Subject Code: 042 PHYSICS Time : 3 Hours ‘Max. Marks: 70 General Instructions : (2) There are 33 questions in all, All questions are compulsory. (2) This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E. (3) All the sections are compulsory. (4) Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQs and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D contains two case study based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions of five marks each, (5) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in Section B, two questions in Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have 10 attempt only one of the choices in such questions. (6) Use of calculators is not allowed. (7) You may use the following values of physical constants where ever necessary i c=3x 10° m/s m,= 9.1 107! kg iii, e=16x10"C iv. Wg = 4x 107 TmA* yh =6.63x 10 Js vi. €) = 8.854 x 10°? CN vii. Avogadro's number = 6.023 x 10” per gram mole SECTION A 1. What will happen when we rub a glass rod with silk cloth? (a) Some of the electrons from the glass rod are transferred to the silk: cloth. (b) The glass rod gets positively charged and silk cloth gets negatively charged. (c)_ New charge is created in the process of rubbing. (4) Both (a) and (b) are correct. 2. A Convex lens of focal length 0.2 m, made of glass (“u, = 1.5) is immersed in water (“, = 1.33). Find the change in the focal length of the lens. (a) 58m (b) 0.58 cm (©) 058m (d) 58cm 3. A voltmeter which can measure 2 V is constructed by using a galvanometer of resistance 12 © and that ion for the current of 2 mA, then the resistance Ris R produces maximum deflect (a) 8880 (b) 988.0 (c) 8989 (d) 9990 2v 4. An electromagnetic wave of frequency v = 3 MHz passes from vacuum into a dielectric medium with permittivity e = 4. Then (a) wavelength and frequency both become half. “) wavelength is doubled and frequency remains unchanged. --length and frequency both remain unchanged. “h is halved and frequency remains unchanged. Class 125. The de-Broglie wavelength associated with a ball of mass 150 g travelling at 30 m sis (a) 147*10™%m — (b) 1.47« 107m (Q 147x10%m (d) 1.47% 107! m 6. The charge on 3 uF capacitor shown in the figure is pth th uF Sur Our {+ lov (a) 2yC (b) 10 4c (2) 6nC (@) uc 7. Which of the following statement is correct? (a) Hole is an antiparticle of electron. (b) Hole is a vacancy created when an electron leaves a covalent bond. (©). Hole is the absence of free electrons. (4) Hole is an artificially created particle. 8, Which of the following statement is not correct about the magnetic field? (a) The magnetic lines form a closed loop. (b) Inside the magnet, the magnetic lines go from north to south pole of the magnet. (©). Magnetic lines of force do not intersect each other. (@) Tangents to the magnetic lines of force give the direction of the magnetic field. 9. The direction of induced current in the coils A and B in the situation shown in the figure is (@) ptogincoil A and xto yin coil B (b) qtopin coil A and xo yin coil B (©) ptog incoil Aand y to x in coil B (@) qtopin coil A and y to xin coil B. 10. An electric dipole with dipole moment 1 x 10°* Cm is aligned at 30° with the direction of a uniform electric field of magnitude 6 x 10* N C~', The magnitude of the torque acting on the dipole is (@) 7x10°Nm —(b) 2x 10° Nm (©) 6x10°Nm @) 3x10°Nm 11. Which of the junction diodes shown below are forward biased? Vy +104 R R av 3v (a) R b) R © (d) “sy, By, heal 12. A sinusoidal voltage of rms value 220 V is applied to a diode and a resistor R in the circuit shown in figure, so that half wave rectification occurs. Ifthe diode is ideal, what is the rms voltage across R,? 5B (a) ssv2V (b) lov © uo2Vv (@) 202 PhysicsFor Questions 13 to 16, two statements are given ~one labelled Assertion (A) and other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the options as given below, (a) fboth Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion, (b)_Ifboth Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion. (©) If Assertion is true but Reason is false (d)_Ifboth Assertion and Reason are false. 13. Assertion (A) : Radio waves cannot be diffracted by the buildings. Reason (R) : The wavelength of radio waves is very small 14, Assertion (A) : Energy is released in a nuclear reaction. Reason (R) : In any nuclear reaction the reactants and resultant products obey the law of conservation of charge and mass only 15. Assertion (A) : The conductivity of a semi-conductor increases with rise of temperature. Reason (R) : On tising temperature covalent bonds of semiconductor breaks. 16. Assertion (A) : The electric flux emanating out and entering a closed surface are 8 x 10° and 2 x 10° V m respectively. The charge enclosed by the surface is 0.053 uC. Reason (R) : Gauss’ theorem in electrostatics may be applied to verify. SECTION B 17, (a) What is photoelectric effect? (b)_ Using photon picture of light, show that how Einstein’ photoelectric equation can be established. 18. A rectangular loop of area 30 cm x 40 cm is placed in a magnetic field of 0.5 T with its plane (i) normal to the field and (ii) parallel to the field. Find the flux linked with the coil in each case. OR A coil of area A is kept perpendicular in a uniform magnetic field B. Ifthe coil is rotated by 180°, what will be the change in flux? 19, Why the images formed by total internal reflection are much brighter than those formed by mirrors? 20. The refractive index of glass with respect to air is 3, What is the refractive index of air with respect to glass? 2 21. Find the disintegration energy Q for the fission event represented by equation oU* + gn! > gU? 4 Ke + Bzr + gn! If mass of ,,U** = 235.0439 u, ot’ = 1.00867 u, "Ce = 139.9054 u and {yZr = 93.9063 u, find energy released in the process. SECTION C 22. At what rate is energy dissipated in each of the following situations? (i) A potential difference of 120 V is applied across the full length of the wired? (i) The wire is cut in half and a potential difference of 120 V is applied across the length of each hall. Ifithasa resistance R of 72 @ in (i) and (ii). 4 Class 12,OR Three equal resistors each of R ohm are connected as shown in figure. A battery of 2 volt and of internal resistance 0.1 ohm is connected across the circuit. Calculate the value of R for which the heat generated in the circuit is maximum. av 23, ‘A small coil of radius r is placed at the centre of a large coil of radius R, where R >> r. The two coils are coplanar. Find the mutual inductance between the coils. & Draw energy band diagram of n-type and p-type semiconductor at temperature T > 0 K. Mark the donor and acceptor energy level with their energies. 