Name: Gueco, Marlon L.

Course & Section: BSCE BP1

Assignment No. 1

Calculus 1

Lecture 1.1: Lines, Angle of Inclination, and the Distance Formula

LINE

A line is a straight one-dimensional figure having no thickness and extending infinitely in both directions. A line is
sometimes called a straight line or, more archaically, a right line (Casey 1893), to emphasize that it has no "wiggles"
anywhere along its length. While lines are intrinsically one-dimensional objects, they may be embedded in higher
dimensional spaces. Harary (1994) called an edge of a graph a "line."

The line with x-intercept and y-intercept is given by the intercept form

It is not uncommon for lines in intercept form to be rewritten in what's known as standard form:

Here, .

The line through with slope is given by the point-slope form

The line with -intercept and slope is given by the slope-intercept form

The line through and is given by the two-point form

(5)

A parametric form is given by

(6)
SLOPE

The slope of a line in the plane containing the x and y axes is generally represented by the letter m, and is defined
as the change in the y coordinate divided by the corresponding change in the x coordinate, between two distinct
points on the line. This is described by the following equation:
(The Greek letter delta, Δ, is commonly used in mathematics to mean "difference" or "change".)
Given two points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2), the change in x from one to the other is x2 − x1 (run), while the change
in y is y2 − y1 (rise). Substituting both quantities into the above equation generates the formula:
The formula fails for a vertical line, parallel to the y axis (see Division by zero), where the slope can be
taken as infinite, so the slope of a vertical line is considered undefined.
Examples:
Suppose a line runs through two points: P = (1, 2) and Q = (13, 8). By dividing the difference in y-
coordinates by the difference in x-coordinates, one can obtain the slope of the line:

Since the slope is positive, the direction of the line is increasing. Since |m|<1, the incline is not very steep
(incline <45°).
As another example, consider a line which runs through the points (4, 15) and (3, 21). Then, the
slope of the line is

Since the slope is negative, the direction of the line is decreasing. Since |m|>1, this decline is fairly steep
(decline >45°).

At each point, the derivative is the slope of a line that is tangent to the curve at that
point. Note: the derivative at the point A is positive where green and dash-dot, negative
where red and dashed, and zero where black and solid.

PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES

Two lines are parallel lines if they do not intersect. The slopes of the lines are the same.

f(x)=m1x+b1 and g(x)=m2x+b2 are parallel if m1=m2f(x)=m1x+b1 and g(x)=m2x+b2 are parallel
if m1=m2.

If and only if b1=b2b1=b2 and m1=m2m1=m2, we say the lines coincide. Coincident lines are the
same line.

Two lines are perpendicular lines if they intersect at right angles.

f(x)=m1x+b1 and g(x)=m2x+b2 are perpendicular

if m1∗m2=−1, and m2=−1m1f(x)=m1x+b1 and g(x)=m2x+b2 are perpendicular

if m1∗m2=−1, and m2=−1m1.
EAMPLE: IDENTIFYING PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES

Given the functions below, identify the functions whose graphs are a pair of parallel lines and a pair of
perpendicular lines.
f(x)=2x+3h(x)=−2x+2g(x)=12x−4j(x)=2x−6f(x)=2x+3h(x)=−2x+2g(x)=12x−4j(x)=2x−6
SHOW SOLUTION:
Parallel lines have the same slope. Because the
functions f(x)=2x+3f(x)=2x+3 and j(x)=2x−6j(x)=2x−6 each have a slope of 2, they represent parallel
lines. Perpendicular lines have negative reciprocal slopes. Because −2 and 1212 are negative reciprocals, the
equations, g(x)=12x−4g(x)=12x−4 and h(x)=−2x+2h(x)=−2x+2 represent perpendicular lines.
ANALYSIS OF SOLUTION
A graph of the lines is shown below.

f(x)=2x+3f(x)=2x+3 and j(x)=2x–

The graph shows that the lines
6j(x)=2x–6 are parallel, and the lines g(x)=12x–4g(x)=12x–
4 and h(x)=−2x+2h(x)=−2x+2 are perpendicular.

