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    S T Ho, Y C Tay, K M Koh - College Mathematics Syllabus C (Vol 1)-Pan Pacific (1989)

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    S T Ho, Y C Tay, K M Koh - College Mathematics Syllabus C (Vol 1) - Pan Pacific (1989)

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    PREFACE ww Cotloge Madhematcs Volume fw wen for tet taking GCE “A Level Mathie, ant has toon revised forthe new Slab © Iotuced int Singapore colleges ahd Pe center in 1986, tn ‘epring this book, we have me every eff fallow closely the ‘einions and notton provi bythe Univeay of Camtage a Examiner Syed endetvoured to che Ide fen pst ‘examination guetione. Ane este four nppeach i he Beet ‘psi on lisatve examples, specially in thwe tpt elite 10 rameircal poperies where diagrams are often used To provide an sive pine ew Capes 110 8 cover te tp Algebm, eacers can my the oder ofthese topics 10 suit thew own preference Caper 9 deal rh Conplex Bamber; te espa oh the nderanding of the Area lapram, ati the sy of shape gmc in the compe plane {Chapter 10 covers Reaons and Fancon; here, ello lsc the eins and notation equie. Cape 1, we sy Tigo ‘vith particular intrest in graphical sluions of qation, goed ‘elton of equsns and inven igonomi fancony In Chapt 12, Vectors in Wo and ree dmensoal spacer ate exesed in ‘asian fom, and 5 ow o column vet. Single pues of ‘ects an thei aplication w geometry ae io desl with (Chops 1a were aed te evison, Chapter covers the bsie one a ttn on wel a tl prope of incr and ogaitin. oat emphasis on he soliion of pment {nd opti equation Chap 4 dese with mata dcon ‘terol ad6a the rcs inci bine expen ‘anal ces (Chapter 6), wanton an etc af caves (cheer 10) an Taher weumeit on vector equations of tne and pace (Chayer 13. Tor the pics eae tas ten ten to sero ‘ainaon que inthe pat fo yes Oe evsos Inve Snpltyng te soy of els, ding ween on ap tum, acai tees enna gucstons. We redken indeed to Dy Leong Ye King for is comics ime veg conten ray i ao {2 Mr Tan Tit Keefer eomping sd oft alae gestins some of the maa ws We wish alot scowl our ride te pblihe snd al hose hohe held inthe wring of ti ook aly, we re rel The University of Cambridge Local Examination Synatnte for ‘misono nredue some of he as ekaminon questions. CONTENTS capes” Prtinnars inks nd agit chp: Ait nt Gromer Prgeios a ‘Arithmetic Progressions a ear Soe aap tne Cee Se Th Senta Sse Cares - Remind ad Pt Tres Paloma Alpebase Operas on Polynomial ‘The Remainder Tourer ‘The Fir Toren Chapterd—— Matematica The Pinle capers Permutation nd Combinations Two Basic Piles Moron Pentatns Combinations cap Pata Pacts and the Bigot Theorem 7 Paral Fssone ‘The Bison! Theorem The Binal Snes [eeeeeeee Seseee chapter a cranes crapter9 Chapter 19 Caper 12 ‘Quadratic Bquations (drat Epesins ‘Oucratis Equations Range of Vales fax +x + 6 Inequalities Buse Coney an Ress Ineguisin One Vrle Tnegualies in Two Variables {Complex Nombers ‘The Comps Nomber Syn “Tagoramerse For of Complex Nunber “Mulipon, Divison apd De Mive'sThcrem ‘Geomery nthe Arana Diagram Some Baie Agere Functions Simpl Tarstormation on Graphs (nero and Ont Pete Inverse Furctone Composite Functions ‘Trigonomeny Radian and Depee Menues of a Ane ‘The Gaps of Tigonomerseal Fries ‘The lee TrgonometialFunctns Fandaent ene Geert Solin of Trgonmeial Equtins Probl in Three Dimerstonal Space Vectors Induction (Geemenicl Representation of Vesta: Be i 12 ro 1 1 m m 1s 20 2 aS os jas a Sie ie Ea xs me 555 Es) aS snore Index unde Results te Ratio There Peston Vectors ‘Two Dimesional Vectors in Caresian Form Thre Dimensional Veter Caresan Form \eetrEquson of Lins and Planes Salar Product of Two Vester Prjecions Equation of Cicle “1 au Pt ‘or os 56 Chapter 1 Preliminaries In this inodostory chapter, we inode some notation that wil be used in sequent chapters, and review some base propertis of sty Indies ad logan Ses 'A seria collection of distinct objects in tar, the objects are called ‘mariers ov element of the set. We usualy use capita letters (6. Ay By ‘8. to denote sets and small eters (ex, 9) to denote clement Tea set A has clement x, we write x @ A; conversely, if is aot an lemon! of A, we write re "There ate various way of speci es. One way tt the elements ofthe st For exampler I V2.8), whete #¢ A, and 26 A [Note that the elements of » set must be dint and each element 4s listed exacly once ia this notation. Thus, we may nov denote A by (Care. 0 v2 ah ‘There is 9 special sot, called the empty or mul set, which has elements. This sti denoted (-) oF Sometimes that so many elements tht i impractical to ft out all the elements, so we skip some elements nthe i. For example ti {he set ofimegers trom 1099 nls, we can write fa (1,2, 9) ere, the thre dos tepresea the integers 4 10 98, ia set has infinitely many elements, then we have n0 choice but #0 ‘omit elements from the ist. For example, the st of natural numbers N= (0.4.2.3, 11); hee, we omit al postive ges eter than 3 Similarly, the se of all egr is 20,12, ); Fete, we omit all negative integers less Hsan'—5, anal poste lng, sreater then 2 Example 1 Specify the following vets by listing ther elements 10) the set of prime numbers let than 20, (a) the set of even integers, (Gi) the st of od teers Setaion © (2,3,5,7,11, 13, 17,19), Gi) 82,0, 3, 4,6, 2} 0 10,2, 2,4, 4) S81, GH 8.) or fhe 3} Sometimes, its not possible to specify se by ling its elements, crea if we omit some of them. For example, renal names are ofthe form 2 where m and are integers and +0. The st fatal amber is denoted , and these i no clear way of tng the elements of Q, (since there no car way of erring the rain number) ln sch eats, we speci the st inthe form {condition on 2. For example, we can specify Qa Qn fe r= 2 metneznt 0} ‘Wie sometines shorten the notation and simply write meznez,n +0) ‘As anoer example, we can also wit the set (0, 12,3) a8 (x: € Ny <4}. We can short ths notation at (re Wo <4). Le (0,1,2,3) = (re Nix <4} Note that inthis notation, x is 4 “dummy variable" — we can we ‘nother symbol instead of x. Thus, {x € Nz <4) ~ (y €N:y © 8) ‘Ako, ast canbe speced by different conditions. For Staple, (eeZs-1 0}, the se of pashive rationals Q,™ (x'€ G: =O) andthe set of posting teal numbers is Ru'= (x € Re > 0), wheve & denotes the set Of real numbers, 2 example? ‘Use the notation we have just introduced to spel the following set (@) the set of even integers, (8) the set of ead integers. So (@ (ee Zix= 2mm 62) or 2am eZ} @ (eens Frequently, me are given some conditions on x and we hate tid the set of values of that ststy those conditions. Thi ct x then called the ‘han et. Int 1,neZ) or Qn 4 tem eZ}, Brample3 [Lex be a tational number. Fiad the solution set for 20° ~*~ x = 0 Setation weovas x@f-1-1) =0 x@r4Da-)=0 ‘eto, i (10.1 [Notice in Example that i is important that we specify what typ of| ‘number we want xo be. H we wan to bea natral umber, the oton Set would be (0,1) instead we want + to be 4 postive number, the olution set would be (3). In other words, the solution depends on which Set of numbers we are talking about. We cll dis set the universal set, ‘enoted In each problem, the unites set shouldbe specified In ou ‘sample, U=Cand the problem istofindalls¢ Usuehthat 20 ~ x" x =0. Let and B be sts. I every clement of A i an element of B(x € A implies x €-B), then A is a suber of B, denoted A cB. For example, NE 2eR, and 4s, VIO) 5 fre R:3 <2 <4) To belp ws visualise sts andthe relationship among them, we cin se Vern diagrams. In these diagrams, the universal et Us tepresnted&y 8 ‘octane ad a set A= U'by cle inside the rectangle ce ig) ry Pett [We can inane the element ofA a point oot howe) inside the cle an the cleens of U a pots ns the rcang 164 « 2 we represent thin he Venn diagram with the cele for ‘ontsning the ete for A, nF 1 , e Fie 12 For example, Fig. 13 illseats the lationship among 2. N, 2,0 a ote that is he anv set nth example, EN 708d We sometimes indicate elements ofthe st inthe Vena diagrams 2s well For example, i = (1,2, 3,4 5) and B= (0,2, 4, 6): we can Fepresent them as in Fig. 14 (whore'we take (0, 1,2, sso 6) a6 the ‘vera Pig 14 [Note that, for any set A, we have @ acd (924) ana f Gi) TAS Band Be 6, then Ac €. TA has some elements not in B, then A i not 8 sbiet of and we denote this by A g B.For example, Nig Zy since 0 € N but O¢ Zn ip 14,4 @ Bsince 36.4 but 3¢ B and Bg A sine 62 Bhat G €A A said B ate qual (ie. A = B) if they hve the se elements. For cxample, since 2, (12,3, ..