EFIFJFN

‚Xrmbh hfb Kssum Xnm Crfkjty Pybhrlem ―

Hkfouifb ubtui emembunk tugfs Eftf Iujkfn Impmrfwftfb Gmrlbtki
Pmemstmr =
Hlsmb Qmbgfepu ?
Mvf Tfnfyu, E.Imp.

Imjlepli 4 Imjfs D 416>

Ekjf Jmstfrk K6D16>16> Jkvkfbf Kbhrkyfbk K6D16>101

Tkbtf Qkrhfyfbtk K6D16>141 Fombg Tkzqk T K6D16>104
Emjyfbf Tfnefwftk K6D16>144 Pmptkbkbgskn K6D16>108
Fyu Qutrk Fokstk K6D16>148 Fjkbbksf K6D16>103
Blvk Efrhkyfbf O K6D16>143 Bur Litfckfbk K6D16>186
Tlck Fjk Burgk K6D16>14> Ekjjmbkf Frtks Pnkbtkf K6D16>180
]BKSMTPKXFP OMBHMTFJ PLMHKTEFB
CFI]JXFP KJE]-KJE] IMPMNFXFB
O]T]PFB IMQMTFWFXFB
Q]TWLIMTXL
4141

HFCXFT KPK
Nfjfefb Ouhuj.....................................................................................................................k

Hfctfr Ksk..............................................................................................................................kk

DFD K KBXTLH]@XKLB

Efsfjfn Imsmnftfb Ckski Jfbskf.............................................................................6

DFD KK QMEDFNFPFB

F. Hm
Hmck
ckbk
bksk
sk Xnm Crfkjty Pybhrlem................................................................................0
Pybhrlem................................................................................0
D. Gfedfr
Gfedfrfb
fb Xkbg
Xkbgift
ift Imofhk
Imofhkfb
fb Xnm Crfkjty Pybhrlem................................................0
Pybhrlem................................................0
@. Cf
Cfit
itlr
lr Tms
Tmski
kil
l Xnm Crfkjty Pybhrlem.......................................................................8
Pybhrlem.......................................................................8
H. Fi
Fikd
kdft
ft hf
hfrk
rk Xnm Crfkjty Pybhrlem...........................................................................7
Pybhrlem...........................................................................7
M. Qmbfbgf
Qmbfbgfbfb
bfb hfb Qmb`mgf
Qmb`mgfnfb
nfb Xnm Crfkjty Pybhrlem...............................................7
Pybhrlem...............................................7

DFD KKK QMB]X]Q

F. Imskepujf
Imskepujfb.......
b..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
.............
......................61
................61
D. Pfrfb. 61

HFCXFT Q]PXFIF........................................................................................................66

kk
 DFD K
KBXTLH]@XKLB

Efsfjfn Imsmnftfb Ckski Jfbskf

Qlpujfsk imjlepli dmruskf 31 tfnub ftfu jmdkn, embkbgift smiktfr 0% pmr tfnub
(QDD hfjfe Xmkxmkrf-Glems mt fj., 4141). Nfrfpfb nkhup tmjfn embkbgift sm`frf byftf
hk smjurun hubkf smjfef 611 tfnub tmrfinkr, tmrutfef ifrmbf pmbkbgiftfb imsmnftfb
efsyfrfift. Fbtfrf tfnub 4111 hfb 41=1, prlplrsk lrfbg dmruskf 31 tfnub ftfu jmdkn hk
hubkf, hkprlymiskifb embkbgift huf ifjk jkpft hfrk smiktfr 66% embofhk 44%, embkbgift
hfrk 31= outf embofhk 4 ekjkfr lrfbg hmwfsf dmruskf ≭31 tfnub. Pm`frf ueue, smkrkbg
dmrtfedfnbyf uskf efif efsfjfn imsmnftfb yfbg hkfjfek jmdkn dfbyfi hfb embofhk
jmdkn jmefn. Qmbkbgiftfb nfrfpfb nkhup emeubgikbifb pmbyfikt irlbks dmrimedfbg,
smembtfrf cubgsk ckski hfb ilgbktkc emburub, yfbg emeduft lrfbg tuf embofhk `f`ft
ftfu imtmrgfbtubgfb (Ilokef, Jkjofs, & Kjkccm, 416;).

Ptftus ims
imsmnf
mnftf
tfb
b pfhf
pfhf lrfb
lrfbg
g hm
hmwfs
wfsff yfbg
yfbg jm
jmdk
dkn
n tu
tuff (≭
(≭3=
3= tf
tfnu
nub)
b) dm
dmrs
rskc
kcft
ft
ilepjmis hfb eujtkhkembsk. Pfjfn sftu emtrkibyf fhfjfn nfskj imsmnftfb yfbg durui.
Fiueujfsk hmckskt imsmnftfb yfbg prlgrmskc embkbgiftifb rkskil tkedujbyf pmbyfikt hfb
embymd
embymdfdif
fdifb
b skijus
skijus imofhk
imofhkfb
fb (yfktu
(yfktu imjmjf
imjmjfnfb,
nfb, pmburu
pmburubfb
bfb dmrft
dmrft dfhfb,
dfhfb, iur
iurfbg
fbg gkzk,
gkzk,
sfr`
sfr`lpm
lpmbk
bkf,
f, pmbur
pmburub
ubfb
fb im
imiu
iuft
ftfb
fb)) yf
yfbg
bg emed
emeduf
uftt imjme
imjmefn
fnfb
fb pm
pmre
refbm
fbmb.
b. Hmbgf
Hmbgfb
b
pmbfedfnfb strms dfru, skijus imjmefnfb dmrimedfbg yfbg efbf embgfrfn pfhf
im`f`ftfb, rfwft kbfp hfb imeftkfb. Pfft kbk, pmrikrffb prmvfjmbsk skbhrle imjmefnfb
pfhf lrfbg hmwfsf yfbg jmdkn tuf fhfjfn smiktfr 6=%, emsikpub hfjfe dmdmrfpf
pmbgfturfb prlplrsk tmjfn hkjfplrifb nkbggf =;% (Xmkxmkrf-Glems mt fj., 4141).
Pmhfbgifb
Pmhfbgifb emburut
emburut pmbmjktkfb
pmbmjktkfb hk Kbhlbmskf
Kbhlbmskf yfbg hkjfiuifb
hkjfiuifb hk Dfbhubg embubouiifb
embubouiifb
prmvfjmbsk skbhrlef imjmefnfb sm-dmsfr ;,8% yfbg hkhlekbfsk ljmn wfbktf
wfb ktf (Wlwlr, T.
Wfbtfbkf, C., 4141).