ANGLE OF INCLINATION
The angle between a line and the x-axis. This angle is always between 0° and 180°, and is measured counterclockwise
from the part of the x-axis to the right of the line.

Note: All horizontal lines have angle of inclination 0°. All vertical lines have angle of inclination 90°. Also, the slope of a
line is given by the tangent of the angle of inclination.

EXAMPLE:

Distance Formula

The formula , which is used to find the distance between two

points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), is called the Distance Formula.

Examples of Distance Formula

 The distance between the points 1,31,3 and 2,52,5 is

REFERENCES:

 Stover, Christopher and Weisstein, Eric W. "Line." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource.
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Line.html
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope#:~:text=In%20mathematics%2C%20the%20slope%20or,the%20steepness
%20of%20the%20line.&text=Slope%20is%20calculated%20by%20finding,distinct%20points%20on%20a%20line.
 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/waymakercollegealgebra/chapter/parallel-and-perpendicular-lines-2/
 http://www.icoachmath.com/math_dictionary/distance-formula.html
 CALCULUS 1
LECTURE 1.2: INTRODUCTION OF FUNCTION

What is Functions ?
A function is a relation between a set of inputs and a set of permissible outputs with the property that each input is
related to exactly one output. Let A & B be any two non-empty sets, mapping from A to B will be a function only
when every element in set A has one end only one image in set B.
Example:

Another definition of functions is that it is a relation “f” in which each element of set “A” is mapped with only one
element belonging to set “B”. Also in a function, there can’t be two pairs with the same first element.

A Condition for a Function:

Set A and Set B should be non-empty.
In a function, a particular input is given to get a particular output. So, A function f: A->B denotes that f is a function
from A to B, where A is a domain and B is a co-domain.
  For an element, a, which belongs to A, a\epsilon AaϵA, a unique element b, b\epsilon BbϵB is there such
that (a,b)\epsilonϵ f.
The unique element b to which f relates a, is denoted by f(a) and is called f of a, or the value of f at a, or the image
of a under f.

 The range of f (image of a under f)

 It is the set of all values of f(x) taken together.
 Range of f = { y \epsilonϵ Y | y = f (x), for some x in X}
A real-valued function has either P or any one of its subsets as its range. Further, if its domain is also either P or a
subset of P, it is called a real function.
Vertical Line Test:
Vertical line test is used to determine whether a curve is a function or not. If any curve cuts a vertical line at more
than one points then the curve is not a function.

Representation of Functions
Functions are generally represented as f(x)f(x)

Let , f(x)= x^{3}f(x)=x3

It is said as f of x is equal to x cube.
Functions can also be represented by g(), t(),… etc.

Steps for Solving Functions

Question: Find the output of the function g(t)= 6t^{2}+5g(t)=6t2+5 at
(i) t = 0
(ii) t = 2
Solution:

The given function is g(t)= 6t^{2}+5g(t)=6t2+5

(i) At t = 0, g(0)= 6(0)^{2}+5g(0)=6(0)2+5

=5

(ii) At t = 2, g(2)= 6(2)^{2}+5g(2)=6(2)2+5

= 29

Polynomial function
A polynomial function is a function that can be expressed in the form of a polynomial. The definition can be derived
from the definition of a polynomial equation. A polynomial is generally represented as P(x). The highest power of the
variable of P(x) is known as its degree. Degree of a polynomial function is very important as it tells us about the
behaviour of the function P(x) when x becomes very large. The domain of a polynomial function is entire real
numbers (R).
If P(x) = an xn + an-1 xn-1+.……….…+a2 x2 + a1 x + a0, then for x ≫ 0 or x ≪ 0, P(x) ≈ an xn. Thus, polynomial functions
approach power functions for very large values of their variables.

Examples
A polynomial function has only positive integers as exponents. We can even perform different types of arithmetic
operations for such functions like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Some of the examples of polynomial functions are here:

 x2+2x+1
 3x-7
 7x3+x2-2
All three expressions above are polynomial since all of the variables have positive integer exponents. But
expressions like;

 5x-1+1
 4x1/2+3x+1
 (9x +1) ÷ (x)
are not polynomials, we cannot consider negative integer exponents or fraction exponent or division here.