}and (we Non 40) = (ly 2.3) Jo wehwe Z, = (ve Nin #0), A is a proper subset of Bit A = B and B + A. In other words, B contains al elements ofA, pls atleast one element notin ay a0 AB and BA. ILA isa proper subset of B, we denote thi by = For ‘sample, Zc Rsnce Ze R but Rg 2. “The union of A and B, denoted A UB, is the set of objets that are ithe elemens of’ elements of (or both), ie AUBe {x:e 6A orx eB). For example, fA = (ra, d) and B = (w, rif e)s then A UB. 2 rsex aad mt) ths a RAUB ‘Two base properties of union are AUB= BUA ME MAU BUC) =U BUC ‘The propery in) tat it des not mater whee we put the patents — the esting set the same. Usual, we mi the parentheses a writ AUBUE “The intersection of A and B, denoted A 1B, the st of objects that tue both eloment of A and elements of B, Le ANBx (sx 6A andr © B) For example, if A = (1, 6,6, d) and B = (w, rj, €), hoa AB = (oye this lsat in Fig. 1.8, whore te shaded ego's A.B. Fig. 16 “Two basic properties of intersection are OAD B= BNA mM WAN ENC =(AnBNE Apa, because of (i), we can write A F127 € witht ambiguity AD B= 6, we say A and Bate doin, For example, A = (dr, 1,4) and B= "(re a) ae dint a ilestated i Pip 17 OO F127 LC ‘The comploment of A, denoted A". isthe set ofall elements of the snivertalset Uthat oe oot clement of A, For example, fU= {2,345} and A= (1, 3,5}, then A" = (2, 4), f 0 = fy then Oi he at oF irationa numbers; if U'~ Z, then N° the set of nope Integers, Ta Fig. 18, A"srepreseted by the shaded region outside 4. ample 4 Leta = (2:28 2 0), Determine Ai () U= WG) Sotation (Recall Example 3) 1) For UNA = (0:1) 4° () Foru= Za = (i), 8 = (2.34). ei). Ses cam someties be represeted graphically on 2 ine (called the veal line) For example, we ean represent (xe Rt > 2) by ee eee Fe.t9 “The following are more cxamples: (rete): Fg 140 ee _ (eeR2e¥e3)U ee Rix <0}: Tt Me. 112 ‘We can also represent the set of ordered pair ((x,y)oa € Rey eR yn Be I) bye straight tine on the xy plane 13 The set of ordered pairs ((x, yJox @ Ry © RE + represented by a ce! ean be Pe tad ews otortend mis le yhre Ry eR E+ Bo pane ceed an lip: Pets Fig 116 / Note that if «= 6, then the elipe i ice of rads The set of dered pairs ((x,9)ex € Ry y © y = 27): cam be epetented by the shaded {egion enclosed by 3 parabola 7 Fig. 17 Examples Give the solution set forthe fllowing problem Find all, y) such that rE R, ye Rix + y= Zand x? +? 2 Sotation ‘The set of, such that x+y = 2 cam be epeented bya sttaight fine, andthe set of (3) such that + *= cam be represent by a circle Shown in Pig. 10. Fig 118 | The set of (4) shat isis both equations i therefore the st of points that eon bth the ine and the cree. the pints of nersetin. Now, Peeks Qa smerty 2 aed ae , areeeaire) (eH, s0 2x — 12 oes ooo el). The following is «summary ofthe properties of sets Let U be the nivel st and A,B, CU. Then, () ANA AmaAUA™ A; () ANB BMA md AUB = BUA, Gi) A (BNC) = (ANB) Cand AY (BUC) | &) An(aucy=ansutanc)amaaucancy=uRnaL (©) anguomiaulee, On aunnave: ) ANDz Mma Uo > 4 (i) Anas pada uae b, (i) Any aU band (A 0 By @) aya, () fac Biten ay ) Wace tenn ropes) and (a) can ao be wen as @) Net SAUS= RAUB ED ACD, G) AEBS ANDI MANBLAS ASE, The sign 5" read a “inher, By “Statement X= Sutemea we mean i Ssenent X's tothe Semen nae" Rorseane, a0 Bs BLAU B=B,then Ac HAN B= Athen Ac x3 58 reyeS D> yas~z. srisan integer 5 raion. However, i is wrong 1089 is raonal > x isan integer, ten x i ational” i tue, but “x is an integer” eae, * and “Statement Y= Statement Statement X e> Statement ¥ since i h both “Statement X= Statement are coret, then we simpy te For example d@ yna-r 55 2b to. For example, pets) and (8) canbe writen a @ aebonueen, ( AEsSannaa he in "<5" Yad ony J" Th, (9) sy A&B and only if AUB oe Crd rey Bercise 11 1 Spesty the folowing sts hy listing their elements: (0) the set of aatral ames that ae malipls of 3, (Gi) te Set of itegrs that are mutes of 5 2. Specity the sts in Question 1 in the form (x: contion on) 3. Give the solution st for the following problems: () Find alle © Bauch tat ~ Se = 0 Gi). ind all © R such that (x + DFQe — VEG + 8) = 0. (Gi) Find al even intezersavisle by 3 4 Leta = (0,12). (0) Lisl the subsets of A (WB and Cate non-empty saves of A such hat B.C BUC=A, what can B and C be? 5. Let Q be the set of quater, the vt of etangles, Ste st of Squats and T th set of wapeniums. IOs the universal st ndcte {he telationship among Q. f, 5 abd Tia Venn diagram (6 Which ofthe following statement are trae? 21 (psp sa prime number) () Ten (wezime 10) Gi) (nezin=10)eN (iceman 9=0)0N © (hoaitieceea ou @.2) & wien seeped) 1 Lethe nia st be (864.0) X= ad) a Y= (ye) Fin he wigs @ xur @ xay @ kar (ory @ rar 8 aay 4 In Question 7, inate na Venn diagram he ios comesponding {0 the sti prs Gu) add), 9. Rapreset he lowing st arpa: @ueheeva Gi) (ee Rer <0) U remix 15) () Gemiveae i) Ute Rx> 45) 10. Represent he allowing st graphical: © (syixeRyeQz4y=2) @ (apreR yer ary +1 =o, (ayreRyemet ys) () WepzeR ye Re =) (Gre yeR Se 3 = 1p Lo 1. Give the stan forte following probes (0. Findall(y)such at re fey et vy = 3 ands — GG) Fin al (e,9) ou burs ey ea, ay meee 12. Let the universal set be Find the followings @ Nafretes >a) ( (cemereye (i) (eee oye 13. Let the univers set be Z, Find the ftlowig sets: @ NM {re Zix> 4} " @ (Wezxe 0 (meram gy 14. Lette a eg. Show that (0 -2)(n +3) <0 ene Indices and Logarithms Let b 6 Ry, We dene B= 1. Ine 2, we define we bx bx xe, Foc eatle, 7 = and (3) = 178 Weal por on Perc de ua of Fan ne ae Next, for n € Z., we define b to be the postive number ¢ such that emetic ot GB orem sh 12 toatl Manes, we gene f= (by. For eampe, 78 = Ca = (aye tata = gly = 7 Thre Q,,we deine 6 = 2, For example, 49 4 a Nott oat deed or ny are 2. A, Vist, pone ar bel) Meche Be andre ne oven Te Erouhg com popes or 0 ewer Oo) Wxe =e @ fer wo Be( é é Or-wrer rome 0 Bx on ohrxges 9227x9020 asin saat asta gly =s=26 i. ht (shot = or (8h = oh ! ample? dart Simplify Sotmton L« Bxamples sotve 20) = 3 Soation 3267-343 2ery ~ str — 3. Lety = 38. Then 39? ~ 34y— 3 = 00 y ~ 3hay +30 2@)-3 er, pottery yet, — son shin Las + 3vB, stm pe og ta a en sot ret ptt in Pia sant he ames pea cy reenact ecm SENT Ae nies ae ore Sees eka melee eT a both the numerator and the denominator by aVB — eV2. Weealla + BVE ‘urd and a~ DVE Ks conjugate surd;smiany,aVB + eV and aVB SOV ate each other's conjugnte sud Logarithms are defind in terms of adie a oows: Let xe R., Then rob © boperer ° Bad bat and Pat & bgtno We shall convert the thee laws o ® and o toto rues for logarithns Leta = W and y = Then r= logy x ands = fog y tooo. mae : oma momo, a (B= ro ey oe tt sae logs 