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Executive Summary
It is known from the course of Leadership and Motivation that effective leadership is a crucial part of the
effective and successful development of a company, country or any other organization. The importance of
leadership becomes especially essential in the political arena, since in most of the cases it is a president who
outlines the path for the development of the country, sets higher goals, activates economic and social processes
while inspiring the nation and thus leading the country either to prosperity or downfall.
This report provides an analysis and evaluation of effective leadership of Abraham Lincoln - the most
prominent and influential people in the history of humanity who officially abolished the practice of slavery in the
USA by maintaining the unity of the nation, which were two incompatible concepts for America at that times.
The result of the analysis shows that Abraham Lincoln is a vivid example of a transformational and authentic
leader. This point was justified by the fact that emotional intelligence, integrity, determination, openness,
intelligence, sociability, leadership styles and motivational tactics of Abraham Lincoln, were and remain the role
model not only for many prominent leaders of the United States but also for any other leaders of different levels
and scale.

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 Table of Contents
1. Introduction.......................................................................................................5
2. Personality traits & leadership of Abraham Lincoln.........................................6
Determination and self-confidence.......................................................................6
“Honest Abe” and Integrity.................................................................................7
Sociability........................................................................................................8
Intelligence.......................................................................................................9
Emotional Intelligence......................................................................................10
3. The Psychodynamic Approach to leadership...................................................11
Narcissistic-Erotic personality type.....................................................................11
Carl Jung:16 Personality Types...........................................................................13
The Big 5 Personality Factors.............................................................................14
Ethics..............................................................................................................15
4. Leadership Styles of Abraham Lincoln............................................................16
Democratic Leadership .....................................................................................16
Task-based and Relationship-based Leadership.......................................................17
Contingency Theory..........................................................................................18
Coaching Leadership.........................................................................................18
Path-Goal Theory.............................................................................................19
5. Transformational and Authentic Leadership....................................................20
Transformational Abraham ................................................................................20
Intrapersonal Authentic Leadership.....................................................................23
6. Charismatic Leader: Abraham Lincoln............................................................24
7. Abraham Lincoln and Motivation.....................................................................25
Inner Motivation..................................................................................................25
Abraham as Motivator.......................................................................................25
8. Negotiation skills of Abraham Lincoln............................................................27
9. Power, Leadership Roles and Politics..............................................................28
10. Conclusion.......................................................................................................30
11. References........................................................................................................31

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 Introduction
It has been frequently accepted that an important part of the effective and successful development of a
company, country or any other organization depends on the effectiveness and strength of its leadership potential.
Therefore, many scientists, psychologists and specialists such as Northouse, Bass, Freud, Jung and others, have
tried to research some aspects of leadership and come to a concrete definition of it. However, up to the present
time, there is no exact definition of leadership and according to Bass (1990), the definitions and theories of
leadership are just as numerous as the people who tried to define this concept. Nevertheless, based on the various
leadership theories presented in the course of Leadership and Motivation, it could be confidentially said that all
these theories lead to the fact that an effective leader is a person who possesses specific traits, qualities, behaviors
and leadership styles to be able to motivate, inspire and draw a group of people towards a common goal.
Therefore, since there is no specific style and set of traits of an effective leadership applicable in absolutely all
situations, all of the mentioned above makes it relevant to further investigate and analyze the leadership traits and
styles of the most prominent and influential people in the history of humanity.
The importance of leadership becomes especially essential in the political arena, since the future and fate of
the whole nation, society and the country's development in the world arena, directly depends on its leader. In some
cases, it is the president who sets higher goals, activates economic and social processes while inspiring the nation
and thus lead the country either to prosperity or downfall. Indeed, if to look at the United States of America, due to
its long and meaningful history of development, which, as it is known, has been influenced by the strong
characters and personalities, the country nowadays is the largest state taking the leading position in the world.
There is no denying that the history of America is closely associated with the name of its 16th president -
Abraham Lincoln, who is considered one of the greatest presidents and one of the most influential people in the
USA, whom radically changed the course of history and opened a new era in the country's development. His
political and economic activities embody the principles of freedom, democracy and unity - the three most crucial
factors that to some extent accelerated the development of the United States, and identified the US, as one of the
leading countries in the world today. Despite the fact that Lincoln grew up in a poor family, constantly
experiencing all sorts of hardships, due to his natural talent and enormous work, he was able to reach the highest
level of power.
Considering all of the written above, the purpose of this work is to analyze the certain sets of personality
traits and leadership styles of Abraham Lincoln based on the material from the course of Leadership and
Motivation and justify his role of an effective leader in the development of the USA. The research of the
establishment of Abraham Lincoln as a leader and politician is very important and fascinating since it allows to get
the most complete picture of the reasons and factors that influenced the personality of Abraham Lincoln and the
conditions under which his views arose and developed, making him become exactly who he was.

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 Personality traits & leadership of Abraham Lincoln
It is acknowledged that the traits theory is the first of the 4 major theories of leadership classification,
which is founded upon the idea that a person has a certain set of distinctive characteristics and personality traits
that affect the effectiveness of the person’s leadership. As claimed by Northouse, self-confidence, determination,
intelligence, integrity, sociability are the fundamental 5 traits that are usually associated with an effective leader.
Undoubtedly, Abraham Lincoln possessed all those characteristics that allowed him to become one of the powerful
figures of all time.
Determination and Self-confidence
Lincoln had experienced many hardships in his life. According to McPherson (2000), his mother passed
away when he was only 10 years old. In his childhood, due to the financial issues, the whole family moved from
Kentucky to Indiana, where the Lincolns lived a shabby house and farm, in which Abraham helped his father with
the housework and with rising his sister, while his peers had already begun to receive an education. Abraham's
father preferred physical labour for his son over education in schools and reading books. However, despite the fact
that Abraham's father did not encourage learning, Abraham had a strong desire to study, therefore he tried to study
on his own and read different books in any free time (McPherson, 2000). With exceptional confidence and
determination, Lincoln was a true self-taught student whose favorite hobby was always reading books and
newspapers. In those periods when other youngsters studied law and politics with peers and teachers, Lincoln
studied alone. He re-read borrowed books on English grammar, mathematics or law until he reached a deep
understanding of them. For instance, as stated by Crowley (2012) Lincoln reread Shakespeare's poems, so often
that he could recite whole passages by heart.
Abraham Lincoln did not share the views of his father, he wanted something more in his life than farming.
Evidently, from childhood, he set himself a great ambitious to leave his name in history. To achieve his goal,
Abraham from a young age, tried several works, such as postmaster, land surveyor and others. However, this
works did not give Abraham the independence that he wanted, since US law obliged all underage children to give
their earnings to parents. As Burlingame (1994) suggests, this led Abraham to make an analogy with slaves who
did not receive a cent for their work. As a result, young Abraham, who grew up seeing scenes of slavery auctions,
build himself hatred toward slavery and the idea and value of freedom for all people.
As Current (2020) states, reaching the age of 21, he began to live an independent life with an attempt to
open his own business, which was not ended successfully. On the way to a political career, he put forward his
candidacy several times, but he suffered defeats in most of the elections. As a result of numerous attempts, he
finally won the next attempt to run for the House of Representatives in 1834. Not stopping at this achievement and
persisting to advance through the political career, almost in two years, he finally became the Whig leader in the

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House of Representatives (Current, 2020). Thus, he got the opportunity to act and express his own position on the
issue of slavery, which worried him a lot.
Many people, under the influence of difficulties and hardships, effortlessly give up before achieving their
goals. Constant self-development is a long path that requires persistence toward a goal and certainty about own
abilities and skills. Indeed, as Lincoln’s experience shows, no one cannot become a great person in one day. From
his Notes for a Law lectures, it could be observed that the idea of diligence remained his main principle, which he
wanted to deliver for every lawyer as well as for all people of other occupations (Winger, 2012). He believed that
no matter what difficulties a person face, he/she should try to do all the possible and never let himself/herself give
up and fall behind. All of this point, justify the statement that persistence, drive for success and self-confidence are
the basis of the effective leadership of Abraham Lincoln. Moreover, all of the above proves that qualities such as
persistence in achieving goals, self-confidence and a sense of individuality that Stogdill positively associated with
leadership were inherent in Abraham Lincoln. In addition, it can be said that having gone through all the obstacles
and difficulties of life, Lincoln developed a deep self-confidence and self-esteem which he fully used throughout
his presidency.
“Honest Abe” and Integrity
Since childhood, Abraham Lincoln adhered to the principle of honesty and justice. Based on Leidner
(1999), from the first days of his career working as a salesperson in a store, every time he realized that he
mistakenly shortchanged a customer, he tried to find every customer that he shortchanged, no matter how far they
were, and return the money that should have been returned to them. Moreover, he was known for always repaying
all debts on time, which he frequently forced to borrow due to his lack of money (Leidner, 1999). This suggests
that Lincoln always put stock in his integrity and worked perseveringly to keep up his name of an honest person,
lawyer and politician. Due to his authority as a fair and lawful person, he soon received the nickname "Honest
Abe" and, gradually, people began to invite Lincoln to act as a judge in various competitions and disputes, where
Lincoln often had the right to leave the final decision for himself (Leidner, 1999).
According to Burlingame (2008), after the Chicago Convention of 1860, in which Abraham Lincoln was
elected the next president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln's famous political ally, Joshua Giddings,
including other political figures and newspaper such as Hartford Courant, expressed that Lincoln defeated this
election are mainly due to two of his qualities, such as honesty and hostility to corruption and deceit. In that way,
his well-known nickname of “Honest Abe” that he accepted with pride and satisfaction, deeply rooted among
people.
Overall, it could be said, that Abraham Lincoln, a clear example of a leader who carried the qualities of
honesty and trustworthiness and had an initiative for responsibility and task completion, in the account of which,
he was able to inspire conviction in other people and belief that he is the person who is always responsible for his
words. His stick to a strong set of principles could be seen from his Notes for a Law lectures, where he, refuting
the stereotype that all lawyers are dishonest, states that every self-respecting lawyer must remain honest under any
circumstances, and if a person is not able to observe the principles of honesty, he/she does not have the right to be
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considered a lawyer (Winger, 2012). Integrity - was one of the principles which Lincoln followed through his
whole life, which, once again proves his persistence to his values and ideas.

