Which one of the following will experience maximum force, when projected with the same velocity v
perpendicular to the magnetic field.
(i) α particle and
(ii) β particle?
Ans.- Force F = qvB sin90 = qvB
For Alpha particle q = 2e So F = 2 evB
and For beta particle q= e So F = evB
Hence α particle will experience maximum force.
Q3. Why is an ammeter connected in series in a circuit?
Ans. - An ammeter is connected in series in a circuit so that whole of the circuit, which it is required to measure,
passage through it. Moreover, an ammeter has low resistance, so its insertion in the series circuit does not
practically change the main current.

Q4. One voltmeter has resistance of 1000 Ω and another voltmeter has a resistance of 4000 Ω. Which one of the
two will you prefer to measure a potential difference across a resistance of 500 Ω?
Ans. - The voltmeter of resistance 4000 Ω is preferred because it draws very small current as
compared to the voltmeter of resistance 1000 Ω, when connected across the resistance of
500 Ω.

Q5. A wire of length L is bent round in the form of a coil having N turns of same radius. If study current I flows
through it in a clockwise direction, find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field produced at its center.
Ans. - If r is the radius of the coil, then N x 2π r = L or r = L / 2 π N
So the magnetic field produced at the center of the coil due to current I will be

0 0 0
B= =2 = N2
2 2 )
As the current flows clockwise throughout coil the direction of magnetic field will be out of the plane of the coil.

Q6. An ammeter and a milliammeter are converted from the same galvanometer. Out of the two, which current
measuring instrument has a greater resistance?
Ans. - Milliameter has higher resistance because an ammeter required shunt of smaller resistance.

Q7. The sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer can be increased by decreasing of the spring and the
suspension wire.
Ans. - Torsion Constant.

Q8. Just as Gauss's law is an alternative form of coulomb's law in electrostatics, similarly we have
ampere's circuital law as an alternative form of Biot-Savart law in magnetostatics. Ampere found that the
magnetic lines of force of a straight current carrying conductor are concentric circles in a plane perpendicular to
the conductor. Ampere's law is stated with reference to the loops of magnetic lines of force. We consider a loop
to be made up of a number of small line elements. Consider one such element of length dl. Let B be the
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 tangential component of field B at this element. We multiply it by the element length dl. We add all such
products. When the lengths of these elements become small and their number gets larger, this summation tends
to an integral. Ampere's law states that the line integral of the magnetic field B around any closed loop equal to
µ0 times of the net current I passing through the close loop.

The closed loop is called Amperean loop. Ampere's law is valid for any arbitrary close loop and holds only for
steady currents. However, Ampere's law is useful only for calculating the magnetic field only in highly
symmetrical situations where B is tangential to loop and has a non zero constant B, or B is normal to the loop, or
be Vanishes.

(i) Only the current inside the Amperean loop contributes in –

(a) Finding magnetic field at any point on the Amperean loop.

(b) line integral of magnetic field
(c) In both of the above.
(d) In neither (a) nor (b).

(ii)An electric current passes through a long wire. At a distance 5 cm from the wire, the magnetic field is B. The
field at 20 cm from the wire would be –

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5

(iii)1A current flows through an infinite long straight wire. The magnetic field produced at a point 1 m away from
it is –

(a) 2 x 10-3 T (b) 2 x 10-3 T (c) 2 x 10-7 T (d) 2π x 10-7 T

(iv) Long straight wire of circular cross - section radius a carries steady current I and the current I is uniformly
distributed across this cross section, which of the following plots represents the variation of magnitude of
magnetic field B with distance r from the center of the wire?

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(v) Steady electric current is flowing through cylindrical conductor –

(a) The magnetic field in the vicinity of conductor is zero

(b) The electric field in the vicinity of the conductor is zero
(c) The magnetic field at the axis of the conductor is zero
(d) The electric field at the axis of the conductor is zero.

Ans - (i) B (ii) C (iii) C (iv) A (v) C

Objective Type Questions.

