NIE LIBRARY 15 DEC 2003 asf. Wet Hes ‘SNP PAN PACIFIC PUBLISHING PTE LTO 804-00 CPF sureng Buiding 21 Jurong East S18 Singapore 60064 (© Pan Pactic Putcations (S) Pl Lid (now known as SNP Pan Pacts Pushing Pre Lis) Al gts rosorvd. No par ofthis publication ‘may be reproduced, sored inaretiva sytem, fr transmited In any form of by any mana ‘ects, mechanical ohwtcopyeg coring ‘or othorwse, wihout the pr parmassion ofthe Copyright hci First published 1961 printed 1082 Reprinted 1083 Reprinted 1986 Feparted 1966 Second edition 1988 Fopanied 1290, printed 1992 printed 1994, Reprinted 1098 Reprinted 1999 printed 2001 ISBN 9971-65-869-0 Printed by Lol Penn Pa Las Preface ‘Tis evi eon of College Mathematics Volume 2 togee ith Cliege Mathematicr Volume I covers all tps, compas an Sua, a Sjlbus C of GCE °A” Level Mito "The authors Believe tht these evo vlunes form a comple text beak er Aes students reading Matemats. ‘Swen nando of soos cn ko mike g0nd wo hese Boks for self sy. These wo voles provide a famestl backround Snonlede of Matar fr aherCallepe a Univesity cores sh ‘5 Physical and Biological Sens, Computer Sees, Economy, Managemen and Soil Scena, Sis, Acrountancy and Busnes Sai Colege Mathemanes Volume 2 ws fst plied in 1981. 1 wa ‘elbresivet by Arlevel sens and acer Since 1986, thre ee {change fom SyibusB to SllbasC. hace a evs edn ‘ecoay. Relevant merit have been aed, Exercises and examples ve ako been nected and ope, “Tae westment, however, sens ilar in philsopy. Its delibemte- 'y comprebonsie, it abd concise. Tocoens, and dfn ae onpaszed and thee are examples 1 slustate cach ew concept Presented and wo show siretcompustnal eciakues valved. TS Sect approach allows stents to grasp basi concepts and tenis flely and qc. secs form an integral pat of te book. They prove an epprtny for suds et tei andertanting of he cones er hdl sce tough practi, confidence in haning compan] Techmigcs. nsec to probleme ae alo ince. ‘The et i boy vided ito ve uit. The St it consis of (Chapt: One on Matrices and Transformations. Is been conserbly reised. The son unit compres Caps Two - Five on Der ‘and Integral Coleus, Te tts unit covers sles top sch 8 ota Coorinses, Power Series, Digeenal Equation an Numerical Salton of Algebraic Equation ie Cages Six Eiht. The fourth ait ‘tons Chaplen Nie Twelve on Probably and Stes, The fal ‘it, Chapt Thitoen Fin, ion Kinemais, Dynamics ad Sa. ‘This unit has allo een extensively veviedAsi Profesor Chew Kim Lin has ga kindly and milous aed te manusrips. We kane him for it sggestne and A ferbearnc in ths eon Filly, we would ie to thnk the Camirdge Local Examinations Sytcat or poisons to rode sme of thei pat examination gestions, These gursioos have bee need Cand “Cin the bok ‘The probleme are collaed from the rie rset Matec "C ‘pes, wl testy mare dificlt'C problems, cane fo vat Sectors ofthe lommer Mathemsis"B pps ‘chow Yooes Ming Koh Kee Meng Ling Koes Doon ‘Stee Se Chin Notation for sets on the real line RR erealmanben R, epouthereal numbers (rE: >0) Zheng (0,21,22,23,..0) 2, thepoteintege (1,2.35-.-1 NN henatual mutes (0, 1,23, © thecomplex mmbes [6.8] hecowd interval x R:24} G9) theimewa(xeRsx> 0) (= 8] theintenal (xe R3<0) om ‘heintemal (2 R123<}spe caper 2 Contents Matrices and Transormatons Motrier Sune Maes ual of Matis “Transpo ofa Matix Aion of Maries Nullor Zero Matrices Subaction of Mies Mullion of Mai by a Saar Matipietin of Mais Unite Teaty Maes Inverse of a Square Matix and Deterians ‘Transfomatons Refleione Retin Sirchirg Trasfomatons ‘Shear raaoraioe Inverse Transformations oneal Line Traoraios ‘The Derrative ‘TeeDeratve ot Ditleention of Sum, Diflerenee, Product and ‘Quote Differentiation of rigosometical Functions ‘TheChain Re Paste Reroeniation Exponential Fanci ‘ogathmicFetons Diferniation of Expos and Logaritmie entire Inverse Tgonometic FunctionsChapter 4 Chapters Chapter 6 Application of Diterentaton Rasot Change elo and Asean Masi and Miia Matinzaton and Minimization Problems Tnflein oie ‘Graph Skerching ‘Smal nremeats “The lett Integral Iteeduction Definition of define aera Sinicane ofthe Casta ‘asc Popeies of Int negra Method of Sbtution Integration by Pat Pat Prone ‘The Definite Integral Inteducton Define Intel a te Lim of « Sum Computation of Dette tears Phne Aree Mean Valo Futon ‘Tapenam Re Polar Coordinates, de Molvee's Theorem and ower Series Patan Corintes Grade of Tanset Curve Sketching ee Exponent Funston an Sone fie Properies, at's Foreland de Moe's Thre Higher One Differentiation Power Sens Expansion Mactan’ Theorem Taylo’s Theorem a 3 10 1a 19 8 12 192 92 195 a an 29 Eo 25 9 290 500 om Fa BI Chapter 7 Diferential Equations Irieduction {ew of Grow ant Decay SeperabieEqustons Satin Curves Lear Egtions Second One ines: Egon: Simple Hammsic ce Innomosencos Egiatons (Ot Types of Sond Onder Ditfeential uations CChaple 5Souton of Algebra Equations Ineducion exon Rote Estimates of Rots and Their mor near Inerpottion ‘The Newton Raphon Method Chapter 9 Probai endo: Eperinent and Ents Relate Frequeney aed Probailityof on Event ine Sample Spces oi Exully Lis} ‘Outcomes, Conon! Probability an Independence ‘Chapter 10 Random Variables ‘ Random Vables atbon Function nd Expectation oa Rando Variable ivr Random Varies (Chapter 11 Some Important Cases of Distribution Unifrm Dstataton (Derete Type) Binomial Disouton Poston Distbton Bry oy 66 ” a os PoChapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 4 RectarsularDistibuton [Noel Disibaton (Cea Lit Trem Statistical erence Present of Observed Dts Simple Crscerises ‘Sample Caress Postal Interl stisins ‘Teste lyptieses, Kinematics Displacement Vest ‘cele Unie ‘te Dimensional Mains ‘Uniform Motion Unitermiy Asolerted Mtion Genera Cate Sipe Harmonie Motion “Two-Dimensioal Motions “Motion with Constant Acseraion Prjectle Moin ‘car Maton Uniform Creuse Moin Reaive Vel Uniform Relive Motion Dynamics Force ‘The Law of teria Linear Momentum "Newn's Second Law of Motion Feetion Elatie Frce Gevition Modan of Pants Conservation of Liner Momentim a Stk Et mn sm ‘Newton's Thin Law Comectedbouies Inpube Work Power Kinetic Beray Potential Ener (Conervaion of Mechanical ergy Cali Two Pariles (Chapter 15 States Eguiibum ofa Paice Cente of Mase Moment piu o Rig dy Sabi of Poon of Eitan on om a 25 es a 6 700Chapter 1 Matrices. and Transformations Matrices mathe i equa que to conser rectanglrarays eco Gad Ed« ach one of these aay sled mcs, The matric theory wae ie. evloped by to Engi mathemati, A Caey (1821 ~ 1595) and 15 Syste (1814 1897). hae we spins nt oly nwo ‘hanshes of mithomatics Sut ao in mich dee Hells tp, nearing economis andthe Wchopeal and evronmena ce, Detaton: A mass rectangular of mers range inthe form ‘he murs ae aes ge an he aay te led the ont ov ene ft aie horn sof mabe ofthe fray are eld the rss ofthe mate. THUS By geo nh Genes fighonny Gis Sqnoeess gg) ste ist, seco, throws of the ti expect. The vet Lines of umber of ‘hsaray ae clad te cota Tas eo a om, ‘the ft, second... and mh columns ofthe sai respecte 1‘Ati hvig mrs an clus ireeedtoaanm xn by 1) mateo the mai(3) 021 mat Te lowing emp of mais: @ (aie (Gita) o@) #@) a ‘An te ical gure marc of ore, Theflloving ae cramps of ouate mates oo os “did Git ‘The mato in), 8). 