The Chemical Enginet?ring Jown.

ul, 51 (1993) 53-60 53

Pressure drop in conical spouted beds

M. Olazar*, M. J: San Jose, A. T. Aguayo, J. M. Arandes and J. Bilbao

Departamento de Ingenierla Quimica, Universidad cl.& Pati Vasco, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao (Spain)

(Received October 10, 1991; in final form May 25, 1992)

Abstract

The limitations of the few correlations in the literature for the design of conical spouted beds and the
non-validity of these conventional correlations proposed for cylindrical spouted beds have been proven.
Consequently, original hydrodynamic correlations for spouting and jet spouting, corresponding to conical
contactors, have been proposed for the calculation of the maximumpressure drop and of the pressure
drop in stableoperationalconditions.The hydrodynamic study has been carried out with different geometries
of the contactor-inlet system (different angles and diameters of inlet) and with solids of different particle
sizes, densities and shape factors, so that the correlations obtained are of general applicability.

1. Introduction beds in exclusively conical contactors, which have

By expansion of the spouted bed in a conical
contactor, a regime called a jet spouted bed is
attained [ 11, which combines the characteristics of
cyclic movement of the particles peculiar to the
spouted bed and of high velocity corresponding to
fast fluidization or, even, to innovative contactors
(cyclonic reactor, impinging stream reactors etc.).
The geometric factors and the operation ranges for
stable operation in spouting and jet spouting regimes
have been delimited [ 21.
The outlook for the uses of these regimes is very
optimistic, especially for the handling of solids that
are sticky and that have a distribution of particle
sizes. In the same way, the simplicity of both the
construction and the contactor design is note worthy.
The jet spouted bed has been used successfully in
the polymerization of benzyl alcohol on acidic cat-
alysts [ 31 and in coal gasification [ 41. Its application
in operations or processes requires the determi-
nation of the design conditions. With this aim, the
study of the correlations that allow for the calculation
of pressure drop in function of the magnitudes of
operation conditions previously established is ap-
proached in this paper.
The definition of the hydrodynamics of the jet
spouted bed is very limited and the only correlations
for its design [5] were established from a very
limited experimental base. The studies on spouted
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
a very peculiar behaviour, are also very limited
[6-lo], so that the valuable progress made in the
comprehension and modelling of cylindrical spouted
beds is not applicable.
2. Experimental details
With the aim of finding correlations of general
application, the experimental study has been ex-
tended to solids of different natures, using contactors
of different geometries and a wide range of gas
velocities.
Previously [ 11, the components of the pilot plant
and the geometry of the contactors used are de-
scribed as follows. The blower supplies a maximum
air flow of 300 N m3 h-i at a pressure of 1500
mm of water column. The flow is measured by
means of three rotameters, which are used in the
ranges 0.3-2.5, 2.5-25 and 30-250 N m3 h-i. The
conical poly(methy1 methacrylate) contactors have
been made with the following dimensions: diameter
of the contactor base, 0.06 m; column diameter D,
at the exit of the conical section, 0.36 m, heights
H, of the conical section, 0.36, 0.40, 0.45, 0.50
and 0.60 m; cone angles y corresponding to the
above-mentioned heights, 45, 39, 36, 33 and 28”.
With each contactor, the study has been extended
to four inlets whose configuration, in order to make
the operation stable and to avoid dead zones, has
been previously described [2]. Four values of inlet

0300-9467/93/$6.00 0 1993 - Elsevier Sequoia. All rights reserved

54 M. Olazar et al. / Pressure drop in conical spouted beds

diameter Do have been tried: 0.03, 0.04, 0.05 and

0.06 m. This latter inlet allows for operation only
with the coarse solids in Table 1 (glass spheres of
6 and 8 mm particle diameter, beans, chickpeas,
peas and ceramics).
The solids used correspond basically to group D
of the work by Geldart [ 11, 121 classification, for
which these contact techniques can be especially
interesting, and their properties are set out in Table
1. The hydrodynamics of the group D particles has
hardly been studied and the conventional gas-solid
contact forms used with them are the moving bed
and the spouted bed in a cylindrical contactor.
Recently, hydrodynamic factors such as the mini-
_r
103