63 ~ logy 49 = logs (7 % 9) ~ toy CP) 2 logs 7 + logs 92 fogs 7 Let x = logs 7. Then 7 oy =, 6 0 og, 7 logs (2) = 2e logy 3 ~ 26 = 2 logy 7 Theteoee, fogs 63 ~ logy 49 = 2 logy 7 + logs 9 2 logy 7 og 8) = 2 logs 3 =2 Amin, bythe defniion, rob erburer bxeR, Free Re, loge = lo 7 Toga by ~ = eat Togs ie logy x = Bet loge 6 hich known as the change of bate formula In particular, ting x = den sample tt Show that fogs 6 + ogy? = Sotton ops 6 = logy (2% 3) 2 1 tops Eig logs logs 3 logy 2 ot = ~0552 Toes fy 6 lp)? = ogy 2 fo 3 = 1+ logs 2 by te change of bate forma + logs 2 ~ logs 2 Exerese 1.2 1, Bvalute the following expressions: sample 12 Solve the equation boss (© +1) = botasn 3 os sSettion w (a) pete)? &) w (8 Sone o-geay ww (FF ~ (ops (e+ DF HL laren Bese . © ova} vat Hence oo at 2 wy thal ample 8 dad Soe the eqeation P lop, + 4) = lps @s +3) i Bee x Sataion ‘Using the change of base formula, 2. Simply the following expresions: e029 og + 0, 5 tops #4) = 2 lop x +0 Togs +B Suseq@inr fede Meroe, AF 3=0, o Gr 3 +N =o. w —on2t rae Pigg qoaleuenl ‘But when x = ~1, lag; @x +1) © logs (-1) isnot define. ww @tat-o@-oF enc, the on slain sx = 3 eo 3, Solve the following equations: () ete 2=0 Bea @ s 2-4 e m0 4 Rotioalise the denomintors of the flowing express: 008 ae — 00 o # a o wes Rees 5, Bvaluate the folowing expressions: 1 @ ton 3 bogs? i) togos 025 (tog, 025 ©) pie YOO. ven 1 (jog Togs (i) Ce 3)(ogs 8) (6) fogs 12 + 2a 3 ~ Hoge 6 (P35 _ los 38 Togs 6 ~ loss 6 Simply the following expressions () beau + boty VE 7 0) teats eS (iy 3 0X easy ~ Tey G9) Aloe Olga) Solve the folowing equations: (og 8 = 15 (3) loge = 4 Gi) TE erent () 6a (9) 2logst = bg? -1=0 Solve the following equations (0) log (42) = log (+ 8) (i) lager= 4 og, 5 i) Lege Tog, = 3 ‘Show that los logy Hence sole the equation ogy (8 +1) ~ ogy (8 = 2 Find y in tems of «when logs y= 2 + logs (9) tops fogs = 1 Solve the simultaneous equations loge + logsy = 5 Prove that Tasos * fog, 98 * fogs Chapter 2 Arithmetic and Geometric Progressions Arithmetic Progressions ‘Examine the following sequence of nmber: 1,3, 5, 7,95... which ate ranged is definite order. Notice that there & a'smple rule governing the sbquonce- each number other than the fist is obtained! from the preceding one by adding a red number, This sequence san arithmetic progression or, oe short, an A. 'An artnet progression it» sequence of aumbersin which cach term cotier than te fst obtained fom the preceding one bythe adition ofa Constant number eal! the common diferene. Therefore, we let abe {De Bist gem and the common sifference, then the AP. ofthe fom atda+ 2, 0 whore then tem ise + (9 = 1) Some examples of arithmetic progressions at: © 6.2, -2,-6, -10, .. (a= 6d =H (LT VEL 4 IVE, = d= VO Gi) F432 FSET (Om EERE a EHD, Example 1 "The thied term of an arithmtie progression is 10 andthe seventh erm is 2A Find the fist term apd the common diferenc, Soation Let ae the fst term add the common ference. Then the third and the seventh terms ate 2 + 2d and a + 6d respectively. By scum, aha = 10 “re 326i =M. 2 and d = 6 Solving for a and d, we obain Fence the fist tem is 2 and the common siference 6 [Note Ae athmetic progression is completely specied by the fist term nu the common ference, which canbe found any two terms of the progression and ther ponitions are given. Hence ap arithmetic ogres is completly determined any two dnc terms as fellas ter posidocs ae Keown Inthe folowing ite arithmetic progresion: a= @, 2) = a + d, ay BF By dyny a+ (8 ~ Dds tym a+ (8 ~ Dd te ter betreen the fs form ay and the Int term y (yy sonra) a fled the aridomeic means between a) and fen For example, inthe finite AP, 2,7, 12.11, 2,27, 2, the numbers 7,12, 17, 22,27 are the five arithmetic means between 2 and = Example? Insert three arithmetic means between 25 and 9 Station In tis case, we Rave oy = 25, dy ae ay = 9, Sine ana te ia, se have 5254 a fe oa Tus, the AP. 28, 21,17 13,9 Ian A.P. consists of only tuee terms x,y, , then the mide term (ey) is the arithmetic mean of x and 2. Cleatiy, y = 2 7 For example, the arithmetic mean of 2 and 6 is 4 Th, we ‘ swe have: sy, ate DAD, cox 6 2 = 2 that the sum of th tsb hd rn i vie the second erm. sample 3 Given that se in A, prove tat 2(y ~ 3), 48, 269 — 2) ate ako in AP. Seaton since <5. 4 sg: ate in As we have gts (a2) + 0-2) 2 G=290-%) "> y(Qy ~ 2s = 20) = 2G* ~ Day — Dey + Ae) ich gies wy try = de 0 Next, the smn ofthe stand third tems i 1Y- 47-2) aty—e Diy ty de | Siete by) C2) hich i ice the second ter, ence, x(y ~ 2-2 and 2(y ~ 2) are in AP. Arithmetic Series et S, denote the sum ofthe fat m terms of the AP. eter) Thensynat(ardyetettd) se [atte 2d}+ leer Dd} “Tha expression i aes athe sr, By wring inthe reverse ore Steer Dye} tes ‘Aking these sees tev, we have Tone Ge thdl re Fr = Dd + Dd}... $0428) HaHa) 0 + (e+ nd) faa + (nah Hence, y= E020 + (n nd eames Find n(n > 0) i the sums of the following arithmetic progressions are ‘equal 1,5, 918, os tm, | 19) 1718.13, term Sotation Inthe Sirst AP. the fst term is 1 andthe como diferene is 4. Thus Inthe second AP the fs tem & 19 and the common dterence is ~2 Hence te sum is 38 ~ ( ~ 12 Siac the to Sums ate eg, we hve B+ (ne) = 408 - @- nah Solving n> 0, ne obtain = 7. amps sn frm sid the It tems ae 4s Yond 2 repay io at Bee ky Prot Lette he it em ad the som iene Bysimptn, X= ML + (m ~ Dd} Sis te (m+ 9 tr is + md, ¥ = MIe(a + md) + (m ~ 1d) Sine the (2m +1) term isa + 2nd, Z~ Baa + amd) + (m ~ 1d abana 27 [Smal = 4(7 ~ 2), as route. as Exercise 2 Find the common ditfeence andthe ist term of each ofthe following sthmtieprosesions (9) 3 term = 20, 28 term = 56 (0) term = —5, 8 term = 23 (6) Perm = 101, 18% erm term = 29,20 tem (8) Storm = 8,20 2 (©) term = 102, 11 term = 172 (0) Pte = 7,3 6m @ Mem=347 ) Wem = 5-2 Find the sum of each of the following arithmeti progressions: © 38K (0) 159.3, 0 oadnoe uae tems @ EEE om 14 ee 070 terms oe. to 18 tems © 3.8, “The sum ofthe arithmetic propresion 4, ‘number of fers andthe common difercce. 7681920. Find the Find the sum ofthe ist enty tems ofa aithmeti progression of tie the thi! frm 3 58 ad the lst term i — 98 1 the sum ofthe fist 7 tome ofan arithetc progression i 28 and the sum ofthe fst TS terme 90, nd the sum of ters “The sum ofthe ist terms ofan artmetc progression is 3+ Find G) he fst erm, (8) the fourth term, (a) the term Find the sam of the fist tems of the seis whose 1 ter i 2I'= Sr How many terms must be taken forthe Sus to be vera? ‘An arithmetic progression whose frst tem i and whose! ean is {has the sum of stn terms equal t0 255, Find m Tete salt fev inthis series which as a value exceding 152 isthe r™ term, find im 3 positive integer, show that the sum of the series met (m+ 3) + (m6) +. dm fs five Snes the sum ofthe svies 142430040 ‘Show thatthe sum ofthe st tems ofthe seis og3 + lop og 12 ‘a= i) ? oo og 3 + og 2 Find the sim of all postive integers leas than SO which are aot snulipes of 3 Find the sum ofl postive integers les than 70 which do no contain fe dg ‘Prove thatthe sum of ll postive integers les than 100 which donot contain the digit 71s 3962, ce) Fin the thre numbers inarithmetle progression whose sm is 24 aod product is 40, Find the su of all 084 numbers, dvb by 7, tying between 50 snd 250, Find the su ofthe postive integers which are less than 10 and are ot multiples ofS of of 7. ‘An arithmetic series of postive terms has st term @ an common terse Fo, Find the lst value of for wish the sum ofthe fist ww tems of the seve exceeds 1006 © (2) "Tho fest tem of an artmetic progressions 0 and its