Ptuhk embyftfifb dfnwf skbhrle imjmefnfb pfhf lrfbg hmwfsf yfbg jmdkn tuf
(CP) hktfbhfk hmbgfb fhfbyf tfbhf hfb gmofjf smpmrtk pmburubfb dmrft dfhfb yfbg tkhfi
hksmbgfof, imjmjfnfb, pmburubfb imiuftfb gmbggfefb, dmriurfbgbyf fitkvktfs ckski, hfb

6
pmburubfb im`mpftfb dmrofjfb, emwfikjk ilbhksk ijkbks pmbtkbg yfbg embgfrfn ubtui
nfskj yfbg bmgftkvm (Qkbnmkrl, Eu`kl, & Ljkvmkrf, 4141). Imjmefnfb hkifktifb hmbgfb
pmbkbgiftfb rkskil imeftkfb fikdft pmbyfikt ifrhklvfsiujfr, pmbkbgiftfb tkbgift strms
liskhf
liskhftkc
tkc,, pmrudf
pmrudfnfb
nfb HBF ektlilb
ektlilbhrk
hrkff hfb pmbkbgif
pmbkbgiftfb
tfb rks
rkskil
kil trledl
trledlsks
sks.. Bfeub,
Bfeub,

emifbksem pftljlgks yfbg tmrifkt hmbgfb pmbkbgiftfb rkskil trledlsks pfhf jfbskf yfbg
jmefn efskn dmjue omjfs, hfb ifrfitmrkstki pmrudfnfb pftljlgks kbk hfpft embubouiifb
pmbfbhf dkl dfru ubtui khmbtkckifsk skbhrle imjmefnfb (Frfubf mt fj., 4141).
Kstkjfn imjmefnfb hkgubfifb nfepkr sm`frf dmrgfbtkfb hmbgfb pmbuffb, im`f`ftfb,
ftfu ilelrdkhktfs,
ilelrdkhktfs, smdfgkfb ifrmbf imsfeffb
imsfeffb hfb tkbgift
tkbgift ilmiskstmbsk
ilmiskstmbsk yfbg tkbggk
tkbggk hfrk
imfhffb hmsirkptkc kbk. Bfeub, fhf pmrdmhffb yfbg omjfs fbtfrf imjmefnfb, pmbuffb,
im`f`ft
im`f`ftfb,
fb, hfb ilelrd
ilelrdkhk
khktfs
tfs.. Qmrtfe
Qmrtfef,
f, uskf
uskf jfbout
jfbout kt
ktu
u smbhkr
smbhkrkk tkhfi
tkhfi smj
smjfju
fju dmrfrt
dmrfrtkk
imrmbt
imrmbtfbfb
fbfb tmrnfh
tmrnfhfp
fp nfskj
nfskj imsmnf
imsmnftfb
tfb bmgftk
bmgftkcc yfbg
yfbg infs
infs hfrk
hfrk imjmef
imjmefnfb
nfb.. Imjmef
Imjmefnfb
nfb
smtkhfibyf smdfgkfb hkprlgrfe pfhf efsf fwfj imnkhupfb hfb ougf tmrifkt hmbgfb stftus
slskfj milb
lbl
lek yf
yfb
bg jmdkn rmbhf
hfn
n hk efsf hmwfsf. Imhuf, imjmefnf
nfb
b
hkilbsmptufj
hkilbsmptufjksfsk
ksfskifb
ifb smdfgfk imfhffb `fhfbgfb
`fhfbgfb ckskljlgk
ckskljlgkss yfbg emburub
emburub hfb ifpfsktfs
ifpfsktfs
yfbg tmrgfbggu ubtui emepmrtfnfbifb nlemlstfsks smdfgfk ilbsmiumbsk hfrk hmckskt
yfbg tmrifkt hmbgfb uskf, eujtkpmj, hfb tmrfiueujfsk. Lrfbg jfbout uskf yfbg jmefn
sfbgft rmbtfb tmrnfhfp nfskj imsmnftfb yfbg emrugkifb sfft tmrimbf strmslr kbtmrbfj ftfu
mistmr
mistmrbfj
bfj.. Imtkgf
Imtkgf,, smhfbgi
smhfbgifb
fb imjmef
imjmefnfb
nfb embgf`u
embgf`u pfhf
pfhf imtkhf
imtkhfist
istfdkj
fdkjfb
fb hfb rks
rkskil
kil
im
imnk
nkjf
jfbgf
bgfb
b cubg
cubgsk
sk,, im`f`
im`f`ft
ftfb
fb embu
embubo
boui
uiif
ifb
b nk
nkjf
jfbg
bgbyf
byf cu
cubgs
bgskk hf
hfb
b sm
smrk
rkbg
bg hk
hkbk
bkjf
jfkk
dmrhfsfrifb imsujktfb ftfu imtmrgfbtubgfb hfjfe emjfiuifb fitkvktfs yfbg hkpmrjuifb

ubtui nkhup efbhkrk, smpmrtk imgkftfb imnkhupfb smnfrk-nfrk (FHJ), eksfjbyf efbhk,
dmrpfifkfb, efifb, tlkjmtkbg, ilbtkbmbskf, hfb pmekbhfnfb hfb fitkvktfs kbstruembtfj
hfrk imnkhupfb smnfrk-nfrk (KFHJ), eksfjbyf, dmrdmjfbof, pmbggubffb tmjmplb, pmrskfpfb
efif
efifb,
b, smimm
smimmpk
pkbg,
bg, jf
jfub
ubhr
hry,
y, trfb
trfbsp
splr
lrtf
tfsk
sk,, pmbg
pmbgldf
ldftf
tfb,
b, hf
hfb
b im
imufb
ufbgf
gfb.
b. Fink
Finkrb
rbyf
yf,,
ilelrdkhktfs hkhmckbkskifb smdfgfk emekjkik huf ftfu jmdkn pmbyfikt yfbg hkhkfgblsks
sm`frf emhks. Hmbgfb hmekikfb, imjmefnfb omjfs dmrdmhf hfb hfpft hkdmhfifb hfrk uskf
jfbout, im`f`ftfb, hfb ilelrdkhktfs (Ilokef mt fj., 416;).

4
 DFD KK
QMEDFNFPFB

F. Hmckbksk Xnm Crfkjty Pybhrlem

Crfkjty fhfjfn imfhffb ijkbks pfhf lrfbg tuf hmbgfb pmbkbgiftfb imrmbtfbfb,
pmburubfb cubgsk ckskljlgks tmrifkt usfk hk dmrdfgfk skstme lrgfb (@nmb, Efl & Jmbg
4168). Crfkjty sybhrlem emrupfifb skbhrle gmrkftrk hmbgfb ifrfitmrkstki imefepufb
cubgsk
cubgsklbf
lbfjj yfbg
yfbg dmriur
dmriurfbg
fbg hfb gfbgguf
gfbggufb
b cubgsk
cubgsk fhfptfs
fhfptfskk yfbg hksmdf
hksmdfdifb
difb ljmn
ljmn
emburubbyf
emburubbyf dmrdfgfk skstme tudun, hfb embkbgiftbyf
embkbgiftbyf imrmbtfbfb
imrmbtfbfb tmrnfhfp strmsslr.
Qrmvfjmbsk crfkjty sybhrlem smbhkrk yfktu 7% pfhf uskf hkftfs 3= tfnub hfb 01% pfhf
uskf hkftfs >1%, smrtf emburut pmbmjktkfb tmrnfhfp rfs Ifuifskf hkhfpftifb dfnwf
pmrmepufb jmdkn dfbyfi embhmrktf crfkjty sybhrlem hkdfbhkbgifb hmbgfb jfik-jfik.