25, For a radioactive material, its activity A and rate of change of its activity R are defined as A=—2. and i R=- 4, where N(t) is the number of nuclei at time ¢. Two radioactive sources P (mean life t) and Q (mean life 2t) have the same activity at f = 0. Their rate of change of activities at = 2¢ are Ry and Roy " » then the value of m is R, respectively. If —> Ro OR A freshly prepared sample of a radio isotope of half-life 1386 s has activity 10° disintegrations per second. Given that In 2 = 0.693, the fraction of the initial number of nuclei (expressed in nearest integer percentage) that will decay in the first 80 s after preparation of the sample is 26. Suppose that the electric field part of an electromagnetic wave in vacuum is E=(3.1N/C) cos{(1.8 rad/m) y +(5.4X10° rad/s)t]j (a) What is the direction of propagation? (b) What is the wavelength 42 (©) What is the frequency v? 27. (a) If one of two identical slits producing interference in Young's experiment is covered with glass, so that the light intensity passing through it is reduced to 50%, find the ratio of the maximum and minimum intensity ofthe fringe in the interference pattern. (b) What kind of fringes do you expect to observe if white light is used instead of monochromatic light? 28, Ifthe relation between radius and velocity of electron is r = —‘—.., then find total energy in electron. 4neymv’ SECTION D Case Study Based Questions 29, Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow. ‘This energy possessed by a system of charges by virtue of their positions. When two like charges lie infinite distance apart, their potential energy is zero because no work has to be done in moving one charge at infinite distance from the other. In carrying a charge q from point A to point B, work done W’ = 4(V, ~ V3). This work may appear as change in KE/PE of the charge. The potential energy of two charges q, and q ata distance r in air is measured in joule. It may be positive, negative or zero depending on the signs of q, and 4 Physics(iv) A charge Q is placed at the ori (@) Calculate work done in separating two electrons form a distance of 1 m to 2 m in air, where e is electric charge and k is electrostatic force constant. (a) ke bo) 2 ( -ke2 (a) zero (i) Four equal charges q each are placed at four corners of a square of side a each. Work done in carrying a charge ~q from its centre to infinity is 2 (@) zero w 4 ga 2 © @ Riga ea (ili) Two points A and B are located in diametrically opposite directions of a point charge of +2 uC at distances 2 m and 1 m respectively from it. The potential difference between A and Bis (@) 3x10°V (b) 6x 10tV (© -9x10°V (@) -3x10°V OR ‘Two point charges A = +3nC and B= +1 nC are placed 5 cm apart in air. The work done to move charge Btowards A by 1 cmis @) 200x107) (b) 1.35% 107) © 27«107) (a) 12.1107} . The electric potential due to this charge at a given point in space is VV. The work done by an external force in bringing another charge q from infinity up to the point is v @ 7 © (© v+q @ Vv 30. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow. Power Associated with Inductor and Capacitor ‘The power averaged over one full cycle of ac. is known as average power. It is also known as true power. Poy = Vinal 0089 = “ale cos. Root mean square or simply rms watts refer to continuous power. A circuit containing 80 mH inductor and a 60 iF capacitor in series is connected to a 230 V, 50 Hz supply. ‘The resistance of the circuit is negligible. 85I 80mH 60 uF 230,50 Hz (@ The value of current amplitude is (a) 15A (b) 1163.4 (© 17654 @) 633A (i) Find rms value. (@) 6A () 5254 (© 823A (@) 752A (iii) The average power transferred to inductor is (a) zero ) 7W (© 25W (@) sw (iv) The average power transferred to the capacitor is (@ sw (b) zero () Ww @ i6w Class 12oR What is the total average power absorbed by the circuit? (a) zero (b) 10W () 25W @ 6W SECTION E 31. A battery of internal resistance r = 4.Q is connected to the network of resistances, as shown in figure. What must be the value of R, so that maximum power is delivered to the network? What is the maximum power? r=4Q Deduce the relation between current I flowing through a conductor and drift velocity 7 of the electron. 32, (a) Draw a schematic diagram for an ac generator. Explain its working and obtain the expression for the instantaneous value of the emf in terms of the magnetic field B, number of turns N of the coil of area A rotating with angular frequency w. Show how an alternating emf is generated by a loop of wire rotating in amagnetic field. (b) A circular coil of radius 10 cm and 20 turns is rotated about its vertical diameter with angular speed of 50 rads" in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of 3.0 x 10° T. (i) Calculate the maximum and average emf induced in the coil. Gi) Ifthe coil forms a closed loop of resistance 10 Q, calculate the maximum current in the coil and the average power loss due to Joule heating. OR (a) A coil of area 500 cm? and having 1000 turns is held perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of 0.4 gauss. The coilis turned through 180°in 1/10 second. The average induced emt (in volt) is_. (b) Ifa rate of change of current of 4 As induces an emf of 20 mV in a solenoid, the self inductance of the solenoid is |(x x 10) H. The value of x is. 33, Define wavefront of a travelling wave, Using Huygens principle, obtain the law of refraction at a plane interface when light passes from a rarer to a denser medium. OR ‘Two slits 0.125 mm apart are illuminated by light of wavelength 4500 A. The screen is 1 m away, bright fringe ‘on both sides of the central maximum, ‘The ratio of intensities of minima to maxima in YDSE is 9: 25. Find the ratio of width of two slits. Physics EaSubject Code : 042 PHYSICS Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 79 (1) There are 33 questions in all, All questions are compulsory. (2), This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E. (3) Allthe sections are compulsory. (4) Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQs and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D contains two case study based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long ‘answer questions of five marks each. (5) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in Section B, two questions in Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions. (6) Use of calculators is not allowed. (7) You may use the following values of physical constants where ever necessary i c= 3x 10° m/s fi, me=9.1x 10 kg ii, €= 16x 10°C ie Wo = 4x 107 TA! x h=663x 10 Js Vi. €9 = 8.854 x 10-2 C2N~Iyy-2 vii, Avogadro's number = 6.023 x 10% per gram mole SECTION A 1. Figure shows electric field lines in which an electric dipole p is placed as shown. Which of the following statements is correct? He i Sie ik mr enpecites ant Bae Pepe (©) The dipole will experience a force towards right. (©) The dipole will experience a force towards left. =a + (4) ‘The dipole will experience a force upwards. lan 2. Equipotential surfaces (a) are closer in regions of large electric fields compared to regions of lower electric fields (b) will be more crowded near sharp edges of a conductor (©) will always be equally spaced (d) both (a) and (b) are correct 3. With increase in temperature the conductivity of (a) metals increases and of semiconductor decreases. (b)_ semiconductors increases and of metals decreases. (©) in both metals and semiconductors increases. (d) in both metal and semiconductor decreases. 