Sociability
A great deal of Lincoln’s accomplishments as an effective leader was based on his ability to interact and
communicate with others. The words of the main opponent of Lincoln, balloting with him for the Senate and for
the presidency, Stephen Douglas, who, despite his loss, said that he was immensely glad for Lincoln's victory,
because, indeed, this is the person that the people of America need in these troubled times, demonstrates Lincoln’s
inclination to win people over and attract to himself (Goodwin, 2006). As stated by Goodwin (2009), on account
of his interpersonal skills, Abraham Lincoln gathered around him the greatest and the most prominent politicians
including his political opponents. He wanted the most prominent minds of the country to lead the United States. It
could be stated that due to his ability to pursue pleasant and social relationships, he embodied his ideas and
established effective leadership by unifying these bright minds of that time into an exceptional team. As a result,
even William Seward, who was originally an ardent opponent of Lincoln, longing for the presidency, became a
close friend of Lincoln and often wrote in his letters that Lincoln is the best thing that could happen to America
(Goodwin, 2009).
Furthermore, Abraham Lincoln showed a unique ability to listen to the conflicting thoughts of different
people and combine everyone through belief in the unity of the nation. Abraham Lincoln understood that the
ability to listen to people and find a common language with them is of undeniable importance for the leader of the
nation, as well as for effective leadership in general. It is considered a common practice that many politicians,
especially in Kazakhstan, rising higher in their political careers, become less accessible to people lower in
position. However, being a president, Abraham Lincoln never exalted himself above his subordinates and his
people, but on the contrary, he always remained the same simple and good-natured person, who was able to listen
and empathy to every person who needed his consideration. Therefore, he established an environment in which
Cabinet members were able to suppress free speech without fear of retribution (Goodwin, 2006). In addition, as
the largest American entrepreneur of those times, Andrew Carnegie, says Lincoln had the innate manners of an
excellent conversationalist (Shell, 2007). Whoever stood opposite him, a seller in a store, a businessman, a
politician, his ally or opponent, he always found a common language and a kind word for everyone. His simplicity
and good nature, like a bright light, more and more attracted followers and allies by his side.
In his speeches, he used his natural humor and charisma as his advantage and liked to convey his thoughts
and ideas through stories and jokes, with the help of which he could easily lure any listener into his conversation,
convince people and create liking to himself with their followers. Nowadays, a collection of his stories and jokes
“Abe Lincoln's Anecdotes and Stories”, is a glory of American literature which is passed from generation to
generation (Schmitz, 2015). Moreover, in his speeches, Lincoln often used words such as “we” and “us,” which
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gave people a sense of unity, and the involvement in the values of democracy, unity and freedom that Abraham
Lincoln adhered to. Therefore, no one can deny the fact that Abraham Lincoln is a leader to look up to his motive
to develop action in social settings, capacity to impact the behaviors of other individuals and ability to affect
human interactions for the purpose at hand.

Intelligence
It is known from the course of Leadership and Motivation, that intelligence is the most important personal
quality of an effective leader, which is usually expressed in mental, verbal and perceptual abilities, in the speed of
solving problems and clarity in decision making alongside with reasoning skills. Harvard psychologist Howard
Gardiner, who came up the concept of intelligence, has proposed that human intelligence concept includes 8
categories, such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal,
intrapersonal and naturalist (Armstrong, 2017).
As it has been mentioned before, Abraham Lincoln preferred conveying information in the form of stories
and jokes. Moreover, he had the talent to manipulate the structure of the language and had the ability to use the
correct words and phrases in his speech, which touched the consciousness of his followers and gave them faith in
their leader. For instance, according to an article in the Press & Tribune magazine (1858) regarding Lincoln’s
speech in Monmouth, it was said that Lincoln was so eloquent that those who present were enchanted by his
speech that they didn’t even notice how quickly 3 hours passed away. Therefore, it could be said that Abraham
Lincoln was an impeccable speaker, whose speech, was listened by the crowds of people with the bated breath,
which proves the fact that Abraham Lincoln certainly had possessed the linguistic intelligence.
In addition to linguistic intelligence, Lincoln possessed interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence. As
stated before, Lincoln possessed astonishing qualities of sociability and self-confidence. He knew how to listen to
people's opinions, understand their feelings and find the right solutions for building relationships with people
around him. In addition, possessing the qualities of self-awareness, self-motivation, self-control and empathy, he
was well aware of his capabilities, weaknesses and strengths, which he skillfully maneuvered during his
leadership.
From early childhood, Abraham was busy helping his father with farm affairs. Performing the work of a
forester, carpentry, building houses and always engaging in physical activities, often spending time in the forest,
on the farm, and caring for cattle, he developed his bodily-kinesthetic and spatial intelligence as well as naturalist
intelligence from an early age. In addition, despite the fact that Abraham Lincoln did not have an official
education at school or university, he had a keen love for learning and reading books since childhood, what
encouraged him to self-education. During self-education, he quickly succeeded in reading and writing, which
undoubtedly distinguished Abraham from other uneducated farmers. His self-education contributed in strong
"intellectual power", which was manifested in the writing, works and speeches of Abraham. Spending morning
and days at work, young Abraham at night honed his skills in English, mathematics, and trigonometry and law,
and, due to his superb memory, he was able to learn by heart his favorite Shakespeare's poems, books and
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aphorisms. All of this undoubtedly shows the logical-mathematical intelligence of Abraham Lincoln. Moreover,
ruling the country during the most difficult times of the civil war, Lincoln spent days studying military affairs and,
masterfully combining his knowledge in politics and mathematics, personally engaged in the development of
military concepts, which caused admiration and delight among the generals and his subordinates (Goodwin, 2005).
Additionally, according to the 26th president of the United States Theodore Roosevelt, who identified Abraham
Lincoln as his hero, pointed out that the two main qualities of Lincoln, foresight and common sense, granted him
to successfully led the United States (Striner, 2012).
All of the written before suggests that Abraham Lincoln was a highly intelligent and versatile person who
possessed almost all classifications of the multiple intelligence. Having no formal education, by virtue of his
intellect, he became a lawyer, ruled the Whig party, became president of a country during the difficult period of
the Civil War, and was the man who laid the foundation for the end of slavery.
It is a widely known fact that high intelligence is positively associated with an effective leader. However,
according to Northouse, a too high IQ could negatively affect and decrease a person’s leadership performance. The
study of Antonakis (2017) proved this statement by showing that an IQ equal to 120-128 is positively associated
with effective leadership whereas IQ higher than 128 leads to decreased leadership performance. Despite the fact
that during the time of Abraham Lincoln there was no IQ test, according to the calculations of Simonton, Lincoln’s
IQ was equal to 148, which far above the optimal IQ indicator (Bertrand, 2015). Despite this, given the great
achievements of Abram Lincoln as a leader and the affection and admiration of the people for the great president,
suggests that Abraham Lincoln was able to wisely combine his intellectual and human qualities in effective
leadership, which make it relevant to further analyze his emotional intelligence.
Emotional Intelligence
Studying human psychology, researchers concluded that in parallel with human cognitive abilities, such as
reading, memorizing information, solving problems and etc., there are non-cognitive abilities, that include social
and emotional factors, which have an equally important contribution to the success of a person (Cherniss, 2000).
As a result of numerous studies, in 1990 a new term of “Emotional Intelligence” was introduced, which describes
the competencies of a person to perceive and understand his/her own and other people's emotions, and manage and
use them in communication and in other various situations. Moreover, according to Stogdill, leadership involve
continuous communication between a leader and his/her followers. Therefore, it is considered that an effective
leader must equally have a high level of emotional intelligence along with other intellectual abilities.
Theodore Roosevelt, for whom Abraham Lincoln was a mentor and role model, mentioned that, Lincoln
always skillfully kept calm, patient and healthy mind (Striner, 2012). Lincoln strictly controlled his negative
emotions. For instance, according to the Burlingame (1994), in outbursts of anger, in order not to make hasty
decisions, he used to write letters to his subordinates on which he was angry. However, he never sent these letters
to anyone. When negative emotions receded, he re-read these letters, and sensibly assessing the situation, he made
rational decisions. Other experts studying the nature and behavior of the 16th president of the United States
support the statement that Abraham Lincoln never lost his face as a calm and restrained person. As John G.
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Nikolai observed, Lincoln was a man of unique composure (Burlingame, 1994). Under various circumstances,
even in critical times of the Civil War, it was impossible to notice a single sign of anger or scare in his face. This
undoubtedly gave great confidence in his words and actions. This person always knew what to do in certain
situations.
In addition to his emotional self-awareness, expression, self-control, and self-management, he had the
competence to determine the feelings, emotions and needs of other people. Moreover, he skillfully used this
knowledge to achieve his goals. Lincoln knew all the capabilities and inner needs of the people around him, with
the help of which he built friendly relations even with his opponents. As mentioned earlier, Abraham Lincoln
turned the best minds of the country to his side. For example, returning to the situation with Seward, Lincoln knew
that he was fiercely wanted the position of the presidency. Moreover, Lincoln considered him as a capable
politician. Therefore, at every opportunity, he consul with him and tried to encourage his actions and contribution
to the development of the country. An excerpt from Goodwin (2018) shows that Lincoln always publicly priced
and encouraged Siward's ideas and suggestions during the Civil War. As a result of that, Siward said that the
kindness, justice and trust with which Lincoln treated him instilled his confidence in the president and
strengthened his desire to work for the good of the country under the leadership of Lincoln.
As the example of Theodore Roosevelt shows, the emotional intelligence of Abraham Lincoln, his
calmness, simplicity, poise, his oratory, sociability, perseverance, self-confidence and other qualities of effective
leadership were and remain the role model not only for many prominent leaders, politicians and businessmen of
the United States, but also for representatives of other countries.