Linear Function
All functions in the form of ax + b where a, b\in Rb∈R & a ≠ 0 are called as linear functions. The
graph will be a straight line. In other words, a linear polynomial function is a first-degree polynomial
where the input needs to be multiplied by m and added to c. It can be expressed by f(x) = mx + c.
For example, f(x) = 2x + 1 at x = 1
f(1) = 2.1 + 1 = 3
f(1) = 3

Another example of linear function is y = x + 3

Identical Function
Two functions f and g are said to be identical if
(a) The domain of f = domain of g
(b) The range of f = the Range of g
(c) f\left(
x \right)\text{ }=\text{ }g\left( x \right)\forall x\in {{D}_{f}}\And \text{ }
{{D}_{g}}f(x) = g(x)∀x∈Df& Dg
For example f(x) = x & g(x) =\frac{1}{{}^{1}/{}_{x}}1/x1
Solution: f(x) = x is defined for all x
But g(x) = \frac{1}{{}^{1}/{}_{x}}1/x1 is not defined of x = 0

Hence it is identical for x(~\in R\text{ }\text{ }\left\{ 0 \right\}x( ∈R {0}

Quadratic Function
All functions in the form of y = ax2 + bx + c where a, b, c\in Rc∈R, a ≠ 0 will be known as Quadratic function.
The graph will be parabolic.

At x=\frac{-b \pm \sqrt{D}}{2}x=2−b±D, we will get its maximum on minimum value depends on the leading
coefficient and that value will be \frac{-D}{4a}4a−D (where D = Discriminant)
In simpler terms,
A Quadratic polynomial function is a second degree polynomial and it can be expressed as;
F(x) = ax2 + bx + c, and a is not equal to zero.
Where a, b, c are constant and x is a variable.
Example, f(x) = 2x2 + x – 1 at x = 2
If x = 2, f(2) = 2.22 + 2 – 1 = 9

For Example: y = x + 1 2

Rational Function
These are the real functions of the type \frac{f(a)}{g(a)}g(a)f(a) where f (a) and g (a) are polynomial
functions of a defined in a domain, where g(a) ≠ 0.

 For example f : P – {– 6} → P defined by f (a) = \frac{f(a+1)}{g(a+2)}g(a+2)f(a+1), \forall a\

epsilon∀aϵP – {–6 }is a rational function.
 Graph type: Asymptotes (the curves touching the axes lines).

COMPLEX FUNCTION

A complex function is a function ff from a subset AA of Cℂ to Cℂ.

For every z=x+iy∈A(x,y∈R)z=x+iy∈A(x,y∈ℝ) the complex value f(z)f⁢(z) can be split into its
real and imaginary parts uu and vv, respectively, which can be considered as real
functions of two real variables:

f(z)=u(x,y)+iv(x,y)f⁢(z)=u⁢(x,y)+i⁢v⁢(x,y)

The functions uu and vv are called the real part and the imaginary part of the complex
function ff, respectively. Conversely, any two functions u(x,y)u⁢(x,y) and v(x,y)v⁢(x,y) defined
in some subset of R2ℝ2 determine via (1) a complex function ff.

If f(z)f⁢(z) especially is defined as a polynomial of zz, then

both u(x,y)u⁢(x,y) and v(x,y)v⁢(x,y) are polynomials of xx and yy with real coefficients.

Following are the notations for uu and vv that are used most commonly (the
parentheses around f(z)f⁢(z) may be omitted):

u(x,y)=Re(f(z))=R(f(z))u⁢(x,y)=Re⁢(f⁢(z))=ℜ⁡(f⁢(z

EXAMPLE:
INVERSE FUNCTION
In mathematics, an inverse function (or anti-function)[1] is a function that "reverses" another function: if the
function f applied to an input x gives a result of y, then applying its inverse function g to y gives the result x,
i.e., g(y) = x if and only if f(x) = y.[2][3] The inverse function of f is also denoted as .[4][5][6]
As an example, consider the real-valued function of a real variable given by f(x) = 5x − 7. Thinking of this as a
step-by-step procedure (namely, take a number x, multiply it by 5, then subtract 7 from the result), to reverse this
and get x back from some output value, say y, we would undo each step in reverse order. In this case, it means to
add 7 to y, and then divide the result by 5. In functional notation, this inverse function would be given by,
With y = 5x − 7 we have that f(x) = y and g(y) = x.
Not all functions have inverse functions.[nb 1] Those that do are called invertible. For a function f: X → Y to have
an inverse, it must have the property that for every y in Y, there is exactly one x in X such that f(x) = y. This
property ensures that a function g: Y → X exists with the necessary relationship with f.