mum fluidization velocity and voidage for particles dp*

within this group have been studied [ 131. Fig. 1. Ranges for the experimental study.
The experimental conditions to which the study
was extended are shown in Pig. 1 in a plot of the
velocity modulus u*=u[p2/(Ap gp)]lB VS. d,*= dp = 0.004 m
(Ar)1’3. The versatility of the regimes studied, which L&.=0.03 m

cover different operation zones, as well as the extent

of the operation ranges used, which are spread out
on both sides of the broken curve calculated using
the terminal velocity u, of the individual particles,
can be appreciated. In the construction in Pig. 1,
the velocity at the reactor inlet was used.
The pressure measurements are carried out by I
0
means of vertical pressure taps, whose radial and 4 6 12 16 20

U (m/s)
longitudinal positions can be established at will

TABLE 1. Properties of the solids used dp = 0.004 m

Material d, 4 CO Geldart
@un> $g m-“1 classifi-
800
cation

Glass spheres 1 2420 1 0.322 B

400
2 2420 1 0.328 D
3 2420 1 0.345 D
4 2420 1 0.355 D ,
6 2420 1 0.361 D 0 4 8 12 16 20

8 2420 1 0.378 D U(m/s)

Beans 9.6 1140 0.65 0.405 D Fig. 2. Values measured for the bed pressure drop vs. air linear
velocity for glass spheres of 0.004 m diameter.
Rice 3 1250 0.60 0.449 D
Chickpeas 9.2 1130 0.90 0.412 D
Peas 6.8 1110 0.70 0.446 D inside the contactor by the externally controlled
Lentils 4.4 1190 0.40 0.490 D displacement device previously described [l]. The
Ceramics 6.1 3520 0.90 0.501 D data reading-processing is carried out in a Tandon
386/20 computer provided with a card for data
Expanded 3.5 14 1 0.507 D
polystyrene acquisition with PCLS-701 software that permits us
to obtain continuous curves of pressure drop VS.
Extruded 3.5 960 0.70 0.395 D
polystyrene velocity. The pressure drop in the bed for each
velocity is calculated by considering the grid pres-
Polystyrene- 3.5 960 0.70 0.395 D
polybutadiene sure drop both in the presence of a bed and in the
absence of a bed, according to the correction pro-
Wood cubes 25 240 0.90 0.240 D
posed by Mathur and Epstein [ 141.
 M. OLazar et al. / Pressure
In Fig. 2, the diagrams obtained of bed pressure
drop for the contactor angle of 45”, for glass spheres
of 0.004 m diameter and for two values of inlet
diameter are shown as an example. These diagrams
are peculiar to conical spouted-bed expansion and
the characteristic parameters such as maximum
pressure drop and stable pressure drops corre-
sponding to spouting and jet spouting regimes are
defined in them [ 11. The geometric positions of the
dotted lines correspond to incipient spouting and
jet spouting conditions.
3. Maximum pressure drop
The maximum pressure drop in exclusively conical
beds has been studied by several researchers in the
old Soviet Union. Gelperin et al. [ 15, 161 obtained
values of pressure drop two or three times higher
than those necessary to support the bed. The range
of angles used is between 10 and 60” and the heights
between 0.10 and 0.25 m. The inlet diameter was
0.05 m and the material quartz of particle diameter
between 1.6~ lo-* and 2.8~ lo-* m. The corre-
lation proposed is
2.54
--
MM
Hopbg
x($ -l)[tm($]-o~”
Goltsiker [ 171 used larger particles (0.0032 m in
diameter) and obtained lower values of maximum
pressure drop. According to Goltsiker, the absence
of the particle diameter in the equation of Gelperin
et al. [ 15, 161 is not justifiable, especially when
particles of the size of some millimetres are used.
This is ratified by Wan-Fyong et al. [ 91.
Gorshtein and Mukhlenov [ 7 ] argued that the ratio
of the stable to the maximum spouted-bed pressure
drop is a function of the system geometry and of
the solid properties:
mill
- = I + 6.65($‘[ tan( ;)r(Ar)‘.’
w,
The ranges used for the geometric parameters
are y= 12-60”, D,=(1.03-1.29)x lo-’ m and
Ho = 0.03-o. 15 m. The properties of the solids used
are d, = 5 X lo-*-2.5 x 10e3 m and ps = 980-2360
kg me3.
The divergence between the conditions used for
the calculation of the maximum pressure drop is
very large, for either conical or cylindrical beds;
so comparison of the correlations of maximum
drop in conical spouted beds 55
pressure drop is in fact difficult, as the inlet designs,
the locations of the probe or even the initial states
of the bed are different in each study.
The fitting of our experimental data of maximum
pressure drop to the equations previously described
is totally inadequate in all cases. Nevertheless, the
experimental data are within 1.5 and 2.0 times the
value of the corresponding stable pressure drop
which Nikolaev and Golubev [6] observed.
Although the equation of Gorshtein and Mukhle-
nov [ 71 includes dimensionless parameters corre-
sponding to the geometry as well as to the particle