The Psychodynamic Approach to leadership

Despite the fact that Northouse identified 5 main personal traits positively associated with an effective
leader, the list of additional qualities affecting effective leadership can be replenished endlessly. In addition, for
effective leadership, it is not enough just to have only those qualities described in the Traits theory, since different
situations require different approaches. Therefore, psychologists have put forward the concept of the
psychodynamic approach to leadership. Although the personality is the fundamental element of the
psychodynamic approach, the psychodynamic approach differs from the trait theory, in a way that it does not
suggest the best set of leadership traits for an effective leadership but it is about a person's inner personality and
the way how that personality affects communication and leadership of a person.
Narcissistic-Erotic Personality type
Sigmund Freud identified 3 personality types, such as erotic, obsessive and narcissistic, to which 4th type -
marketing was added by Eric Fromm.
As claimed by Sigmund Freud, people with erotic personality type are those who respect and value love
and unity. And referring to Maccoby’s analysis of Freud’s personality types (2007), it could be stated that
productive erotic personality types are relationship-based people who able to draw crowds together and assist the
progress of collaboration, whereas unproductive ones usually fail to adopt a concrete decision as they want to
please everyone. At the same time, people with a productive narcissistic personality type are able to set clear and
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specific goals for their team, they have a bright vision of the situation and a great sense of humor and persistence
and they are always enthusiastic about knowledge and self-development. Those are the leader who eager to take
risks and set up the reforms that the other personality types would never able to come up with. On the other hand,
people with a narcissistic type of personality rarely listen to the opinions of others and have a top-down approach
in decision making, and if they are unproductive, they don’t pay attention to people around them, don't take
criticism, easily become angry and may give up the ethics and rules to achieve their goals (Maccoby, 2007).
The unity of the nation was one of the main principles of Lincoln, derived from the desire to maintain the
principles of democracy pledged by the originators of the USA (Faith and Liberty Discovery Center, 2020). For
example, in his speech "America's Sermon", he spoke of his faith in the essence of rapprochement and
benevolence to the pursuit of unity (Eggert, 2009). Freedom was the second primary principle of the president,
under which he intended to abolish the practice of slavery (Faith and Liberty Discovery Center, 2020). Despite the
fact that in that days, the union and abolishment of slavery, were two incompatibles for America, since South was
firmly against the abolishment of deeply rooted slavery and the country was engulfed in war, Lincoln foresaw the
country's future and clearly set goals. After the election of Lincoln as president, the Southern states put forward a
condition where they demanded to legalize slavery. However, Lincoln did not compromise, after which a civil war
broke out between the South and the North. Nevertheless, Lincoln did not fold his hands in front of his goal.
Finally, in 1863, he issued a proclamation in which he called for the release of all slaves in the United States,
including in the South, thereby ushering in an end to slavery. In addition, despite the clear superiority of the
military forces of the Confederation (Southern States) over the United States, the Confederation surrendered and
the United States won the war (Faith and Liberty Discovery Center, 2020). According to Pederson and Williams
(2015), although Lincoln died before the country reached a unity, he was the person who determined the path by
which America became one of the strongest states on the planet.
Given the fact that Abraham Lincoln initially determined for himself the fundamental principles and had a
clear vision of the future of the country, set specific goals for himself and his subordinates, didn’t fold his hands in
front of his goal and as a result achieved what he wanted for his nation, it could be concluded that Abraham
Lincoln was a representative of the narcissistic personality type.
On the other hand, as Freud described, people of the narcissistic personality type often does not consider
the other's opinions and makes decisions based on own thoughts. However, as previously mentioned in the sub-
section about sociability of Abraham Lincoln, he always considered and listened to the opinions of his allies and
appreciated the importance of communication and collaboration. Moreover, As Goodwin (2018) says Lincoln’s
kindness and love for people were perhaps one of the president’s strengths and weaknesses at the same time in a
form that he always tried to give his subordinates a second chance. For instance, the biggest Lincoln's mistake
happened with the General of the Union's Army McClellan. Lincoln turning blind eye to the incompetence of the
general and gave him a second chance to lead the army in the Civil War, which resulted in the deaths of many
soldiers who could survive. It could be said that this is a clear example of the unproductive part of erotic
personality type in leadership, which entailed irreversible losses.