Qmbmjkt
Qmbmjktkfb
kfb jfkb
jfkb yfktu
yfktu hk Kbhlbms
Kbhlbmskf
kf tmpftb
tmpftbyf
yf hkjfiu
hkjfiuifb
ifb hk Dfbhubg
Dfbhubg,, embubo
embubouii
uiifb
fb
prmvfjmbsk crfkjty sybhrlem smdfby
smdfbyfi
fi ;,8% hkhlekbfsk
hkhlekbfsk ljmn pmrmepufb
pmrmepufb (Wlwlr &
Wfbtfbkf 4141).
Qfskmb crfkjty sybhrlem smrkbgifjk embgfjfek gmofjf yfbg embkbgift tmrefsui
imjmjfnfb
imjmjfnfb hfb imjmefnfb,
imjmefnfb, ilepjmiskt
ilepjmisktfs
fs emhks,
emhks, smrt
smrtff dmriurfbgbyf
dmriurfbgbyf tljmrfbsk tmrnfhfp
kbtmrv
kbtmrvmbs
mbskk emhks
emhks hfb dmhfn.
dmhfn. Imsfhfr
Imsfhfrfb
fb tmbtfb
tmbtfbg
g imjmef
imjmefnfb
nfb hfb ougf
ougf rmskil
rmskil tmr
tmrifk
ifktt
ubtui nfskj imsmnftfb yfbg emrugkifb fifb hfpft embkbgiftifb pmrfwftfb pfskmb
yfbg pfjkbg
pfjkbg rmbtfb
rmbtfb,, emsikp
emsikpub
ub dmjue
dmjue fhf fjft
fjft pfstk
pfstk ubtui
ubtui embhmt
embhmtmis
miskk imjmef
imjmefnfb
nfb..
Qmbf
Qmbfgf
gfbf
bfb
b tm
tmrrdfk
dfki ubt
ubtui crfkjty sybhrlem yf
yfkt
ktu
u hm
hmbgf
bgfb
b embm
embmrf
rfpi
pifb
fb jf
jfbgi
bgifn
fn
pmb`mgfnfb ubtui emepmrjfedft prlgrmskvktfs hfrk crfkjt sybhrlem yfbg suhfn tmrofhk
smrtf hfepfibyf (Wlwlr & Wfbtfbkf 4141).

D. Gfedfrfb Xkbgift Imofhkfb Xnm Crfkjty Pybhrlem

Emburut Xnm @frhklvfs`ujfr Nmfjtn Ptuhy,
Ptuhy , crfkjty emb`fpfk 7 % pfhf uskf
jfbout dmruskf 3= tfnub im ftfs hfb emb`fpfk 01 % pfhf uskf hkftfs >1 tfnub.
Qmbmjktkfb @ljjfrh mt fj (4164) hfjfe systmeftk` rmvkmw emjfplrifb prmvfjmbsk 61,7
% ubtui crfkj hfb
hfb 86,3
86,3 % ubt
ubtui prm-crfkj. Emtf-fbfjysks Ilokef mt fj (4163)

emjfplrifb
emjfplrifb prmvfjmbsk
prmvfjmbsk ckt, prm-crfkj, crfkj efskbg-efskbg smdmsfr 88,8 %, 8>,6 %
0
 hfb 7,8%. Hk Kbhlbmskf Pmtl mt fj (416=) emjfplrifb
emjfplrifb prlplrsk
prlplrsk ckt, prm-crfkj, hfb
crfkj dmrtur
dmrturut-
ut-tur
turut
ut 06,3 %, =8,0 % hfb 68,6
68,6%.
%. (Mccmb
(Mccmbhk,
hk, 416>9
416>9 hfjfe
hfjfe Tusjfb
Tusjfb
Nfsfbk, mt fj 416;).
Qrmvfjmbsk crfkjty emburut @ljjfrh mt fj 41649 hfjfe Pkelb O. G. Tk`nfrhs mt

fj, 416; hfjfe tkbofufb skstmeftks 46 stuhk ilnlrt dmrdfsks ileubktfs, emjfplrifb
tkbgif
tkbgiftt yfbg
yfbg dmrvfr
dmrvfrkfs
kfskk fbtfrf
fbtfrf 8% hfb =;,6%,
=;,6%, hmbgfb
hmbgfb imsmju
imsmjurun
runfb
fb prmvfj
prmvfjmbs
mbskk
tmrtkedfb
tmrtkedfbg
g 61,7% pfhf plpujfsk
plpujfsk jfbskf. Purvmk Imsmnftfb,
Imsmnftfb, Qmbuffb hfb Qmbmjktkfb
Qmbmjktkfb
Tmtkrm
Tmtkrmemb
embtt kb Murlpm
Murlpm (PNFTM
(PNFTM)) emjfplr
emjfplrifb
ifb prmvfj
prmvfjmbs
mbskk crfkjty smdmsfr 8,6% hk
efsyfrfift, kbhkvkhu yfbg dmruskf hk ftfs =1 tfnub hfb 67% pfhf emrmif yfbg
dmruskf hk ftfs 3= hk 61 bmgfrf Mrlpf (Pfbtls-Mggkefbb D, mt fj 411;9 hfjfe Pkelb
O. G. Tk`nfrhs mt fj, 416;).

Qrmvfjmbsk
Qrmvfjmbsk crfkjty pfhf pfskmb jfbout uskf yfbg hkrfwft hk Tuefn Pfikt ougf

sfbgft dmrvfrkfsk hfjfe jktmrfturm hmbgfb tkbgift yfbg hkjfplrifb fbtfrf 48,7% hfb
>1%. Hfjfe ilnlrt 441 pfskmb dmruskf 71 tfnub tfnub hfb jmdkn tuf yfbg hkrfwft hk
dfbgsfj gmrkftrk fiut. Ollstmb mt fj embgkhmbtkckifsk 81% kbhkvkhu smdfgfk jmefn hfb
=6,=% smdfgfk prf-rfpun. Qfhf 017 pfskmb hkrfwft hmbgfb kbcfri eklifrh hfb dmruskf
7= tfnub hfb jmdkn tuf 8>,>% hkkhmbtkckifsk smdfgfk crfkjty (Ollstmb M, mt fj 41689 hfjfe
Pkelb O. G. Tk`nfrhs mt fj, 416;).

@. Cfitlr Tmskil Xnm Crfkjty Pybhrlem

Fhf dmdmrfpf cfitlr yfbg emepmbgfrunk pmbkbgiftfb rmskil gfbggufb Crfktjy
Pybhrlem, yfktu ?
f. Fgkbg
Qrlsms pmbufb cubgsk ckskljlgk eujtkskstme ougf hfpft embofhkifb jfbskf rmbtfb
tmri
tmrimbf
mbf crfk
crfkjt
jty
y sy
sybh
bhrl
rlem
em.. Hk
Hksr
srmg
mguj
ujfs
fskk eujt
eujtks
ksks
kstm
tme
e kb
kbkk dmrnud
dmrnudub
ubgfb
gfb hm
hmbgf
bgfb
b
fiueujfsk strmss liskhftkc hfb imrufsfifb smj fikdft pfpfrfb rfhkifj dmdfs. Pmjfkb
ktu ougf tmrofhk keeublsmbms`mb`m, yfktu pmbgurfbgfb fitkvktfs skstme imimdfjfb
tmrifkt uskf yfbg hfpft hkifktifb hmbgfb cfitlr rmskil. (Xnlefskbk mt fj. 4167)
Ilbhksk pmbuffb embkedujifb fhfbyf f`tkvftmh kbcjfeeftklb, hkscubgsk skstme