EXAMPLE:

Using the formulas from above, we can start with x=4:

f(4) = 2×4+3 = 11
We can then use the inverse on the 11:

f-1(11) = (11-3)/2 = 4
And we magically get 4 back again!

We can write that in one line:

f-1( f(4) ) = 4
"f inverse of f of 4 equals 4"
 REFERENCES:
 https:byjus.com/jee/function-and-its-types
 https://planetmath.org/complexfunction
 https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fm.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv
%3DH8hUthV8WVw&psig=AOvVaw0ggu2bq5Ryl8qTE9QpNqcQ&ust=1611730100067000&source=im
ages&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCMi6_dKAue4CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_function
 https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/function-inverse.html

CALCULUS 1

LECTURE 1.3: REVIEW OF TRIGONOMETRY AND GRAPHING TRIGONOMETRICFUNCTION

TRYGONOMETRY
Trigonometric ratios are the ratios between edges of a right triangle. These ratios are given by the
following trigonometric functions of the known angle A, where a, b and c refer to the lengths of the
sides in the accompanying figure:

 Sine function (sin), defined as the ratio of the side

opposite the angle to the hypotenuse.

 Cosine function (cos), defined as the ratio of

the adjacent leg (the side of the triangle joining the
angle to the right angle) to the hypotenuse.

 Tangent function (tan), defined as the ratio of

the opposite leg to the adjacent leg.

The hypotenuse is the side opposite to the 90 degree

angle in a right triangle; it is the longest side of the
triangle and one of the two sides adjacent to angle A.
The adjacent leg is the other side that is adjacent to
angle A. The opposite side is the side that is opposite to angle A. The
terms perpendicular and base are sometimes used for the opposite and adjacent sides respectively.
See below under Mnemonics.
Since any two right triangles with the same acute angle A are similar,[29] the value of a trigonometric
ratio depends only on the angle A.
The reciprocals of these functions are named the
cosecant (csc), secant (sec), and cotangent (cot), respectively:
 Angles in the different quadrants
 By convention, positive angles are measured in the anti-clockwise direction starting from the positive xx axis.

 aa and bb will range between −1−1 and 11 depending on quadrant.

 To find the angle: if
sinθ=xsin⁡θ=x
then
θ=sin−1x=arcsinxθ=sin−1⁡x=arcsin⁡x

 For example:
 sin30∘=0.5sin⁡30∘=0.5 Means: The sine of 30∘30∘ degrees is 0.50.5.
 arcsin0.5=30∘arcsin⁡0.5=30∘ Means: The angle whose sine is 0.50.5 is 30∘30∘ degrees.
 NOTE: sin−1θ≠1sinθsin−1⁡θ≠1sin⁡θ
 We also have:
cos−1xtan−1x==arccosxarctanxcos−1⁡x=arccos⁡xtan−1⁡x=arctan⁡x

 Also note:
sin2x=(sinx)2≠sin(x2)sin2⁡x=(sin⁡x)2≠sin⁡(x2)

 The sign of the ratio depends on the quadrant as seen below:

THE SIX TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

In Geometry Trigonometric Functions we saw that there are 3 basic trigonometric ratios. We will now be adding
the reciprocals of those ratios to create a total of 6 trigonometric ratios.

How many trig ratios?

So, how many ratios pertaining to the sides of the triangle are possible? Let's take a look:
 What possible ratios If we flip these three ratios over,
of the sides exist? we have three more:

Naming the 6 ratios:

The first three ratios established above have specific "names" (sine, cosine and tangent). These are referred to
as the basic trigonometric functions.