4. A ccharged particle is moving on circular path with velocity v in a uniform ‘magnetic field B, if the velocity of the charged particle is doubled and strength of magnetic field is halved, then radius becomes (@) 8times (b) 4 times (©) 2times () 16 times ROTA OF Class 125. A strong magnetic field is applied on a stationary electron. Then the electron (a) moves in the direction of the field. (b) remains stationary. (c)_ moves perpendicular to the direction of the field. (d) moves opposite to the direction of the field. 6, The correct M-H curve for a paramagnetic material at a constant temperature (7) is represented by i fil t t @ & ) s-—-_ 3 @s => = => — 7. Toreduce the resonant frequency in an series LCR circuit with a generator (a) the generator frequency should be reduced. (b) another capacitor should be added in parallel to the first. (©) the iron core of the inductor should be removed. (d) dielectric in the capacitor should be removed. 8. The part of the spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation used to cook food is (a) ultraviolet rays (©) cosmic rays (c) X rays (@) microwaves 9. Which of the following statements is not correct? (a) Whenever the amount of magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes, an emfis induced in the circuit. (b) ‘The induced emf lasts so long as the change in magnetic flux continues. (©). The direction of induced emf is given by Lenz’s law. (4) Lenz’ law is a consequence of the law of conservation of momentum, 10, Twoslits in Young's double slit experiment have widths in the ratio 81 : 1. The ratio of the amplitudes of light waves is (@) 3:1 (b) 3:2 (©) 9:1 (d) 6:1 11, An electron is moving with an initial velocity 7 =v, and is in a magnetic field’ B= 8; j . Then its de Broglie wavelength (@) remains constant (b) increases with time (©) decreases with time - (@) increases and decreases periodically 12, ‘The radius of a spherical nucleus as measured by electron scattering is 3.6 fmm, What.is the mass number of the nucleus most likely to be? (@) 27 (b) 40 (© 56 (@) 120 For Questions 13 to 16, two statements are given -one labelled Assertion (A) and other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the options as given below. (a) Ifboth Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion, (b) Ifboth Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion. (c)_ If Assertion is true but Reason is false. (@) Ifboth Assertion and Reason are false, 13, Assertion (A) : The positively charged nucleus of an atom has a radius of almost 107! m, Reason (R) : In o-particle scattering experiment, the distance of closest approach for a-particles is 10- m, 14, Assertion (A) : An alternating current shows magnetic effect. Reason (R) : Magnitude of alternating current varies with time. Physics BS ca15. Assertion (A) : For best contrast between maxima and minima in the interference pattern of Young's double slit experiment, the intensity of light emerging out of the two slits should be equal. Reason (R) : The intensity of interference pattern is proportional to square of amplitude. 16. Assertion (A) : Photosensitivity of a metal is high if its work function is small. Reason (R) : Work function = vp, where vp isthe threshold frequency. SECTION B 17, Name the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum which is (a) suitable for radar systems used in aircraft navigation. (b) used to treat muscular strain, (©) used asa diagnostic tool in medicine, ‘Write in brief, how these waves can be produced. 18, The magnetic needle has magnetic moment 6.7 x 10? A m? and moment of inertia I= 7.5 x 10° kg m2. It performs 10 oscillations in 6.70 s. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field? 19. Ifboth the number of protons and neutrons in a nuclear reaction is conserved, in what way is mass converted into energy (or vice versa)? Explain giving one example. OR In an experiment on cl-particle scattering by a thin foil of gold, draw a graph showing, the number of particles scattered versus the scattering angle 8, Why is it that a very small fraction of the particles are scattered at 8 > 90°? ‘Write two important conclusions that can be drawn regarding the structure of the atom from the study of this experiment. 20. An object of 3 cm height is placed at a distance of 60 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 30 cm. Find the (i) nature, (ii) position and (iii) size of the image formed. 21, Light of wavelength 6 x 10° cm falls on a screen at a distance of 100 cm from a narrow slit. Find the width of the slit if the first minima lies 1 mm on either side of the central maximum. SECTION C 22. Two identical circular coils of radius 0.1 m, each having 20 turns are mounted co-axially 0.1 m apart. A current of 0.5 A is passed through both of them (i) in the same direction, (ii) in the opposite directions. Find the magnetic field at the centre of each coil. 23, A rectangular wire loop of sides 8 cm and 2 cm with a small cut is moving out of a region of uniform magnetic field of magnitude 0.3 T directed normal to the loop. What is the emf developed across the cut if velocity of loop is 1 cm s~! ina direction normal to the (a) longer side (b) shorter side of the loop? For how Tong does the induced voltage last in each case? |. A circuit isset up by connecting L = 100 mH, C= 5 pF and R= 100 Qin series. An alternatingemfof 1502 V, 500 “Z_ His applied across this series combination. Calculate (a). The impedance of the circuit (b) The peak value of the current flowing in the circuit. (©) The power factor of this circuit. Ea Class 12OR (a) Fora given ac i = ip sinot, show that the average power dissipated in a resistor R over a complete cycl is piR (b) A light bulb is rated at 100 W for a 220 V ac supply. Calculate the resistance of the bulb. 25, (a) Anelectron and a proton are accelerated through the same potential. Which one of the two has (i) greater value of de-Broglie wavelength associated with it, and Gi) lesser momentum? Justify your answer in each case. (b) How is the momentum of a particle related with its de-Broglie wavelength? Show the variation on a graph. OR (a) Write instein’s photoelectric equation and mention which important features in photoelectric effect. can be explained with the help of this equation. (b) ‘The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons gets doubled when the wavelength of light incident on the surface changes from to 4. Derive the expressions for the threshold wavelength ao and work function for the metal surface 26, ‘The value of ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV. (i) Find the energy required to move an electron from the ground state to the first excited state of the atom. (ii) Determine (a) the kinetic energy and (b) orbital radius in the first excited state of the atom. (Given the value of Bohr radius = 0.53 A). 