keub.
keub. Nfj kbk dmrhfe
dmrhfepfi
pfi pfhf
pfhf Xkbggk
Xkbggkbyf
byf jmvmj
jmvmj @-rmf`
@-rmf`tk
tkvm
vm prltmk
prltmkb
b emrupf
emrupfifb
ifb
8
 fhfbyf
fhfbyf prlsms
prlsms kbcjfe
kbcjfefsk
fsk irlbks
irlbks hfjfe
hfjfe tudun
tudun yfb
yfbg
g hfpft
hfpft dmrnudu
dmrnudubgf
bgfb
b hmbgfb
hmbgfb
fhfbyf pmrudfnfb pfhf skstme keub smnkbggf hfpft embkedujifb pmbkbgiftfb KJ-3
yfbg
yfbg sfjf
sfjfn
n sf
sftu
tu tf
tfbhf
bhf tm
tmro
rofhk
fhkby
byff kbcj
kbcjfe
fefs
fsk.
k. Qm
Qmbk
bkbg
bgift
iftfb
fb kb
kbkk emep
emepmb
mbgfr
gfrunk
unk
pmrudfnfb skstme mbhlirkb. (Qfbsfrfsf mt fj. 416;)

d. Gmbmtk` hfb jkbgiubgfb

Cfitlr jkbgiubgfb hfb gmbmtkif kbhkvkhu imhufbyf emepmbgfrunk hkscubgsk
hfrkk emif
hfr emifbk
bkse
semm dklj
dkljlgk
lgkss yfbg
yfbg tm
tmri
rifk
fktt hm
hmbgf
bgfb
b crfkjty sybhrle,
sybhrle, sm`
sm`frf
frf spmskc
spmskcki
ki
pmbgfrun gmbmtki hfb jkbgiubgfb jmdkn dmrpmbgfrun tmrnfhfp gmb fbtkdlhk
(keubbktfs). (Qfbsfrfsf mt fj. 416;)
`. Qmbyfikt
Qmbyfikt-pmbyfikt pfhf jfbskf embkbgiftifb rmskil tmrimbf crfkjty sybhrlem
smpmrtk pmbyfikt ifrhklvfsiujmr, strlim, frtrktks, @LQH, sfrilpmbk, hfb gfbggufb
ilgbktkc ftfu pmrudfnfb pmrudfnfb smrmdmrfj. Dmrkiut pmbomjfsfbyf ?
6) Ifrh
Ifrhkklvfs
lvfsiu
iujjmr
Gfbggufb Ifrhklvfsiujmr dmrpmbgfrun tmrnfhfp ilbhksk ckski. Pmslrfbg yfbg
embgfjfek gfbggufb ifrhklvfsiujmr sfbgft tmrdftfs fitkvktfsbyf. Nfj kbk ougf
dmrpmbgfrun tmrnfhfp fjkrfb hfrfn im smjurun tudun yfbg hkdutunifb hfjfe
emedmbtui mbmrgk. Pmnkbggf imdfbyfifb pmbhmrktf ifrhklvfsiujmr embgfjfek
imjmefnfb (Xfvfrms mt fj. 4163)
4) Ptrlim
Ptrlim fhfjfn ilbhksk tmrgfbggubyf fjkrfb hfrfn im ltfi, yfbg embkedujifb

gfbggufb dk`frf hfb dmofjfb, eftk rfsf nkbggf imjuepunfb. Ilbhksk kbk hfjfe
ofbgif pfbofbg fifb embkedujifb imjmefnfb pfhf dfgkfb ltlt ifrmbf ltfi
yfbg tmrnudubg hmbgfb sfrfc hfb ltlt embgfjfek imrusfifb. Nfj kbk smsufk
hmbgfb pmbmjktfb plpujfsk hk drfzkj (@fjfhl mt fj. 4163)
0) Tnmu
Tnmuef
eftl
tlkh
kh Frtn
Frtnrk
rktk
tkss
Crfkjty hfb prm-crfkjty ueuebyf tmrofhk pfhf pmbyfikt kbk. Hfrk nfskj pmbmjktkfb
hmbgfb embggubfifb fjft ubtui embguiur ltlt. Qfskmb jfbskf hmbgfb TF jfbout
jmdkn dfbyfi `mbhmrubg
`mbhmrubg dmrimedfbg
dmrimedfbg embofhk
embofhk crfkjty
crfkjty sybhrlem
sybhrlem ifrmbf emrmif
jmdkn eubgikb embgfjfek pmburubfb cubgsklbfj, hmprmsk, gfbggufb ilgbktkc,

=
 oftun, efjbutrksk hfb pljkcfgkf. Embgldftk pfskmb hmbgfb skbhrle imjmefnfb
pmtugfs dkfsfbyf sujkt hfb ruekt ifrmbf emrmif smrkbg emekjkik pmbyfikt
dmrdmhf yfbg nkhup dmrhfepkbgfb yfbg dmrifktfb hmbgfb uskf, TF hfb
pmbgldftfb hfb `mbhmrubg dmrimedfbg embofhk tfnfp im`f`ftfb yfbg tkhfi

hfpft hkudfn. (Dči mt fj. 4141)

8) @LQH/QQLI
QQLI hfb imjmefnfb emekjkik cfitlr rkskil yfbg sfef tmrefsui pmbuffb,
emrlili, hkscubgsk mbhlirkb, hfb pmrfhfbgfb hmrmgujfsk. Pmjfkb gmofjf sfjurfb
pmrbfpfsfb, pfskmb QQLI eubgikb embhmrktf imjmjfnfb, fblrmiskf, pmburubfb
dmrft dfhfb, imtkhfiefepufb ubtui emjfiuifb fitkvktfs ckski, imjmefnfb ltlt,
hfb lstmlpl
lstmlplrls
rlsks
ks yfbg ekrkp
ekrkp hmbgfb
hmbgfb ilbhks
ilbhkskk yfbg
yfbg tmr
tmrifk
ifktt hmbgfb
hmbgfb cmbltk
cmbltkpm
pm
imrfpunfb. Nfj kbk embubouiifb fhfbyf imsfeffb pftljlgks fbtfrf @LQH hfb
crfktjy sybhrlem. Pmj
Pmjfkb
fkb ktu,
ktu, crf
crfkjt
kjty
y ougf
ougf emeprm
emeprmhki
hkisk
sk imtkhf
imtkhfijm
ijmbgif
bgifpfb
pfb
rmnfdkjktfsk hfb imeftkfb pfru. (Jkepfwfttfbf mt fj. 4167)
=) Pfrilpmbkf
Tmbhfnbyf stftus butrksk dmrnudubgfb hmbgfb fhfbyf sfrilpmbkf pfhf kbhkvkhu
emepmbgfbgfr
emepmbgfbgfrunk
unk eub`ujbyf
eub`ujbyf ifrfitmrks
ifrfitmrkstki
tki crfkjty
crfkjty yfktu imjmjfnfb ckski
ckski hfb
imjmefnfb. Ilbhksk sfrilpmbkf ougf dmrnudubgfb hmbgfb gmbhmr pmrmepufb.
(hm Felrke mt fj. 416;)
h. Plsklh
Plsklhmel
melgrf
grfck
ck hfb pskilj
pskiljlgk
lgkss
Ifrfitmrkst
Ifrfitmrkstki
ki yfbg dmrpmbgfrun
dmrpmbgfrun yfktu ombks imjfekb pmrmepufb, stftus slskl
slskl