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 Overall, undoubtedly that, alongside with the narcissistic type of personality, usually attributed with the
effective leaders, despite the situation happened with the general McClellan, Abraham Lincoln in most of the
cases, had productive qualities of an erotic personality type.
Carl Jung:16 Personality Types
It is certainly true that Carl Jung has made a significant contribution to the personality types of human that
is still considered to be the most recognized way of classifying personalities. According to him, a human's
personality can be classified by opposites, which include introversion-extroversion according to energy, sensing-
intuiting according to the collection of information, thinking-feeling according to decision-making and finally,
judging-perceiving according to planning. Combining these dimensions, a person belongs to a certain type of
personality derived from 16 possible combinations.
Many people agree that Abraham Lincoln was the possessor of qualities inherent to introverts. In childhood
and adolescence, Lincoln preferred reading books over communication with people which are a characteristic
feature of many introverts. According to the stories of his best friend Joshua Speed, Lincoln never sought for
social communication (Pastor, 2014). As a child, Lincoln was a quiet, calm and curious boy, spending nights on
books and writing (McPherson, 2000). His amazing success in self-education suggests that he enjoyed studying
everything alone, which would undoubtedly be a tragedy for a typical extrovert. However, having embarked on the
path of politics, he soon realized the importance of developing communication and social skills for success in this
calling. Thanks to his charisma and eruditeness, Lincoln became an impeccable speaker who spoke out using
stories, jokes and aphorisms (16Personalities, 2011). Each of his words was deliberate and well balanced. People
believed in his words and themselves sought communication with him (Pastor, 2014). Despite the fact that young
Abraham could easily be befallen in the criteria of an introvert, the adult Abraham was showed excellent
communication and social skills and never feel tired or anxious about communication, which was typical of
extroverts. Since he could not be attributed specifically to one or another type, it can be assumed that Abraham
Lincoln was an ambivert, another rare type of personality, proposed by Adam Grant (2012), that equally include
qualities of both introverts and extroverts.
Abraham Lincoln was always focused on the future of his country, rather than on the past and present
(Faith and Liberty Discovery Center, 2020). He was not afraid to take risks and implement those reforms that
many did not believe in. Abraham Lincoln is the person who shaped the future of the United States, introducing
large-scale changes that led to a radical revolution in the foundations of the country. He was able to predict and
visualize a large picture of the situation, rather than focusing on small details (16Personalities, 2011). All of this
suggests that Abraham Lincoln was more intuitive than a sensor.
It is clear that in making decisions, Abraham Lincoln was mainly based on logic and rational thinking. He
followed clear principles of integrity and set clear goals and values (Leidner, 1999). Lincoln always relied on
objective information and made decisions carefully weighing all pros and cons. As mentioned earlier, he had a
high level of emotional intelligence and emotional self-management, with the help of which he skillfully
controlled his emotions, and did not allow them to overshadow the mind when making decisions (Burlingame,
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1994). Nevertheless, Lincoln was a flexible person who was able to easily adapt to the situations. Moreover,
according to McPherson (2000), Lincoln was disorganized in some aspects of his life; chaos always reigned on
Lincoln’s desk and he was careless about his clothes. Based on this, it is possible to say that Abraham Lincoln was
a thinking and perceiving preference person.
In a nutshell, given all of the written above, despite Lincoln had qualities of both introverts and extroverts,
it is clear that Abraham Lincoln is best suited for INTP personality type or “Logician” as it called by
16Personalities (2011). People of these type tend to give a rationale for everything that they study. In addition,
these people are more interested in reading books and their thoughts rather than in communicating with people.
People of this type usually come up with new innovative ideas or extraordinary solutions to problems. Along with
this, they are balanced and calm, quickly adapt to the situation and always try to make rational decisions.
The Big 5 Personality Factors
It is common knowledge, there are 5 generally agreed primary personality factors that compose personality
- the Big 5, which include neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and consciousness.
As it was proved above, Abraham Lincoln had the qualities of both an introvert from childhood and an
extrovert during adulthood, which makes him a unique example of an ambivert. He was a calm and balanced
person, but in the same extend, he was communicative, sociable and assertive.
According to the research of Dominican University of California, due to all the hardships Lincoln
experienced in childhood and adolescence, he suffered from a generalized anxiety disorder, which was shown in a
form of paranoid anxiety about daily activities such as work or eating (Medina, 2017). Moreover, owing to his
illness, Abraham sometimes had the idea of committing suicide. Nonetheless, Abraham was able to control his
illness, being a leader of the country, he never let his affliction or emotions prevail over his mind. His high level of
neuroticism is fascinating, because having the GAD disease and ruling the country during the war, he showed the
ability to perfectly cope with stress and anxiety.
There are contradicting opinions regarding the characteristic of consciousness. On the one hand, highly
conscious people show a high level of reliability and honesty. In addition, they are always organized and well-
structured. On the other hand, highly conscious people are usually less flexible in changing situations because of
the seek for organizing. It is also difficult for them to concentrate their attention on learning, as they more rely and
focus on practice than on theory. Referring to the previous sub-section about Abraham Lincolns personality type
by Jung's classification, it was concluded that Abraham Lincoln was a stick for his principles of integrity on
justice. Additionally, he used to be an assiduous learner and spend hours of reading books and newspapers.
Furthermore, despite he led all decisions through deep thought, he was more of a spontaneous person flexible to
changing situations rather than well-structured and organized. For these reasons, it could be said that Abraham
Lincoln possessed a moderate level of consciousness.
Abraham Lincoln was a versatile person who had great interest with the novelty, which is evidence of his
high level of openness. He had competence in mathematics, geometry, farming, carpentry, sales, politics, military
affairs, as well as other different fields (McPherson, 2000). Young Abraham was always in search of new
14
knowledge, and despite his poor origin, he received a decent education on his own, by reading books that he
borrowed from his acquaintances and friends.
Abraham Lincoln, always used to take into consideration the opinions of his advisers, appreciated the
cooperation, because he believed that the team of the best minds of America should rule the country together.
Indeed, Abraham Lincoln was known for his strong team of rivals (Goodwin, 2009). However, it is unjustifiable to
say that he was a man of high agreeableness. Since it is known that Abraham Lincoln did not agree on the
ultimatum of legalization of slavery put forward by the Southern states, he was strongly stuck to his principles of
freedom for "black people" (Faith and Liberty Discovery Center, 2020).Therefore, it could be proposed that
Abraham Lincoln was a person of moderate agreeableness.
Given these points, it is obvious that according to the Big 5 Personality model, Abraham Lincoln had equal
level of introversion as well as extraversion, high level of neuroticism and openness, alongside with moderate
level of consciousness and agreeableness.
Ethics
The topic of ethics, which includes moral principles that regulate the actions and behaviors of people or
groups, is especially important for leadership since non-compliance with ethical principles can lead to serious
consequences, like a company crash or financial crises, such as Enron's failure or Global Financial Crisis. In this
regard, an effective leader should always rely on certain moral principles in his/her actions or decision making to
build an ethical system between his followers and subordinates, and in the eyes of the public. The ethics of the
political leader at the head of the country is of particular importance, since it directly affects the level of public
confidence in the office of the president, government officials and the president itself.
It is known from the course of Leadership and Motivation that personality is closely connected with the
ethics of a person. For instance, it is generally accepted that a high level of openness, consciousness and
extraversion alongside with low level of agreeableness are positively affecting the ethical behavior of a leader.
Given the fact that Abraham Lincoln had high level of openness, neuroticism and extraversion, and moderate level
of agreeableness and consciousness, let us analyze the ethical principles of the 16th president of the USA as well as
his level of moral development.
Abraham Lincoln was one of the most ardent opponents of slavery. Analyzing the issue of slavery on the
ethical-legal contradiction graph, it becomes obvious that despite the fact that nowadays no one will deny that
slavery is unethical and illegal, during the presidency of Abraham Lincoln, slavery was a legal but unethical
practice. Abolishment of slavery was one of the main moral principles of Abraham Lincoln. His family did not
hold slaves and in the same way he didn't want slavery to exist in America. According to his own words, his whole
nature was against slavery, since slavery is the greatest evil of all evils that have arisen from the egoism of man
(Basler & et al., 2018). However, Lincoln’s ethical resolution about the abolition of slavery was intricated by
several factors. As he contended, slavery was legal by the Constitution, any act of abolishing slavery was
impossible on his part, due to the oath he had given as a president, which he could not violate because of the
president’s ethical obligations to sustain the Constitution (Rocker, 2017). Ultimately, according to the
15
Constitution, having extraordinary power during the civil war, Lincoln was able to sign the Emancipation
Proclamation, which led to the 13th Amendment to the Constitution which completely abolished slavery in the
United States (Rocker, 2017). All things considered, it could be noticed, Lincoln has always tried to adhere to his
own ethical principles as well as to his ethical obligations as a president of the USA. More importantly, he was
able to find a way to reach his objective without violation of both of these ethical principles which at the first sight
seen incompatible with each other.
Looking at Lincoln from the perspective of moral development, which describes the justification on which
people rely during the adoption of certain ethical decisions, there is no doubt that he had postconventional level of
moral development. Believing that none of the people has the right to infringe on others based on the only
difference in skin color, he opposed slavery based on his own set of moral principles driving his behavior. As
Kohlberg suggested, according to the postconventional theory of morality, when conflicts arise between a person’s
moral principles and commonly accepted norms, a person must remain persistent to his moral principles (Hawks,
2018). In fact, Lincoln's principles contradicted to the Constitution. Nevertheless, he constantly tried to convey
and empower others that the country could not develop further if it did not abolish slavery since this was
incompatible with principles of a democratic country.

Leadership Styles of Abraham Lincoln

It is known from the lecture of Leadership Behavior and Styles, that leadership style is an integration of
behaviors, traits and skills of a person.
Democratic Leadership
The first theory proposed as part of leadership styles was the autocratic and democratic leadership styles
theory identified in a study conducted by the University of Iowa. According to this theory, an autocratic leader
reserves the right to make decisions on himself/herself, exercise diligent control over his subordinates and prefers
leadership in an orderly manner, while a democratic leader mainly collaborates with his/her subordinates,
considers different opinions and try to reach a consensus in decision making. Autocratic and democratic leadership
are the opposites of two extremes, however, in most of the cases leadership styles of leaders placed between those
dimensions.
It cannot be denied that Abraham Lincoln was a bright representative of a democratic style of leadership.
Indeed, it was Lincoln who authored the slogan of American democracy stating that democracy is a "government
for the people ruled through the people" (Basler & et al., 2018). His main purpose was the unity of the nation and
freedom for the people regardless the race, color or gender, while his main tactic as a democratic leader was the
fact that he surrounded himself with people who could openly express their thoughts and ideas, and even challenge
the ideas of him. One of the examples proving his democratic leadership style is described by Goodwin (2005),
who states that although Lincoln made the final and undeniable decision to sign the Emancipation of
Proclamation, he gathered the Cabinet and encouraged them to give their suggestions about the date and conditions
under which this document should be signed. Although some representatives of the Cabinet did not agree upon the