2nd (8 ae onder 1,23 an 4 peste, ‘oneal quae ti i flow Sa et ti nthe sgn mat, the elements be cae the goal ‘lemons. For ofthe marc in are 5, and 0. A square mat ssl to Be dlagna mai he nena laments sppeat ont as dgoa elenens Some example of gol mares ae afew @ (3) @ (4) © (23) @ (83) Asc ma ate ot spt dente T tae eat Se ec aa Sa Sa i 1a Ss Ten i ld, oe ‘mann 6) aed oe ie oe Biot am oa oro artes (8) o@) o( Equality of Matrices We shal use capt ees A, B,C, te, co dnote tics, Ths we to mean hat A eprset the above matrix, Not that yt 6 0 denote ‘hetlement pearing in the how adh colo fhe atin, eis ote th ements row sd second on To rod exe sng, the shove marc Ai ometinesabbvsted (pan Ts bin on Come =f in in,‘Two maces A = (ann a = (peg Aad ote the ame onto or izeitm=p mma Two matosr A = Cajuen tad B= Qylpeg we sd tbe equ wate A= BAP () And Wbave the ame onder, Le.m=p and =4, (3). the crerponding dente a4 tod B 60 ana se.0j by ora Fer scale, (Gtyeata “(G9 ‘ae they do not hae the same mmr of Ws, Goode d becwse they donot ase the numberof cous, Gsoease bros ot al of dl conesponding semen ae ous ample w(s.2, *52)=( 1) tind ant y Sotion using the coreapanding shement of he wo matics, we find wea = 10 © ey a * 8 som et _* a Sobran tis nto (2), we get H10=2)-9 =2 Subetiuting the vale of y into (), we gta 2 Theor =2 andy =, se they tly Ea) Exercise 11 1, Conimet the 4 4 matin, A = (yy mone elements ae sve Orn OP 2, The ava eng hone mth Iyer gt the concent (e+ 27, cn be put Sn ‘bem of mat wae [a ee deft that ay 9, y-4 -1,/($22/ 22 to obtain seh For bles 3-1 en equations 3 3 Beers) 2 (MF EN) fod he values of al the unknowns for which the5 G9G) CuGnaren at » 2 (PH Dele teen 2) 8 tS) 2 (a2 BER) GE a) wo OS? ate) (3 82) Transpose of a Matrix a Coser te mata (3, 3 ~3) ant (3 ) “Te stcond matrix ‘nea the anon of he et, te ows a caus ofthe 0d Tae oer the colurcs aod rows of the fst mati, and ‘The tanipore of mati A (yan denoted By A” oF ATs de ot.) teammate EDGED sndbe tanspoe of AP agit y= 52) eae (A7 YP =A Thiet is tue for a mais 6 Addition of Matrices ‘The sum of two mx males A=Coyny A B= ODay ten sd ty id alo “CHD CED mans Not that the ado of ase eed only for matics Raving the sume order In other words We cannot ald two mates having ‘trent ode Fr example, © @ DG D= aes EN = 0m OC D8 aa (ies wut (Ff g)*( t) meninges, ample? 16 A and B are two matics Raving he same order, sow that Let = gla 888 (pda Te OLDfae Daa t ain oes int aa ate oat Don + tan s+ tps Di ass B® 8 Brame 3 WA, B and C a toes matics having the same or, show th Urbycnas ero fan thn) + en Gt ba) te Gu t0a) + x (oust) te (oon +B) + ew (Gan Ban) + eae mis) + my Cam tia) CO Ban) + aye eo) ent Ont ex) ‘an t(bn *en) en t(ba ten) ay tn ten) ann? en) cms +O + ms) send «+ ant Ent + A+@+0. ‘Thishows that the mati aion atone We shal wete 4 + 4 + C10 mean (A + 2) + Cor equitenty, ANG +O) Tha AsBSC=U+B)+ +@60, More gene, if Ay, Ay AL tA #Ay tty tA to ctdndAned tAgea eta ‘then 1S Sn 1 dg 8 aes hig the ame Nall or Zero Matrices In he system of umber, the amber ha pei property, anely (04x foreney umbersand or every muerte ext a a ber x, cae the negate a =, sch that # (-2) £0. Inthe ster of Imaes we also have mates, ely the mal rice er mas, that bee ke On the uber pte Pfnion: fal the clomens ofa matric ar 200, the mix is ald il mari tr mat ‘An mx m nto max may be dented by Omen ot spy O. Thus © Om=(8 8) mua(Q gee © %=@ 0 9— Now lt A= yd Then Osan OF O86 The matin(-A) = athe property tha ANCA) + finn os Nott mtn tena a Sy ‘hath nti (A) lla the ave mere (or neat) of the ib A= Gea We ave Asc, 0 Subtraction of Matrices Let A and 8 be two matics having the sane ode the ference of A tnd ten A= B apd ead a8 mins Bs defied a lows A-B=A+CB), nhs (2) he adie oven Let A= yh 8.8 (nan: Ten fon =O sas = Bn sig = i? asa teat sa ce nt Dna = i a oy For eumale, G)-G aa 2 P 1)-(E 19) Mulipation of « Matrix by a Sealar Next we sal define the mulipicaon of «mati by a mumber. A unter ci vomeine led tas to ding rm he sorespon ‘Sng apure at) of ode Lit A= (any Ad et be lr, Then the pret of ex 4, Aenote by eter oor de, dete follows a gs u‘hag, 1 mltly & mare A by a ear o, we simply ily ech theme of by 2 ov example, feet) et nt whe = I, weit IY = wh A) eset oF ames wean £ Shae (Ef men hf Sma poner san wats § Sed f Deter & $e mow (PE AGS DGS COATS IS Ta aE @ armrc © Crore © Gmc wrong @ 4¥c-5) Oa @ uranic © Gacanee @ 4-30-20 O 4-230 son he nde operations: @ (25 4 8D) MEd D Ce matrices having he ame onder IAB =A +6, bol simstaneouty po te mau X ia ems of the mais A aol Bf 200+ B A= 304-34), Lats behaving th same der Move hat (© epyreaT eat, ©) aaa -at—at, (© OF #eAT were asa Simpy the expen 24 = 0717 Lat Abe # sane mini of oder, Deine a mais by means ofthe forma AsasanoM, compute Ay eply for =0, Zand Lita =(* 3), i9. Find the valu of x,y; wand yn each ofthe foowing mat © OE DG © (L)-C" (03) © ES MED eG) 10, Sohe each ofthe fetowig ates equ forth mates 2 @ eset 2 @ r-A5 2) 2 © well 2 @ G3 4 Wa =( MB sear (ln (Hey +4a)= ty Hs, @) Has sets Ma, O Gihas =H), @ a4, 0, © 10-0 ‘Multiplication of Matrices For seasons that wll apps very shot, we sal deine the mu Pato of ales nthe foUOwing Way whieh e411 mat. lo wae) seco? §) (feb tab cots ub tb tot tae) usb Perabo ean dana tBaxbas +a Genel i nd B ag two mals sch tht he amber of clans tn Ae egal to the mmber of rows in B, then the produ of the to Ite apd B, denoted by AB is a marx whowe element sth A ‘ow ap clu tes of he peoduts ome by lpg each ‘dement the fk row of 4 by the conepondiag element Inthe th ‘thn of 8 Let A = (an 8 8 ng Then te prodot AB isan mr @ mat, C= imag ‘whom omen i th th ow th cama cy = aby 4 aay tt ane Mex mtption i posible only when the name of coum a ‘heat ts og to he ramber froin te cond maliams ComputetbepodueAtandd wieod=(2 }Jandaa(3 2D sae Seg? #2 ml 042 i eGR (grist tattsr seat) Gh owe ot ae se Ba a atte Toews emir fs Sma tae tta=( 2)anta=($ 2). compute 48 and 24 fee ae (CL GF = (GUSTS ORY) (Gti): art SACHS REREETETEED) ‘The example above strates that oven fAB ud BA te fd, Ab iy not be equa 10, Thos matic maliplatin lot comma wc Baap? aaa (3 las(2 S)aaee(} §). eames aor 16 sluton wae(] “l8=(7 S)ance=( tame (“XG ne 5) SaCHETLE! Gs a ot ago (4 “aE 3M SD) -( oh 8) “2 %) Here (AB)C= A) ‘his example ast hat atx mulation ano 1A = Cadman B= Opay 406 C= pug ten ABLE) = ABE) “Thus we can write ABC to mens (AB) or eutlnty, A(BC). That As whee 1 Sn — 1 an the opetations vor ae deine, can be sown that max milton i disutie over ation ‘is for maton, Band weve G) ABO AB +c, @ @rod=24 ten ove that he operons eave se tin,Toner AB +AC = ABO, Unit or Hdeniy Matrices In the mare sytem the muber 1 ha te property tht x= 1 efor any munber Inthe aster of mate, the une mate ae Detiton: A squats ats (yyy alld 2 uni¢ mati eng wees wre ‘The nt mati dented yy ot ply “The followingare example of nit ates @ 4=@ @ a= (0 em Gt) e-em C1968) In genera if A ean mm at th Id =A =A fe arta i quate mae of rer hen yA A Aly ‘Ths shows hat the wit matey lays he ae ole in atx ml slcton ote number {doin the lton 9 mbes 6A Se 2 gure mate of order then we can fou the poduet A Wersbbvete 4d 104%, tt fe 42 = 4. Move genera, we deine 4221, themx midentty atic wd Added Foren 2)asten weaae(] DED A(S 1 st weaaneaen(S YE DCE 3) Ik flows fom the diintion and he auntie property of rte rukipbcton tht, tom and a nonzeate Ines and As © mean oor : (0 P= fwhece ean identity mate, (0% +0, where 0 isa zevo mats ane,oer tata? = (St $2) and dete ‘mine A” for any positive integer m ) 2. 