Sine (sin) Cosine (cos) Tangent (tan)

The second three ratios established above also have specific "names" (cosecant, secant, and cotangent).
These three ratios are referred to as the reciprocal trigonometric functions.

Cosecant (csc) Secant (sec) Cotangent (cot)

Notice that these three new ratios are reciprocals of the ratios of the basic trigonometric functions.
Applying a little algebra shows the connections between these functions.

Applying this connection will create some basically used statements about trigonometric ratios:
 Reciprocal Functions Relationships

Trigonometric functions work ONLY in right triangles!

Given the triangle shown at the right, express the exact value of the six
trigonometric functions in relation to theta.

Solution: Find the missing side of the right triangle using the Pythagorean Theorem. Then, using the
diagram, express each function as a ratio of the lengths of the sides. Since the question asks for the
"exact" value, do not "estimate" the answers.

Be careful not to jump to the

conclusion that this is a 3-4-
5 right triangle. The 4 in on
the hypotenuse and must be
the largest side.
REFERENCES:

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry#:~:text=Trigonometry%20(from%20Greek%20trig
%C5%8Dnon%2C%20%22,of%20geometry%20to%20astronomical%20studies.
 https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Algebra2/TrigConcepts/TCSixFunctions.html

CALCULUS 1

LECTURE 1.4: COMBINING AND CONPOSITION OF DATA

You can create new functions by combining existing functions. Usually, these
new functions are the result of something as simple as addition or subtraction,
but functions are capable of combining in ways other than those simple binary
operations.

Arithmetic combinations

First let's look at the easiest way to create a new function from existing
functions: performing basic arithmetic operations.

Example 1: If f( x) = x 2
− 2 x − 3 and g( x) = x + 1, find the following.


Note that the domain of the new function is all real numbers except for x = −1,
which is different than the domain of both f( x) and g( x).

The composition of functions

The process of plugging one function into another is called the composition of
functions. When one function is composed with another, it is usually written
explicitly: f( g( x)), which is read “ f of g of x.” In other words, x is plugged
into g, and that result is in turn plugged into f. Function composition can also
be written using this notation: ( h · k) ( x), which is the mathematical equivalent
of the statement h( k( x)).

Example 2: If f( x) = x 2
+ 10 and , find the following.

Arithmetic Combinations of Functions

The sum, difference, product, or quotient of functions can be found easily.

Sum
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)
Difference
 (f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)
Product
(f · g)(x) = f(x) · g(x)
Quotient
(f / g)(x) = f(x) / g(x), as long as g(x) isn't zero.

The domain of each of these combinations is the intersection of the domain of f and the domain of g. In other
words, both functions must be defined at a point for the combination to be defined. One additional requirement
for the division of functions is that the denominator can't be zero, but we knew that because it's part of
the implied domain.

Basically what the above says is that to evaluate a combination of functions, you may combine the functions
and then evaluate or you may evaluate each function and then combine.

Examples

In the following examples, let f(x) = 5x+2 and g(x) = x2-1. We will then evaluate each combination at the point
x=4. f(4)=5(4)+2=22 and g(4)=42-1=15

Expression Combine, then evaluate Evaluate, then combine

(f+g)(x) (5x+2) + (x2-1) (f+g)(4) 42+5(4)+1 f(4)+g(4) 22+15
=x2+5x+1 =16+20+1 =37
=37
(f-g)(x) (5x+2) - (x2-1) (f-g)(4) -42+5(4)+3 f(4)-g(4) 22-15
=-x2+5x+3 =-16+20+3 =7
=7
(f·g)(x) (5x+2)*(x2-1) (f·g)(4) 5(43)+2(42)-5(4)-2 f(4)·g(4) 22(15)
=5x3+2x2-5x-2 =5(64)+2(16)-20-2 =330
=330
(f/g)(4) (5x+2)/(x2-1) (f/g)(4) [5(4)+2]/[42-1] f(4)/g(4) 22/15
=22/15

As you can see from the examples, it doesn't matter if you combine and then evaluate or if you evaluate and
then combine.