common erence tS. Find the sum othe et 200 terms, a 1, a 3, ” (0) The common difereace of another arthetie propresion is 10 and the su oft st 10 terme 85000. Fd heist erm of this progression. (© {@) Prove by induction thatthe sum ofthe fst postive integers is 1 Jaca 0, (©) An arithmetie propesion has terms and » common dierence ‘of Prove thatthe diffrence between the sum of the ast feos ad the sm ofthe ist termi (ra ©) (Prove thatthe sum of al the ietgers between mand nnclasive (mnez, 1 n> myisim + myo me + 0 (©) Find the sum of al the integers between 1000 and 2000 which se nt diva y 5, © “The sam ofthe first nine terms ofan aritheteproresion i 7 and the ewenyfith term al 75. Find the common difference and the sm ofthe iat hundred terms © An arithmetic series has fit ter 1000 and common difereace “Ta Caealate the vale of the fist negative ter of he sere, abd ‘he sim of al the postive terms. © Show that for an arhmetic prgtession with fst term a, common difeeace d and sum 5, the numberof terms, mus sats) the ‘quadratic equation Find when = 34a dands=2008, © Tee um, Sof he it tem of amet rgreson given types oe Gn ao a3, 2 6nd Se (btn te vaso pnd (auc, or fd ober an exes for the mth erm and {fe vatc tthe common deren 6 ‘The fst tem of a arithmetic series is Sand the twenty-fifth tem of fe wie is 62. Find the common difference Fin lo the lest valve of msc that hes ofthe fst terms of ‘he series exceeds 10, (o) | the numbers 6, 18,54 are the three geometric means between 2 and 162 trie Progressions _womaricprosresion (0.P.) a sequence of number in which each fer than the fists obained from the preceding one Oy the ul faton ofa aon-zero constant umber called the common rao, abe the fs term andthe common ratio of geometric progtesion. the CLP. ofthe fom, 2 w re the neem i ‘Some examples of geometie progressions ae: 1,3,9,27, 8, Io the folowing ite geomet progression: a = 4, @ ~ ary = ar Met = a7" ay = ar, the terms inbetween ay andy he. os :)ae called the geomeric means between «andy or instance, in the finite G.P., 2,6, 18, 4, 102, sample 6 tn Since swe bane sd 0 7 Insert tree geometric means between 243 and 8 Seaton this ease, we have a = 245,24 4s = 48 Lorre 2 5 “Thus we obtain two geometric progressions, 265, 10,106, yPy + ele + a= y+ hy(e #2) Re ye ke (Bo: rch implies that A, y, 2 are in GP In pasteular, i a GP. consists of only thee tem xy, then the mide term (ce 9) the goometic mean of and» Obviously y= 22, Example? (@)_ Find the geometric mean between 2 and 8 (@) ta 19,10, aare im GP, find the posible vals of “Tet S, denote th sum ofthe fst m terms ofthe geometric progression eter to (I)). Then Sy = ar + ar? on + ar This expression i fds geomaric ers, Setton Br #1 he by muting theses owt 9 7 we ake (2) Let be the geometric mean between 2 and 8 ET Wye arta ert. tat Then Bares Sebtacting 5 om Sy we obtain rie ‘Thus k= dor 4 a=ns, ©) We have (@- 190 = aa-7) 21s 10 =0 SSP otrst (+ 9am) =0 Hence, for #1, 5, “Thus the pouible vals ofa ate —$ and 20. wrod Thus, we have: 5,9, 2 aren GP. eo az = =? REUNe te fl id i aie ue of esr ete m 2 (3) +2) + + (5)” wt W) amples 5 DL we in AP, pov hat 9, a in =3(0- 3) Tee I eR = Pree thet Hs £20 , setion ample ‘We have 1 4 The third term of « goometic propresion is 36 and the sith etm ie ios the sun ofthe it eight re eG) (4 he) 4 + he) GF BOFk) “y 28. Fi the fist term, th ©. Find the Sint tem, the common u Suton process can be carrie on til the year, and is susimarized inthe Let abe the fist term and r the common aio ofthe GP. ig table: Then we ve ar? 36 @ p and a 28 @. ‘nit Anco | tee | A= Ano Solving (1) and 2) for # andr, we have a = 16 and r= 3 ware | oF er (ome wf puter | (iss | Glee | (ele ‘Thus, the sum ofthe st eight tems is B di i maar | (ear | aleve | (eagle ‘Nom: A geometric progression is completely determined if any owe ‘ Glance terms tr wet tee potions tre pen. 4 Compound Interest (One ofthe mest important paca applications of geometric een the calelation of Suppose prinpal sum P is deposited in an account at compound Jterstr% pean. Whats the amount A to be received aterm Seas? Fert nnd e 1 +f) Phe ee ace Tus he nd ofthat n= siabeoael oil ites he amon oe eed aterm ean (1 +) ‘Ase vemark, consider the case wher an amount Pi deposed annually ‘ago te account What i the total sum, 5, to be rceveda he end of the WP year? By considering separately the contibution to Sof each annual depot, nehave Example 10 ‘A man makes en annual deposit of 200 in an acount which pays 5% ineret compounded annually. How much money shouldbe in the sccount Immedistely after the 10” deposit? = (0) Aha, . 20cm (©) 84,2, to mterme 24, 22,4, to 15 terms Find the two possible values of x if each of the flowing isin geometric progresion: “The total amount in count immediately after the 10 depos is Tan + 001+ 009 + DON + O65" + + GL + es nae Poon tas ase Ce an 1.05)! — 1 * = [29-1] _ | 2515-58 (dollars) wy Be, ‘= 2516 (dollars). ee “ 5, dots hsm oa gone opi. Fd he et em 1 Find the common ratio and write down then tem ofeach ofthe following geometnic progression @ 312,48, » ©) 25= 5m Su S45 © he a oft ft nes of were 61 ~ (2 btn an d (0 ‘ cago oto rm ofthe er Pron he we fest, tds teas aes a Se © Hoe many en fe rome ea, 64 64 9 ma be ° tc Ss sn ec Mie armani arin ame 2. Find eam et he flog sont popes Powesin nde omen fate see gece © 15.24, ete CE (© 144, 108, 81, 108 orm Find two numbers whose aithmetic mes i 10 and goometi mean Bs Find tree numbers in geometric progression sch tht thei sum i 21 and ther produet 216, as a 1s, n. 36 1 the fst, hand tenth tems of an aimee progression ae in gzometric progression and te sum ofthe second ad eighth ers i 2 find heist term andthe (nonzero) common ference. (C) “The fist thee terms ofa geometric series ate 1, y andthe fist three terms of an arithmetic series are I, x). Prove that! + 2e= 1 and hence find, gen tha posite, © (0) The fst term of geomet progression els term i 448 and it sam is 889. Find the common rai, ea Give that pode ae conseutve terms of tn arithmetic progression, prove that {Ey and 2 ae consecutive terms of geometie progresion. ‘o) cy) Find the sum of » tems ofthe geometric seis, 14$+() + Fig the lest number of terms of thi seis which must be taken so ‘thatthe som of thewe terms exceeds 20, ‘The postive numbers, band care conscotve terms in geomet propesion; expres bin terms of a and e- Dede that log a, log by fozeare comccutive terms in an arithmetic progreson tc The numbers 108, x, 48 are the fret thee terms of & geometic progesion. Find the to possible valves of x ‘The numbers 108 and 8 hve respectively the fourth and sxeenth terms ofan arithmetic progression. Find there term ante common iference of ths A.P. Show that one ofthe valu off a fern of {his AP whl the other snot oO 1 1960 man earned £2000 and spent it al. Dorng the nex 10 yrs his salary increased by 5% per annum (compound interes) ut Inflation exased his expenditure tos by 4% per annam (compound Interest) Find how much he had saved by te en of 1970, sing your answer to two sient ears © ‘The sum ofthe first terms ofa series given by the expression et ‘By finding an expression forthe mh term ofthe seis, o otherwise, show that this a geometric sees, and sate the vale othe is fexm andthe common ratio. © sre seven numbers 414 85X04 bare arithmetic progression, ora ene tna #25 ies a0 it mune ban pomae open, Sri eeen Siac dte we ‘nese eh tom 1nd he sommon aor pie {pEimuibe tse bn o e ms foe e h UT © Team ol 1 rs of an tie prosin 100; Een tod el sme fn opens tee coeate terme of goometn proprssion. Find the fist erm, andthe