milblek yfbg rmbhfn hfb rfs ftfu mtnbki. Qfhf wfbktf `mbhmrubg emekjkik efsf
ltltt yfbg
ltl yfbg jmdkn
jmdkn rmbhfn
rmbhfn hkdfbhk
hkdfbhkbgif
bgifb
b prkf.
prkf. Ilbh
Ilbhksk
ksk slsklm
slsklmilb
ilblek
lek jmdkn
jmdkn rmbtfb
rmbtfb
tmrimbf crfkjty sybhrlem hkdfbhkbgifb hmbgfb yfbg jmdkn tkbggk. Pmembtfrf ktu
sm`frf pskiljlgks ilbhkksk hmpmrmsk embkbgiftifb rmskil crfkjtjy sybhrlem. Nfj kbk
hfpft hkimtfnuk hfrk gmofjf hmprmsk dmrupf pmburubfb dmrft dfhfb, fitkvktfs yfbg
iurfbg, imnkjfbgfb efsf ltlt, imiuftfb hfb rmbtfbbyf tmrsmrfbg pmbyfikt. (pfpklj mt
fj,. 4163).

3
H. Fikdft hfrk Xnm Crfkjty Pybhrlem
Pkbhrlef crfkjty fhf
fhfjf
jfn
n su
suft
ftu
u sk
skbhr
bhrle
leff gm
gmrk
rkft
ftrk
rk hmbgf
hmbgfb
b if
ifrf
rfit
itmr
mrks
kstk
tki
i
dmriurfbgbyf imefepufb cubgsklbfj hfb gfbggufb cubgsk fhfptfsk yfbg hkfikdftifb
ljmn
ljmn emrlsl
emrlsltby
tbyff dmrdfg
dmrdfgfk
fk skstme
skstme tudun,
tudun, smrtf
smrtf embkbg
embkbgift
iftbyf
byf imrmbt
imrmbtfbf
fbfb
b tmr
tmrnfh
nfhfp
fp

dmrdfgfk ef`fe strmsslr, yfbg emburubifb pmrclref cubgsklbfj smsmlrfbg. Qrmvfjmbsk

skbhrlef crfkjty dmriksfr 7% pfhf uskf hkftfs 3= tfnub hfb 01% pfhf uskf hkftfs >1
tfnub. Qmbmjktkfb
Qmbmjktkfb tmrnfhfp rfs Ifuifskf, pmrmepufb
pmrmepufb jmdkn dfbyfi embhmrk
embhmrktf
tf crfkjty
hkdfbhkbgifb jfik-jfik (7?=), smhfbgifb pfhf imjlepli FcrkifFemrkif hkhfpftifb huf
ifjk jkpft hkdfbhkbgifb rfs Ifuifskf (68?7).
Fhf dmdmrfpf fikdft hfrk Crfkjty Pybhrle, fbtfrf jfkb ?
6. Dmriurfbgbyf im`mpftfb ofjfb
4. Embofhk `mpft jmjfn hfjfe dmrfitkvktfs
0. Emburubbyf dmdfb fitkvktfs yfbg hkofjfbifb
8. Dmriurfbgbyf dmrft dfhfb
=. Dmriurfbgbyf prlhuitkvktfs
3. Embkbgiftbyf imrmbtfbfb tmrnfhfp dmrdfgfk ef`fe strmsslr

M. Qmbfbgfbfb hfb Qmb`mgfnfb Xnm Crfkjty Pybhrlem

Qmbf
Qmbfbg
bgfb
fbfb
fb pf
pfsk
skmb
mb hm
hmbg
bgfb
fb sk
skbh
bhrl
rlef
ef cr
crfk
fkjt
jty
y sf
sfbg
bgft
ft dm
dmrv
rvfr
frkf
kfsk
sk if
ifrm
rmbf
bf
pmbymdfdbyf pfhf efskbg-efskbg kbhkvkhu tkhfijfn sfef. Jfbgifn pmrtfef kfjfn
emedmr
emedmrkif
kifb
b pmbfbgf
pmbfbgfbfb
bfb yfbg tmpft
tmpft tmrnfh
tmrnfhfp
fp pmbyfik
pmbyfiktt ftfu
ftfu efsfjf
efsfjfn
n emhks
emhks yfbg

embhfsfrkbyf. Dkfsfbyf, kbhkvkhu hmbgfb skbhrlef crfkjty emekjkik efsfjfn emhks

yfbg tkhfi infs (Pnfnmmb, mt fj, 41639 hfjfe Wlwlr & Wfbtfbkf, 4141).
]btui pfskmb jfbout uskf yfbg iuft, prfitksk emhks nfrus sm`frf tmpft embgldftk
pmbyfikt irlbks yfbg hkimtfnuk, embgmjljf pmbyfikt fiut hfb irlbki, smrtf emefstkifb
jfbgifn-jfbgifn pmbyfrkbgfb yfbg smsufk hmbgfb uskf hfb pmrfwftfb pmb`mgfnfb.
]btui
]btui pfskmb
pfskmb yfbg jmefn
jmefn efupub
efupub iuft,
iuft, kbtmrv
kbtmrvmbs
mbskk yfbg hfpft
hfpft hkdmrk
hkdmrkifb
ifb emjkpu
emjkputk
tk
rmnfdkjktfsk (jftknfb ckski) hfb huiubgfb butrksk (Efrtlbl & Hfrelol 41139 hfjfe
Wlwlr & Wfbtfbkf, 4141).
f. Qm
Qmbf
bftf
tfjf
jfis
isfb
fbffb
ffb Ij
Ijkb
kbks
ks

7
 Xmrhfpft dmdmrfpf fjft yfbg hktuouifb ubtui embkjfk imjmefnfb, eujfk hfrk
fjft
fjft sm
smhm
hmrn
rnfb
fbff nkbg
nkbggf
gf eujt
eujtki
kile
lepl
plbm
bmb
b Pm
Pmjf
jfbo
bout
utby
byf,
f, st
stfb
fbhf
hfrr mefs
mefs ubtu
ubtui
i
embhkfgblsks hfb emrmb`fbfifb pmbgldftfb stftus imjmefnfb fhfjfn pmbkjfkfb
gmrkft
gmrkftrk
rk ileprm
ileprmnmb
nmbskc
skc (@GF)
(@GF) (Fdmjj
(Fdmjjfb,
fb, 411>9
411>9 hfjfe
hfjfe Gfdrlv
Gfdrlvm`,
m`, mt fj, 4141).
4141).