27. (i) Draw V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode. Gi). Write the property of a junction diode which makes it suitable for rectification of ac voltages. 28. A hollow cylindrical box of length 1 m and area of cross-section 25 cm? is placed in a three dimensional coordinate system as shown in the figure. The electric field in the region is given by E=50xi, where E is in N C-! and x is in metres, Find @)_ net flux through the cylinder. (ii) charge enclosed by the cylinder. SECTION D Case Study Based Questions 29, Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow. A convex or converging lens is thicker at the centre than at the edges. It converges a parallel beam of light on refraction through it. It has a real focus. Convex lens is of three types: (i) Double convex lens (ii) Plano-convex lens (iii) Concavo-convex lens. Concave lens is thinner at the centre than at the edges. It diverges a parallel beam of light on refraction through it. It has a virtual focus. iat Sore(i Appoint object 0 is placed at a distance of 0.3 m from a convex lens (focal length 0.2 m) cut into two halves each of which is displaced by 0.0005 m as shown in figure. ‘What will be the location of the image? fo20m = Tease on san V (a) 30cm right of lens (b) 60 cm right oflens (©) 70cmleft of lens (4) 40 cm left of lens (ii) ‘Two thin lenses are in contact and the focal length of the combination is 80 cm. If the focal length of ‘one lens is 20 cm, the focal length of the other would be. (@) -267 cm (b) 60cm (© 80cm @ 20cm (iii) A spherical air bubble is embedded in a piece of glass. For a ray of light passing through the bubble, it behaves like a (a) converging lens (b)_ diverging lens (©) plano-converging lens (@)_plano-diverging lens (iv) Lens used in magnifying glass is (a) Concave lens (b) Convex lens (©) Both (a) and (b) (@)_ None of the above OR ‘The magnification of an image by a convex lens is positive only when the object is placed (a) atits focus F (b)_ between Fand 2F (0 a2F (d)_ between F and optical centre 30, Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow. Biasing of Diode ‘When the diode is forward biased, it is found that beyond forward voltage V = Vj, called knee voltage, the conductivity is very high. At this value of battery biasing for p-n junction, the potential barrier is overcome and the current increases rapidly with increase in forward voltage. When the diode is reverse biased, the reverse bias voltage produces a very small current about a few microamperes which almost remains constant with bias. This small current is reverse saturation current. (i) In which of the following figures, the p-n diode is forward biased. sav @ o a ay © @ Ww eo (ii) Based on the V-I characteristics of the diode, we can classify diode as (a) bi-directional device (b) ohmicdevice (©) non-ohmic device (4) passive element A chase 12(iii) The V-1 characteristic of a diode is shown in the figure. The ratio of forward to reverse bias resistance is i aaa OF 08 Wea (a) 100 (b) 106 © 10 (4) 10-6 OR In the case of forward biasing of a p-n junction diode, which one of the following figures correctly depicts the direction of conventional current (indicated by an arrow mark)? (a) (e =] ) peeeh © [ee i] @ es} {i 1! (iv) If an ideal junction diode is connected as shown, then the value of the current /is BV 200 +1V @) 00134 (b) 0.02 A © 001A @) OLA SECTION E 31. Consider a sphere of radius R with charge density distributed as p()= kr for sR = 0 for rR Suppose the total charge on the sphere is 2e where ¢ is the electron charge. Where can two protons be embedded such that the force on each of them is zero? Assume that the introduction of the proton does not alter the negative charge distribution. OR Figure shows a charge array known as an electric quadrupole. For a point on the axis of quadrupole, obtain the dependence of potential on r for r/a >> 1, and contrast your results with that due to an electric dipole, and an electric monopole (i.c.,a single charge). Aa BaD ae 444 <— 1» 32, (a) Consider circuit shown in figure. How much energy is absorbed by electrons from the initial state of no ‘current (ignore thermal motion) to the state of drift velocity? R60 ve6v Physics(b) Electrons give up energy at the rate of RP per second to the thermal energy. What time scale would one associate with energy in problem (a)? Given, n = no. of electron/volume = 10°%/m*, length of circuit = 10cm, cross-section, A= 1 mm’, OR ‘Two cells of emf e,,€2 and internal resistance ry and r) respectively are connected in parallel in the figure, Deduct the expression for (i) The equivalent emf of the combination. (Gi) ‘The equivalent resistance of the combination. (iii) The potential difference between the points A and B. 33. (a) Draw the intensity pattern for single slit diffraction and double slit interference. Hence, state differences between interference and diffraction patterns. (b)_ What isthe effect on the interference fringes in Young's double slit experiment when (i) the width of the source slit is increased ; (ji) the monochromatic source is replaced by a source of white light? OR (a) Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation by an astronomical telescope when the final image is formed at infinite. (©) () A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 140 cm and an eyepiece of focal length 5.0 cm. Find the magnifying power of the telescope for viewing distant objects when the telescope is in normal adjustment and the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision. (ii) Also find the separation between the objective lens and the eyepiece in normal adjustment. ic) Clase 12Subject Code: 042 PHYSICS Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 70 General Instructions : i) @ () @ (5) (6) ” 3. 