non sero common difference, ofthe arithmetic progression, (C) ‘ Geometric Series amine the following hee series: ies 1 1494547494 14349427484 rebelededy rota Series isan arithmetic series, and sig the formals s, Bee + (n— Dd, fre have 5. Be +o - 93) For example, 5; = 1, 5 = 4, 55 9,84 = 16, 8, = 25, et "Notice that the magnitude ofS, increases rapidly without any lit, Series 2a geometric series, and wxing sve have ence, 5, = 1S 13, $= 40, $5 = 12, ete otc thatthe magitade ofS, increases rapidly without ay fmt s = =a is dropped fom a height of h meee. Each tine tits the ground Series 3 lio @ geometric series and we have fang t stance of metres, i tebounds to a dstance of re metres 0) “Thus, S, = 1, Sp = ESRI ny Sy = TA ay Se LBL oy Sb S- total distance, 5, travelled by the bale even by the seis, 93 [Notice inthis as, thatthe ineease in Sy becomes smaller and sale b+ Dae + De? + he + het ach inaeases, We dee, therefore, that the mit of Sy may exist Infact, Cee ra ate BAF tre EPH dh ty examining em eae fm ame es fae 1, ie we conse that ann (2-0, ta 5. B= 15, Wena at w= Wi) the ny fees te a ea 8 ‘What iferentates Serie 2 ad Series 3, which are both geometric sedate ts fae that +> 1 for Sets 2 and O-< r= 1 for Seis 3. In aif 1er iy then r* > Oas n> = several if = ress the repeating of decimal 352525252 ... a6 a ratonal number. Hence Se fraction 0152525250 ... may be expresad by the series, 052 + 00082 + 0.000052 + o-0n000052 + “The sum 1 infiniy, denoted by Sq, of a geomet series for which ater et i therefore SOT Fr geometric sores with r< —1 of r > 1 the value of r" tends 10 i (rt) osasasasz infity asm», 50 thatthe magnitude of 5, = “C—" tend 10 inity 1-001 ropadless ofthe value of a(e + 2 ant (a +0). 2 For any arithmetic series, Sy = {20 + (n ~ 1d] does not havea finite 2 Hence, ssuszst... 3 +2 value as no whenever a and dare not both zero. The sums to ifity She 3 Foy Uf thee two types of series are not finite, and we shall not concern 30 ‘uretves with the, os » ‘The ference between the lintag sum andthe sum of he fst m terms ofthe geometric seis, . ahartary dete... Wed |s denoted by D and is given by D=S-5, "Lat S,(2) denote the sum ofthe fst m terms of the series, - 2 ay “GaGa | (2) ind the st of valves of for wich the sum to nity S() ei. (0) Give a forma for S() and sacle (19), xample 13 7 34947, ind the timing sum ofthe geomet series, 2 + 3 + 2 + 2 Find th least numberof tems of the series that mut be taken to give a sum which dirs fom the ling sam by less than 01 (6) Prove that S)= 8.0 _ (8) = 1)" satin sere CS): For the given series, the fst term is 2 and the common ratio 3, Thos a 2 Station ae (@) The common ratio of the goometie series it the expression r(x) {Ean thse stint ion by =) «phe MTS? Solving the inqualties, we have x < ~3 oF x > 1 and therefore the required set is (2 R, x= Sore > 1). ©) Wenare and the diference, 1D < 04, then ‘Thus, sas) = ES4t =se[1-( a5 y] ee STO» (FEET) oe : es &) perro a taken to sve sum which eifers fom the Fniing sum by Yess than oo 4,3 Ew 345ta (© 424044 008+ @i-h 44, Incach ofthe following geomet series, find the least valve of m for hich the sum of the fst toms, 5, exceeds 95% of the sum (0 Infinity, i he ist term a i postive’ and the common ratio @) 08, () 02, 05. ‘A geometric series has ist term 1 and common ratio r. Given that onic the sum of he fist and fourth tr ual to tee times the sum ofthe second and third terms, and that F'# fin the two posible values of (©) Taking that vue of or which [| <1, tate the sum to infinity ofthe series. oO 6 (2) The fit two terms of x geometric progression are 3 and =2. ‘Wate down an expression forthe sum fon terms and evalte {he sum tint of this progression. (©) Find the lest value of forthe sam to terms tobe within 2% ‘ofthe sum to nin. © 7A geometric veries has fist term 2 and common ratio 85. The sm fof the fist terms ofthe series ie denoted hy Sand the umn 10 Inniniy is denoted by 5. Calelte the least vue f'n for which Suse oO 8. A toll bearing fling fom rst at @ eight above a horizontal Surface rebound to a height eh where e (0 e = 1) sa constant. I the ball bearing released from rst tight H above the surface, prove that the tral distance travelled by the ball bearing before fey coming to rests ——Urrr—~—s—e— te surface before traveling 2 ttl distance of 20m from the instant ofits relene, ©) 6 9. geometric rogresion bas rst term «and commun rat and he sm ofthe st n terms is denoted by, Sat the ange of oan 1 {0 whe the ropesion hss um 1 infty and one tect {Given hate > and that r= 08, fod he es vale a rw Srevceds 9% oft tan ol ramwotn formes Su dentes tem Lt $2? 4. + a oe tate eae : ne A ia it a eno init, and tat the alo hint | (est nny of he ei). = al fo be apreiate bythe sm any, Show that ssming is pose, the percetge carn Maaohetmnen et " we) oo Evaluate this expresion ik = 1 ands = 09, © ‘State @coviton necessary to ensue tat, tends HL Die postive integers te racked as allows (1): (2, 3 (4, 5,6 G8. 3,10, 11, 12, 33, 14,15); -.., the numberof intepes io tse Pe racket being 2” ae White down (the fs tnt inthe bracket, (the tat tro inthe n= tac ‘Show that (3) the sum of the terms in the atm brackets i ey, (©) the sum ofthe tems inthe 1 bracket is Pig2t — yy, «cy 12 Bach cm oa atimetc proprio is aed ote conespendy sma monet poet form hr sey oh ak thre tems are “1, 2, 6. The common fae othe ee Progesion eq othe fit frm the ste © Prove that the ig term of the arithmtic progression i root ofthe equation, a aay =O ‘esiy that a= “2s fot ofthis equation. With this value of id the nl term ofthe series 5, and obtain an expesion forthe sam of the fit mtems of (© 13. Sy() denotes the sum of the fst terms ofthe Svis pe ee rete Ee 4d 0) Catelate $,0() conrect to two sipicant Figures. (@ State the St of values of «Yor which the sum to infty S(2) ests, and give a formula fr S(x) in ths cae, Find x S(s) 2S.t0), YO 14. Each time that a ball falls vertically on toa horizntal fori bounds to three-quarters ofthe eight frm which fl italy skeopped from point 4m above the oor Find, and simpy. a0 expression forthe total dstance the ball aves gl tb bot 10 {ouch the floor forthe (n + 1)" tine. Hens fd the number of ‘ines the ball has bounced when i has trvelled 24 m and aso the {otal distance it travels before coming to ret (The dimensions of the ball are tbe snore) © 15. The serie Oar ar at at + a a = a + ete a > 0, has ts th erm, Ty fined by Th = ar*"if kis of the form 4p ~ 3 or 4p ~ 2 and Ty = mar! if is of he form 4p — 1 oF 4p, hee pia postive integer. By remriting the series a the sum of wo Pomel sete, or otherwise, prove thatthe sum to terms of he aa. + na = ry ay ‘State the st of values of for which the series has a sum to ify: Assuming thatthe series converges when r= 0°, find the less ‘ae of fr the sum for tems to be greater than 59% of the sum ‘oi ray 6 16. Find an expression (which need aot be simpli) fr the Sam ofthe emetic ies saeret (eed) el (eee tga (eey where #0 rove tht he ano ves frie the init of the row a tat (= 9750) = 04 HS) © 17. A geomet series has common ratio (a ~ Ba where «> 0. Show that the sees has a sum to nity provided that O = b < 2a (Given thatthe Fst term is find the sm to infty of thesis © 18, The su to infinity of gometric serie gua often ines the sum ofthe frst fiteen toms Calculate the value of the common ‘to, ing your answer correct 03 decal paces. a 19, Fd the lest valve of for which the sum to terms of the comet series, 1 +099 + (095) + (099) + i restr than half the su init. © 2A geometric series has common ftor, whore [|< 1. The sum ofthe fitters