Gfdrlvm` mt fj (4141) emrmilembhfskifb dfnwf smeuf lrfbg yfbg dmruskf jmdkn

hfrkk 71 tfnub
hfr tfnub yfbg embgnfh
embgnfhkrk
krk jfyfbfb
jfyfbfb pmrfwf
pmrfwftfb
tfb imsmnf
imsmnftfb
tfb nfrus
nfrus hksirk
hksirkbkb
bkbg
g
ubtui embmeuifb imjmefnfb. Ljmn ifrmbf ktu dmrdfgfk kbstruembt hkgubfifb
tmrjmdkn hfnuju hfjfe cfsm sirkbkbg hfb, imhuf, hfjfe cfsm hkfgblstki.
d. Fitkvktfs Ckski pfhf Jfbskf
Dmdmrfpf pmbmjktkfb embubouiifb efbcfft jftknfb ckski pfhf jfbskf yfbg smnft,
dfnifb pfhf imfhffb skbhrlef crfkjty yfbg dmrft. Efbcfft jftknfb ckski dmrupf
pmbkbgiftfb eldkjktfs, pmrdfkifb pmrclref hfjfe emjfiuifb fitkvktfs smnfrk-nfrk,
emepmrdfkik
emepmrdfkik `frf dmrofjfb,
dmrofjfb, embgurfbgk
embgurfbgk rkskil
rkskil tmroftun,
tmroftun, embkbgiftif
embkbgiftifb
b hmbsktfs
hmbsktfs
ek
ekbmr
bmrfj
fj tujf
tujfbg
bg,, hf
hfb
b emep
emepmr
mrdfk
dfkik
ik iu
iufj
fjkt
ktfs
fs nk
nkhup
hup sm
sm`f
`frf
rf ueue
ueue (Efr
(Efrtl
tlbl
bl &
Hfrelol 41139 hfjfe Wlwlr & Wfbtfbkf, 4141).
4141 ).
Qfhf jfbskf tmrofhk pmburubfb fitkvktfs ckski yfbg hfpft hkuiur hfrk dmdmrfpf
pfrfemtmr smpmrtk ifpfsktfs fmrldki, imiuftfb ltlt hfb imjmjfnfb. Duitk-duitk
pmbmjktkfb yfbg fhf embubouiifb dfnwf jftknfb ckski sm`frf tmrftur hfpft
emb`mgfn tmrofhkbyf skbhrlef crfkjty. Jftknfb ckski ubtui pmb`mgfnfb hfb tmrfpk
skbhrlef crfkjty hkdfgk embofhk jftknfb fmrldki hfb jftknfb rmskstmbsk. Xmrhfpft 4
emif
emifbk
bkse
semm hkef
hkefbf
bf jf
jftk
tknf
nfb
b fmrld
fmrldki
ki hfpft
hfpft emb`
emb`mgf
mgfn
n sk
skbh
bhrl
rlef
ef cr
crfk
fkjt
jty
y yfktu
yfktu
emepmrdfkik fedkjfb liskgmb sm`frf efiskefj (SL4 pmfi) hfb embkbgiftifb
efssf ltlt. Jftknfb rmskstmbsk pfhf skbhrlef crfkjty hktuouifb ubtui embkbgiftifb
efssf ltlt. Emsikpub tmrofhk pmburubfb efssf ltlt smofjfb hmbgfb dmrtfedfnbyf
uskf, jftknfb rmskstmbsk tmrduitk efskn hfpft embkbgiftifb efssf ltlt. Jftknfb
rmskstmbsk ougf emepubyfk pmbgfrun pfhf pmrclref eltlrki jfbskf (Fgukrrm &
Skjjfrmfj, 416=9 hfjfe Wlwlr & Wfbtfbkf, 4141).
`. Huiu
Huiubg
bgfb
fb Butr
Butrks
kskk
Fsupfb ifjlrk hfb prltmkb yfbg fhmiuft emrupfifb hfsfr hfrk tmrfpk crfkjty.
Butrksk yfbg pfjkbg dmrpmrfb hfjfe pmb`mgfnfb hfb pmbfbgfbfb skbhrlef crfkjty

>
 kfjfn
kfjfn prltmkb.
prltmkb. Fsupfb prltmkb
prltmkb yfbg hkfbourifb hfrk THF (Tm`leembhmh
(Tm`leembhmh Hkmtfry
Hkmtfry
Fjjlwfb`m) smdmsfr 6-6,4 grfe/ig dmrft dfhfb pmr nfrk. Qrltmkb hmbgfb fsfe
fekbl mssmbskfj jmdkn hkutfefifb pfhf pmbhmrktf skbhrlef crfkjty tmrutfef yfbg
embgfbhubg jmuskb smpmrtk kifb, tmjur, hfb fyfe. Qfhf pmedmrkfb prltmkb nfrus

hkpmrnftkifb ilbhksk spmskcki tmrtmbtu hfrk pfskmb jfbskf smpmrtk gfbggufb gkbofj
ftfu nftk (Glkssmr, mt fj, 41639 hfjfe Wlwlr & Wfbtfbkf, 4141).

Fsupfb vktfekb H ougf dmrpmrfb pmbtkbg hfjfe pmbfbgfbfb skbhrlef crfkjty.

Ifhfr vktfekb H yfbg rmbhfn dmrnudubgfb hmbgfb gfbggufb imsmkedfbgfb, oftun,
crfitur,
crfitur, hfb bymrk9 imsmeufbyf
imsmeufbyf hfpft embymdfdifb keldkjksfsk
keldkjksfsk smnkbggf
smnkbggf finkrbyf
finkrbyf
tmrofhk skbhrlef crfkjty. Imdutunfb vktfekb H yfbg hkfbourifb THF ubtui uskf =6-71
tfnub smdmsfr 811 K]/nfrk9 ubtui uskf 271 tfnub 311 K]/nfrk9 hfb ubtui pmbhmrktf
lstmlplrlsks sfepfk 6111 K]/nfrk ([nub Ou, mt fj, 416>9 hfjfe Wlwlr & Wfbtfbkf,

4141).

;
 DFD KKK
QMB]X]Q

F. Imsk
Imskep
epuj
ujfb
fb

Crfkjty fhfjfn imfhffb ijkbks pfhf lrfbg tuf hmbgfb pmbkbgiftfb imrmbtfbfb,
pmburubfb cubgsk ckskljlgks tmrifkt usfk hk dmrdfgfk skstme lrgfb (@nmb, Efl & Jmbg
4168). Emburut Xnm @frhklvfs`ujfr Nmfjtn Ptuhy, crfkjty emb`fpfk 7 % pfhf uskf
jfbout dmruskf 3= tfnub im ftfs hfb emb`fpfk 01 % pfhf uskf hkftfs >1 tfnub. Cfitlr
yfbg emepmb
emepmbgfr
gfrunk
unk pmbkbgif
pmbkbgiftfb
tfb rmskil
rmskil gfbggufb
gfbggufb Crfktjy Pybhrlem, yfk
yfktu fgkbg,
gmbmtk` hfb jkbgiubgfb,
jkbgiubgfb, pmbyfikt
pmbyfikt smpmr
smpmrtk
tk pmbyfikt
pmbyfikt ifrhklvfsiuj
ifrhklvfsiujmr,
mr, strlim,
strlim, frtrktks
frtrktks,,
@LQH, sfrilpmbk, hfb gfbggufb ilgbktkc ftfu pmrudfnfb pmrudfnfb smrmdmrfj, hfb
cfitlr jfkbbyf yfktu slsklhmelgrfck hfb pskiljlgks.
Fikdft hfrk Crfkjty Pybhrle, fbtfrf jfkb dmriurfbgbyf im`mpftfb ofjfb, embofhk
`mpft
`mpft jmjf
jmjfn
n hf
hfjf
jfe
e dm
dmrf
rfit
itkv
kvkt
ktfs,
fs, embur
emburubb
ubbyf
yf dm
dmdf
dfb
b fi
fitk
tkvk
vktf
tfss yf
yfbg
bg hk
hkof
ofjf
jfbif
bifb,
b,
dmriurfbgbyf dmrft dfhfb, dmriurfbgbyf prlhuitkvktfs, embkbgiftbyf imrmbtfbfb
tmrnfhfp dmrdfgfk ef`fe strmsslr. Emburut Efrtlbl & Hfrelol 41139 hfjfe Wlwlr
& Wfbtfb
Wfbtfbkf,
kf, 4141, ubtui
ubtui pfskmb
pfskmb hmbgfb
hmbgfb Crfkjty Pybhrle yfbg jmefn efupub iuft,
kbtmrv
kbtmrvmbs
mbskk yfbg
yfbg hfpft
hfpft hkdmrk
hkdmrkifb
ifb emjkpu
emjkputk
tk rmnfdk
rmnfdkjk
jktfs
tfskk (jftk
(jftknfb
nfb cks
ckski)
ki) hfb huiubgfb
huiubgfb
butrksk.