16
issue of the Emancipation of Proclamation, they felt that their opinion has value and they would be heard. Indeed,
Lincoln listened and followed his Cabinet's suggestion to sign the Proclamation after the victory in the war.
Abraham Lincoln not only used a democratic form of leadership but also succeeded in it, as he gathered the
most skilled, experienced and best politicians around him. For instance, as soon as became a president, he
immediately offered his opponents a position in the Cabinet which consisted of the representatives of all factions,
contributing to the preservation of the integrity of the country (Goodwin, 2018).
In addition to this, he always shared his merits with his subordinates and never hesitated to highlight and
praise the achievements of others. Furthermore, he always shared responsibility for the failures or mistakes with
his subordinates. As a consequence, without resorting to fear or threats, as autocratic leaders usually tend to do, he,
through mutual understanding and respect, was able to earn the trust not only of his followers and allies but also,
he was able to turn his ardent rivals to his side.
Task-based and Relationship-based Leadership
Besides the leadership styles proposed by the studies of the University of Iowa, the studies of the
University of Michigan suggested two other leadership styles. The first leadership style called job-centered, which
included goal emphasis and job facilitation, which measured the degree to which a leader makes an emphasis on
job completion. In contrast, the second leadership style called employee-centered, which included interaction
facilitation and supportive leadership, emphasized the human needs and relationship between leader and his/her
subordinates. By the same token, the studies of the Ohio State University proposed to identify leadership styles on
the same two dimensions which called consideration (relationship-based) and initiating structure (task-based).
As it turned out earlier, Abraham Lincoln used democratic leadership, which in other words called
participatory leadership. Consideration or employee-centered leadership style is also based on participatory
leadership, where the leader motivates his subordinates to actively participate in the process. Consequently, it can
be assumed that Abraham Lincoln preferred relationship-based leadership style. As evidence of this, one can cite
the fact that, according to Goodwin (2005), who investigated Lincoln’s relationship with his Cabinet, the president
spent more time in the representatives of his Cabinet than with his wife and family. Lincoln was associated with
his Cabinet members not only by political bonds but also socially. Thus, Goodwin (2005) concluded that Lincoln's
subordinates played a special role in his life, both politically and emotionally. Moreover, Lincoln supported and
inspired his subordinates. As Schrama (2018) states, visiting the battlefield, Lincoln always tried to maintain small
conversations with each soldier individually, regardless of their position. Furthermore, he patiently accepted the
complaints and suggestions of each soldier, during receptions in the White House and tried to solve every
problem, regardless of its significance (Schrama, 2018).
On the other hand, along with supportive leadership and interaction facilitation, Lincoln was well aware of
the importance of goal emphasis and work facilitation, especially in a hard time of the Civil War. The political
genius of Abraham Lincoln lied in his ability to clearly clarify the objectives and outline the mission precisely. As
it was mentioned, he used to have small conversations with every soldier and military leader during his visits to
battlefields, not only to motivate and understand the needs of the soldiers but also to communicate his objectives
17
and to ensure the clarity of the strategy. Assessing the Leadership of Abraham Lincoln, Kearney (2017) suggested
that the leadership of Abraham Lincoln was distinguished by the clarity of objectives and understanding of the
strategic situation in the wartime. As Kearney (2017) states, in leadership with the generals he relied on a tougher
and more commanding tone, thus showing an example of leadership focused on the straight realization of military
orders. In addition, he skillfully assembled the right team of leaders with specifically outlined responsibilities of
each leader. Thus, possessing communicative and interpersonal skills, as well as determination and persistence, his
team successfully achieved its goals.
Therefore, it could be concluded, that Abraham Lincoln's leadership style was in between task-based and
relationship-based leadership. Thereby, according to the Ohio State University’s leadership model, Lincoln’s
leadership style can be classified as high structure and high consideration. Apart from this, according to the
Leadership Grid Theory proposed by the University of Texas, it could be proposed that Abraham Lincoln
represent a team-leader leadership style. Therefore, analyzing all have been written above, it could be asserted that
he had an effective style of leadership, since he knew how to set specific goals and focus on the successful
completion of tasks, not neglecting the relationship with his subordinates and their satisfaction.
Contingency Theory
Contingency Theory, is another theory which states that the leadership style should be either task
motivated or relationship motivated according to the situation which can be identified through 3 variables,
including leader-member relations, task structure and position power.
Firstly, given all of written the before, it can be stressed that Lincoln had a high level of leader-member
relations since Lincoln got people to trust him due to his integrity, openness, persistence, intelligence and
charisma. Secondly, presidency is a low structure task since there is no definite structure or action plan to rule the
country, it all depends on the political, economic and social situation in the country. It also depends on the goals
and visions of the president. Thirdly, as it was analyzed in the section of Power and Leadership Roles, Abraham
Lincoln had a strong positional power to reward or punish his subordinates. Therefore, according to the LPC Scale
table for Contingency Theory given below, it could be seen that preferred leadership style for Lincoln is 3 which
means that task-motivated leadership style is more favorable in this situation.
Leadership-member relations Good Poor
Task Structure High Structure Low Structure High Structure Low Structure

Position Power Stron Weak Strong Weak Strong Weak Strong Weak
g Power Power Power Power Power Power Power
Power
Preferred Leadership Style 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Referring to the previous arguments, Abraham Lincoln had high structure and high consideration
leadership styles, which equally focused job and employee orientation, indicating that according to Contingency
Theory, Lincoln was an effective leader whose leadership resulted in positive outcomes.
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 Coaching Leadership
Along with the contingency theory, there is a situational leadership that also suspects that different
situations require different approaches of leadership. The difference between the contingency theory and
situational leadership is that in situational leadership the leader should adjust his leadership style by directive and
supportive elements according to the competence and commitment of his/her subordinates.
Considering the president of the country from the perspective of this theory is quite ambiguous, since the
president manages different groups of people with different levels of commitment and competence, which
nevertheless requires a more comprehensive approach to leadership. Despite this, perhaps two main groups under
the leadership of President Lincoln was his Cabinet and the generals who commanded the army during the Civil
War.
Regarding his Cabinet, according to Goodwin (2006) it can be said that Lincoln gathered around him an
exceptional team of the most prominent minds of that time to lead the United States. Therefore, his Cabinet
members had moderate to high level of competence. His main goal was to achieve unity of the nation and the
abolition of slavery (Basler & et al., 2018). Of course, his whole cabinet was also motivated by the unity of the
nation and by the development of the country. However, conflicting opinions arose on the issue of the abolition of
slavery. In this regard, many had doubts about the possibility of combining unity and the abolition of slavery,
which was incompatible at that moment. Therefore, it could be proposed that the Cabinet members had variable
commitment and confidence about possibility of achieving these goals. Combining their commitment and
confidence level it could be said that the Cabinet members had D3 development level.
In contrast, the military commanders, at the beginning of Abraham Lincoln's presidency had the D2
development level. They had low to some competence, because as Goodwin (2005) stated when Lincoln left the
responsibility for making decisions entirely on the shoulders of the generals they failed to bring the victory that
Lincoln expected from them. Moreover, most of the soldiers participating in the war were not professional soldiers
(McPherson, 2000). In addition, due to the increasing deaths in the war and the loss of troops, the soldiers and the
generals gradually lost confidence, which led to low commitment.
Based on the situation, according to the situational leadership, coaching (S2) and supporting (S3) styles are
the best suitable leadership styles for the military commanders and for the Cabinet members respectively. What
undoubtedly true is that Abraham Lincoln was high directive and high supportive coaching leader both for his
Cabinet members and with the generals. He did not fetter his subordinates, but, on the contrary, actively inspired
them to freely share their ideas and challenge the status-quo. However, Abraham Lincoln always left the final and
majority of decision for himself. As an example, collaborating with the generals, he himself created military
strategies, since he had excellent command of military affairs (Crowley, 2012). Moreover, he himself made an
unconditional decision to abolish slavery, but before signing the act he discussed the conditions for issuing this
document with his subordinates (Crowley, 2012). Therefore, it could be said that Abraham Lincoln used the
Coaching leadership styles with both of the cases.
Path-Goal Theory
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 The path-goal theory explains the motivational tactics of a leader who inspires his followers to act, by
defining goals, clarifying tasks, removing obstacles and providing support.
As stated on the Leadership and Motivation course, the main aspect of leadership is the use of correct and
appropriate leadership in different situations and with different subordinates, because by choosing the right type of
leadership, an effective leader achieves success, as a result of which his followers achieve high motivation. As it
was analyzed above, according to contingency theory and situational leadership, Abraham Lincoln used a right and
effective leadership appropriate to the situation and description of his subordinates.
In the same way as in previous theories, path-goal theory matches leadership behavior based on the
characteristics of the task and the characteristics of the needs of subordinates. According to the concept of path-
goal theory it could be proposed that the task characteristics facing the team of Abraham Lincoln was ambiguous,
challenging and complex, whereas his subordinates’ characteristics may be described as "high expectations".
Ultimately, the best suitable leadership behavior is achievement-oriented leadership, which engage subordinate to
work with 100% effort and build trustworthy relationship with them.
Another characteristic of path-goal theory is that an effective leader, remove obstacle to achieve goal.
During the war, it was difficult to maintain the spirit of the soldiers and keep them motivated due to emotional
obstacle in the face of increasing number of victims and a loss of troop (Schrama, 2018). Nevertheless, Lincoln
helped his followers to overcome this obstacle by formulating a clear vision and clear aim of the war, thereby
convincing them to combat for the future of the country. He individually communicated to everyone the ultimate
goal of this war and the value of the battle. As an achievement-oriented leader, he knew when to perform certain
steps to push his subordinates to certain action that he expected from them (Schrama, 2018).
In addition, to overcome the obstacle associated with the loss of troops and the lack of soldiers in the war,
Lincoln went on a tricky political move that radically changed the course of the war. In 1863, Lincoln signed the
Emancipation Proclamation, which freed all slaves in the rebellious states of the Confederation, which led to the
escape of slaves from the Southern states to the Northern states (Crowley, 2012). In addition, he announced the
admission of black people to the ranks of the US Army, due to which, about 200 thousand black soldiers joined the
war on the side of the Northern States.
These examples show that Abraham Lincoln was able to skillfully remove the obstacles that stood in the
way of followers to productively achieve goals, which is a sign of effective achievement-oriented path-goal
leadership.