1A ad a te sch ht AB «84 ndcon ow (9. A™B~ 84” for sy poe ager; ©) 20" “a oy posi npr and 4 Detere the sae 2) oc any pose pr Cone spty een nd when ni 5. Dewmine($ #)" ana(} forany postive integer 6. he matics dB cone that it say AB = (asaya anaes prota 1 teas $8) att (5 9). compute 42 — 34920 8 dean (Ef )and r= (} (a+ m4 ~ 309) Siow tht 247 — 54 r= 9 te A= (19) and r= (59). compute a? — 1 and me 449, BA 1a 44909 8 teta=($ ~$)ana=(3, 9) show mat (@, a treusnae A+, 0) AT =D =A +11 +A =D, wa=(Z 4). 2=(2 2)anac= (3 $), sompow 24 438 +c. Fd the vale of 4 + 28+ B=(7 s)amae=(3 4) Let A and be two 2 2 mass IFAB = Ones the eer 4 Ope, oF B= Op. sts mpc tae? Espn, if onmoed = 4 Le Se thes coming of he folowing for mates: (ot) Ga) C4 ab Ca 4): (0) Show i ead fy tomas aS (©) Soo that foreach matic A Sth exis tis Sach tat aB=Ba=(3 2) 232). (5 t) and = (6 §). Fad names x sy mich at 124 43120. Dede ta = 54a find Fad four sais A ofthe fm (2 7) such that 4 = 441 vine = (53) Expres matt. (]emrtannme e(1DatenG tee ta 4 -(13 ete the dos repent matin ) 5 he pris Lf wo wes = (2 8) and = (01 ovr ted spent umber tobe oun, a20. a, 2 2. n. 164 god ae mx onl, pov tat AB = BA and (Any = AB 16 A and ae mais ch at AB = Oa B# 0, soe hat thgeleno ai ond a Ch = whos nt te 1A te nie, 4= ("2 1), da 22 mtn ek aie =0. be 2 2 mate and wate [48] = AB BA, ©) [H.s1.ch + 1,c1.4] + t1¢,41,8 +0, (Aa =1 ten 4,2) = mB” oral postive item 1a=(_3 3). us inden 0 sow tat AY = nd = 01, wre isthe if prope de nd mac ach tat AA = B,wine A (3 2and (5 3} et 4B and be te 22 nonal mas ech at AC= Sin wheter te dean A= ee ot you thine edoton i ue, rove Se if you dk a, gv a example cer eat ee vau-()yr= (ae (6) ind MU and, Hens expr ATU and PV in er oF Una respec, whee mica pale ate. + BY. Expres the ws and Bin tro ana hence show that My MBE Ho2) Inverse ofa Square Matrix and Determinants In the et ft umber, we know fr each aonz0 al umbe x, er exit mber eh Wate he 1 ald the multlicatne vere of 2). Is te ame te i eset of wx Gen nonaeion ¥ M mai As here ann mma 8 sch that AB" Ha = gh UT sch 4 mat exis i wl be elle an vere of A tn wal be dented by 4°" Tats A°? sa mae sch that AA = Pash Let ett oe atenton tothe et of 22min, Conse the ric 4 = (2 $). We fd a the mati 8 = ( 03, “2) bas te wore a0) 2) “(9) ~ mend NG E 5) Aun A+ R= for tal B= wt nd Consider ext the matrix C= (9 )-LatD=(* 4). We find @m-(5 ye) “69 +52) 1 oes tn st Cee i eT vn ‘een i) What mares ave vena! (3) Canaimtrc ive more an oe ive? ‘To anover the fist quo, elu conse thefllong mati are aSupp at tema A* = (52) ane fT AA = AA by Prom AA* = fw ge (eae eG i) art be Be ota ot bem 1 Mulpying 1) by dan (3) by, and then subsactng, weft Gt tox = : ‘Maing (2) by dnd (4 by 0 and he abeeig we fd (d= bey = 2 Mating (3) bye sd (1) bya then abating, weave (ed boy =~ Mitipying (4) byeand (2) by ad thn stating we Hd (t-te = 6 ~ Be, Supposing A #0, we tae fom (5) ~ 9), Oy @ eo o o © “6 “ue hows that A the ne of ‘Tus, A = al — be #0, then the ives of A = 22) ‘nthe other hand, f= ad ~ Be = 0, then the equations (1) — (4) te no sltions. Otherwise, Tom equations (3) ~ (8) we woul ge enbeeed0,bat these B21 ) ice he eguaton (1) ~ (6) hte oss, he atc arma ave an avec Hace the mesic A= (2 tan vee a (ba = ets ot dos ot ae a ere hen a es [A square mae 1 ld 10 be gular IF 1 has 9 vee and now heuer hasan iver, Tins the matic A = (8) i agli ‘af be= 0 nd nonsingular fad ~ Be #0, Next sppote Aha ores AP and A**. Th Was Ad Ia, We find tat Ata sane (Aayaee= asad ease if 4 matic A Basan iver, has aly elves. note word the ine of mae ung. ample 8 ind the inves (any) of nc fhe allowing matics = 8) @ ae? oe »ae 2) (©) Sto dt C= 2x3 ~ C1) x(-6) = 0, Cdn nat ae a ie ample 9 Detenipe the maxX auch tht AX = B, where 4 Solution Sige dt A= 244—(-1)x1= 9,4" exis and “) Mutipyag AX ad 08 he by we ind A8AX)= 418, oe a's te ares fA dant ‘ame 10 Soe th ten of equations pogre peeetcs sation We est write his aytem of gua one in mars orm GG) “The anoeri andy 2, “Te flowing ae ome important pore of ver Let A and B be square marie of the sue order such thatthe lavenes A" 08 Bex, 1 AC hasan vere and AY? =A “ais follows fom the fet dat bth A and 4") te avers of AP? snd an theives ti lg yf 2. AT haan ree sn (47) ‘This became acy uae # 1 as wnlal = aay ie 3 anya aKea ae a ”wed AP AB) = BA irl a 1 he tempt determin te eof matic (3) an cane sexo the expreion ad ~ be This expression isle the detent ofthe mate A sds sometimes dented by det 4, lA | £2 dea = lef 8] = at be We so fine the determinant of 11 matin d= (6) tobe the numer tas klve Example tt ‘Show tht the aes of the tangle OA shows ts the dagzam Below i rer 23) les. ¥3) Salton es OAB = Ave OP8+ Aes RAB ~ are, 004 Henn ty epnyes —m0)—bean Fler xan 28 ‘hs, thedeterinan of 2 2 mate 45] amb epaed geo retical a proportional (ith proportionality constant 2) to the met (ang formes bythe on andthe ps (ab) an). ‘sample 12 weaa(2y 12 (5 {snow om eae ae, Solution ssnceaB= (06288 oh af. (ae + bef +i) ~ G+ Dyce +) ef a + ef + bh ~afe alg Bice ~ Bale Saleh =f) ~ Beek — 2) (aa 2640-29) = Gecayer ae (4B) ‘The following properits ol forthe determinant of aque 1, The raf the detean x onaered by interchanging ows sd con. Tat =A Foreuampl, [Ea] etna 2 Interhanging 0 rows (or ohms) changes th sg of the deter: Foren, [Eb |= et-te = ebay -| ant [45] atte ~ eat) -| 3 Ifa the ements ny 6 (or cols ze mud by a saa, them de ale of the eteran lp by coon ie os4. 