D. Pfrfb

Dfgk uskf jfbout hknfrfpifb jmdkn emepmrnftkifb pljf efifbfbbyf smrtf tkbgift
fitkvk
fitkvktfs
tfs ckski
ckski fgfr
fgfr tmtfp
tmtfp hkpmrt
hkpmrtfnfb
fnfbifb
ifb hmbgfb
hmbgfb dfki
dfki ubtui
ubtui embgnk
embgnkbhf
bhfrk
rk dmrdfg
dmrdfgfk
fk
ef`fe
ef`fe gfbggufb
gfbggufb imsmnft
imsmnftfb
fb yfbg sfjfn
sfjfn sftubyf
sftubyf hfpft
hfpft dmrupf
dmrupf pmburu
pmburubfb
bfb cubgsk
cubgsk
ilgbktk
ilgbktkc.
c. Imjufr
Imjufrgf
gf ougf
ougf hknfrf
hknfrfpif
pifb
b dksf
dksf emedmr
emedmrkif
kifb
b pmrnft
pmrnftkfb
kfb tmr
tmrnfhf
nfhfp
p ilbhksk
ilbhksk
imsmnftfb
imsmnftfb jfbout
jfbout uskf, ifrmbf hfpft emembgfrunk
emembgfrunk imfhffb ckski hfb pskiks
pskiks jfbout
jfbout uskf.
Dfgk tmbfgf imsmnftfb,
imsmnftfb, hfpft emedmrkifb
emedmrkifb mhuifsk
mhuifsk embgmbfk
embgmbfk rmskil
rmskil ubtui tmrofhkbyf
tmrofhkbyf
gfbggufb ilgbktkc hfb rmskil uskf jfbout oftun hfjfe iftmglrk crfkj. Pmjfkb ktu ougf
embhlrlbg ekbft uskf jfbout ubtui tmtfp emjfiuifb fitkcktfs ckski fgfr tmtfp smnft hfb
emb`fbfbgifb prlgrfe pmbyujunfb gkzk dfgk uskf jfbout smsufk hmbgfb nfskj FIG.

61
 HFCXFT Q]PXFIF

Frfubf, H., Gfr`åf, C., Tlhrågumz-Eföfs, J., Efrrugft, O., Pæmz, @., Fjfr`ðb, E., …
Cumbtms, M. (4141). Ljhmr fhujts wktn crfkjty sybhrlem prmsmbt fb fjtmrmh pjftmjmt
cub`tk
cub`tklb
lb fbh fb kb`rmf
kb`rmfsmh
smh jmvmj
jmvmj lc `kr`uj
`kr`ujftk
ftkbg
bg lxkhft
lxkhftkvm
kvm st
strms
rmsss fbh ektl`nl
ektl`nlbhr
bhrkfj
kfj
hyscub`tkl
hyscub`tklb
b dklefrimr
dklefrimr GHC-6=.
GHC-6=. Crmm Tfhk`fj Dkljlgy fbh Emhk`kbm
Emhk`kbm,, 68;
68;(Blvmedmr
(Blvmedmr
416;), 38‐76. nttps?//hlk.lrg/61.6163/o.crmmrfhdklemh.4141.16.117

Dči, M., Eńybfrsif, F., Efr`ksz, @., Dldkňsik, T., Ptmrbfj, H. & Eńybfrsik, T. 4141,
„Cf`tlrs tnft fccm`t tnm fssmssembt lc tnm qufjkty lc jkcm lc rnmueftlkh frtnrktks pftkmbts
hmpmb
hmpmbhk
hkbg
bg lb tnm
tnm prmvf
prmvfjm
jmb`m
b`m lc crfk
crfkjt
jty
y sy
sybh
bhrl
rlem
em‛,
‛, Nmfjtn fbh Vufjkty lc Jkcm
Lut`lems,, vlj. 6>, bl. 6, pp. 6‐;.
Lut`lems

@fjfhl, J.D., Cmrrkljjk, M., Elrkgutk, O.@., Efrtkbmz, M._. & Hf @lstf Jkef, B.I. 4163,

„Påbhrlem hf crfgkjkhfhm me uef plpujfçàl urdfbf kbhmpmbhmbtm bl Drfskj (Mstuhl

CKDTF)?
CKDTF)? ue mstuhl
mstuhl trfbsvmrsf
trfbsvmrsfjj plpujf`klbfj
plpujf`klbfj‛,
‛, Pfl Qfujl Emhk`fj Olurbfj, vlj. 608,
bl. =, pp. 0>=‐;4.

@nmb, ^., Efl, G. & Jmbg, P.^. 4168, „Crfkjty sybhrlem? Fb lvmrvkmw‛, @jkbk`fj
Kbtmrvmbtklbs kb Fgkbg, vlj. ;, pp. 800‐86.

hm Felrke, O.P.@., hf Pkjvf, P.J.F., ]hm Skfbf, O. & Xrmjnf, @.P. 416;, „Cf`tlrs fssl`kftmh
wktn tnm prmvfjmb`m lc sfr`lpmbkf fbh crfkjty sybhrlem kb mjhmrjy ubkvmrskty wlrimrs‛,
Fr`nkvms lc Gmrlbtljlgy fbh Gmrkftrk`s,
Gmrkftrk`s, vlj. >4, bl. Fugust 416>, pp. 674‐>.

Gfdrlvm`, D., Fbtlbkfhlu, M., Pljmyefbk, H., Ifhfjsif, M., @frrkfzl, F. E., Pfefbkmgl, J.
J., & Pmjfi, Q. (4141). Bmmh clr `leprmnmbskvm efbfgmembt lc crfkjty ft fb kbhkvkhufj
jmvmj? Murlpmfb pmrspm`tkvm crle tnm fhvfbtfgm olkbt f`tklb lb crfkjty. Olurbfj lc
rmnfdkjktftklb emhk`kbm,
emhk`kbm, =4(3),
=4(3), 6-3.