5. Physics There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E. All the sections are compulsory. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQs and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D contains two case study based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions of five marks each. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in Section B, two questions in Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions. Use of calculators is not allowed. You may use the following values of physical constants where ever necessary i = 3x10 m/s fi, m,=9.1 x 107" kg iii, e= 16x 10°C 7 TmA~! ¥ h=6.63x 10 Js i. 3.854 x 10"? CN“? vii. Avogadro's number = 6.023 x 10” per gram mole SECTION A The electric field at a point is (a) always continuous (b) continuous if there is no charge at that point (©) discontinuous if there isa charge at that point (d) both (b) and (c) are correct. ‘Two waves having intensities in the ratio 9: 1 produce interference. The ratio of maximum to the minimum intensity is (a) 10:8 (b) 9:1 (© 4:1 (@) 2:1 A current of 10 A is flowing in a wire of length 1.5 m. A force of 15 N acts on it when it is placed in a uniform ‘magnetic field of 2 T. The angle between the magnetic field and the direction of the current is (a) 30° (b) 45° (©) 60° (d) 90° ‘An object approaches a convergent lens from the left of the lens with a uniform speed 5 m s~! and stops at the focus. The image {a)_moves away from the lens with an uniform speed 5 ms” (b)_ moves away from the lens with an uniform acceleration (c) moves away from the lens with a non-uniform acceleration (d)_ moves towards the lens with a non-uniform acceleration. ‘The maximum value of photoelectric current is called (a) base current (b) saturation current (©) collector current (@) emitter current6. When air is replaced by a dielectric medium of constant K, the maximum force of attraction between two charges separated by a distance (a) increases K times (b) remains unchanged (©) decreases K times (d) increases K'? times 7. A sinusoidal voltage of rms value 120 V is applied to a diode and a resistor R in the circuit shown in figure, so that half wave rectification occurs. Ifthe diode is ideal, what is the rms voltage across R? ) Output (a) ssJiv () nov © uov2Vv @) 123v 8. If magnetic lines of force are drawn by keeping magnet vertical, then number of neutral points will be (a) One (b) Two © Three (d) Four 9. Ina double slit experiment the distance between slits is increased ten times whereas their distance from screen is halved then the fringe width is (a) becomes 35 (b) becomes (©) itremains same (@) becomes 10. Which of the following I-V graph represents for ohmic conductors? 1 1 p 1 @ ) © VA @ lr o + + * ov 11. Which of the following statements is incorrect for the depletion region of a diode? (a) There are mobile charges exist (b)_ Equal number of holes and electrons exist, making the region neutral. (©) Recombination of holes and electrons has taken place. (@) None of these 12, If n cells each of emf e and internal resistance r are connected in parallel, then the total emf and internal resistances will be @ ef (b) enr © net (a) nenr For Questions 13 to 16, two statements are given ~one labelled Assertion (A) and other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the options as given below. (a) Ifboth Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion. (b) Ifboth Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion. (©) If Assertion is true but Reason is false. (d)_Ifboth Assertion and Reason are false. 13, Assertion (A) : The crystalline solids have a sharp melting point. Reason (R) : All the bonds between the atoms or molecules of a crystalline solids are equally strong, that they get broken at the same temperature. 14. Assertion (A) : The light travelling from air to glass can not suffer total internal reflection. Reason (R) : Air is rarer than glass. 15, Assertion (A): Ifthe accelerating potential in an X-ray tube is increased, the wavelengths of the characteristic X-rays do not change. Reason (R) : When an electron beam strikes the target in an X-ray tube, part of the kinetic energy is converted into X-ray energy. rs} Class 1216, Assertion (A) : During reverse biasing a diode doesr't conduct current. Reason (R) : It narrows the depletion layer. SECTION B 17. What are electromagnetic waves? How they are produced? A section of a sphere has a radius of curvature of 0.80 m. Both, inside and outside surfaces have a mirror like polish. What are the focal lengths of the inside and outside surfaces? 19. The wavelength of the second line of Balmer series in the hydrogen spectrum is 4861 A. What is the wavelength of first line? 20. ‘The difference in the number of waves when yellow light propagates through air and vacuum columns of the same thickness is one. Find the thickness of the air column. [Refractive index of air = 1.0003, wavelength of yellow light in vacuum = 6000 A] 197 21. Obtain approximately the ratio of nuclear radii of the gold isotope ,yAu!%” and the silver isotope ,,Ag!”. What is the approximate ratio of their nuclear densities? OR Define packing fraction. SECTION C 22. In a Wheatstone bridge arrangement the ratio of arms P and Q are nearly equal. The bridge is balanced when R = 500 Q. On interchanging P and Q, the value of R for balancing is 505 @. Find the value of S. OR A battery of emf E and internal resistance r when connected across an external resistance of 12 Q, produces a current of 0.5.A, when connected across a resistance of 25 @. It produces a current of 0.25 A. Determine (i) the emf and (ii) the internal resistance of the cel 23. A 0.5 H inductor, 50 uF capacitor and a 50 Q resistor are connected in series with a 120 V 50 Hz supply. Calculate impedance and current following in the circuit, 24. Distinguish between intrinsic semiconductor and p-type semiconductor, Does p-type semiconductor electrically neutral, although n, > 2 25. Find the energy equivalent of one atomic mass unit, first in Joules and then in MeV. Using this, express the mass defect of '§0 in MeV/e. OR ‘On disintegration of one atom of U>*°, the amount of energy obtained is 200 MeV. The power obtained in a reactor is 1000 kWh. Find atoms disintegrated per second in the reactor and decay in mass per hour. 26. A laser beam has intensity 3 x 10'* W/m?, Find the amplitudes of electric and magnetic fields in the beam. 27. Two coils are wound on the same iron rod so that the flux generated by one also passes through the other. The primary coil has 100 turns and secondary coil has 200 turns. When a current of 2 A flows through the primary coil the flux in it is 2.5 x 10™ Wb. Find the value of mutual inductance between the coils. 