Transformational and Authentic Leadership

Transformational Abraham
It was studied from the course of Leadership and Motivation that transformational leadership is a new
approach to leadership, which, as its name suggests, is based on a higher level of leadership that transforms
people's ideas and actions, and as a result helps leader and followers to achieve a greater level of moral principles
and motivation. Transformational leadership is more than just an effort toward one’s own gain. This is a process
aimed at achieving a common good goal that will benefit both the leader and the followers. Transformational
20
leaders lead through idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individual
consideration. They play the role of a mentor who supports subordinates, sets clear vision and mission and
motivates followers to development.
Considering the question of transformational leadership, many researchers and experts agreed that
Abraham Lincoln is a vivid example of a transformational leader who eradicated slavery while preserving the
unity of the nation and cultivated deep moral values that contributed to the further development of the country.
As already known, Lincoln ruled the country during the Civil War between the United States and the
Confederation. In this difficult time, Lincoln had a great responsibility to motivate soldiers fighting on the
battlefield. Over the years, the number of victims continued to escalate and it became increasingly difficult to
maintain the spirit of the soldiers (Schrama, 2018). However, Lincoln formulated a clear vision in the eyes of the
followers, thereby convincing them to take part in the war for the future of the country. He communicated to
everyone the ultimate goal of this war and the value of the battle. Lincoln knew when to perform certain steps to
push his subordinates to certain action that he expected from them (Schrama, 2018).
The main objective of Lincoln, as already known, was the eradication of slavery and the unity of the
nation. If the unity of the nation was the ideology of the whole country, then the question of the abolition of
slavery, on the contrary, was the cause of endless debate (Schrama, 2018). The issue of the abolition of slavery
was criticized as in the Southern states, where was the greatest concentration of slaves, as in the North. In order
not to lose the support of the North, and not to intensify the discontent of the Southern states, he, referring to Bible
and ethics, stated in his speech that without eradicating slavery, America would never achieve democracy, because
slavery contradict to the principles of democracy and the unity of the nation (Basler & et al., 2018). Thus, referring
to the anti-moral consequences of slavery and the ideals and needs of folks through emotional appeal Lincoln
adeptly using the ideals and desires of his people, from the one objective of the national unity, he transformed it
into a greater goal of preserving unity and freedom. The success of Lincoln as an inspiratory motivator can be seen
in the letters of soldiers who wrote that they are ready to take up all the difficulties of a soldier life to reach those
ideals for the country in which they truly want to live (Schrama, 2018).
There are many examples where Abraham Lincoln showed signs of transformational leadership. His
leadership was different from any other president who ruled country before him (Goodwin, 2006).
Firstly, his policy was different in a way that Lincoln surrounded himself not only with his allies but also
with the most capable and influential politicians of that time from among his opponents (Goodwin, 2005). Using
emotional stimulation, he inspired his Cabinet to openly express their thoughts and challenge the commonly
accepted anti-moral principles that have not been officially questioned before. Despite the fact that the last
decision was always left to Lincoln, he considered the opinions of everyone, carried these ideas through in-depth
analysis, and tried to come to a solution that would satisfy the majority. Moreover, he never hesitated to praise and
highlight the achievement of his subordinates. This approach gave his subordinates a sense of significance,
whereby he was able to draw his opponents to his side. On account of his emotional intelligence, he knew how to
understand people's emotions and how to adapt to different situations. When he felt that someone needed support,

21
he gave support; he considered each person as an individual, therefore, whenever possible, he tried to devote
separate time to each subordinate to listen with patience to the problems that worried them and give a rational
solution to these problems (Schrama, 2018).
For example, as Goodwin (2005) explains, at the battle of Cold Harbor, General Grant made a mistake that
led to deaths and a large loss of troops. Nevertheless, Lincoln sent a letter to Grant, telling him that Grant would
undoubtedly succeed, so he encouraged him to keep preserving a common vision (Goodwin, 2005). Lincoln
believed in the competence of the general and in his decisions, thereby giving him great support. This situation is
an example of transformational leadership since transformational leaders enable their subordinates to learn from
their mistakes, as a result contributing to their growth.
Secondly, Lincoln set common long-term goals above his ambitions. According to Goodwin (2005),
General Grant needed 300,000 additional soldiers which would play a crucial role in the battle. However, a
positive decision in favor of Grant’s request could unfavorably affect the position of Lincoln in the next
presidential election. Many cabinet representatives advised Lincoln to refuse the request so as not to bring negative
consequences in the upcoming elections. After hearing the opinions of his allies, Lincoln told them that he did not
see the point in the presidency if he will fail to lead his country to the unity, therefore he made a positive decision
upon Grant's request (Goodwin, 2005). Having made a decision that could have caused a negative consequence in
his political career, he showed everyone an example that a true leader should always put the common goals of the
country and his followers above his personal goals and benefits.
Thirdly, he radically changed the way how he communicated with his generals. In the early years of the
Civil War, he left the responsibility for making decisions entirely on the shoulders of the generals, as it used to be
for centuries (Goodwin, 2005). However, this tactic did not bring the results that Lincoln was waiting for.
Therefore, Lincoln himself began to study military affairs. As it is known, he studied books on military affairs and,
combining his knowledge in politics and mathematics, himself developed military strategies that were admired by
the generals (Goodwin, 2005). This knowledge allowed him to be on a par with military commanders and take a
position of a real Commander in Chief. More importantly, Lincoln's new tactics led to a significant US victory in
the Siege of Vicksburg and at the Battle of Gettysburg (McPherson, 2000).
And finally, he was closer to his people than no other US president before him. According to Schrama
(2018) presidents usually rarely went beyond the White House, and mainly spent the time by discussions with the
Congress. However, Abraham Lincoln decided to bring a change to this through direct communication with his
citizens. One example of his direct communication could be the letters that he distributed among the people.
According to estimates, he issued about 500,000 letters that reached about 10 million people (Schrama, 2018).
This kind of direct interaction with people brought up people's trust and support in Lincoln. Moreover, Lincoln
tried to be closer not only to the citizens but also to the soldiers at the battlefield. As it was said before, according
to Schrama (2018) visiting the battlefield, Lincoln always tried to maintain small conversations with each soldier
individually, regardless of their position. Furthermore, he patiently accepted the complaints and suggestions of