1h 0 the omens of anyone row (or clus), 2 mall f any tte row (or akin) ae, te ve fhe terminates Foresampl, eee MM |= ened —@omde Asqute matic es to beorthonoal CAAT =f Foreanpl, bemac.a=(S0 “Et) ontop se Moreover, find a= (ins Sie) (sss = (ecaetcauesioe Sattventa ™*) “This stow tha A“ =A Tn get can be proved that fis orthogonal then A~* = A, Exercise 14 1 Given that A Jane 2= (_} 4), compote he owing: @ 4 @ @ 8 wy 8 oy ° oO atew @ o wma Datei the ay of ach fhe allowing by wun the mane ind terns of yous computation a Pablo 1 © assy tat a= (J 1) ant 9 (3). Deemine the mai X ch that ack tetas (2 _f)and a= (2 3) Deemine he mains XY YA= Bank AzA~ Let a= (4 9) and a= (2 2), Find the mares X,Y and Zach that A = BATA = and AZ" = tet a= (5 2) anae=(2 4). ind he matics X,Y, Zand such hat APH 4, AYB= AB, AZB= BA and ABW © Bd tata = (5S). e(c1f 8) ana 0 = (39). wie down A ‘esiy the ak B= ADA“; an deuce om thi rent that BP = ADPA Explain he bvanag of wns rest oink ie power of were ($2) 4 = (OE) ant 0 = (29), sow that A=TDT Sows ha a2 70" Ur (S 1) where, rovesic d= BP find 4 whee A = (2-2) Fd he ws ody AP oh 49f =e Wi ton on A and a “Te matin A= (£2) ste propery ATA =(3 ©), whee AP ste nmpose ofA Prove tt (0) feo, tend =0and aw6tend= 20am on vetea (_} 7p), waite down At ea tncitare(-f “2) ana e(2 9) cna abs? Stow furor hatit=( 28. 52), 0a #0, then 808" Sole he fwing stems of gui by the main wetod rays © Pryes aa 26 Og ih sty = 0 © Nyce ss artay-9 = 0 @ Penile wo rarisre syle ero-2 =o © Leta re Let ean dO onan nme, Sow Sat he og en isgnne revan eee tava eonao onion oni In alee 164 at 8 we odes mato see oat tee A oe ‘rove that the tes (and the transpon) of an orthogonal mati Sorhogon Le and Yen | col vecrs The sl to hae te od TE and Y wer ortega TY =YTX= 0. a 4 =(£)be an otopnl tix, Stow ha he eto Foumed bythe coun of A have it modula and that they ae rouunllyetbogna (ore: “The sine concepts can be defined fr row veto. can Te shown thatthe vows of orthogonal mate have Unt ‘oda nd ae mutually thogona) Show tat he teria fa rthagnal aie oF 1 ‘The determinant of 3.3 ata =(8/508)) edened me Fa ESO Pe ele e]-[Ba tear 0 ne saa] olga repent the aight ie psig trough (6) 2nd20. Show tat the ae of the angle ABC a shown in the gram eee + (ER en | I Ares) 21. rane he dternant Hance, © otc, he ae of the wine ABC, whee A Is (11,14, Bi8(12, 1) Ci C13, 18) 22, thse the complex ce rot of uit, Ga es sls fom, the (ii: Bet toe? = 0) Transformations ih anfmaton ofthe aes neat mapping rom het of points n te pee onto Sanchar won Ferataooaton of Treinen (every pot one and ony oe nae ner, (0), Frauen ons een pit, i) ny po sth ing ote poe Let be ay tanslirton of he lite an? any point of te lane Then th nas fed Fun ented by TP Coban ‘ts oft wd pent its For sant oP Py and oF. 8 pei oto ston(?), Gh). h sn (3) eect 4 mas) The potion vest oF he pot Pa Py ad Pa eet FH. OP, Oy sod OF, We sre tat OF, + OF, = OB, ao, (2) + (1) = G) “This dates that the mate addition le consent with the paulo fw of cle aton (se Volume 1). That i (3) and (5) ae solar vector repeventing wo pat, andy respectively, andit DF + OF, = OP, whee Os the rin, then G) = G24) ich th col eto reprminig te pol Py Xe ena vest (5) plied by 422 matic (25) thn he ver eared (or ape” na sew ctr) Tats \ Geng (> \Ave cota eta (5) an (an ont he inane (9) sespetvy, we can spe of tasfoming or mapping the point (@.)) oat he pot and of s.arstoroation f th lane ep sant by the mate (8), “The column vector ($) may be expends (5 ‘tay it=(¢ 2), then MG3)= M&G) eG) = = Qo OG), Now at(})=(2)andar(9)=($). Thistows tate fast and sesond colurae of M represent th ies of dhe points (, 0) and (0, 1) 6 tet der he transformation repent by “ha is tanatormation Tf the lane can be roped by 822 ‘nase M, and ite images of Ue poss (1,0) ad (0, 1) ae speed, sy Gen, 70) andy) repectly, ten we know M = (3: 3) and ence we in detemine the igs of any point ander We sal now posed to dcr acu of tasformaton ofthe ne, ‘Before embarking on general linear transformations, we sul fist examine Sow paral expe of ich tsformons Reflections ‘Take a point (9) the plane. Let, yb heap of Pde ‘hereon ofthese, Then x pe In matrix notation, (2) «(3 _9)(Z)- 36 ee ei) Pan Senindy, PPC, 9") ete nag of P under th efecto nthe pass ee Pg 12), ten re) Fela ‘ous we cle massa (2°) and (~3 2) the mares of we ects the ai and yan epee. 1 era eetion inthe ie y= mc isn by the allowing at: (iF 33 From Ag 13, 8 find car, y= ran(a+0), s(@—0), sin @— a) Buethen = + Lon (+8) ot 204 sin (2 0) sin 20) = x eos28 4 in 28,rain) rain (+ ®)—20) Fina 8 con 28— eke) 0 28) Fy con20-4 8028 = ein cor28 tows at GO (28 28)G) nd ee te mac (32238) ern he Ine y= (a apa when 9, ection eco he sec ne econ (2h SS) “GD When 0 = 90°, 28 = 180" and we obtain the matic representing the setetion in the yanis as (~} Sie 0028 = cat Ose = cod (1s?) eed) sa ia28= 2a cord = anndcor 8 ant aie es) roe | tinge ABC (oe “psample 13 Fin the image of the ap ner the election neva O) inept, Gs thelneiy ex, Soin (Let AG, 90), Br 99) aad Ge 9) be egetaly te ‘snags of 4B sad Cuneta ia tea Thon Ga oma 5) +b son GEG eG md ate D3 at -Dmae~ pee fe Sewer ee ee Pera es 2 Choe) “(442 ath re 8, +e aymthe (2) ee es gaan re(6. Let Key, dy). Mes ds) and Mes, 45) Be espesinely the image fA, Band C unde th election i the ine Vy =x. The, ase ootan" + 3% G@ea-Ge ametD MD rat = (25385, wa(28, 81), “Ths th ag ingle ABC ele RA The allt ofa ues of eens wl een bythe pod of anctasndng motos Feriavans eect De eet he ies (an 0 olowed by te eto a Delve y= (an 0) sat he te ca, sa sot, 23 LUSH 23) “Tat fe 9 age pol 0,9) dere sore a Bind este, on my = (cit, teen (CF) = (aaa oat St © SES Se 0) ample 1 tT, the reflection ia the sae and Ty be the ection in the ne [y= /5e Pld the nage he pot PG, 2) under the combined efeston iP cho thereon , food by efecton Ts, « on 1 Pa, 9) bth image of Pune 7) Then O-(8 220 Consir rotation Ro ofthe plane anscloskie dough nan of 6 about te gn Lat P(e, 9) Be ay point om the plane To Gad he nae 99) of Pander Ry (eR. we bse Foie (a+ 9) 1 lear aco 8 sn asin 8 xeoe8-y'sn@, rainte 9) ralna.cod +1 sot a0 yond +30 sodIn marc notaion, we ve )= (Sr Se Me “stows tte mat ("29 Af) epee a tation the ne aniline an ange of sot he oa ramp 15 Apt the otitlon represented by the ate ( san ABCD Pig, 1.6, an fo is a. Sar Suir )oae ab pean 4g.0} locs.or_ re Pets {ng colann vcs to dent pointy, he opt A,B, Ca Dbe- come respects (2) (4),(S) and (3) Le hemes 8 Cand D be sepa A. 91 BU, Yes Clea Ja) and Dieu 0) rn’ oo (eae Sane a 2 Gaer) OO Ma ea): sts A= (5, DB GVF, 2), C= @/F=1, 2 + V5) and D's 8—hi eva sto the smape of te square ABCD is epn a que, ene ACD Gr ig. 7. rely the d ¢ e e woe * Petr Let us comida wo toutons Rg and Ry ofthe pane atlas tivo angie of 8 an8 9 repent The eet of Rg flowed ty Rp gen by the product of thr coreaponing ates, Tht i 1 35 iene promelly cls vectors ropreenng poms inthe ane yea, (ee ‘ee obtain the image of points under the combined oaton Re Ry followed by fy. Now atthe se set obted when we Pe ‘mati se column estos by tema (agg -gs0) cata exw ay ecanse (ae SUSs Re)-(Sese S888). Sindy Ra ie foowed by a esection tein y= Cane the she combined tranaormation epesete by the obs ath (33 SMe 4)ee ne of 42 and hemo ad Po ectvely ts») and CU, )- Thaverse 5 1 Find th Images of he vers of he it squwe ABCD with A= (0.0, BC, ),C= (0 1) aed D= (ly 1) ues the ten 2. Let Tbe «transformation ofthe plane, which s represented by = 2c 2 ti A the nae of be ot (1,0) an (0,1) under (ea) (ed) Saxton peered by serpin, determine the ma In the flowing problem, Rp denotes the rotation of the plane ant ‘oie through an ang 0 sbout the gn and F, the wefetion In ‘beliney = Can) 3 Tingle ABC tas vetoes A(1, 1, BCL 4) an C3, 1, Fi sage ander the reeton| {Gh inthe in +0, 1) inthe line y— 300, 4A point and it nage under» reection are gen. Obinn the esting ine (o) 0.2), n (b), iat (15,5), image 13,9) (2 Pott (7,7) mae 5. Show thatthe combed tsformation FF ata, Wat the ange of ti otation? 