28. In a Geiger-Marsden experiment, what is the distance of closest approach to the nucleus of a 7.7 MeV particle before it comes momentarily to rest and reverses its direction? Physics a=SECTION D Case Study Based Questions 29, Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow. Coulomb’ law states thatthe electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion acting between two stationary point is 1 4d, pels chargesis given by F= 4 “ 4 Fa Fa “a “ where F denotes the force between two charges q, and q, separated by a distance r in free space, & is a constant known as permittivity of free space. Free space is vacuum and may be taken to be air practically. If free space is replaced by a medium, then € is replaced by (eg) or (€g€,) where k is known as dielectric constant or relative permittivity. (@) Incoulombs law, F = k 22, then on which of the following factors does the proportionality constant r k depends? (a) Electrostatic force acting between the two charges (b) Nature of the medium between the two charges (©) Magnitude of the two charges (@)_ Distance between the two charges. Dimensional formula for the permittivity constant e,of free space is (a) [MLPA] (b) (MILETPA4] () [MIL THA?) @) [ML?>T*A7] (iii) The force of repulsion between two charges of 1 C each, kept 1 m apart in vaccum is @) rer (b) 9x 10°N 1 7 —N () 9x10°N ise i OR ‘Two identical charges repel each other with a force equal to 10 mgwt when they are 0.6 m apart in air. (g=10 ms”). The value of each charge is (a) 2mc (b) 2x 10-7 mC (c) 2nc (d) 2uc (iv) Coulomb's law for the force between electric charges most closely resembles with (a) law of conservation of energy (b) Newton's law of gravitation (©) Newton's 2™ law of motion (d)_law of conservation of charge 30. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow. AC Voltage Applied toa Capacitor Let a source of alternating em. E = E,sinwt be connected to a capacitor of capacitance C. If ‘T is the 7 i instantaneous value of current in the circuit at instant f, then I= = 7 sin(or +2) ‘The capacitive reactance limits the amplitude of current in a purely capacitive circuit and itis given by Xc- c (eB) REESE E227, Class 1231. 32. 33. Physics (i) Whatis the unit of capacitive reactance? (a) farad (b) ampere (0. ohm (@) ohm (ii) The capacitive reactance of a 5 tF capacitor for a frequency of 10° Hz is (a) 0.0322 (b) 2522 () 1.25Q (d) 4512 (iii) In a capacitive circuit, resistance to the flow of current is offered by (a) resistor (b) capacitor (0) inductor (@) frequency (iv) Ina capacitive circuit, by what value of phase angle does alternating current leads the e.m.f? (a) 45° (b) 90° (75° (a) 60° OR ‘One microfarad capacitor is joined to a 200 V, 50 Hz alternator. The rms current through capacitor is (a) 628x107A = (bl) 7.5x104A () 1052x107 A (a) 15.25 107A SECTION E ‘Three point charges +1 UC, -1 4C and +2 uC are initially infinite distance apart. Calculate the work done in assembling these charges at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side 10 cm. OR Show that the electric field due to a infinitely long sheet of charge is a . (i) Can we have magnetic hysteresis in paramagnetic or diamagnetic substances? (ii) State curie law in magnetism, OR State Ampere's Circuital Law. Prove it for a regular as well a irregular coil. (j) The sum (diameter d) subtends an angle @ radian at the pole of a concave mirror of focal length f What is the diameter of the image of the sun formed by the mirror? (Gi) An object of height h is held before a spherical mirror of focal length | f| = 40 cm. The image of the object produced by the mirror has same orientation as the object and has height = 0.2 h. Is the image real or virtual? Is the image on the same side of the mirror as the object? Is the mirror convex or concave? What is focal length of mirror with proper sign? oR (a) A parallel beam of light of wavelength 500 nm falls on a narrow slit and the resulting diffraction pattern is obtained on a screen 1 m away. Ifthe first minimum is formed ata distance of 2.5 mm from the centre of the screen, find the (i) width of the slit, and (ii) distance of first secondary maximum from the centre of the screen, (b) (Ina single slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is made double the original width. How does this affect the size and intensity of the central diffraction band? Explain. (ii) When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a bright spot in seen at the centre of the obstacle. Explain why.Subject Code: 042 PHYSICS Time : 3 Hours ‘Max. Marks : 70 General Instructions (1) There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory. (2). This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E. (3) All the sections are compulsory. (4) Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQs and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D contains two case study based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions of five marks each. (5) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in Section B, two questions in Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions. (6) Use of calculators is not allowed. (7) You may use the following values of physical constants where ever necessary i c=3x 10° mis ik mp=9.1% 107" kg i, e=16x 10°C iv ix x 10-7 TmA~! y h=663x 10 Js vi. €9 = 8.854 x 10"! CN vii. Avogadro's number = 6.023 x 10” per gram mole SECTION A 1. Which of the following statements is false for a perfect conductor? (2) The surface of the conductor is an equipotential surface. (b) The electric field just outside the surface of a conductor is perpendicular to the surface. (c)_ The charge carried by a conductor is always uniformly distributed over the surface of the conductor. (d) None of these 2. Point out the right statements about the validity of kirchhoff’s junction rule. (a) It is based on conservation of charge. (b) Outgoing currents add up and are equal to incoming currents at a junction. (©) Bending or reorienting the wire does not change the validity of kirchhof’s junction rule, (d) Allof above, 3. The correct plot of the magnitude of magnetic field B vs distance r from centre of the wire is, if the radius of wire is R e g @ Ee © OTe Onirah 5 2 © () Ops ugk ie 0% f ae Class 124. A-voltmeter which can measure 2 V is constructed by using a galvanometer of resistance 12 Q and that produces maximum deflection for the current of 2 mA, then the resistance R is R rT] 2v (a) 8889 (b) 9882 (©) 8982 (d) 999 5, ‘Two identical bar magnets are fixed with their centres at a distance d apart. A stationary charge Qs placed at Pin between the gap of the two magnets at a distance D from the centre O as shown in the figure. The force on the charge Q is 0 Faia (a) zero (b) directed along OP (©) directed along PO (@) directed perpendicular to the plane of paper. 