In each of the above problems, the domain is all real numbers with the exception of the division. The domain in
the division combination is all real numbers except for 1 and -1.

Composition of Functions

While the arithmetic combinations of functions are straightforward and fairly easy, there is another type of
combination called a composition.

A composition of functions is the applying of one function to another function. The symbol of composition of
functions is a small circle between the function names. I can't do that symbol in text mode on the web, so I'll
use a lower case oh "o" to represent composition of functions.

 (fog)(x) = f [ g(x) ]
 (gof)(x) = g [ f(x) ]

These are read "f composed with g of x" and "g composed with f of x" respectively.
The function on the outside is always written first with the functions that follow being on the inside. The order is
important. Composition of functions is not commutative.

Examples of Composition of Functions

That doesn't sound that bad. Let's look at a few examples.

f(x)=5x+2 and g(x)=x2-1

 (fog)(x) = f [ g(x) ] = f [ x2-1 ] = 5( x2-1 ) + 2 = 5x2- 5 + 2 = 5x2-3

 (gof)(x) = g [ f(x) ] = g [ 5x+2 ] = ( 5x+2 )2 - 1 = 25x2 + 20x + 4 - 1 = 25x2 + 20x + 3

f(x) = sqrt(x) and g(x) = 4x2

 (fog)(x) = f [ g(x) ] = f [ 4x2 ] = sqrt( 4x2 ) = 2 | x |

 (gof)(x) = g [ f(x) ] = g [ sqrt(x) ] = 4 ( sqrt(x) )2 = 4x, x ≥ 0

This example probably needs some explanation. From the prerequisite chapter, the square root of (x2) is the
absolute value of x. The square of (the square root of x) is x, but this assumes that x is not negative because
you couldn't find the square root of x in the first place if it was. This is a case where the implied domain
(because of the square root) is no longer implied (because the square root is gone), so you have to explicitly
state it (I told you it all fit together).

f(x) = sqrt(x-4) and g(x) = 1 - x2

 (fog)(x) = f [ g(x) ] = f [ 1-x2 ] = sqrt ( [1-x2] - 4 ) = sqrt ( -x2 - 3 ) = ø

 (gof)(x) = g [ f(x) ] = g [ sqrt(x-4) ] = 1 - [ sqrt(x-4) ] 2 = 1 - ( x-4 ) = 5 - x, x ≥ 4

If the last example needed some explanation, then this one definitely needs some, too. Let's take the easier
one (gof)(x) first. There was an implied domain of x ≥ 4 because of the square root, but after squaring it, it was
no longer implied, so it needed to be stated explicitly.

Okay, now for the harder one (fog)(x). I'll give the simple explanation here and the more complete one later.
After simplifying, you got the square root of (-x2 - 3). -x2-3 is always negative, no matter what real number x is,
and you can't take the square root of a negative number, so it is always undefined (for the set of reals).

Finding Domains on Composition of Functions

When you find a composition of a functions, it is no longer x that is being plugged into the outer function, it is
the inner function evaluated at x. So there are two domains that we have to be concerned about. If we consider
(fog)(x), we see that g is evaluated at x, so x has to be in the domain of g. We also see that f is evaluated at
g(x), so g(x) has to be in the domain of f.

 For (fog)(x), x is a value that can be plugged into g and gives you a value g(x) that can be plugged into f
to get f(g(x))
 For (gof)(x), x is a value that can be plugged into f and gives you a value f(x) that can be plugged into g
to get g(f(x)).

But, it's not as bad as it looks, either. Let's consider that last example again.

Function Domain Range

f(x) = sqrt(x-4) x ≥ 4 y≥0
g(x) = 1-x2 all reals y≤1

When you find (fog)(x), there are two things that must be satisfied:

1. x must be in the domain of g, which means x is a real number (pretty easy to do)
2. g(x) must be in the domain of f, which means that 1-x2^2 ≥ 4 (when you try to solve this, you get the
empty set)

When you combine the two domains to see what they have in common, you find the intersection of everything
and nothing is nothing (the empty set), so the function is defined nowhere and undefined everywhere.