properties, it gives much higher values than our
experimental data.
As the only equation in the literature (for conical
beds) that includes all the dimensionless parameters
of contactor and particles is that given by Gorshtein
and Mukhlenov [ 71, an equation has been proposed
with the same dimensionless moduli. By fitting to
this equation, by non-linear regression, of the ex-
perimental data for all the contactor geometries and
all the particle diameters of glass studied, the coef-
ficients of the best fit have been calculated, so that
the equation is
(3)
(1)
The adequacy of eqn. (3) is shown in Fig. 3, in
which the calculated values of -APM vs. the ex-
perimental values for glass spheres (Table 1) have
been plotted. The global regression coefficient for
all the systems is r2=0.96.
The effect of the contactor geometric factors is
shown in Fig. 4, in which, once the effect of the
1
(2)
0
0 1 2 3
A Pu (kPa) experimental
Fig. 3. Comparison of the experimental values of -AF’M with
those calculated using eqn. (3): n , L&=0.03 m; A, Do =0.04
m; 0, &=0.05 m.
56 M. Ohzar et al. / Pressure
0.15I-
O 2 4 6 8 10 12
lO*H,(m)
Fig. 4. Values of (hp,Ihp,- 1)/(Ar)“.o’25 calculated with eqn.
(3) vs. stagnated bed height Ho: the first numbers on the curves
indicate y (“), and the second numbers Do (m).
solid characteristics that are included in the Ar-
chimedes number (in order for the study to be
applicable to solids of different particle sixes and
densities) is separated, the values of (APJAP, - I)/
(W”.0125 calculated from eqn. (3) are plotted vs.
stagnated bed height. Each curve corresponds to
one value of angle and one value of contactor inlet
diameter. As an example, some of the values used
have been taken. The stretches of the curves in-
dicated as broken correspond to unstable operation
conditions for a 0.004 m particle diameter (which
has been taken as example).
On increasing the charge or stagnated bed height,
the maximum of the pressure drop curve becomes
less sharp. For a given stagnated bed height, the
effects of angle and contactor inlet diameter are
qualitatively similar so that, when these values in-
crease, the ratio studied decreases and the minimum
ratio corresponds to the highest angle and inlet
diameter, 45” and 0.05 m respectively.
4. Stable pressure drop
4.1. Spouted bed
Several workers have calculated, theoretically, the
pressure drop in cylindrical spouted beds (some of
them use empirical equations determined by ex-
periments) by integrating the longitudinal pressure
gradient profile on the basis of different models
[ 13-25 1. The only model for conical beds is that
proposed by Hadzismajlovic et al. 1261.
For beds of height lower than the maximum
spoutable, the solution of these models faces an
important practical difficulty as it is necessary to
choose an upper boundary that is suitable for in-
tegrating the differential pressure gradient.
drop in conical spouted beds
Madonna and Lama [ 271 correlated the experi-
mental values of pressure drop with velocity. The
equation proposed is of very limited application,
as they started from the equation of Leva et al.
[ 281 for fluidized beds and do not take into account
the effect of column diameter and inlet diameter.
The simple correlation of Pallai and Nemeth [ 29 1,
in which the pressure drop increases linearly with
height, does not take into account these two variables
either. Manurung [30] did take into account the
parameters of bed and particles in his empirical
equation proposal:
-- @,
Hopbg
1
= 1+ [0.8l(tan ~)‘~5/~2~(o,~/o,2)o~78(o,/Ho)
(4)
This equation overestimates by 30% the pressure
drop calculated experimentally by Mathur and Ep-
stein [ 111 in their particular system.
For conical beds, Mukhlenov and Gorshtein [31,
321 proposed the following equation:
_s AP
Hopbg
= 7.63[ tan( ~)~(Reo)&o~2~)-o’33 (5)
The applicability limits of this equation are the
same as those for the maximum-pressure-drop equa-
tion, eqn. (2).
The fitting of the experimental data obtained in
this study to the equations previously mentioned
is in general inadequate, except for eqn. (5), to
which the data corresponding to intermediate values
of contactor angle, i.e. 33, 36 and 39” fit suitably
(r2 = 0.91). The least adequate fitting corresponds
to the data obtained with a contactor angle of 45”
(r2 = 0.61).
All the experimental data have been fitted to an
equation with the same moduli as eqn. (5) and the
coefficients of best fit have been calculated. The
equation obtained is
AP
_-._-A-
HoP,g
01
-0.11 0.08
=1.20 tan ; (Reo),s - ‘.06 (6)
[
Comparing this equation with eqn. (5), it is note
worthy that, although this equation partially fitted
our experimental data, it did not fulfR two tendencies
 M. Olazar et al. / Pressure drop in conical spouted be& 57