Ilokef
Ilokef,, G., Jkjofs
Jkjofs,, F. M. E., & Kjkccm
Kjkccm,, P. (416;)
(416;).. Crfkj
Crfkjty
ty sybhrl
sybhrlem?
em? Kepjk`ft
Kepjk`ftklb
klbss fbh
`nfjjmbgms clr nmfjtn `frm pljk`y. Tksi Efbfgmembt fbh Nmfjtn`frm Qljk`y,
Qljk`y , 64,
64, 40‐01.
nttps?//hlk.lrg/61.4687/TENQ.P63>7=1

Jkepfwfttf
Jkepfwfttfbf,
bf, Q., Qutrfvmmpnlbg
Qutrfvmmpnlbg,, P., Kbtnfsuwfb,
Kbtnfsuwfb, Q., Dllbsfwft,
Dllbsfwft, W., Xnmmrfiujpk
Xnmmrfiujpksut,
sut, H.
66
 & @nkbhf
@nkbhfprf
prfskr
skrt,
t, O. 4167,
4167, „Crfkj
„Crfkjty
ty sybhrl
sybhrlem
em kb fedujf
fedujftlr
tlry
y pftkmb
pftkmbts
ts wktn
wktn @LQH‛,
@LQH‛,
Kbtmrbftklbfj Olurbfj lc @LQH,
@LQH, vlj. 64, pp. 66;0‐>.

Buruj, K., Nfsfbk, T., Nmrkfbsyfn, N., Bfsrujjfn, B., & Efshkfbf, E. (416;). Cfitlr yfbg
Dmrnudubgfb hmbgfb Imofhkfb Pkbhrle Crfkjty pfhf Qmbhmrktf He Xkpm 4 Jfbskf hk
TP]H Pymin [usuc Glwf. Emhkf Impmrfwftfb,
Impmrfwftfb, 61(4),
61(4), 66-6>.

Qfbsfrfsf, L., Qkstlbl, @., Hfvkb, F., Dlrhlbk, E., Ekeek, E.@., Gufktf, F. & @mrmhf, @.
41
416;
6;,, „Fjt
„Fjtmr
mrmh
mh keeu
keeubm
bm syst
systme
me kb crfk
crfkjt
jty?
y? Gmbm
Gmbmtk
tk`s
`s fb
fbh
h hk
hkmt
mt efy
efy kb
kbcj
cjum
umb`
b`mm
kbcjfeeftklb‛, Fgmkbg Tmsmfr`n Tmvkmws,
Tmvkmws, vlj. =8, bl. Oujy.

Qfpklj, E. Mt fj. (4163) „P`kmb`mHkrm`t Cfitlrs fssl`kftmh wktn crfkjty kb `leeubkty-

hwmj
hwmjjk
jkbg
bg mjhm
mjhmrj
rjy
y pl
plpuj
pujft
ftkl
klb.
b. F `r
`rls
lss-
s-sm
sm`t
`tkl
klbf
bfjj st
stuhy
uhy‛,
‛, 7, pp. =0
=06-
6-=07
=07.. Hlk ?
61.6163/o.murgmr.4163.1;.11=

Qkbnmkrl, N. F., Eu`kl, F. hm F., & Ljkvmkrf, J. hm C. (4141). Qrmvfjmb`m fbh Cf`tlrs
Fssl`k
Fssl`kftm
ftmh
h Wktn
Wktn tnm Crfkj
Crfkjty
ty Pybhrl
Pybhrlem
em kb Ljhmr
Ljhmr Fhujt
Fhujtss kb tnm Drfzkj
Drfzkjkfb
kfb Cmhmrf
Cmhmrfjj
Hkstrk`t. Gmrkftrk`s, Gmrlbtljlgy fbh Fgkbg, 68(
68(6), >‐68.
nttps?//hlk.lrg/61.=047/z4887-464041416;11174

Tk`nfrhs, P. O., H‛Pluzf, O., Qfs`lm, T., Cfjjllb, E., & Crkzmjjm, C. F. (416;). Qrmvfjmb`m lc
crfkjty
crfkjty kb f tmrtkfry
tmrtkfry nlspktfj?
nlspktfj? F plkbt prmvfjmb`m
prmvfjmb`m ldsmrvftkl
ldsmrvftklbfj
bfj stuhy. Qjls lbm,
lbm, 68(7),
68(7),
m146;1>0.

Xfvfrms, H.E. hls P., @ljfemgl, @.G., Qmglrfrk, E.P., Cmrrmkrf, Q.@. hls P., Hkfs, C.F. &
Dljkbf
Dljkbf,, F.C.
F.C. 4163,
4163, „Cftlr
„Cftlrms
ms hm rks`l
rks`l `frhkl
`frhklvfs
vfs`uj
`ujfrm
frmss fssl`k
fssl`kfhls
fhls á såbhrl
såbhrlem
em hm
crfgkjkhfh
crfgkjkhfhmm me khlsls nlspktfjkzfhls?
nlspktfjkzfhls? ]e mstuhl
mstuhl trfbsvmrsfj
trfbsvmrsfj‛,
‛, Pfl Qfujl Emhk`fj
Olurbfj, vlj. 608, bl. =, pp. 0;0‐;.

Xmkxmkrf-Glems, F., Jfgm, D., Mstmvms, C., Plusf, F. @., Qfstlrkbnl, E. T., Sfjhkgjmskfs,
S., … Xmkxmkrf, O. Q. (4141). Crfkjty sybhrlem, dklefrimrs fbh mbvkrlbembtfj cf`tlrs
‐ F pkjlt stuhy. Xlxk
Xlxk`l
`ljl
jlgy
gy Jm
Jmtt
ttmr
mrss, 001 (Fpr
Fprkj)
j),, 68‐4
68‐44.
4.
nttps?//hlk.lrg/61.6163/o.tlxjmt.4141.18.140

64
Xnlefskbk, T.J., Qmrmkrf, H.P., Qmrmkrf, C.P.E., Eftml, M.@., Eltf, X.B., Gukefràms, G.G.,
Qmrmkrf, J.P.E., Jkef, @.^., Xmkxmkrf, E.E. & Xmkxmkrf, F.J. 4167, „Fgmh-fssl`kftmh
`ytlemgfjlvkrus fbh Mpstmkb-Dfrr vkrus rmf`tkvftklb fbh `ytlemgfjlvkrus rmjftklbsnkp
wktn tnm crfkjty sybhrlem kb ljhmr wlemb‛, QJlP LBM, vlj. 64, bl. 7, pp. 6‐64.

Wlwlr,
Wlwlr, Tkdif.
Tkdif. Crfbs
Crfbs Wfbtfb
Wfbtfbkbf
kbf.. 416;.
416;. Efsfjf
Efsfjfn
n Imsmnf
Imsmnftfb
tfb Qfhf Jfbskf
Jfbskf ? Pkbhrl
Pkbhrlef
ef
Crfkjty.
Crfkjty. Efbfhl. Ourbfj
Ourbfj Dklemhki
Dklemhki ]bkvmrsktfs
]bkvmrsktfs Pfe Tftujfbgk
Tftujfbgk Efbfhl, Sljuem
64, Blelr 4, Oujk 4141, Nfjfefb >0 - >7.

Wlwlr, T. Wfbtfbkf, C. (4141). Efsfjfn Imsmnftfb pfhf Jfbskf? Pkbhrlef Crfkjty. Ourbfj
Dklemhki. Slj 964(4)?>0->7. nttps?//hlk.lrg/61.0=7;1/ode.64.4.4141.4;634

60