6 Find she matin repeating te etlction nie 9 = Tet be the mati epsetiog the fefleton a ais, Find the tnaesot AC, 5) under te tanorations gen PO and OF respon ind’ ais Rich tat POR OP. 2. Apply te otuton Rat he vetoes A(-2,, 1), BC 4) ad {a 5) of 4 single an sd the ima. he cing formes 1) thcbmues ot and Ceomgren tthe rane ABC" 8. (a) Pid hw image Puy, Be) of the pot bude Roe. % (ot he Pe) it, wr wo Pe Fae) of lB) ude Rare amine the mati of ech of th flowing combined was oman. Abo fad the nage ofthe plat AC, ) under each of Fer Rae ©) Rao Fer Res Ree @ Fake @ kate (Fie Re Fe (@ Fe-R For G) Fer Fue O Fe fe Pap Rap Fes Fg Raye Fag Rag? ‘The maton P represents Rey and Q represents Fy where Oi tan"! Wit down the 22 mates Pand@, Show ona diagram the image Band Cof the pot A(1 4) unde the teafoamations pen by AQ and QP respec. Fad mas X and Y sch that Pox gran Pr0: ‘Stow that a rotation ofthe plane clockwise through an ange of 8 shout hein ean be pres by the mate (S58 8). Stow tat the maces ~*) ana(_$ sie pote and + loko ad ack tespctiely abou the rg, Fnd in each cus the ang of ation, | were bth 2 an 8 eprint otto ofthe plne 2 Stretching Transformations onside 4 satis of the frm (2), Wat ansiomaton can be repost by this mate? Let us eno the teaermaion By Sh ‘ake sponta, 0) Let Pe beth image of Pur the ransorma eae) eee ¢ oes) ”Tat te xvod of Pipe yh tycoon of nF oe ong te ya, Sich teem ced» Pie mulipied by &. ssching transformation or simply stretching, with centre at the origin 0. Tan (§)eprmatig i cae ering a Te vale nd wt cle sig Aten he a md especie, Us partis, when =the matrix (©) epresats tne (en de ne xvi) fcr, Fo eta, der he neo, 26 (ABC in Pl 1.10 roe nto he ane AC with (3, 80,9) an C16, sce DG 3 2)-G 3 a act au.) atu say the eet of the ‘tansfonmation Se 9m he a tang ng 15 F wa Peis Let the images of A, B, C and D be A's, ¥1),B'G2, Ya), CC. Ys) ndtea mech Th GRRE (a : % ACAD waa) Fe 110 . ‘Note () The nage of sy Sete wader Sy cote with the Fre apt T iF tt. o te (The efce of Sars H equalent 10 Ripe Docs the mare prvi Rg and Ss ae egal 16. oe) baa (arte tate) (Ca -1) Fes war (Sante th rons aN (MP ah) ‘bua that the tansormation 5,5 hat the fet of enlarging the evanle ABCD fusion he xan a to tee along the yn In ent thetrafonmton 4 wl enge a fgets along the 8a= (PAE OD Ce ay 0 ‘nt i a hts Shy yt ate ‘wo. eaaformation’ 3h 4, Shy tal Shh ty ME Si In ter ihe i li ‘tn Shear Transformations | show wafomation oe snpy shea moves points longa airction paral! t+ certain ne, call th own in the hes such that "point moved « dsance proportion to tds fom the lant Ine 16th nr se a the proportions sneant, ‘hen the sal be enol Hi ‘Suppor, movers pol Po the point P(e Fle. 1.20) Rett 0 ie hat PP mut be pre tL, Then the image of any poet @ ound at follows (me P12 Jag and pase tomeet Lat plat raw oe pret mestng CP radu ot Ose reef Cuner the shee ‘Conair the shear which bas the axis the inert ine and ‘he plot AG, 1) 4y(@ 1), Whats th mage ofa iar Pt 9) adr thi ear Let 9) be th ape of P under Ho, Ten fom Pi 1.12, 6 A rion) 7 © 2 Rig 12 mh sftw tt « xs ath, sic Pi pall OX Hence ena, yoy G 6) = DG) ‘Ts the matic (3 repens shear esormatin that as the rans the invari fne and mores the pola Al, 1) to the point Aer, Diwherk. Siiary the ma (J repeat the ster Hor,» wih he ra leva and earying the pint AC, 8) wth plat 1, b+ 8) wha nea, aample 17 1a be the sear with zac vc ht cares A001) 04%, hd the nage of 0, 2),00, 0) 303 R23). ‘Went that Sethe shear Hy, and canbe represented bythe mele Let Pea, 71), Qa, Ja) and RUS, 92) Bethe HORE OF P,Q and ropectay Then fo 3) ‘That nF = (8,2), = 20) and = (22,5). Not tat he mage of couse with Qbcae O leon the wan sagt ee eternal hate cay a so ars ae (5 Haman 9) recon vnsomson Ho Hox oom me GE ft aed) ia conidia Ho bey (N09) “uh Se RA AB the appation ofthese hess not committe “To obtain lie of the fxm y = me ich hs ages of pnts on this tie under Hoy, 2 Hox, 4 wil aa on this ne, we tke the point ‘AC1,m) on thie, Sine the imap of Pic othe n= ms, the image of PsP am) for anes. Then 84(,') = (4) Tae G Ma) ede = 6 wee ie © 249m = (44mm Spying te sore eatin, wept 92 wisoe ma 2oplie oc y = Alle Inverse Transformations ICTs salormation of the plan, hen maps sy point 9) 08 point (€,y'),andeery point the image of exactly ne point, The Inve Uatomation of T, desgstee by 7, map the pon 9°) ak to the pint 9) ot aml, 7 sn atch rotation of the plane troish ‘mao of boat to gts iovene 7" ra ace tation of ‘he plan though a ange of Oy about te oe Ts an elrgeeat long teas that ete B then fa canostion aon he sai with a ang ator Te shouldbe car from thee examples hat the plane tansoried by 7, and thi operation ix met foe Wythe ne fT the ret effet ofthe soatined tanalomation eto ene each post we ‘Shang. Ths ct can be expesed In the lowing way meres, whore F denotes the Sent antonio, th th anfraon that es vey point fine ‘Tho sme arse leds eto the fat tat thereof the tae foumston 7 i precaly 7 that is A teazufcration Tie mid to be elfmere fT" = 7 For example IFT wavetecton a he ney =m, hen Ti nes Lec Tbe a tnafraton spent by 22 22 ric M. Then the ‘nvr trasormation 7" sept by the ives mat of ‘ible of Teasfomations of the Pane Sosiuabie — |yetond (ew ted) Sicgianagese” | Seana Somes" [Steet k i smn, fom | circ |sereeeen, (o) Exercise 1.6 For Probiems I~ 5, the symbol yx denotes stething aout the erin ‘vith cing factor lon the end eli fctor along hee 1. Pind the image ofthe engl ABC with AQ, 2), BC, ) an CS, 0) nde the setcing @ 5 4, © Sun 2, Find the matic reprmtig sn enlargement about the ort ‘hat ais point 1, 4) 10 pola PUG, 12) ssFin ao the image of the trsple ABC with 4(1 1), (-1, 1 and G1, “1) under senses, Find the ratio ofthe aes of ‘ABC oat of age Find the mati repeentig 4 etching about the origin that ‘ais he pa 3, 4) to the pnt P(-2, 6) this seth ‘ple othe pln (2, ~3) ast and then flowed by te rotation og, what the lage of 4 unde thee scene nln The mati prensa suetching shou the xg tht eas the pola A 3) 0 PG 9, Te mat B epee Fae Fee Ses of pin 0,5 ade te tortion See 08 sane Show on» gan the ing he ange ABC whe A, 1), ‘8G, and 3) ander ooh te ag tore, © Sya-Fe Sa © Fess shs © Rar-Fo- Se Show tat pat onthe ine 2+ 35 we anoint ons ier sett ny For Problem 7 an 8, the symbol Hoy denotes asker withthe ais Inari and mong the pot A enetes «shear withthe yes kant and ning he Pn BG iNet h). Thesmbl Hoyt 7 wat.o+8) 1 Find the ings of he triangle POR with A3, 1), 02,4) and ‘RG, 3) under ach ofthe flowing ee: © Mer,s © Hor.s © tox,3 © Hort ‘Show that the are ofthe image of eg uder he hear Hox ‘oc tloy ys he sae a that ofthe tan " Let Tbe a sear withthe yas evant and moving the point BG, 5) 03,3). (©) id he mai dei a ts nag fe po 1,1) out he origi hat ens TP) (0) Determine acting tothe pont 8-20 (fae Be ae of ete y =x unr te combine vane fomaons. 