ofthe sete, and th sum to nity is 8. Express 7 ‘terms af, Sand, and prove that the sam of heist ters of theses eS, S/S (Cay 21. A geometric series has fst tem and common ratio, where 22 Tee sum to intnty of the sere fe The sum to ify ofthe ‘ess obtained by adding all he od-nambered rms (ue st et Sdteem + 5th term +=). Find the vale ofr tray The Summation Notation In mathemstis, we often use symbols to simplify ot shorten math- matical expressions. The summation symbol "tal we are going 10 Introduce here sone ofthe mos typical examples, 6 | To expres he sum of all pose integers from 1 t 10 incusive, we “ray simply write 1eres4 +100 nowt ising all the 100 integers, In fat can be shortened even more proely into 2 ich is read as “the sum ofr whete r sun fom 1 10 100". In this ‘rpresio, the summation symbol Scapa ia) i a Greek alphabet thick coresponds to S, the mot suitable eter for sun? ia English, ‘Likewise, the sum BERET 4 tot , may be writen Ee hich read as “the sum of 7? where rr rom 3 to 99" “Tae symbol which plays an important ae the above wo expressions is ald the inde of summation. Such asymbal "ie howsne, Summ Sybel and may be replaced by anyother symbol For example, (2) The sum VID + VIT + VIE +... 4 VIS nay be writen as (The expresion Bi-near-+03—Dt a ean rae (0) The expression repretets th Qo+NF A+ N+ E2+D+.. +eM4D, hich is again the sum of 1,3, 5, (@) The sum ofthe following GP 22D, may be expresed as Sx In general, the sum of all the terms in the following A. at det dd, at (n= Dd nay be expres a Sereno or Sern). Simian, the sum of al them terms in the following G.P ana, ae! nay be writen as or S a Note that a r denotes the common ratio, We use & forthe inde. Sometimes, we may have to consider the sum of terms which involve subscripts ch a ‘This may be writen ab a. 6 In gence if m and m are integers such that m= my then the sm On + get + Oz te rainy be writen as Pe where is the index of summation. We ell mand m the Lower limi and Upper ln ofthe summation respectively. ‘Wie include below some usfl ess which can be ued to compute a ‘am in summation form in a more efit wa. en pti mh nt by @ SwsneSarSn a / o Sas @ Se-@-mene datde Late -Easo—mene In particular, ifm = 1, thea an uaple 8 Using the identiy (+ Paaes, sow nat $y = OED. es 2 tise Beren= Dire yo. Jetn-23ren Siow 2 +e ae tela Hint e mere aot Dn. 23 rtmnwtm Which implies tat Sromeen We gave in Example 15am alternative prot of the formula 42434 +n Met rezes . 1H te folowing example, we shall use similar method! to find the sam PEEP eae rample 16 Show that for any number», (Pees Hence show that, n(n + Qn 0, 0 By applying the binomial expansion, we obtain (+P aaa eared Steor-ni=Soreven aaa ‘Ths Observe that Surw-rie roe +Poe +e F(t po i =or my? HP 4 ae me Stews yea Snsag te 33043 betwee ew ean sot we ve totem 335 aa ae +21 Bala 4D = Flee + Gt 4 tn 36 = 30) (r+ 30 +) 1, =a s nen) 1 Bxample 7 Find the valve of Sora sass = 5[ 2100 + 1] + = flea +9) +0 can +8 sop fale! Ewes2y tn 7 sory Bow +9] 229] casa" 4 ri wa Pt ee Suave. 2 sotaton Jua-nea- Serre ofa kieae =2iL ade yt 20.2041) + 100 so 20+ 0 n500 7 Find em fe sam 484774 1094... #044 90043) sen 450278 1994. 4004 NOES Servers = Serres woke ruSrem 4 = 4 Hews nans 90 [thoes 9 +m = bebe + paren ene Yn +a ya + 1m +19), 2 psig ton, cnr as cap ini Leese eenoe Veceenmie ame ‘leh have no hs erm. To nde nt ers as ine many terms, we may adept the notation "3S". Thos 34S H GDH de» ‘which does not have faite sum; mae cagig thier oe Show that $ 3 = J. Hence express the inte recuring decimal 210 * o-rara7 «a fraction in ts lowest terms. Tus 72722... = 07” + 00072 + oamnOT + ty onde debt ) 2) st aa "neat of he log he ve of $a @ a =aF1 “ 5) mares Gil) 224 VF ) aa al 69) aCe Use the "notation to express cach of the folowing sums (Such an BM Snnion tea gee © 1s3tst te 244+ 6H + L000 GH) SH9F BS eM ane Py wy dr243+ +8 ( 124234344... + 90.00 (Wi) 3674478 +5894... #2324 (i) 1-345-74 49-9 Find the valve of each ofthe folowing sms o Serr» Se-m w Jeers @ Zesrxey 4. ind in te the vale fe of he fon sms hapter 3 © Se-y remainder and Factor Theorems © S(rer- w Swe : - spe ke 3 +21 + Land 4! +1? ~~ 1 ae poli Serves i inewhile? +2sinx + Sand? +E no. In geet, apoyo a $1 1 © Zaery (tm eye isan expression ofthe fom Ba FO a ba 5. Find 3 1, expresing your answer as rction nit lowest where mis nonnegative integer and a 8:1 Bey ey lle the Find jgp- oprening yo ee veficents ofthe polynomial, ae eal constants with y % 0. The integer Hence, 'or otherwise, express the infinite recurring decimal 0-08 ‘is called the degree ofthe polynomial (© 0s 108108") 6a ration in ts lowes tenn © For convenience, a polynomial ax ofthe form (I) denoted by P(x) and we waite, PU) = att ta ba to te where dhe symbol “=" means entity equa to. The value ofthe pol ‘omal P(x) when x = ai wate as PCa). Forexample, P(x) 32 +2—7, then P(1) = 3, P(2)=7, PQ) = 23 Let Pl) Sa ae on at te and OC) = Bae HB a be two polynomials in x f the same degre ‘We say that P(x) is ideally equl to Q(x) and we write Px) = Q(x) if and ony if ay = By y= By, os nt = Bunt Ady = by. Ces, HPC) © O(2, then PCa) = Q(«) forall in 6 stow that 3 ot ~ gg, Hence, or otherwise, expres the inte recurring decimal 24515151... a faction in its lowest tems. sample 1 Find, 6 and e whic sty the deity ae 4 ara Le ate Ne 2460-1 ee s Seaton Method 1: Expanding the RHS, we have Ae + a1 ar + (6 e)e + Qa b +0) Equating coefficients of like powers of x, me et 5. Express 1+. ~ 2 in the form b— e(~ 9) and the maxima ‘ale of the expesion. 6 IEP(e) =a: + 6 for wbichP(2) = 2F(1) + Land PCH) =3P(8) ~28, find the values of and 8 a bond, mend bent, ie an3, Algebraic Operations on Polynomials ae {Given two polynomias P(x) andS(x), We can conser thet sun Ps) + cae ‘S(z) and thelr ference P(x) ~ SU), whch ae as polynomials Por Method 2: Puting «= On the given ide, we have “1 = 2a ~ 6+ 6 trstance, if . Similay, puting x= Tend "We obtsin respectively, 6 = ¢ P(g) = 34 + 30 = 524 67 ee and S(x) = -Se° + Te = 10r + 2, series Set then by eo te Khe rm oer we ae b+e=19, P(x) + S(x) = Gxt + 32 ~ Sx? + Ge — 7) + (Se? + 1? = 10 + 2) for Band ewe set Sat ah Goa Paste lay oa on3, Tete oe Ss 52h sa a fon ; PU) ~ 50) = Of 4 a = 04 6 =) 50 +72 — et _ ‘2 Sat + Gat + Se?) + (—Se? — 72) + (6x + 10K) + (-7 - 2) a Aroma ‘We canal come th rot of wo polynomial For tn, 7 conse poly « PQ) 2-18 See 4 ant Se) 4 ten P60) SQ) = Gr = 22 4 4)? 40) Oe ets dn ose 9a) et eA ate 1S 2 ee 1 1G) #2 +42 + +5, fd 2), POD, PO, PD, PO), 2. In ech of he following ems, Sn the vas of he unknown OG Nat DEA w +o vasd @ Met ae ea he Date eae seo 9 ieee Nam 6 18 ete AG pate tel eee © Grdter re tie ee [Notie that in carrying atthe computation above, me actly need! to ppl repeatedly several axons such as the commute and esncave ‘toms for addition and multiplication, andthe abut axioms a(@ + ¢) Sab ae= (bea 3. xpress Se! 227 — 10 ~ 12 inthe form, ae P46 =D Fee Hd 4% Find constants 9, b and such that 7x + 9= a(x — 6) +e ss Wie now turn tothe problem of siviing one polynomial by a non-zero polyoma To perform the division of two polynomials, we we 4 method Siler othe “ong division” of iter, For instance, to divide Pu) =a 5 + 22 by Su)= 243, we arrange the dividend P(x) and the divisor S(x) in the following way e+JE oe oR [Note that (the exponents of in P() and S(s) are in descending onde nt (an emp space let forthe missng tem sin PC). Diving the fst term of he dividend (.e. 3°) by the ist erm of the divisor (Le) yields the tenm 3x We then muliply 3 by Se and sala the produc from the died as flows fete ete