6. Which of the following graphs represents the correct variation of capacitive reactance Xe with frequency v? Xe a @ &) > v Xe Xe © @ Lo» v 7. favariable frequency ac source is connected toa capacitor then with decrease in frequency the displacement current will (a) increase (b) decrease (©) remains constant (d) first decrease then increase 8. Aire of irregular shape turning into a circular shape in a magnetic field which is directed into the paper. ‘The direction of induced current is (a) along abeda (b) along adcba (c)_ into the plane of the paper (2) out of the plane of the paper 9. Ina Young's double slit experiment an electron beam is used to obtain interference pattern. If the spread of electron is decreases then (a) distance between two consecutive fringes remains the same (b) distance between two consecutive fringes decreases (0) distance between two consecutive fringes increases (@)_ none of these. Physics GSES10, Which of the following figure represents the variation of particle momentum (p) and associated de Broglie wavelength (A)? WZ eh 11. The radius of n'® orbit r, in terms of Bohr radius (ag) for a hydrogen atom is given by the relation (a) nag (b) Vn, (©) mag (a) nay 12. The fission properties of *3;Pu are very similar to those of 735U. The average energy released per fission is 180 MeV, If all the atoms in 1 kg of pure *j4Pu undergo fission, then the total energy released in MeV is (a) 4.53x10MeV ——(b)_ 2.21 x 10"! MeV (c) 1x 10? MeV (d) 6.33 x 1074 MeV For Questions 13 to 16, two statements are given -one labelled Assertion (A) and other labelled Reason (R). Sclect the correct answer to these questions from the options as given below. (a) Ifboth Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion, (b) Ifboth Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion. (c)_ If Assertion is true but Reason is false. (@) Ifboth Assertion and Reason are false. 13, Assertion (A) : Step-down transformer increases the current, Reason (R) : Transformer obeys the law of conservation of energy. 14, Assertion (A) : The tyres of aircrafts are slightly conducting. Reason (R) : Ifa conductor is connected to ground, the extra charge induced on conductor will flow to ground. 15, Assertion (A) : Young's double slit experiment can be performed using a source of whi Reason (R) : The wavelength of red light is less than the wavelength of other colours in wl light. light 16. Assertion (A) : The threshold frequency of photoelectric effect supports the particle nature of light. Reason (R) : If frequency of incident light is less than the threshold frequency, electrons are not emitted from metal surface. SECTION B 17, Identify the electromagnetic waves whose wavelengths vary as (a) 10% m =. Give reason. Vie Graph) 25. (a) Assuming an electron is confined to a 1 nm wide region, find the uncertainty in momentum using Heisenberg Uncertainty principle. You can assume the uncertainty in position Ax as I nm. Assuming P= Ap, find the energy of the electron in electron volts. OR (i) (@) Define the terms, (i) threshold frequency and (ii) stopping potential in photoelectric effect. (©) @_Plotagraph of photocurrent versus anode potential for a radiation of frequency v and intensities Jyand I (1 1 () n=251 (0 Won @) non=0 For Questions 13 to 16, two statements are given -one labelled Assertion (A) and other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the options as given below. (a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion, (b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion, (©)_ If Assertion is true but Reason is false. (a) Ifboth Assertion and Reason are false. 13. Assertion (A) : The mass of a nucleus is always less than the sum of the masses of nucleons present in it. Reason (R) : The whole mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus. 14, Assertion (A): At resonance, LCR series circuit have a maximum current. Reason (R) : At resonance, in LCR series circuit, the current and e.m.f are in phase with each other. 36 Class 1216. 17. 18, 19, 2. 23. 2 Physics Assertion (A) : Diffraction is common in sound but not common in light waves. Reason (R) : Wavelength of light is more than the wavelength of sound. ‘Assertion (A) : The light ofa single frequency (monochromati photoelectrons are different. Reason (R) : The energy of electrons emitted from inside the metal surface is lost in collision with the other atoms in the metal. is incident on a metal, the energies of emitted SECTION B Even though an electric field E exerts a force qE on a charged particle yet the electric field of an EM wave does not contribute to the radiation pressure (but transfers energy). Explain. Distinguish between diamagnetic and ferromagnetic materials in terms of (i) susceptibility and (ii) their behaviour in a non-uniform magnetic field. Calculate binding energy per nucleon of ,,Fe™. Given : m (;gFe) = 55.934932 amu ‘m (neutron) = 1.008665 amu 'm (proton) = 1.007825 amu. OR ‘The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of the H-atom is ~ 3.4 eV, What are the values of potential and kinetic energies of the electron in this state? Which of the answers would change if the choice of zero of potential energy is changed? Justify your answer. ). Draw the image, when an object is placed between the focus and pole of a convex lens. Define the term wavefront. State Huygen’s principle. Consider a plane wavefront incident on a thin convex lens. Draw a proper diagram to show how the incident wavefront traverses through the lens and after refraction focusses on the focal point of the lens, giving the shape of the emergent wavefront. SECTION C . Using Biot Savart’s law, find an expression for the magnetic field at the centre of a circular coil of ‘Nturns and radius R, carrying current I. ‘Sketch the magnetic field for a circular loop, clearly indicating the direction of the field. ‘Two parallel vertical metallic rails ABand CDare separated by 1 m. They areconnected at the two ends by resistances R, and R, as shown in figure. A horizontal metallic rod of mass 0.2 kg slides without friction, vertically down the rails under the action of ‘gravity. There is a uniform horizontal magnetic field of 0.6 T perpendicular to the plane of the rails. When the terminal velocity is attained, the power dissipated in R, and R, are 0.76 W and 1.2 W respectively. Find the terminal velocity of the rod and the resistance R, and R. A lamp is connected in series with a capacitor, Predict your observations when the system is connected first across a deand then an ac source. What happens in each case if the capacitance of the capacitor is reduced? OR (i) When an AC source is connected to an ideal inductor show thatthe average power supplied by the source over a complete cycle is zero. (ii) A lamp is connected in series with an inductor and an AC source. What happens to the brightness of the lamp when the key is plugged in and an iron rod is inserted inside the inductor? Explain. SRS26. 