7 (©) Stow hte appeion of es wth rai ast he atc A rpms aes wh the a aan . ‘that moves the point Ma, 2 to point Pb, Find oe tx ‘opening bese ith esr ht erie: Pend nh to Pers) What se seltonip between A mnt General Linear Transformations We shall now study te lft of promnpying cam vectors e promting polit by + seer 2x2 marine P+ (f2)- Asan Sate camps et stakeP=(? 4), Taken bia) ott A) “The plat A i repeaeted bythe column vector (3), Fresmlying (5) oye. we fins GG): Gay) ea obtain the image of A a8 A= (25+ Ay, = 39) Ts then "= (6,7):s64= (4,1) then A= (2. We obsave that evry pot has only one image Can two plats AG, 4) a8 Us, Jy) nate he serge they do, tes G0 °G DG) an tan = ante wen oe i recmanee « perpiwice se fe 2)9564-0) = 8 Button 21-34-71 +4Os =) = 0 is 24-9) = 0We mus hae 71 ~y2=00ry, =72,and 50%; =, Hens he pits ‘A and Brust be he sie. Tas 30 ea ferent ot ca ae he see os “Another question i: every point the imap of vn poi? For ‘xample the pol (-3,5) he image ose pine A? ‘omer thisqustan, We lt Abe repainted by 4,9). Then 7 3G)- C3) Since t= 2434x1240, the inv of Pex ad ? ens te pat A (32.2) ha ab age under Pte pot 23,5), obo ae 58 “ig 7=(3 $) exis point inthe plane to one and only one pa, (o) Poort iter piste tert poi (i) ey pt he apo ome pT i, Pets ne ‘Connprogof he eof poms le onto al. es he mat Preeti of ele, Next coe te matex = (2 1) Tae ay pan A 9)-Than caries tote pasta", GG) (G3) “hinds that @ ait spit wo «pit But w fi ht te Join Bhi) one) hve he ane log, es (ya) =) (B23) = Gs ‘he mapping eresttad by 0 1 got one-one. Ths the matin 0 ace not rsresetstfoation of the lane. We Bad Ut nt ete omni the tage of some point uncer. Fortune, the ptt AC, 3) [Sot the nage of ay pol Ineee fA(2, 3) helps often 2 G)-G) . Nash d a) Bu) x2—(H eres = 4— 3 whieh aba ‘The stove dizanion leas to the following question: When docs» 22 tec repeat a teansformaton? ‘To anor tis question, me ft Took atthe tices P= (P 2and = (2.1) apie. We obo tat dt P= 2-4 0 wheat et Q=23~1x6=0,le,Pnonangr it sg Now ao ht tie max equations (4) = AC) em be wate e(#) =P") ‘0 ta eave pl ope dey pot he ig ase Mower ferent point we cred to ent points, eee if ‘ue 91) 6,9) ae he am agen Gh) = GL) any mui hh tb Pw find me) - eG) G) = G), ‘hat iy 9) and Ase, J) mst Be he same point, fe in y= 2, the Os 0th apo it. I = 240. Bare 4 Sars oe) then thre ii amber of ott te cid 0 lu, 2), for exam Ay, = 31 BQ 322), 2yGuu = 33) ee cried Gl, 2a el pinto eat 27-1 = Schnee menage C2), a ee ey — 3 ‘ome into the pit Cl, 2). 1 intestig 0 hat AM pinta pla se aed the pont on how y= (A242 mai Pepe onlin fh ln 1 nr doping Lav at POP Sicha taoeaton ln ne ‘htt foray ero pin A and Band ysl, nasa) = mayen, Rel) + a) “The ahve ae wel mar Ke ta Q= (63) be asin mati, det Qa be =O “Then te mati oes ot erent endemic pits © pa the ine ax + By = ai othe point uu). © on the e+ by = 3 ae caret the plat (3k 3) Alpini the line ie cari’ 40 pons on the line y = kx, ndoed, take any point AG, 1). ota (9) te oage ofA The GG a) Sacer = (4) whee w= e+ be, Sine the coardinats ofA) sty the euon Joe Asn the ie y= mp1? Lat; and 7 be oo mngrmatons ol pli posed eectnly bythe mace 4 = (2-3) an b= (5 3) Let, 9B gel oto he pane. Fad he mats dfn the wasoratn 7, which ap 7) 07 salation Let the mass epee the eansoration Ts Let Ti(P) = 1-98) snd 73) es.72) Then (5!) = A(3) ana) ~ 20%), Since THT) = TAP) we hve aGi)= Gi). ie a(5)= (5)stern 6a ean ante Bez Then Rome! same 20 Let Tbs tao te ew erent by he mae t= (373), Siow a ite the on =e ht 3 tanned pins on 7B. Expo ter Seton A recat Pon the =o ha he eons PGi ing of Pond’ onto Ten G)= Gay “(rs Tatu = 36 — at v= Sa ~ Sie 4:9), sf eso he y = $2 % Se Px re poi y=, tif we cme hata oto te nee, ‘uber a #3 ae taafomed ato pots on the Une y = Br, where pose aly, we sll with int tude anfrmaton. onion tht ne the toatl ithe ine Ae ne =r tal vr nth se that pot on the "simran spats on der he tenormton. Une Tce abot ni ith ling ctr and slog he a tous maps he aaa re ae Mea pte ctv eg (0 emer ded unr aston eae 0 yen nw sed asa how the init es oh he Sgn unas wasoroton i be Sete coir te tanfrmatonT epi te tec a = (33) ay = me be vant ever 7 The oi 9) on th ie Vittonina pit on tt 21)(5) = o(8) forsome sect ‘Wein determine the value of Thesboreequaton cn be expend os E3r8 tye @-prty = 0 berG—ay = 0. O ‘Thee of eqitons (1) bs a non2e0 solution f e-hg-Bo2 = ° e 0. ‘The nant ies» =m ate obtained spy By sbi m by beaut of Ei he equation 2 += Th, sd {the ts vain ie ender 7 oRea: MO) The values k= 4 and k= 1 ae cd the eemater of the mates an-(2)inpeal ements (28)(8) = (2) ae iets ofthe matic (£8). The eeronting etn (5) for ih eon lad pec. (neuen @) ho ye Uurmaton ho tv ne ons te (ay Liat we pt 69) #0 om he est J's Bend yt Seay ys Ge td we ce coun wen (1) and (_2) tom te mara = (3) Weleda heaving opr on GM DG) GMD. wie D=({ 9) 0 dont mate who dg eens fo tee of iWratows at Me aba eS mou fp) aitetmen ora [An advantage of exreing M as ADAM, where D is» agnat ‘mat, tt the tee can ely Be compte a flows AP = (ADA YADA") = AD(a"*AoA* 2 pba = apa Ingneral 8 = ADM foray postive inten eres 1.7 1. The mates 4=(2 $)andar=(S “Serine wo tanfooatons 17, ad T, wget. Tat x, a ener po i he plane. ind the mai C defining the tasfommation 7 which eis T.(t) 10 TC, Finds he aD etaig te tanstomation Lat Tbe tanfrmaton of the plane which i reprsnted by he snc mags TP) t0 Ty). What the sltonp between © a0? Lat A bea 2 2 matrcwhh dfs the uansfomaton 7:17 {ong the pot PCI, 4) fo (18, 1), and the point 0, 2) 0 Qu-6, 14) id the ati marie A~(1 3). Show that al pit on th line 2+ —3+0 tered no pots ne ie Se = 69 30. 1 Tbe a transformation of he plane which repre by the rtx A = (5 “2 whew «#8 how that ony on point i transferee by 7 te A= (_2°3) spent tanta 7 Show tht oltre ont opto ney = rand pe eae oe tet A= (J 2) my = (5), Fd sohton set of eto to we eer must hen wosinsar=(2), (wre 6aaare(!), keSantar=(8), (ke 6andar=(1). Commeat telly 00 the connection between these sltons andthe ‘nites oot of the vere matic A Pind the vas of = for which the matic A= (2° 2) ha 90 ivr. Subuate the va of which & pote ito A and flag {he image of the four pons (0,0) (1,0), 1 1) a, 3) under ‘he eaafomaton represen by the matrix so formed, Comment on the result of applying thi tanformation to all point of he pao, 68. A uansfomation of the pane is ened by (*) ~ (71). 