J.

OI/ 0 v. 8.C. 1

0 1.0 2.0 3.0 0 1.0 2.0 3.0

AP. (kPa) experimental AP, &Pa) experimental

0 1.0 2.0 3.0 0 1.0 2.0 3.0

A P. (kPa) experimental A P. (kPa) experimental

Fig. 5. Comparison of the experimental values of -Al’, with those calculated using eqn. (6): n , D, =0.03 m; A, D,=O.O4 m;
0, D,,=O.O5 m.

that are clearly observed in the experimentation.

Firstly, it is observed by experiments and so is
reflected in eqn. (6) that when the angle increases,
the ratio of the stable pressure drop to the bed
weight by unit section decreases. In the same way,
when the ratio Ho/Do increases, the studied ratio
also increases.
In Fig. 5, the values of - AP, calculated using
eqn. (6) vs. the experimental values for glass spheres
(Table 1) have been plotted (global regression coef- 1.2’ .L ’ ’ ’ J
ficient for all the systems, r2 =0.94). 0 2 4 6 a ‘10 12
10’H. (m)
The effect of the contactor geometric parameter
is analysed in Fig. 6, in which the values of - APJ Fig. 6. Values of (- APS/HO~~)(Reo),,o~06 calculated with eqn.
(6) US. stagnated bed height H,,: the first numbers on the curves
&~g)(ReASo.06 vs. stagnated bed height have been
indicate y (“), and the second numbers D, (m).
plotted. By studying this parameter, the effect of
the particle and fluid characteristics is isolated; so
the study will be of general application for different
gas-solid systems. The broken curves correspond observed that it decreases either when the angle
to unstable operational ranges for 0.004 m particle increases or when the inlet diameter increases.
diameter.
In the systems studied as examples and in the 4.2. Jet spouted bed
other systems it is observed that the increase in For this contact regime the equation proposed
the pressure drop modulus weakens when the stag- by Mukhlenov and Gorshtein [ 31, 321, eqn. (5),
nated bed height increases. In the same way, it is does not suitably fit the experimental data. The
58 M. Olazar et al. / Pressure drop in conical spouted beds