Q9. Assertion -A charge, whether stationary or in motion produce a magnetic field around it.
Reason - Moving charge produce only electric field in the surrounding space.
Ans. (d) Both assertion and reason are false.

Q10. Assertion - The resistance of an ideal voltmeter should be infinite.

Reason - The lower resistance of voltmeter gives a reading lower than the actual potential difference across the
terminals.
Ans. - (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is correct explanation of the assertion.

Q11. The direction of the magnetic field is .......... to the plane containing the displacement vector r and the
current element idl.
Ans. – Perpendicular

Q12. The magnetic field at the center of a circular coil carrying current becomes four times the original field, if
the current through the coil is doubled and the radius of the coil is halved.
Ans – True
Q13. No force acts on a rectangular coil carrying a steady current when suspended freely in uniform magnetic
field.
Ans – True

Short Answer/Long Answer Type Questions

Q14. Write the expression for Lorentz magnetic force on the particle of charge q moving with velocity v in a
magnetic field B. Show that no work is done by this force on the charged
particle.
Ans. Lorentz magnetic force F = q (V x B)
As the magnetic force F acts in the direction perpendicular to the direction of velocity V
or the direction of motion of the charge particle, so the work done is zero.
So, W = f.ds = fds Cosɵ = fds cos 90 = 0

Q15. Write the expression, in a vector form, for the Lorentz magnetic force F due to a charge moving with
velocity v in a magnetic field B. What is the direction of the magnetic force?
Ans. - F = q (V x B)
The direction of the force is perpendicular to the plane containing vector V and vector B.

Q16. Define the current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer and state its SI unit.
Ans - The current sensitivity of a galvanometer is defined as the deflection produced in the
galvanometer on passing unit current through it. Current sensitivity = α / I = NBA/ k,
and its SI unit is radian /ampere.

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Q17. A voltmeter V of resistance 400 Ω is used to measure the potential difference across 100 Ω resistance in the
circuit shown in figure.
(i) What will be the reading on the voltmeter? (ii) Calculate the potential difference across 100 Ω resistance
before the voltmeter is connected.

Ans. - (1) Resistance of the parallel combination of voltmeter V 400 Ω and 100 Ω so the
effective resistance = (400 * 100) / (400 + 100) = 80 Ω.
Total resistance in the circuit will be = 80 + 200 = 280 Ω.
and
The current in the circuit,
3
I = £/R = 84 / 280 = 10 Ampere.
reading on the voltmeter = Potential difference across to 80 Ω.
= (3 × 80) / 10 = 24 volt
(2) Total resistance before the voltmeter is connected = 100 + 200 = 300 Ω
and
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Current I = 84 / 300 = 25 Ampere.
Potential difference across 100-ohm resistance = (7×100)/25 = 28 volt.

Q18. A galvanometer of resistance G is converted into a voltmeter to measure up to V volts by connecting a

resistance R1 in series with the coil. If a resistance R2 is connected in series with it, then it can measure up to 2
volts. Find the resistance, in terms of R1 and R2 required to be connected to convert it into a voltmeter that can
read up to 2V. Also find the resistance G of the galvanometer in terms of R1 and R2.
Ans. - For voltmeter of range V,
V = Ig (G + R1) ........(1)
For voltmeter of range V/2,
V/2 = Ig (G +R2) .........(2)
Dividing the (1) by (2) we get
2 = (G + R1)/(G + R2)
or 2G + R2 = G + R1
so G = R1 -2R2
Let R3 be resistance required for conversion into voltmeter of range 2 V. Then
2V = Ig (G + R3) ........(3)
From equation (1) and (3)
2 = (G + R3)/(G + R1) or 2G + 2 R1 = G+ R3
So R3 = G + 2 R1 = (R1 - 2R2) + 2 R1 = 3R1-2R2.

Q19. Match the following -

(i) An Ammeter (a) A low resistance device connected in parallel
(ii) A voltmeter - (b) A low resistance device connected in series.
(iii) An ideal voltmeter (c) Has infinite resistance.

Ans. - (i) b (ii) a (iii) c

Q20.Using Biot - Savart law, drive an expression for the magnetic field at the center of a circular loop of radius r
carrying a steady current I. Draw the field lines due to the current loop.