22
each soldier, during receptions in the White House and tried to solve every problem, regardless of its significance
(Schrama, 2018). With exceptional confidence and determination
Considering all of the written above, as a conclusion, it could be pointed out that Abraham Lincoln
undoubtedly was a transformational leader because he was able to get the trust and respect of his followers; he did
not hesitate to make sacrifices and compromises on the way to a common goal; he put the common goal of the
nation above his personal gain; he had a postconventional level of moral development, thereby adhering to his
ethical values and encouraging others to follow the high moral principles; he not just gave orders while sitting in
the White House, but he himself took part in every process and encouraged others to collaborate and actively
express their thoughts; he was able to inspire and motivate his followers through a common vision. Abraham
Lincoln sincerely worried about the future of the nation and he really believed in a free and united future for the
country. Ultimately, he achieved his goals, namely the victory of the states in the Civil War and the abolishment of
slavery. On January 31, 1865, he issued the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, which officially prohibited
slavery in the United States (Rocker, 2017). In 1865, during his second term as a president, he was assassinated by
the contradictors of the abolition of slavery from the South (McPherson, 2000). Lincoln often talked about
sacrifice for a great purpose for the benefit of all, unfortunately, he himself became this victim for the sake of the
nation. During the funeral procession, black people were kneeling in front of the coffin of their leader, whom they
called their "father" (McPherson, 2000). He was a true transformational leader, a hero of his nation.
Intrapersonal Authentic Leadership
According to the course of Leadership and Motivation, authentic leadership is a relatively new theory of
leadership, stating that a person’s leadership is real, unique, trustworthy and transparent. There are 3 types of
authentic leadership which includes intrapersonal, developmental and interpersonal types. Given the definition of
intrapersonal authentic leadership style, implying the fact that it is a genuine and original leadership developed
from the leader’s own convictions and beliefs, which affect a person’s actions and behavior, it could be said that
Abraham Lincoln possessed the intrapersonal authentic leadership type.
Given everything that was written above, it could be said Abraham Lincoln's convictions and values take
roots from his childhood. Having grown up in a poor farmer’s family and having gone through the difficulties of
life, he initially set himself the goal of achieving something more than farming in this life and leaving his mark on
history. To achieve his personal goal, since childhood, despite an absence of resources to get an education at
school, Abraham engaged in self-education, in which he even excelled his peers (McPherson, 2000). Already as a
teenager, he started work early and tried himself in various fields, thereby gaining vast experience. However, he
did not feel satisfaction from his work, since by law, his father was entitled to take all of Abraham's earnings.
According to Burlingame (1994), this incident led Abraham to draw an analogy with slaves who did not receive a
cent for their work. This has grown in young Abram a deep hatred of slavery and the enormous value of freedom.
A few years later, an adult Abraham, studying politics and the principles of democracy of the country, written by
the founding fathers of America, came to the strong conviction that slavery is an anti-moral practice, contradicting
to the principles and values of democracy (Basler & et al., 2018). Lincoln was a man of high moral values. Since
23
childhood, he tried to maintain his good and honest name. Therefore, he believed that slavery was a deeply
immoral practice, which was the greatest evil of all evils (Basler & et al., 2018). Based on his childhood
experience, he could not stand that a situation where a person, was not able to receive any reward for his/her
labour. Along with this, studying politics, Abraham gained himself the value of the unity. Thereby, he had another
strong conviction of restoration the unity of the nation.
More importantly, linking his actions with his convictions, he became a unique leader, unlike any president
of America ruling the country before him. As it was outlined in the sub-section of Abraham Lincoln’s
transformational leadership, he radically transformed the way of communicating and leading his Cabinet; he
introduced a new way of leading the generals during the war that no president had ever practiced before; he was
like no one else close to his people and tried to have an individual approach and direct communication with each
person; and finally, he was the person who officially abolished slavery and gave freedom to the slaves in the
country, maintaining the unity of the nation.
Linking everything that have been said, describing the transformational leadership of Abraham Lincoln, it
could be proposed that the authentic and transformational leadership of Abraham Lincoln was closely related.
Putting everything together, it becomes clear that Abraham Lincoln possessed psychological capabilities, had
strong moral values and moral reasoning, passed through hardships of life and critical life events, had inborn and
derived core capabilities, therefore, was an intrapersonal authentic leader. And in conclusion, it is crucial to say
that as an authentic leader, he clearly understood his goal, stood firmly on achieving this goal, devoted his whole
life to this mission and showed everyone how an authentic leader should be like.

Charismatic Leader: Abraham Lincoln

Along with transformational leadership, there is charismatic leadership, which is a leadership through
reference behavior, namely appearance, demonstration of confidence, following one’s own statements and
instructions. Charismatic leadership is a leadership distinguished by specific techniques of transformational
leadership and charisma, a certain set of features, sometimes not entirely explainable, but essentially including
such qualities as a high level of personal energy, emotional intelligence and the ability to infect masses of people
with enthusiasm. Charismatic leadership is the possession of internal goals and at the same time the ability to
correctly represent them in the right context and to express them clearly and easily, which undoubtedly the sign of
high social intelligence of a leader. A charismatic leader is distinguished by high efficiency and the ability to take
risks; to use different methods in different situations, sometimes to be predictable and unpredictable and to lead
people by inspiring confidence. Let us analyze the charismatic leadership of Abraham Lincoln, whose leadership
affected all segments of the nation and the political elite.
Abraham Lincoln was a bright and outstanding representative of a charismatic leader. When studying
Abraham Lincoln's leadership, it is hard to believe that Lincoln had no formal education. Formally, he went to
school for less than a year, but he had a passion (McPherson, 2000). Passion for reading and at the same time for
memorizing what he has read. For instance, young Abraham, by re-reading the books several times, was able to
recite Aesop's fables, Shakespeare's poems and the Bible by heart (Crowley, 2012). As a result, the active quoting
24
of the Bible in his speeches, delighted his listeners, strengthening the faith of the listeners in what he talked about
by quoting and giving examples from the Bible.
Additionally, from a young age, Abraham tried himself in different occupations, gaining an invaluable gift,
such as experience. According to McPherson (2000), having only one year of formal education and having, as he
thought, not “attractive” farmer’s appearance, with a height of 193 cm, with long and clumsy limbs, stoop and a
face with smallpox marks, Lincoln successfully passed an exam and got a lawyer's qualification. However, a
young Lincoln had doubts about his political career, as he was often poked fun at and always was asked
uncomfortable questions about his appearance. Nevertheless, he continued to combine advocating practice with the
career of a politician (McPherson, 2000).
Having coped with all the difficulties, he became the owner of inner confidence, endurance, firmness to
show determination, the ability to make fun on himself and sincerely express his emotions. At the same time, due
to his huge experience, he acquired the ability to listen and openly express his arguments, therefore became an
exceptional orator. Growing up, all youthful complexes disappeared and he even changed his image: let his beard
grow, acquired an impressive image that attracts attention and admiration, sympathy and dominance among the
followers. Thus, he became a kind of brand, a visible, recognizable face, which others want to imitate, follow and
accomplish feats. People begin to recognize him as an example and a role model. Therefore, it could be said that
he definitely was a charismatic leader.

Abraham Lincoln and Motivation

Inner Motivation
The ability to motivate is an extremely essential component of effective leadership. Many leaders on their
way lose internal self-esteem and motivation, as a result of which they do not achieve success for their goals.
Therefore, an effective leader, before leading people to a specific goal, initially must have strong self-motivation.
Only having the inner motivation, a leader can effectively instill confidence in his subordinates and motivate him
to perform certain actions, considering the needs of everyone.
From childhood, Abraham had a need to achieve something more in his life than working on a farm. For
this reason, he decided that even if he does not have the opportunity to study at school, he will engage in self-
education. Young Abraham started self-education by reading books that he borrowed from his acquaintances and
friends. Thus, he independently learned writing, was able to recite Aesop's fables, Shakespeare's poems and Bible
quotes by heart (Crowley, 2012). In addition, he honed his skills in English grammar, mathematics, trigonometry
and the history of America (McPherson, 2000). Ultimately, he achieved a high level of satisfaction, since the
knowledge and abilities that he gained by studying hard, helped him in adulthood to study law, pass qualification
and embark on the path of a political career. This suggests that, from childhood, Abraham showed a strong internal
motivation, and did not give up in front of his goals.
As president, he developed a new need, which was to maintain the unity of America and the granting the
freedom to all slaves through the official eradication of slavery. As a result, he had a motive to stop the Civil War
between the South and North. In addition, he had a motive to change people's prejudices regarding the anti-moral
25
practice of slavery. To achieve his goals, he gathered a team of the most prominent politicians of that time,
actively engaged in the study of military affairs and developed military strategies, actively motivated his followers
and changed their thinking by inspiring them with the help of his personal leadership qualities and intellect. As a
consequence, the United States won the Civil War, which led to the unification of the South and North. In
addition, he signed the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, which officially abolished slavery in America
(Rocker, 2017). Despite the fact that Abraham Lincoln was killed by his oppositions from the Southern states, he
achieved a high level of satisfaction, since he implemented in life all his objectives, by virtue of which America
became the leading country to date.
Abraham as Motivator
Owing to Lincoln’s emotional intelligence, he was able to understand what motivates a person and identify
each person’s inner needs. Therefore, despite the fact that at the time of Abraham Lincoln, there were no studies
about motivational theories, as an effective leader, he skillfully used several motivational theories adjusting them
to the different situations.
For instance, it could be said that Lincoln, actively used McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory, stating that
need for achievement, power and affiliation are the 3 fundamental needs motivating a person; alongside with
Vroom's Expectancy Theory of efforts and rewards to motivate his Cabinet members As already mentioned, as
soon as Abraham Lincoln became a president, he gathered an outstanding team, consisting of his allies, as well as
his opponents such as William Seward, Salmon Chase and Edward Bates, who were also balloting for the
presidency (Goodwin, 2018). He knew that these people were driven by the need for achievement, power and
affiliation, but they were prominent politicians of the time, and therefore Lincoln had a question how to entice his
opponents to his side and motivate them to work for the good of the country under his leadership. Identifying the
needs of his subordinates, he proceeded to use the actions that are now known as the Vroom's Expectancy Theory.
He knew that in order to achieve efficiency in work, it was necessary to set specific goals for the team, to trust and
give members of his team freedom of action and the opportunity to express their ideas openly, and in the end, to
give his subordinates a fair reward for the work done. As is already known, Abraham Lincoln had the principle
that any person, no matter who he was, have to receive a well-deserved reward for his work (Basler & et al.,
2018). For example, Seward was exactly that person who advised Lincoln to sign the Emancipation Proclamation
after the military victory. Abraham took this opinion into account, and even officially rewarded Seward, saying
that the work of his department stands out as a huge success, which brings an incredible contribution to the
development of the country (Kearney, 2017). Using Seward as an example, he showed how important it is to
respect the opinions of his subordinated, and to give them a sense of importance, power and value. Moreover,
Abraham Lincoln used Adam’s Equity Theory to motivate his subordinates. As it was said before, Abraham
Lincoln always shared his merits with his subordinates and called attention to and recognized the achievements of
others. Furthermore, he always shared responsibility for the failures or mistakes with his subordinates.
Another example of the Vroom Expectancy Theory used could be the “Homestead Act” signed by the
president Abraham Lincoln. At that times, the country faced an urgent need for the development of farming and
26
agriculture in the Northern states due to shortage of food and products to provide for troops. In order to motivate
young people to actively engage in farming and agriculture, as well as to demotivate them to participate in the war
on the side of the Confederation, the act was signed which stated that any young man who reached 21 and did not
fight on the side of the Confederation, by paying $10 fee, was able to obtain land from the government and build a
house there (Fink, 2019). In addition, the act said that with the successful cultivation of 4 hectares of land, a
person had full rights to obtain ownership of the land after 5 years of farming (Fink, 2019). On this example, it is
obvious to see that the residents had a specific goal, specific steps of action and the conditions for the successful
implementation of which they were given a reward such as an ownership of their own property. It’s also a great
example for Locke's Goal Setting Theory, as the goal was specific, measurable, achievable, measurable and had
specific time bound. Thus, the government, under the leadership of Lincoln, motivated the residents engage in
farming and to develop the agriculture in the Northern states.
Given the examples described above, it could be stressed Abraham Lincoln had the ability to influence
individuals and groups of people through various motivational theories in order to encourage them to work
effectively.