experimental results.of this study have been fitted
by non-linear regression and the coefficients of best
fit have been calculated. In this way, the equation
proposed is
-XL_
Hopbs
= 0.05[ tan( ~)~(Reo)tio.30($~033
The adequacy of the fitting of the experimental
data of -A?‘j to eqn. (7), is shown in Fig. 7 for
glass spheres. The global fitting for all the systems
has a regression coefficient r2=0.92.
On comparison of eqn. (7) with that proposed
for spouting in conical beds, eqn. (6), the following
remarks can be made.
(a) The incidence of the angle is opposed to that
observed in the conical spouted beds so that, when
the angle increases, the pressure drop increases.
Furthermore, this incidence is quantitatively much
higher in the case of the jet spouted bed.
(b) The incidence of the Reynolds number is
likewise opposed and quantitatively more important
than that observed in conical spouted beds. Never-
theless, when the Reynolds number increases, the
pressure drop increases and to a great degree.
(c) The effect of Ho/Do on the pressure drop is
quantitatively less important in the jet spouted-bed
regime.
In Fig. 8, the values of (- APj/Hopbg)(Reo)~i-0.30
of general application calculated with eqn. (7) VS.
stagnated bed height have been plotted. The broken
(7) curves correspond to operational ranges with part
of the bed above the conical section for 0.004 m
diameter particles. The sensitivity of the modulus
studied and its large increase with increase in the
angle is note worthy. When the inlet diameter in-
creases, the values of the modulus decrease, al-
though this is of no great significance.
6. Conclusions
The effect of the contactor angle on the maximum
pressure drop is opposed to that observed by Gor-
shtein and Mukhlenov [ 71. In the equation obtained,
eqn. (3), when the angle increases, the ratio of the
maximum pressure drop to the stable pressure drop
decreases.

2 0.6 2 0.6

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.0 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 9.6 1.0
APj (kPa) experimental A PJ (kPa) experimental

a 1.0
s
Q
1 0.6-
a
0
2 0.6 -
3.
a” 0.4 -
a

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.6 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.6 1.0
A PJ (kPa) experimental APr (kPa) experimental
Fig. 7. Comparison of the experimental values of -AI’, with those calculated using eqn. (7): I, D0=0.03 m; A, D,=O.O4 m;
0, D,=O.O5 m.
 M. Olazar et al. / Pressure
4 40
QZ
3 10 0. Alves-Filho, in A. S. Mujumdar (ed.), Drying ‘86, Vol.
Js 36
c
j 36
\ 1986.
a"
2 13 M. HCmati, D. Steimnetz and C. Laguerie, in C. LaguCrie
-34
"0
s
32
d,=O.O04m
30
IJ 2 4 6 6 10
2--
10 H.(m)
Fig. 8. Values of (- APj/H,,r+,g)(Reo)~-o~30 calculated with eqn.
(7) 2)s. stagnated bed height Ha: the first numbers on the curves
indicate y (“), and the second numbers Da (m).
For the calculation of pressure drop, eqn. (6)
has been proposed, which fits the experimental data
better than eqn. (5) proposed by Gorshtein and
Mukhlenov (1964) and is in agreement with the
experimental evidence that, when the angle in-
creases, the ratio of the stable pressure drop to
the bed weight by unit section decreases. In the
same way, when Ho/Do increases, the afore-men-
tioned ratio increases.
Equation (7) for the calculation of the jet spouted-
bed pressure drop, shows important differences from
eqn. (6) for spouted beds. When the angle increases,
the pressure drop increases very noticeably. On the
contrary, when the Reynolds number increases, the
pressure drop also increases very steeply and to a
great degree. The effect of Ho/Do is less important
than in spouted beds. These differences can be
explained as due to the difference between the gas
and solid flow models for these two regimes.
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Appendix A: Nomenclature
At- - p)/p',Archimedes number
gdp3p(ps
4 particle diameter (m)
60 I@. Olazar et al. / Pressure dmp in conical spouted beds

Db, Dc, upper diameter of the stagnated bed, U velocity of the gas (m s- ‘)
Di, DO diameter of the cohunn, diameter of the u, particle terminal velocity (m s-l)
bed bottom and diameter of the inlet
respectively (m)
height of the conical section and height Greek letters
H,, HI
of the stagnated bed respectively (m) Y cone angle (rad)
uj, A.&, pressure drop of the jet spouted bed, EO stagnated bed voidage
US maximum pressure drop and pressure e internal friction angle (rad)
drop of spouted bed respectively (Pa) CL viscosity (kg m-l s- ‘)
(Reo)tii, Reynolds number of minimum jet PJ Pb, density of the gas, bulk density, particle
(ReOL spouting and of minimum spouting, re- ~st AP density and pS- p respectively (kg mw3)
ferred to Do 4 shape factor