27. A beam of monochroma giving reasons. (a) Do the emitted photoelectrons have the same kinetic energy? (b) Does the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons depend on the intensity of incident radiation? (©) On what factors does the number of emitted photoelectrons depend? OR Define the term “cutoff frequency” in photoelectric emission, The threshold frequency of a metal is f: When the light of frequency 2fis incident on the metal plate, the maximum velocity of photoelectron is v,. When the frequency of the incident radiation is increased to 5f, the maximum velocity of photoelectrons is v,. Find the ratio ¥,:¥3- radiation is incident on a photosensitive surface, Answer the following questions (i) In hydrogen atom, an electron undergoes transition from 2 excited state to the first excited state and then to the ground state. Identify the spectral series to which these transitions belong. (ii) Find out the ratio of the wavelengths of the emitted radiations in the two cases. ‘The V-I characteristic of a silicon diode is as shown in the figure. Calculate the resistance of the diode at (i) = 15 mA and (i) V= -10V ‘5 0708 ¥ Ta. . A charge q is placed at the centre of the line joining two equal charges Q. Show that the system of three charges will be in equilibrium if q = -Q/4. SECTION D Case Study Based Questions ). Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow. ‘An astronomical telescope is an optical instrument which is used for observing distinct images of heavenly bodies libe stars, planets etc. It consists of two lenses, In normal adjustment of telescope, the final image is formed at infinity. Magnifying power of an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment is defined as the ratio cof the angle subtended at the eye by the angle subtended at the eye by the final image to the angle subtended at the eye, by the object directly, when the final image and the object both lie at infinite distance from the eye. It . To increase magnifying power of an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment, focal length of objective lens should be large and focal length of eye lens should be small is given by, m= (i) Anastronomical telescope of magnifying power 7 consists of the two thin lenses 40 cm apart, in normal adjustment. The focal lengths of the lenses are (a) Sem,35cm (6) 7em,35em_ —(c)._:17 em, 35cm (4) Sem,30cm (ii) An astronomical telescope has a magnifying power of 10. In normal adjustment, distance between the objective and eye piece is 22.cm. The focal length of objective lens is (a) 25cm (b) 10cm () 15cm (d) 20cm Class 1230. 31. Physics (iti) In astronomical telescope compare to eye piece, objective lens has (a) negative focal length (b)_ zero focal length (©) small focal length (4) large focal length. OR To see stars, use (a) simple microscope (b) compound microscope (© endoscope (d)_ astronomical telescope. (iv) For large magnifying power of astronomical telescope @ L3ev (d)_ None of the above (ii) In a semiconductor, separation between conduction and valence band is of the order of @ Oev (b) lev (© Wev (@) 50eV (iii) Based on the band theory of conductors, insulators and semiconductors, the forbidden gap is smallest in (a) conductors (b) insulators (©) semiconductors (d)_ All of these (iv) Carbon, silicon and germanium have four valence electrons each. At room temperature which one of the following statements is most appropriate ? (a) ‘The number of free electrons for conduction is significant only in Si and Ge but small in C. (b) The number of free conduction electrons is significant in C but small in Si and Ge. (©) The number of free conduction electrons is negligibly small in all the three. (4) The number of free electrons for conduction is significant in all the three. OR Solids having highest energy level partially filled with electrons are (a) semiconductor (b) conductor (©) insulator (@)__ none of these. SECTION E ‘Three hollow concentric spheres A, B and C, having radii a, b and c(a < b < ¢) have uniform surface charge densities +, ~o and +6 respectively. Compute (i) the electric potential at the surface of each sphere. (ii) the electric field at the surface of each sphere.OR Obtain an expression for the energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor. In the following figure, the energy stored in C, is 27 J. Calculate the total energy stored in the system. 2 IME c sue she 4h * roe c R HE 32, (a) (i) State Kirchhoff’s rules for an electric network. (ii) Using Kirchhoff’s rules, obtain the balance condition in terms of the resistances of four arms of Wheastone bridge. (b) Plota graph showing the variation of resistance of a conducting wire as a function of its radius. Keeping the length of the wire and its temperature as constant. OR 4 cells of identical emfe, internal resistance r, are connected in series toa variable resistor. The following graph shows the variation of terminal voltage of the combination with the current output: (i) What is the EMF of each cell used? (ii) For what current from the cells, does maximum power dissipation occur in the circuit? (iii) Calculate the internal resistance of each cell. V (invoks) 36 42 28 4 oes this te) 33. (a) Explain two features to distinguish between the interference pattern in Young's double slit experiment with the diffraction pattern obtained due to a single slit (b) A monochromatic light of wavelength 500 nm is incident normally on a single slit of width 0.2 mm to produce a diffraction pattern. Find the angular width of the central maximum obtained on the screen. Estimate the number of fringes obtained in Youngs double slit experiment with fringe width 0.5 mm, which can be accommodated within the region of total angular width of the central maximum due to single lit. OR (a) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image of an object placed on the axis of a convex refracting surface of radius of curvature ‘R; separating the two media of refractive indices ‘n,’ and ‘n," fo _ yan, (ng my). Use this diagram to deduce the relation "2. — "i. = "= the distance of the object and the image formed. (b) A convex lens of focal length f, is kept in contact with a concave lens of focal length f;. Find the focal length of the combination. where w and v represent respectively eer Class 12