1 Show cht under his wesermatin, the line} * mx is nest (Ge the tage ofthe ie y= me ithe ie sl im ii the equation? — 4m ~ 0. Dose hat theese wo aie >a, ‘When =-3, ind th quinine ies, Te ie = ets one of ths nes at pat A andthe othr ne at B. The linge oan unde the tansfomton ae Pand Qty, 1 and ae mio of AB and cespectively, Very at Me elma of Fath nests of. sch at (4 2)(#) 2 (8) ence, oF otic, find the equ of tw Hos duh the iin which av invariant under the. tasfomaton of the plane (etek ae y= (3 2)G) Desc the folowing asfemationpometily: O-G)0 (©) Fl the eens of tb mat = ($ ~1) and obian he socepading sent Hons, 0 ete, dtr tin the ivi ine rte afro epeented br (©) Sipps thine i anton by he sane tron seprontd by = (4-1) ow ts, Fnd th image of the point, 0, oe )) ane (53) ew tat 2a with coeonding spre ( ies) cet tie ‘san oxtogoa mati and hao = ADA, where D=(3! 2 srar(5 2), Sot foray rover | orton of tex les eed by (5) =H). there M2 12 mati ear (3 1), show that all points an he line y = ar, where Ora Gee 7 ce-# 3, ae tasfrmation into pont on ine Expeessdinierns of (16a (153) wee 1 sow tat ty oe pon tensor int Sul (ota = (32), ow dat pie anor te fs ister toa eeeee oa a‘Chapter 2 The Derivative Gradient and Derivative Deri a inca ac the two basi concepts of Anaya Un i shaper we mtodace the noon af he erative of ear oeton and study the ets of eral pel neon, Give «cae and point on te curve as shown a Fig. 2.1, 88 hal, fi deine the tangent the cue XP. “Take a ptt @ onthe curve wit @ #P. The lne POs clea sea ‘of the cate (68 Fg, 22). As Q moves cose and cower to along he ‘ie, we oan amy of seus as shown nF 22 Fy 21 Fe22 ‘The tang othe cure st Pte a the ing postion ofthe secant PQs Q pproches ‘Next, we al defae the gilt or le ofthe eure at P. The gre cient of the ce at P defined tthe gadent of the uagrat 10 te uve at P Soe the tanant a ete Ling psi of he scart PQ a 0 apponcs the praent of the tangat to cue at Piste lt of the gent of the mcant A a Q spp Hence the Be lent ofthe cue at Pi the ind ofthe ran ofthe secon PQ a approche? ‘We sl ao apply thease the cas of cues whch ave gags oFfunctions, 8 | et [2 X> 8 (CR) bea function andl P=, fl) bea poston coining cue} = 1) (ve Fig. 23). We wih to Und hep ito the cave at 12t 9 be snoter pont ont curve nea P.The aia of ci be rien a ¥ 5x, whew bi some hl suber (The spl rad ete is an eat whic cannot We cone a anes x i netimer wd i place af Sx) Since ln te curve» =f), the ‘ria of Qi hus gen by for Sx), ence the pain’ of the scant | FO et quot fettoan 4g fen Accaring to the defaton, the gadleat of the cure y =f) at ‘P= fia) stherefore the i of the quotent feb — fu) aprons. We sa use a row "to sig th word spp. ela that (07 P and ix 0 have the ame meaning, Ths the gradient of te canes P ie grea by fests, o “Theva gen in (1) aed the erate off lth spec to) a an doled by (3) nshort, te aint ofthe cue =f) a Pass 0) = jy 289 10,ample Let fix + # (2 ea bea son facto, wht il constant Show that) =O foreach ve. ‘Note; Geom, the graph of 3 ff) = isa hoot ie, Ts, Sa pnlnt at xc poll say 220 me Dy eto) = f=, Sie fb)“ = foot esiyssil wat +t =, Fe) = Heng Buample2 Find the vue ofthe derivative ofthe function => e+ 4 being raat", san Dy dete.) =, 2p Sie 2+ fa) = 30 + 64) + 4 = 10+ 3h and 2) = 90) +4 10, seh ny “a, 0) = Ym £280,109, = tin 3 = ‘oe Inde on a poe tet) 3 fr ny vives hee fhe fencn bed tn Example i nt Cm ah ct the pan ol he sahil y= Se 4 eg 032) xample3 Find the ve ofthe dete ofthe encton =x +22 5 being fea) axa Hee wt down the equation of the angel he uve ya Satie pant 4) ‘Noes The aguation of the stp Hine, wich pues tough the pat BSinacaate pases mets san yon) yf, Sic (a+ 53) = (ey? —5 = +26) (x)? Sand fen a5, ebme fet bey f0) , tbe)» 0? = tatte An6e 0, the number ex nds to 26 Thue Fe) = Yq Mee b= fe + Hig ees eg he lt a ee 25 ah tin "eS eid when = and y= Now, the gat ofthe “angen to te cine y = 5 a1, A/D) = 20)" 6ene the equation of he agen i 130? + Selb) +) tendo 2 a i aprenchesd, yo4nGe—3) oc yrs 1460, : 0) = fm, LEB =f), Inger f= 8) sit on ene» =), te ent of Aen ‘etapa to th crv at Pisin by lim, (2? 6 3206) (9° Yodan soe ‘The normal othe carve y = £60) at Pie ine though wich the patent ofthe tangent to the cue y = 99 + 2 the oin perpendicular to the tangent to the cue a P(e Fig. 2 Sis he “0 12) = 32) = 12 the gradient of he noua 0 the une at let ofthe tangent at P57), the gain ofthe normal it~ “Tus the uation of the noma tothe cure y= fe) at PG, 6 cy yoo pea) point 2, 10) fy Hans, he equation ofthe normal en by hea, yoo xeny sm, the nate ofthe faction f+ VE 1 (> Oat (49> O.- Fe 24 amples nd the deca of the function fsx +32 + 2G being raat Hence id the esto tv nol to theca =x? +2 te pint e109. ‘Sottion i Meet fod « (FTE) 4 - RTIR SE NEIE +) Brides Va) yd, 6) = jo, = ies ces anf +20? + (a) + ba?» (+ ad ea oe sig tbo? 6? aR = ae 4 ue) TET Ta me OTT le, Be sO aThs, Leth f) When 4,78) pg} Hence te equation ofthe tng pots dena of aay 20, ‘The equation of the normal yas He) o sety =, Bxersse 2.1 1 nde df he flog ft en fine © fox—ats tama ©) fa—sfGrmsme © fx—2e Gennaro © fee eretngma0 © feceeeas loti © fae 2 Gtagmats @ fxr }orOax-2 0) foaee eaten © fea? teeta ates © faavea>oucen 2. Show thatthe deat ofthe funtion f:x 232-45 (x being et) str =a 2s What he gadent ofthe carey 2° © 3 when rn ™ Find he dete of the funtion f: x33? — 1 Gebeng ea a That ee gciet of he cure) =~ whan = 22 Fi the ations ofthe tnget std noel to the cone y= — 1 iw pint (2,9) Fad the nate of the fonction f:2+VE +2620) a Ge > 0), Wit ete paiet ofthe ce yoVF+2abe= 167 ‘inde agutions ofthe nent and ona he ue» =F? se pln (15,0) rove thatthe deve of the faction f: +(x binge) senaieh oO ‘The Derivative of x” 1 hi ton we tal ae formule for he deca ofthe Fane ton fx oa hee ies poste aos ‘Theorem “Lt fe 3 ftom defined by £2 > x Ge oie ea), where nis ie inte, Then (2) = ost yt oil extn wine Her Seem some) 28D Bo» hy per8)-10) = 8 bay MSM 26) mx)" + (6a) onfet!+2EBG9 tml? +01) may)" AEB (RD M46, ob" ba *since Se 2) +. aa)" tendo Oat Be “he fostin f° <->) ta aa och x he ae cate th dete of The pra offing se etn om fect ced afte. Notion: The deat ofthe faction fx + Wao dete by , Secy! Wemay lowe Blew Elen "0 (Bo. o (HY to denote the ve of the ere of fat Note: (A) Tym 1 ay be even 3 bet a nett on ‘Thus in pata, feeder are a= 20 Lat ean ce, (0) Toph te ret be" = et has Ren pool or este ine ean exe to any re abe ‘Tht the fom? = f=! ead fr ny Bed (peo epi) anes The roa of i ea ‘els beyond te ope f hs bok Beam 6 : Dionne wad eect 2%, cH) 3h, aD, 0) I and () ob. ver ‘triangle formed by the three given tines is shown in Fig, 2.5. The grahot of he tngent ote curve y= a the pint 2.8) 2 nd the rata of ech ofthe pen canes the inated pol ae | = 12TH the enon ofthe tra isy —8= 126-2. Gye 5,100,100 ‘When x0, = 16 ad whee y= 0.x. Tha the lengths of 8 @ YP wxrOho1 (04 ae 16 ad respectely Hence these of he ane= 21608) Xe =, xanpes “Te lng x + 39 — 4 = Oi the noxma oche cure y= 2 Inte) a he pt (I, 1). Fad the vale o Find the estos of he tangent an era to the ce fhe point (2.15. Fi the tions of the angen ed anal to the cue y = the pity). Show tht te eqn ofthe orm toe cave y= Eat he out (2,4) 27 = Be ~ 15 He di comin of be polit wh te nal an the cae mee a sonton ‘The patent ofthe ex +39 —4=05¢-} Since ht the rors to tho carey =x a (LD the gai of ce a (18 Ba “Te ine ype +0 the tangent to the cave» = a to polo Gi, Fig the vate ofp and ‘onthe other and he gin of the cure y= 2a (1,1 gen by ‘The liney ~ Se #420 4 the angen tothe ae y= (a inan Bena with = Landi tha eqa ton. Hance we haven = 3. x : neg) 3 ee pen (1,1) ind the aoe Exercise 22 8, Theline x — 9 + 621 Inge) a te point (1, the normal to the carey = (san Pod teva of 1. ile the gen factions with eget 1x 4, Find the ae ote tang formed by te tne x= 3, the casi and oe oe Grima ecane pa" hep. @ @ or Aa ferentiation of Sum, Dilfrence, Product and Quotient New fnctons maybe coed fom ay tow gh co © tg) nn : ot © uni © tose. ey xt ee (ai) product fg, and a ae eo) uote bad O oF ich are defined as follows: oh oo reeren roe »2 cn be extended to fdlg the dentate of he sm of. © U-p: x10)-K0, ap: x7, f(s +H. peo nhs seton we hl ere of wih el lth sedative or sus lene, poss at quotients of feos fay tte umber of functions Ts fy noosa a Fe (ey) ALA LG ot LH. he wo functions. Then f2)) Fa) — ‘Theor 2 (The Sen Ras rot of Theovm 3m otha of Theorem Zandi therefore etna gb wo functions. Then 2 Crale) = Fo9+e0. 1, Theorem 3 imps hat the dave of fence equa fo the diene of the dais. 2. Theorem 3 cn ao be extended to any Bite number of incon. ote: ‘Thi resale says tat the erate of tm i egal to thes the dates root By deteon, (= som = C89, a Crate) = e980) 1488) ia nd 009) =10) 40, ve bae eta rae sb eat) = ra) =) fusgoana » as fpnsth Ely -¥ NP) = ACh) Lo e8(8) = fo-ge+£(8) Tow, if x tends to 0, then L+62=L approaches (9) and = nae att 1018019 spoons) + ost ve. ene, (Fras) = Hy meer im (Bs ae 0) = Fez). We now proce to nthe destino he produ fof two fn sad Thearons 2 and 3 ay nde ws ts specte a To ny a‘The conjectare tempting, howe, It fe. Fo insta, i) = # ands) 0 2) Beak Ein ae)= e000) 6!) (nthe ote hand fe) = 6 = Free) ne no eg nwt oft hae of fesn terms fad ‘Thorn 4 (The Pada Rl) LatFand be wo fenton. Then nh) = Meo) +s) ferten 1a oer. ‘Ta prof of Theorem 4 wl ao be pen here. corotey ‘Let be constant and fb fection. Then = en, ” How = gro. Prot Late) =e Thengst)= leno (ee ame). ‘oa by Tren 4 wee Seow = neyfesetset = 4.04882) = gfe. hae ta) Se, whe own om Se. Tus nme, 0) sod We enti expen the de 10 at (039? 10 ang) (8+ 9047. y ige 10) = £0%)-£am") = abet — 10d = 20) = 1060) = 6408 @ £08 +ne + GF engerrnractngar+y =e + DG}+ e+ 746) = et ace sample Fr the nein fx 9 20 — 2x ~a* Fs) <0 forall, ind he abe of sch at /(2)=0. oxy, Fo = 0 Jero2=0 ae Tarte gid il of -2. We om le wth fr fring th dst of ‘he quot of wo unt‘hrm (The tnt Ral) Let/ ane ew iwi 8) 40, oo aripefewen sg rorongain = ag) ae Corot et ge a function wi 2) #0. Then (am) * en root Tet fix) = 1, Then J.lx) =O and by Theorem 5, ep1y _xoden- stig Ges) = "ae oi eam 12 Diente () seh (0 22 etrngarrn-anengarrn = cette) peteniaey ‘When eters ther thn xan ae ued for ails, the notation for estes st echngs eeordingy. cengan-angeron a = e991 ai, toner ta mmo re Sport Po = epi aen - ae‘The rent of he tangent to he cure y= = se eqution ofthe tangent to tegen cure a the nae A341 20,3) ) peat te 5 a16,2) 201.19) a ‘hus the ouation ofthe engeet ny — b= ee ‘angst per hough he on, yee obe = Exercise 23 1. illaent the ges functions with pct tox @ wate @ ag © wate +8 © a ryas—n () pede = Set 4 24r—2 oe the fein 1 x-+ 39 — 12et + eB — 11 beng ea), © vets) © Mint P'Q) 9:0 for al x Find the value of 3 sch tht wet m “o)>0 wR ” theft: 6+ 30 — 50+ 17 being eat, o te re that ¢6) £0 forall Fad the valu of uch tat 7 Find he coors ofthe point on the curve = (¢ 6X2 —1) 2 ind the gent of ech of the ftlonng aes he nde ee he ngat paral oe ax co re econo ptm ce pape ears @ yesensey () xox tata? © yeaP oes tateet @ yea “where he tngent mikes an angle of 45" wth he pose deton © fhe ax. the coontnates ofthe oat on the cure » #385 whee the 3d Foe tat ents pall toh ihe = 5 © yte— tees, ©) ye (esKe 2D, tra of y =a? + x +e pes throuh the on andi at tee 3. The gap als pases though the point (1). Finke, bande, ph of = +b pats ou te if, Te eof be tngeot 4 wea Lm when x= 2, Find, @ neh 4 @ Meese () eee 75am © © ction fie by fx 9a + ee being), 1ay= Sane '0)=2, ”2, a. Lats ix ar? + be +6 Ge eigreabe futon whee, bana of Trigonometial Fu cut ths eto, sas wl be gen in aan. We hall eed no port ike i Endig the cesties of tine Let x ae? + be +. (being real) be unton whore, Bad rae contin 1/0) = 4,70) 03nd 7) Fd the aon of the tingle formed by the xan, yal ad th shows sector OAC with ange (0-<8- ME > ot nd the equation ofthe poem tothe ere y=? +5 tthe en 9>020<0 0. Indeed, tis tue aiaite 20, ee 4 fsa = conn, = nx ig 2E4f—see Sn i, Gn) woe ED (ea0%) tora}amp Denia ethene oa sasonofth tat ecard yl sine uy Lene minx # cOsx atx=n, w a Srna _ $+ ferro © £or ann = Lenxeinr a lew = oon Oe un Ble o wer oruen -asuen daee = sn-Gtunpeczen = Ble 3 our) « Stee ears ronson omnes evn tt ie 24 aaa = teow tone asa oxo 2 Trea o (lint cx) = on x 8 ~ a xa) 3 ”2. ove that © fetes canes 0) dmceesestins, © Scowses-comxcote 3. atest eg cons with ripe ox o (teas © Fux ane -Stans © ans © Pea @ mm Luge Ox o Be © Se o t= (o) xeomex oe © nik 4. Gheny=fe+ 2am ans oso that $e (seus), reny 284 98 264 Aco a cae tat $= Gx-suns? Fd te pd of oh fhe en cer he pot whe x= 0.62-8 (7-240 Find the suas of tangents and nomals to the curves y= tans, yy = dime sf i pt Whee Corey =sore +e sow tat E> fora A netion fs gen by fx 0 — sing ad lot a> O with 1. Then the (gue) exponet ech ff sbi cid the yarn of Bt the bas and denoted by — vu tee = feof Tepie 1000 = 3, since 1 = 1 000; eo) et de wand # be two pe mbes other than I Let pang be sy tne urbane any el umber, Then we ave the flowing bee = Some sf poptit of exponent! functions apd hr graphs summarize below (1) The domain of exponent fnctions while the rang 8 (0, = (2) Since? = 1 (@> 0} the gpk of any exponent Fanetion pases ‘roa the ptt 0,1. (©) He= ty then a6 = 1 foray sa, the exponent fonction fT the constn anton f G6) 64> ty han ay I) a sty noun ation. (8) a> 1, then + O98 +. Ths the tne y = 0 the Ge) orion ype 6 Gee Leta> Oana The fonction ¢ defied by nee P gixslipes (@>0) © eta to con doe esa oe eon anton wba hesots 1 ll tat hepa (© Wo or. Tse expo ncn foe (Oe a'< 1) sey dee het ©) Hace tne s0mr= Tne ey 06 be ool om (00) Mo 1, the lope function gx > Tog, 2 ily in ea, a> 1 hen ee) = lop, x > asx 0. Thus thea th eri ype, (9) a> 1, theng(e) logge reas, (© Wo —masx = ata sages hat a8 0, (1 +49 ends to ae 2-718 a mantle Rae proved that ask Othe Limit of (1+ 4 o “hey wed the iter to dnote tilt. Tat, woot o lof to 15 dsl lacs igen below = 2718281 525459048 o ‘ 1 flow = Longe Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions et intoduce s very mportnt sd well munber ‘eae after the ISthcentury Seis mathenaisien td piysct Leonhard Ese 4 (707-178) & 6 laeg tre) ong