When you find (gof)(x), there are two things that must be satisfied:

1. x must be in the domain of f, which means that x ≥ 4 (not too bad)

2. f(x) must be in the domain of g which means that the sqrt(x-4) must be a real number (that occurs when
x ≥ 4, which we already have stated from the first part)

When you combine the two domains to see what they have in common, you find the intersection to be x ≥ 4, so
that is the where the composition is defined.

Decomposition of Functions

Decomposition of functions is the reverse of composition of functions. Instead of combining two functions to get
a new function, you're breaking apart a combined function into its separate components. There is often more
than one way to decompose a function, so your answers may vary from the books.

Basically, you want to look at the function and look for an "outside function" and an "inside function". Another
thing to look for is repeated patterns and make that the inside function. The outside function is summarized as
"the big picture" and the inside function is "what you are doing the big picture to".

Examples

Write each function h as the composition of two functions f and g such that h(x)=(fog)(x)

Outside Inside
h(x) Notes
f(x) g(x)
(1-x)3 x3 1-x The big thing going on is cubing something, so the outside
function is a cubing function. 1-x is what you're cubing, so
it's the inside function.
sqrt(9-x) sqrt(x) 9-x The big thing going on is taking the square root (outside),
9-x is what you're taking the square root of (inside)
4/(5x2+2)2 4/x2 5x2+2 Looks like 4 over something squared

4/x (5x2+2)2 An alternative, but correct answer.

(x+2)2+2(x+2)+1 x2+2x+1 x+2 x+2 is repeated, so that's a good choice for the inside
function. Replace every occurrence of the pattern by x for
the outside function

Difference Quotients
Difference quotients are what they say they are. They involve a difference and a quotient. A difference quotient
is really the slope of a secant line between two points on a curve.

The formula for the difference quotient is: [ f(x+h) - f(x) ] / h

If you go on to calculus, you will be introduced to the concept of limits (Calculus is Algebra with limits) and find
as the two points on the curve get closer together, the secant line turns into a tangent line, and the slope of the
secant line becomes the slope of the tangent line which is called the derivative of the function and there are a
whole lot of shortcuts for finding derivatives. However, you're still in College Algebra and don't know about
limits until chapter 3 when we talk about asymptotes, so you'll have to find the difference quotients by hand.
The difference quotient is very important in Calculus, so if you are going on, make sure you get this!

For polynomial functions, finding the difference quotient isn't that difficult. Where you're going to run into
trouble is with radical and rational functions.

Polynomial Functions

f(x) = 5x2 - 2

f(x+h) = 5(x+h)2 - 2 = 5( x2 + 2xh + h2 ) - 2 = 5x2 + 10xh + 5h2 - 2

f(x+h) - f(x) = 5( x2 + 2xh + h2 ) - 2 = 5x2 + 10xh + 5h2 - 2 - ( 5x2 - 2 )

f(x+h) - f(x) = 5x2 + 10xh + 5h2 - 2 - 5x2 + 2 = 10xh + 5h2
f(x+h) - f(x) = h ( 10x + 5h )

[f(x+h) - f(x)] / h = h ( 10x + 5h ) / h = 10x + 5h

Rational Functions

The trick with rational functions is to get a common denominator and then simplify.

f(x) = 3 / x

f(x+h) = 3 / (x+h)

f(x+h) - f(x) = 3 / (x+h) - 3 / x

f(x+h) - f(x) = 3 x / [ x(x+h)] - 3(x+h) / [x(x+h)]
f(x+h) - f(x) = ( 3x - 3x - 3h ) / [ x(x+h) ]
f(x+h) - f(x) = -3h / [x(x+h)]

[f(x+h) - f(x)] / h = -3h / [x(x+h)] / h = -3 / [ x(x+h) ]

Radical Functions

The trick with a radical function is to rationalize the numerator by multiplying by the conjugate of the numerator.
REFERENCES:

 https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/alg/combinefunctions.aspx
 https://www.google.com/search?
q=combining+functions&rlz=1C1SQJL_enPH865PH865&oq=COMBINING+&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j0i67i4
57j0i67j0i67i395j0i20i263i395j0i131i395i433l2j0i395l3.4650j1j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8