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Ans. - Consider a current carrying circular loop of radius r wearing current I. we want to calculate the magnetic
field at the center O. The entire loop can be divided into large number of small current elements.
To calculate the magnetic field at the center O we consider a small dl from it. Then the magnetic field -

dB = µ0 I (dl x r)/ 4π r3
at point O normally to the paper. The magnetic field at the center of O due to this current element, will
be
dB = µ0 Idl Sin90/ 4π r2 = µ 0 Idl / 4π r2
0
And the total magnetic field at the center of this loop is B = ∫ =∫ 4 2
0 ∫ 0 0
= = x 2π r =
4 2 4 2 2

and, for N terns of the coil it will be B = μ0NI/2r.

Q21. Explain how a galvanometer can be converted into an Ammeter of a given range. Derive an expression for
shunt resistance and current for full scale deflection. find the effective resistance of the ammeter.
Ans – Ammeter is a device used to measure current through a electric circuit or circuit element. To measure
current through electric element and a meter is connected in series with the element so that the actual current
passing through it can be measured in a meter is design to have very small effective resistance in fact and ideal
ammeter should have zero resistance.
An ordinary galvanometer is a sensitive instrument. it gives full scale deflection with a small current
of few microamperes. To measure the large current with it, small resistance is connected in parallel with
galvanometer coil, the resistance connected in this way is called Shunt. Only a small part of the total current
passes through the galvanometer and remaining current passes through the shunt. The value of the shunt
resistance depends on the range of the current required to be measured.

Let G = resistance of the galvanometer

Ig = current with which galvanometer gives full scale deflection.
I = required current range of ammeter.
S = Shunt resistance.
I – Ig = current through the shunt.

As galvanometer and Shunt are connected in parallel, so

The potential difference across the galvanometer = Potential difference across the shunt
so IgG = (I – Ig) x S
or S= – xG
So by connecting a shunt of resistance S across the given galvanometer, we get an ammeter of desired range.
Moreover,
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 Ig = xI
:

The deflection in the galvanometer is proportional to Ig and hence to I. So the scale can be graduated to
read the value of current I directly.
or its effective resistance is
Ra = : < S

Q22. Derive an expression for the torque on a rectangular coil of area A, carrying a current I and place in a
magnetic field B. The angle between direction of B and vector perpendicular to the plane of the coil is ɵ. Indicate
the direction of the torque acting on the loop.
consider a rectangular coil PQRS suspended in a uniform magnetic field B, with its axis perpendicular to the field.
Ans. –

Let I = Current flowing through the coil PQRS.

a, b = Sides of the coil.
A = ab area of the coil. ɵ is the angle between the direction of B and normal to the plane of the coil.
According to the Fleming's left and rule the magnetic force on sides PS and QR are equal, opposite and collinear,
so their resultant is zero. Side PQ experience a normal inword force equal to IbB while side RS experiences an
equal normal outward force. These two forces form a couple which exerts.
a torque given by -

Torque = Force x perpendicular distance.

= IbB x a Sin ɵ
= IBA sign ɵ
If the rectangular loop N turns, the torque will be torque = NIAB Sinɵ
But NIA = M = Magnetic dipole moment.
Torque = MB Sinɵ
Torque vector= M x B
Such that it rotates anti clockwise about the axis of suspension.

(1) Case = 1, if ɵ = 0 then Torque = zero.

(2) Case = 2, If ɵ = 900 then Torque = NIAB = Maximum.

Q23. Two long straight parallel conductors carry steady currents I 1 and I2 separated by a distance d. If the
currents are flowing in the same direction, show how the magnetic field set-up in one produce an attractive force
on other. Obtain the expression for this force. Hence define one ampere.