Negotiation Skills of Abraham Lincoln

Studying the course of the Leadership and Motivation it became obvious that an effective leader must have
an equal amount of communication and social skills alongside with the excellent negotiating skills and tactics to
convince others and to be able to achieve the best possible and favorable results, because leadership is the
continuous interaction with other people. As it is already known, Abraham Lincoln had outstanding
communication skills and sociability. Now, let us analyze his negotiation skills and his effectiveness as negotiator.
Firstly, answering the question whether Abraham Lincoln had the qualities inherent in an effective
negotiator, it can be emphasized that Abraham Lincoln, as already considered before, was empathetic and sociable.
Moreover, he showed exceptional listening skills, patience and persistence, positive attitude to everyone,
regardless position, age, gender or color of the skin.
Secondly, answering the question what Abraham Lincoln negotiated for, at it is already known, Abraham
Lincoln’ main objective was to abolish slavery and at the same time to retain the unity of the nation. However, the
question of slavery was already a deeply strengthened practice in the United States, especially in the Southern
states, where the plantation economy was developing due to the slave auctions and active cultivation of sugarcane,
rice, cotton and other crops grown by slaves (Leidner, 1999). Therefore, the Southern states were strongly against
Abraham Lincoln's ideas of abandoning the practice of slavery. As a result, knowing Abraham Lincoln's attitude
towards the slavery, after the election of Lincoln as president, the Southern states put forward a condition called
the “Crittenden Compromise”, where they put an ultimatum either to legalize slavery or secede from the United
States, and become a separate state (Leidner, 1999). However, Lincoln could not compromise, because he strongly

27
believed that slavery is an anti-moral practice that impedes the development of the United States as a democratic
state (Basler & et al., 2018).
Analyzing this situation, it could be said that on the part of the Southern states, Lincoln’s refusal to legalize
slavery, was a Walk Away Point, which led to BATNA for the Southern states, in the form of secession from
United States. On top of that, both parties did not have the AOPA to accept an agreement favorable for both
parties, since, the Southern states have long nurtured the idea of secession from the United States, therefore did not
support the idea of unity. On the other side, Abraham Lincoln was against the secession of the Southern states.
Therefore, the Civil War broke out between the South and the North. The negotiation with Southern States took a
Distributive character, with win-lose outcome.
In addition, the conflicting opinions arose on the issue of the abolition of slavery in the North. In this
regard, many had doubts about the possibility of combining unity and the abolition of slavery, which was
incompatible at that moment. However, unlike the situation with the Southern states, Abram Lincoln had AOPA
with representatives of the Northern states, since they also desired the development of the country as a union.
Lincoln who was able to determine the AOPA, therefore, by referring to the anti-moral consequences of slavery,
quotations from the Bible and the principles of democracy left by the founder fathers of the USA, he combined the
one objective of the national unity with the other idea of freedom for everyone. He was able to convince people
that these two concepts are inseparable, and further development of the country is impossible one without the
other. Thus, he was able to reach a consensus with representatives of the Northern states and led them to common
cooperation. Therefore, on the contrary to the previous situation, this negotiation had integrative character with
win-win outcome and joint gain.
As the culmination of these negotiations, it is known that the Confederation (Southern states) surrendered
and the United States won the war (Faith and Liberty Discovery Center, 2020). Moreover, Lincoln signed the
Emancipation Proclamation, which led to the 13th Amendment to the Constitution which completely abolished
slavery in the United States (Rocker, 2017). Despite the victory over the Southern states, Lincoln compromised
and refused to punish the Southern states for the good of the country's unity (Leidner, 1999).
Another situation to consider in the analysis of Abraham Lincoln’s negotiation skills and tactics, is how he
negotiated with his political rivals and was able to turn them in his side. Given all that was written in this report
about Lincoln’s relationship with his subordinates, and especially with his opponents who soon became his allies
and part of his Cabinet, it could be noted that he always tried to maintain friendly relationships while solving
problems; he always remained respectful, tactical and considerate, but never avoided negotiations where it was
required; he always tries to find unique ways of solving the situation; he reasonably assessed the interests and
motives of other parties; adhered to the principles of honesty, and tried to find a solution that was beneficial for
both parties.
Summarizing all have been written above in the table below, it could be said that Abraham Lincoln had
high preference for collaborating and compromising negotiation styles and moderate preference for

28
accommodating negotiation style, whereas avoiding and competing negotiation styles was least preferred for
Abraham Lincoln.
Assessing Abraham Lincoln’s negotiation style
Accommodating 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Avoiding 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Collaborating 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Competing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Compromising 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Power, Leadership Roles and Politics

It is known from the course of Leadership and Motivation that there are 2 bases of power, such as
positional power, assigned by a title, and personal power, recognized by others due to competencies or qualities
such as charisma. Analyzing the leadership of Abraham Lincoln, it can be said with confidence that he had both
types of power.
First of all, he had a legitimate power as the 16th President of the USA.
Secondly, according to the constitution of the USA (White House, n.d.) "The president of the USA plays a
role of Head of State, Head of Executive and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces". In addition, this means
that he fulfilled all three groups of the Leadership Managerial Roles such as interpersonal, informational and
decisional roles. Therefore, he had a power to influence the behavior of others through reward or punishment
which in other words he had reward and coercive powers.
Thirdly, Abraham Lincoln was one of the most prominent and influential people in the history of humanity.
He was able to draw crowds together, convince people and create liking to himself with his followers using his
personality traits, charisma and skills, which undoubtedly gave him a referent power.
In a fourth place, he had a competence in military affairs, politics, law, mathematics and geometry, history,
literature, farming and in other more fields giving him a high command of expert power.
Finally, it could be proposed that being a president, he had access to classified information and had close
contact with eminent and influential persons not only in the USA but also in other countries, that allowed him to
have both information and connection powers.
In addition, as it is known from the materials presented at the lectures, there are three key behaviors of
politicians for imposing power such as networking, reciprocity and coalitions. In the case of Abraham Lincoln’s
political leadership, his qualities are clearly visible, no doubt such qualities as political insight, exceptional
charisma, the use of democratic strategies and tactics played a great role for the successful use and gain of power,
which he did without the use of dirty manipulations. Basically, he used his political astute through support and
loyalty, constructive methods of negotiating, attracting supporters and followers necessary for influence, especially
through coalitions and coaptations.

29
 Conclusion
In conclusion, the findings of this study prove that Abraham Lincoln is a vivid example of a
transformational and authentic leader, a hero of his nation, who officially abolished slavery in the USA while
preserving the unity of the nation. The analysis of Abraham Lincoln’s leadership traits justifies the statement that
persistence and determination, sociability, integrity and intelligence are the basis of the effective leadership of
Abraham Lincoln. Moreover, it can be said that having gone through all the obstacles and difficulties of life,
Lincoln developed a deep self-confidence and self-esteem which he fully used on his way of becoming a leader. In
his speeches, he used his natural humor and charisma with the help of which he could easily lure any listener into
his conversation, convince people, create liking to himself, inspire and motivate his followers through a common
vision.
All things considered, linking his actions with his convictions, he became a unique leader, unlike any
president of America ruling the country before him. Abraham Lincoln gathered around him the greatest and the
most prominent politicians including his political opponents. Due to his exceptional negotiating skills and ability
to pursue pleasant and social relationships, he embodied his ideas and established effective leadership by unifying
these bright minds of that time into an exceptional team. He was like no one else close to his people and tried to
have an individual approach and direct communication with each person. Considering all that have been written
above, it would appear that he indeed was one of the most prominent and influential leaders in the history of

30
humanity, who cultivated deep moral values and the path by which the USA was able to become one of the
strongest states on the planet.

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