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Frequently Encountered Problems in Pedia
Frequently Encountered Problems in Pedia
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Contributing Authors:
Brian F. Gilchrist, MD, FACS Richard J. Scriven, MD
Assistant Professor Clinical Assistant Instructor
Department of Surgery Department of Surgery
State University of New York Health Science State University of New York Health Science
Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY
Marc S. Lessin, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Surgery
The Floating Hospital for Children
Tufts University School of Medicine
Boston, MA
Part I of this topic addresses surgical problems in A. Transporting a neonate for surgery
neonates. After the review of some special considera- 1. Referrals. Outside referrals are often transport-
tions for treating newborns, several conditions (many of ed by a team from the referring hospital. The
them congenital) that tend to present in newborns are surgical service should be consulted before
discussed. Part II of this topic will address commonly patients with surgical problems are transported.
seen surgical problems that occur in older infants and 2. Instructions. Proper instructions are important
children. for the safety of the patient.
A B C D E
Figure 1. Five major varieties of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. (A) Esophageal atresia without associated fis-
tula. (B) Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula between proximal segment of esophagus and trachea. (C) Esophageal
atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula between distal esophagus and trachea. (D) Esophageal atresia with fistula between both
proximal and distal ends of esophagus and trachea. (E) Tracheoesophageal fistula without esophageal atresia (H-type fistula).
Adapted with permission from Guzzetta PC, Anderson KD, Altman RP, et al: Pediatric Surgery. In Principles of Surgery, 6th ed.
Schwartz SI, Shires GT, Spencer FC, eds. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994:1691.
the VACTERRL (Vertebral, Anal, Cardiac, 2) Saliva should be suctioned from the
TracheoEsophageal, Renal, Radial, and Limb) blind proximal pouch either by con-
pattern of anomalies. tinuous sump tube (Replogle) or by
2. Cardiac anomalies are the most serious and oral suctioning every 15 minutes.
contribute significantly to the mortality rate. b. An extrapleural division and closure of
E. Diagnosis the tracheoesophageal fistula with end-to-
1. Diagnosis is made by observing a coiling naso- end anastomosis without undue tension
gastric tube in a proximal pouch on radio- should be performed. In certain types of
graph. tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal
2. Barium (0.5 mL) may be carefully instilled in atresia or in premature infants, a delayed
the proximal pouch. anastomosis may be considered.
3. Radiographs should include the abdomen. 3. Outcome. Mortality should be close to zero
a. If air is seen in the intestine, the diag- in a full-term infant without associated major
nosis is esophageal atresia with distal anomalies.
tracheoesophageal fistula (Figure 1C).
F. Treatment
1. Preoperative management IV. HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS
a. If present, right upper lobe pneumonia
and atelectasis should be corrected with A. Definition. Pyloric stenosis is obstruction of the
antibiotics before surgery. pyloric orifice of the stomach.
b. The baby should be kept in a reverse B. Epidemiology. Pyloric stenosis usually occurs in
Trendelenburg’s position. the first 3 to 6 weeks of life. It is extremely rare
2. Operative management. A gastrostomy during the first week of life.
should be performed as soon as possible. C. Clinical presentation. Nonbilious vomiting
a. Vigorous chest physical therapy and suc- (becoming projectile), cannot hold down water,
tioning should be performed. leading to severe dehydration (metabolic alkalosis,
1) The gastrostomy tube should be decreased potassium and chloride ions). Serum
placed to gravity. pH is increased.
3. A 19-day-old, full-term, previously healthy infant D) 5% dextrose in 0.2 normal saline + 20 mEq/L
develops sudden onset of bilious vomiting at of KCl at 45 mL per hour
home. On examination in the emergency depart- E) 5% dextrose in 0.5 normal saline + 20 mEq/L
ment, the infant appears ill. His abdomen is mildly of KCl at 45 mL per hour
tender but not distended, and he passes blood in
his stool. The most likely diagnosis is:
A) Pyloric stenosis ANSWERS
B) Gastroenteritis
C) Malrotation with midgut volvulus A 5.
D) Necrotizing enterocolitis D 4.
E) Jejunal atresia C 3.
B 2.
4. A 26-day-old boy presents with a history of nonbil- C 1.
ious vomiting. The child has lost 500 grams over
the past week and appears clinically dehydrated. A
palpable olive-sized mass is present in the mid- SUGGESTED READINGS
epigastrium. Laboratory data reveal serum sodi-
um, 131 mEq/L; serum potassium, 2.8 mEq/L; Benson CO: Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis. In
serum chloride, 82 mEq/L; serum bicarbonate, Pediatric Surgery, 4th ed. Welch KJ, et al, eds. Chicago: Year
42 mEq/L; and a pH of 7.5. The most likely diag- Book, 1986.
nosis is: Ein SH, Stephens CA: Intussusception: 354 cases in 10 years.
A) Malrotation with a midgut volvulus J Pediatr Surg 1971;6:16–27.
B) Pyloric atresia Grosfeld JK, Ballantine TV, Shoemaker R: Operative manage-
C) Esophageal duplication ment of intestinal atresia and stenosis based on pathologic
D) Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis findings. J Pediatr Surg 1979;14:368–375.
E) Appendicitis Leape LL: Patient Care in Pediatric Surgery. Boston: Little,
5. The most appropriate maintenance fluid for a 9-kg Brown, 1987.
infant is: Ravitch MM: The story of pyloric stenosis. Surgery 1960;48:1117.
A) 5% dextrose in 0.2 normal saline + 30 mEq/L Williamson RC: Death in the scrotum: testicular torsion
of KCl at 36 mL per hour [Editorial]. N Engl J Med 1977;296:338.
B) 5% dextrose in 0.5 normal saline + 30 mEq/L Wilmore DW: Factors correlating with a successful outcome
of KCl at 36 mL per hour following extensive intestinal resection in newborn infants.
C) Isolyte at 20 mL per hour J Pediatr 1972;80:88–95.
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