TMowsH Now evi the resulting polynomial proceed st tere Yo get the folowing eo “The procedure ends at this point singe the degree of the essing moat 9+ 57 he remainder ies tha he dees of event +5, The above rest may be expressed as 38 = + = (ie Hee 43) + C9r4 37) oo BSAP Ey sy ote We call the polynomials &x — 5 and ~9x 4+ 37 the quotient andthe ‘remainder respectively of the dvison of P(s) ~ 3x) = Set'+ 2 by SQ) +3 In genera, i O(s) and R(x) ate sepeciely the quotient and the semaine onl by ding apoyo PCS) oy ane SC), tea PG) = 26810) + RO) FED cy) 4 BD o 50) ~ 20) + Seay ote hatte epee of (5) i than the epee of he dsr 5). AAs another example, we divide the polynomial P(2) = x ~ 30° = 1084 34r+ Sby SC) ~5. Following he above procedre, weave: P42 oe 1 aS TES Be eS Boe ees Bes a2 Thus xt a? 1 + ae +S = 4 2P— Te D-H) oe REM AME SMES a ata In this example, we ee thatthe remainder (3) i et In this case, we tale divisor ~ 5 fair ofthe dividend P(s) In gener polpomel (a) is called a factor of «polynomial P(x) i he reminder RCs) ofthe Avision of P¢s) by S(e) is ze, Le. PG) for some polynomial (2). ‘A rational number i number which can be expressed asthe quotient £ of wo integers p and with ¢ #0. Silly, rational fiction isan Expression ofthe form (St), o where P(x) and S(x) ae polynomials with SC) not deatilly 20, Thas Bercise 3.2 W4sent yy Bend In cach ofthe following, nd P(x) + O(2) and Pe) ~ QL): ee ete 0) NUM Panty sats nh Beye uae Sas oe are rational functions ) Pe) I? + 1, (2) = Set — Ta + 8, GH) PC) = a9 Te SOT Otay = ae a 4 ae, ‘The folowing examples show that cto fnctons canbe sed, ‘sbncted mali and Sid in wy ey Snr wha wee ‘ston nebo Neo Simro what we doo 2. Incach ofthe lowing, td F(2) 3) 1) PG) = See Be 1, Ol) @) ie gett (ower er OO) ee tet i @ Fateh GD My a See ee gi ae A B@ art yet nee Wi) Pada 28543 OG)e ae ae eee = Wad tw eerste 2 In ch ofthe flowing poss, fd the coe fhe tm @+ Ne —s+ indicated: sev eas? (Ge +12 se+ 1)? tes Dist - Sage Mod vor 1) (on oe oer LP eee G @raiwr ery te ae a ra z42 iv) (Laer). tre (txt); © are Pere ag vat : = =D 4 In cac ofthe following find he quent and remainder when F(2) EFF OE TH ‘is divided by D(x): +3) 349) PG) = 48» 3¢~ 7, DU 2 - “ee GD) PG) = 6P = st deo 7, Di ae GHUT HED Gi) PU SP 482 ae 3 2, Dl) “ata fe) Poe ete te sl Da) ee i @raE-3 O) PQ) = +941 Dida ee i we fom 22, whee ed won -9eeues 5 pe eh hfe he fom 2 ° + Set 6 vas Q(x) are in factorised form: (@+n@-9 24 Peete Prats CADE + TE+ DE +H ~@= 9-3 +3 Sr+6 3 e « ° (wy) Eats * P(x) = (= a0) + R Putting «ain the above ity, we obtain win (, fo nee a equied sample? The Remainder Theorem Find the remainder when Se +2 + ~ 5 ie divided by 2 + 2 [Consider the polynomial P(x) = 2e° ~7e?+ Sx ~ Gand divide P(x) by (3). ‘Satton Here, we have P(x) = et +22 + 4x 5 and a = —2. By the femainder ‘theorem, the remainder is 2) Cah (29 + 2) 5 sample 3 Find the value of kif the remainder of + 3x? + br ~ 2 divided by (= 38 10, Seaton ere, we have PCa) #23432? + kr — 2 and = 3. By the semnder theorem, We have 28 = 12 + Se — remainder (1 = 2) ~ 3r~ 1) ~ 8 andthe ‘The divior above ie (& Hye pats = 2a PU), we ain = 20) - 7@y + 5@) cs 7 a ‘which Is the remain isin example iste he following inportant re own at the remainder theorem Thus, 34 = 48 or f= 16 ‘Now: Ifa polynomial P(x) of degre n = 2s dvided by (x ~ a) (x ~ the femainder wil bean expression of the form Ar + B where A land B are constants, let P(x) be divided by (2 ~ a). Then PC) = (r= a) O(a) +R, where Q(x) i the quotient and Ry = P(a) i the reminder Toe “Theorem (The Remainder Theorem) Heapsonaml Ps) died by 4 ~ 9), hen ermine al o Now, ding OC), poi of dee 1. by (Bh = Ste) + Re ve (x) the gootint and = 8) the remainder. Subsitting the ater identity into the former one, we obs Pe) = (x= afr ~ BSC) + RA) + Ry SG a) BS) + Rae + ( — “Thus, P(x) i of the form (= a= Ste) + (Ar B) tand B= Ry — a we PY = (ants ~ BIOL) + (ax +B) (A and B20 constants ak) “This proves the above aston. Example 4 Find the remainder when 4x + 32 + 2 ~ 1 ised by (x — 1) ~2), Setaton Let Poa) att +32 420-1 2G te" Sa) + ax + 2) ‘whore S(2) i the quotient and Ax +B i he remainder Petia: = tye get PO) =8 ramsenwm raegth (On digs oils) by =), we ne by te semaine tase e 7 Solving (2) and @) for A and B, we obtain PC) = (= a) Q(2) + PL. ‘Asan easy consequence ofthis dont, i follows that Pa) = 0.2 PCa) = (2 = a) (0). ch known athe factor theorem. Bvample 5 {Leta be the remainder when pobynomiat P(x) is divided by (x — a) et be the remainder when P() is divide by (x ~ B)(B-# a). Find the remainder of P(x) svded by (2 e)(2 ~ 6) toms of a, by wand. cre (The Factor Theorem) P(x) be «polynomial anda a eal constant, Then (x~ 9) sa fat of (2) if and only i Pla) = 0 o Example ‘Prove that (x ~ 1) and (x + 1) are factors ofthe polyoma! Bove ad, Prot Le Pe) a oe Noten “PGS Pa and PME Coe Cyt ‘Thu, by the factor theorem, (x ~ 1) and (& + 1) ae factors of Px). Trample 7 Given that ~ 2¢ 2 is factor of + a+ b+ 8 id the values of and b and completely fctorzs the polynomial. Satation Let PCy) = a + a + be 4 8. Since ar +2'= (4 ~2)(2 ~ 1), both x ~ 1) and (¢ ~2) ae factors, Pin. By the factor theorem, Pays theo o and PQ) = 4a +2) 404 =o e Solving (1) and (2) for and 6, we get (iz3 bee ‘Thus, POs) = a = 302 = 6 + 8. Since ~ A + 2 is a factor of ~ 32 ~ 6x + 8 its obvious thatthe other factor ofthe frm 12 Fx 4 Ww Thos ltt 32-6 + B= (P= 34 E+ AT + - justing the ction of, we have “+a ie 3 Heme xf -AP Gr Be (FBI 4 34D) TG De Nees ee Note: An equation Ps) = Oi sid tobe cube exre 3. Soltion By assamption, PC) P(-2) = 0. Ths, bythe factor theorem, (1, 2) and (2 + 2) ate factors of PCs). ence & quired cubic equation given by Nea =6 ie Terao Example 9 Prow that @ + 8 i 8 factor of BO +4 EH a) + Ala + b) + Dobe and write dowa the other tw factors. Prot Let f(x) = 26 +) + BYE +) + ACe +B) 4 abe. When f(x) 6 ‘vided by 2 4b, the remainder ID CORO OF HEB) £04 2(-He By the factor theorem, x + bi a factor of fC), La) = + 9)0U0. — ‘Sobstiating = a, we have FU +0) + He + 0) + la + 6) 4 2abe = (a + 8)0(0), ‘The other fctow ae b 4 cand e+ a Exercise 3.3 4 ind te rnin when () net 2s divided by x —4, (i) "20 Sie aided by 2 +1, (i) Px = Lis deided by Ge — er — 3), (iv) 4 ax + Ts divided by 26 41 (0) Bet — 30° ~ 182 ~°7 is divided by a — 1 2. NGe + ~~ Lets reminder fen dsion y+), 2 emi a W ae a2 i (= 2 * titties ale 2 5 nd termine ding ech fe obvng pom by Ope m, © Prone tat (&— 2)nafctor 2° — Sr ~ and id the other 7. AEGe ~ 1) fs factor of Se ~ ax? + 3 ~ 1, ind the va of For what value of is x ~ 2. factor of &° = 3¢° + ax + 2a? 9. For what values oa and rex tandx + 2 actors of? + ax? be + 4? Write down the other factor. ota 10. Show tat a ~ bisa factor of ~ Band ind! he oter actor. 