Ans- Two long straight parallel conductors carry steady currents I1 and I2 separated by a distance d. If the
currents are flowing in the same direction, show how the magnetic field set-up in one produce an attractive force
on other. Obtain the expression for this force. Hence define one ampere.
Ans. - Consider two long parallel wires AB and CD carrying, currents I1 and I2. Let r be the separation between
them.
The magnetic field produced by the current I1 at any point on wire CD is -
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 B1 = µ 0I1/2πr

This field acts perpendicular to the wire CD and points into the plane of paper. It exerts a force on current
carrying wire CD. The force acting on length l of the wire CD will be
2
= I2 l B1 sin 90 = I2 l µ 0 I1 / 2πr
2
= µ 0 I1I2 / 2πr
According to flaming left hand rule, this force acts at right angle to CD, towards AB in the plane of the paper
similarly, an equal force is excited on the wire AB by the field of wire CD. When the current in the two wires in
the same direction the force between them are attractive. When the current in the two parallel wires flow
opposite direction then the force between them are repulsive.

Definition of 1 ampere = 1 ampere is that value of steady current, which on flowing in each of the two parallel
infinitely long conductors of negligible cross section placed in the vacuum at distance of 1 m from each other,
produces between them a force of 2 x 10-7 Newton per meter of their length.

Q24. Applying Biot-Savart law to find the magnetic field due to a circular current carrying loop at a point on the
axis of the loop state the rules used to find the direction of this magnetic field.
Ans. Consider a circular loop of wire of radius a and carrying current I as shown in figure.

Let the plane of the loop be perpendicular to the plane of paper. we want to find the magnetic field at an axial
point P at a distance r from the centre O.
Consider the current element dƖ at the top of the loop. it as an outward coming current.
If s be the position vector of point P relative to the element dƖ, then from Biot – Savart law, the magnetic field
at point P will be
0
dB = 4 2
but dl Perpendicular s, So ɵ = 900, therefore
0
dB = 4 2
The field dB lie in the plane of paper and its perpendicular to s, as shown by PQ.
Let ɸ be the angle between OP and CP.
Then dB can resolved into two rectangular components.

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 (i) dB Sin ɸ along the axis and (ii ) dB Cos ɸ perpendicular to the axis
For any two diametrically opposite elements of the loop, the component perpendicular to the axis of the
loop will be equal and opposite and will cancel out their axis components will be in the same direction so they
are added up.
So, total magnetic field at point P along the axis

B=∫
0
But sinɸ = a/s and dB = dB = 4 2
0
B=∫ 𝑥
4 2

0
So B = 4 ∫
3

0 0 2
B=4 x 2πa =
3 2 𝑟2: 2)3 2
For N turns

0 2
B =
2 2: 2)3 2

0 2
Case – 1. if = 0 then B = 2 3

Case – 2. if r >> a then a2 will be neglected and

0 2
B==
2 𝑟3

Direction of the magnetic field following rules can be given for use and clock rule.

Q25. Applying ampere’s circuital law to calculate the magnetic field inside a long straight solenoid.
Ans. - A Solenoid means and insulated copper wire wound closely in the form of helix. The magnetic field inside a
closely wound long solenoid is uniform everywhere and zero outside it.

In the above figure the sectional view of along solenoid. At various terms of the solenoid, current comes out the
plane of paper at points marked (•) And enters the plane of the paper at points marks mark (×).
To determine the magnetic field B at any inside point consider a rectangular closed path abcd as the ampere loop
according to the Amperean loop. According to the Ampere's circuital law
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 ∮ . = µ 0 x Total current close in the loop abcd.

Now ∮ . =∫ . +∫ . +∫ . +∫ .

But ∫ . =∫ . =∫ . =0

So ∫ . = ∫ 𝑠0 = B ∫ = BƖ
Where Ɩ = length of the side ab of the rectangular loop abcd.
Let number of turns per unit length of the solenoid = n
Then number of terms in the length l of the solenoid = nl
Thus the current I of the solenoid threads the loop abcd = nl times.
Total current threading the loop abcd = nIl
Hence BƖ = µ0nI Ɩ
Or B = µ0nI
The magnetic field at the end of the solenoid is just one half of that at its middle.

0
Bend =
2

The variation of magnetic field with distance on the axis of the long straight solenoid with distance x from its
centre is given below.

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