11, Prove that + i tctr of oF +B a of & + and wie down the oer factor. Hence or otherwise, show that a ~ b is a factor of me Oo + (ea) ~ Show that «— b ea factor of? B* and ind al the eal factors of end a Hence or therwite find the four real factor of ooo Sate the Reminder Theore. ‘When a polynomial expression f(x) is divided by (a4 ~ 1) the re insider iba 1. Determine the constants and b,pven that (z+ 1) Bia tactor of /(2) and alo that when fs) i ied by C2 ~ 1) he remainder i © fla) = #8 ~ Se — 102 + k find the value of ke for which x ~ Dia factor of (2). When kha this vale, find sotber factor off), of the form ++, when ais constant © Find the values of@ and biff(s) = ax? + bo? + 12s exe dvsble by both e+ 1) and Ce ~ 2). Wid these values of «and solve the ‘equation f(x) =. © “The expresion 3° + ai? + bx — Bis exactly dvable by (= +1) “When te same expreston i dvi by (x 2) the remainder bs 2. inde alu ofthe expression when © (2) Given that f(a) =P + he? — 26 + 1 and that when fe) tivided by (e &) the reminder i , find the possible Vales oe (©) When the potyaomial p(x) is dvded by (x ~ 1) the remainder is 5 and when pC) i divided by Ce ~ 2) the remainder 7. Given that p(x) may be writen i the Form (= DE = Dale) + Art B, ‘whore 4(x) i polynomial and A and B ae numbers, fd the Temainder when p(x) divided by (2 1)(2~ 2) © (r+ 1) 6 8 factor of (Fla the value ofthe constant ach 24 Te + he 3, “Wit this valu for Kate the equation 24° + 762+ ke — Find the pumeialvlus ofthe constants A, B,C, such that Piao tse bat 3a (ee due e+ B) + Cet D. © Show that a+b is factor of ae ~ (a 4 b+ 6)(Be + oa + 05) and factvze this expresion completely oO ©) 21 m, Find the vale off (@ + 8) i 8 factor of (0 +0) + PLC + 0) 4 lat b) + habe and with this value of factorize the expression, © Prove that (b ~ c's afator of (0 ~ 6) + Be ~ a) + la ~ 8) tnd rite down two ater factor ofthe expression, Hence fctorze Seapewon simp 5 Find th vl fhe oan ad ito of the egution Gta +h? fete Oued © ‘Using the factor thoorem, otherwise, show that (2+ 1) ia factor ff), where fle) = 122 — 42 — 1h 4 Solve the equation) =. © Uf(a) = ax! + (a + 6) + (w+ 28)e + Lis exactly vibe by (e471, express b in terms of and find the quotient when the Avion scared out, expressing the coffin in tx of nly. we ‘The pove or 200 inter, ris the remainder when the postive incegor, m, divided bythe postive integer, p. Show that pan exact disor of (#7 = n) = (eh =). Fate 7? — rin each of he special cases, p= 3, p= Sand p = 7. ad deduce that in these cases (ivan exact Givior ofr? ~ mn. Determine whether this esl holds ‘when p 4 10) Mas = 6, prove by direct substation or otherwite, that EY Ame — 220 — 29 20, Hence or eters, express Satya aytt 282 — 2092 2 the produ of four factors. © ‘The cubic polynomial Wows @ has factor (+ + 2. Fin the value ofthe constant th this valu of, express the polynomial athe product of thee linear factors, (i) obtain te set of also for which the polynomial nga © ‘Te polynomials Px) and Q(x) are defined by Pu) =~ 1, OG) = FAP ea + OS Show that x — 1 and. + are factors of Ps) (Gi) TCs known that when (2) vided by 2° 1 a reminder 2e 4 3's obtained. Find the vals of «and (i) With these values ‘of a and B find the remainder when the polynomial [3P(x) + 40(3)] is dived by w= 1 O ‘The polynomial p(x), where p(x) = x8 + ax + be? — 2e/- 4, a factors (= 1) and (+ 2) 3 and 5 Find the third real foctr of p(s) ad show that this factor postive for all real values of (Gi) Find the se of values of for which p(s) positive, (C) ‘he polynomial 23 ~ 3a + ar +b has factor x ~ 1 and, when ive by 2, remainder of “S45 obtained Fn the vale of and ‘With these values of «and 6, fctorse the polynomial completely. Hence, or otherwise, nd ll the real factors of (J 9x87 Ae (pare se oe 2 oO Solve the equation shy seer ‘ven that one ofthe roots san integer. ‘Given that (1° = 1) isa factor ofthe polynomial fx), where Fa) = 34 as? 4 be = Te = 4, find the values of and b and hence factors f(s) completely. ‘Sketch the graph fy = ls), Find the set of values of for which f(x) <0 © Chapter 4 In tis case, Py sands or = 2, : Mathematical Induction Prstands for 14345474 9=5, Pystands for 143454.) +k ~ 1) = w, aod Peaysanbfort +3454... +k FAM) —D= 649% Introduction We are nom in the postion to stat the following: Consider the sequence of odd integers 1,3, 5,7, son where then tex 2n ~ 1. Let Sy denote the su o the st terms f the sequence, Observe that Principle of Mathematical Induction Let Py bea statement involving a positive intern. Suppose the following two condidons ae sais: (0) Pristiwe (ue. Py is te where n = 1), Gi) Py str when n= then fy abo te when n = K-41 s Sets3heen, So1tshscole Sas3453 72-4, ‘Then the statement Py steve for al postive integes ‘To see how the proces of mathematical induction work, me wil simulate ‘ewithan analogy. Letusline up series of similar locks of wood numbered 1,2, 3,4, wih eqal spacing ina straight line a follow We would guess that 5, = r.Let ws astm that our gucss happens to be somet for some value of, say rn =k that tsa 9, = Re We know thatthe (E+ 1)" term 8 2(K + 1) — I~ 26 + 1 thug we have See Seb E+ Lm A Dk + L which, act, (+ DE ene, i our guess happens to be cortect forthe sum of the fist & ferms, the itis also correct forthe sim ofthe fs kt T term Bak we slready know that it is correct forthe sum ofthe fist tems Le it soe for k= 1 mus, thertore, be corset forthe st T+ 1 terms, See itis correct forth fist 2 tems, ie must be cote! forthe fist? ¢ 12 3 terms, and so-on. By continuing thi procs, we have proved et our ues that S, =m score foreach integer, n = 1 Fig. td ‘Lette spacing be such that if rom among the blocks, certain block, say bck fills tothe riaht, thea wll kmoek down k+ 100 Ife now knock down bck to thera oek dwn block 2, which wil knock dow la[*[<] ‘With two more similar movemets, to other arrangements c[]4[a| ~ [alef[4] ‘would res [All these arrangements are diferent Now, let us conser the'4 men seated at round table, as shown in 2g. 5340) Fig, 532) A sits to 8, 8 40 C, Co D and D to A, then we have the aeange- sent shown in Fig. 5.310). Fi. 5.30) With two further siniar shits inthe clockwise direction, we have the ‘now postions of the # men a shown ia ig. 330) and (2) ample “Thee boy, to gis anda puppy sit ata round abe I how many ways {am they be aang the puppy i 10 be seated £ B ‘btwn the wo i, (8) eee ay 0 oy 4 bd : solation %y o. Fis $306) Fie" 5.3a) = fe, ‘Clearly, all these four arrangements are the same as far as the posiic if of the 4 men, relate Yo one another sre cocemeds ns HO Wetssectat for very sch for ditrent arangument ina so, here 6.55 comspon one arsenate Hee, he ol rambo a at he fur men an be eta (0 16 e ppp is st ten the wo Gy and a he tee 2 round able gen by = 3 Sold pt Tt he so 5 of ranging this nit nd the 3 tye n cic ib. 6 ws. Not tat he flowing two aringements ae cmsieed so erent But te wo gs can interchange places between them tas the —— ‘total number of ways that the puppy can sit between the two girls is orn 4 4 (i) we mame te bo i Band By, en he pny cn i eween Tol BBs 8 Band 83 way ‘Taingcnch tee trent evo rate wit and lowing a c these sgunent sin) tal mb of wae tthe poy 4 > Sa Se berwcen ay? faye) 1236 e ~ xen 1 Fe. 5.40) no 1. bow many ways can 7 ferent peters be aang in 8 ow? 2. Find the numberof permutation ofthe letersf the word, OBJECT. Jn generate number of mays of sang erent objet ina 2. tere ae 10 ites operating betveen Singapore and Tok, in cic gen by 2 = ( ~ 1) tow many wae can avy tom Singapore Tony and * retorn hy another ating? »” In how many ways can 6 poismen be assigned to 12 coaches ofa psenger tin if each must ride in diferent cone? Ina certin county, the zoe ples of motor vices const Soy te elon y's mmber How ay hs cca be asd io motor vets tet eter sen from the first 5 letters of the English alphabet? seal Jn certain examination paper students re required to answer 3 oat 215 guetons fom Secon A, anther 3 ou ef 3 ques fe ‘Section B and 2 0 of hens om Seton Cn how may wpe tients anesthe examination apr ifthe onder rac ‘uetions are answered count dies wae? ow many codewords be formed from th eters ofthe wo MATHEMATICS? ‘ shodinas Find ow many sunbers ste thn 250 can be ome om te digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 if no digit can be used more than once. : Find how many ve-

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