Chapter 1 : The Intel 8086

Microprocessor
 Next

▪ Why study The Intel 8086 Microprocessor

▪ The 8086’s architecture
▪ The 8086’s/8088’s registers
▪ The 8086’s memory management
▪ The 8086’s Assembly Program Structure
▪ The 8086’s addressing mode

Chapter 3 : The Intel 8086 Microprocessor Dr. Wael Mohamed CCSE YANBU 2
 Why use the assembler ?
❑ To execute a sequence of instructions by a processor, we must provide
It codes
machine is difficult
(binary data)
❑ But the instructions codes assembly language is much
toassembly
is why the read by in binary forms
more
language
are difficult
understandable
has been developed.
to remember, that
to a
❑ Assembly humans! human, because
language gives instructions the namesnames such as
codes a meaningful
MOV, ADD, etc.. (provided by the designers of processors : Intel, etc.)
are generally easier to
❑ An example of a machine language program that adds the values of two
remember than numbers
memory cells and store the result in a third cell:

A1 01 10 03 06 01 12 A3 01 14

Address Machine Code Assembly Code Comment

0100 A1 01 10 MOV AX,[0110] Copy the contents of the 0110 into AX register
Add the contents of 0112 in AX and put the
0103 03 06 01 12 ADD AX,[0112] result in AX

0107 A3 01 14 MOV [0114],AX Store AX into memory location 0114

Chapter 3 : The Intel 8086 Microprocessor Dr. Wael Mohamed CCSE YANBU 3
 Assembly Program Structure
❑ A program written in assembly includes data and instructions
❑ Data are declared by directives which are special keywords used to
direct the Assembler to do certain operations such as creating
memory space for variables used in the program
❑ The instructions are executed by the microprocessor
❑ A directive: Provides information to the assembler while translating
a program
➢ Not transformed into a machine language instruction
➢ Directives are statements that will guide the assembler
Label: Mnemonic {Operands} ;Comments
❑ Syntax of an instruction
Lab:: MOV AX, 500H ;put 500H in AX
Used as the target of a
➢ jump or
Mnemonic: identifies the branching
operation (e.g. MOV, ADD, SUB,JMP,…)
➢ Operand: specify instructions
the data required by the operation (sometimes not required)
➢ Comment: explain the program’s purpose, begin with a semicolon ;
➢ Label: marks the address of an instruction
Chapter 3 : The Intel 8086 Microprocessor Dr. Wael Mohamed CCSE YANBU 4
 Assembly Program Structure
data SEGMENT ;Data is the name of Data Segment

;data declarations

ENDS

code SEGMENT ;code is the name of code segment

begin:

;list of instructions

ENDS
END begin ;end of the program with the label of first instruction

❑ Data are declared as data segment, which is delimited by SEGMENT & ENDS directives
❑ The instructions are placed in the code segment
❑ The first program instruction should always be marked with a label
❑ The file must end with the END directive followed by the label of the first instruction
❑ The semicolons indicate comments
Chapter 3 : The Intel 8086 Microprocessor Dr. Wael Mohamed CCSE YANBU 5
 Assembly Program Structure
❑ STACK Segment
➢ Defines a runtime stack for the program
➢ The size of the stack can be optionally specified by this directive
➢ The runtime stack is required for procedure calls

❑ DATA Segment
➢ Defines an area in memory for the program data
➢ The program's variables should be defined within these area
➢ Assembler will allocate and initialize the storage of variables

❑ CODE Segment
➢ Defines the code section of a program containing instructions
➢ Assembler will place the instructions in the code area in
memory

Chapter 3 : The Intel 8086 Microprocessor Dr. Wael Mohamed CCSE YANBU 6
 Data directives (1) constant
Data Directive: EQU
❑ EQU defines a constant
❑ Examples:
➢ VAL EQU 50 ; assigns 50 to the VAL name
➢ PressKey EQU <"Press any key..",0> ;text appear within <>
❑ Integer Constants
➢ Examples: –10, 42d, 10001101b, 0FF3Ah, 777o
➢ Radix: b = binary, d = decimal, h = hexadecimal, and o =
octal
➢ If no radix is given, the integer constant is decimal
➢ A hexadecimal beginning with a letter must have a leading “0”
❑ Character and String Constants
➢ Enclose character or string in single or double quotes
➢ Examples: 'A', "d", 'ABC', "ABC", '4096'
➢ Each ASCII character occupies a single byte
Chapter 3 : The Intel 8086 Microprocessor Dr. Wael Mohamed CCSE YANBU 7
 Data directives (2) Variables
Data Directives: DB / DW / DD
❑ DB / DW / DD / DQ : used to declare variables (1/2/4/8 bytes)
❑ The assembler assigns an address to each variable (we can assign
an initial value) offset
VIL 18
34 1000
20
33 1001
Example TAB 6
24 1002
21
55 1003
31
19 1004
VIL DB 12h,14h ; define a variable (a byte) Initial value of 12 Mess 0
‘Y’ 1005
‘a’
17 1006
TAB DB 18h, 15h, 13h ; 3 cells array (3 bytes) 77
‘n’ 1007
Mess DB 'Yanbu' ; defines a table with the ASCII code ‘b’
91 1008
‘u’
87 1009
name DB ? ; defines a variable 8-bit initial random value Name 60 100A
33 100B
43 100C
52 100D
240 100E
255 100F
Chapter 3 : The Intel 8086 Microprocessor Dr. Wael Mohamed CCSE YANBU 8
 Data directives (2) Variables
Examples
The initial values can be given in hexadecimal or binary
data SEGMENT
object DW 0F0Ah ; in hex
mask DB 01110000b ; binary
ENDS
❑ The variables are used in the program by its designating name.
❑ After previous declaration, we can write (in the code segment):
MOV AX, object
AND AL, mask
MOV object, AX
❑ A variable is a name given to a memory address.
❑ The variables are used in assembly language in order to facilitate writing
programs.
❑ It is easier to remember a name than address of memory!
❑ The assembler takes care of replacing variable names with their
addresses
Chapter 3 : The Intel 8086 Microprocessor Dr. Wael Mohamed CCSE YANBU 9
 Data directives (Variables)
▪ DW (define word): reserves a memory space of 2 bytes (a word) offset
TT1 00H
34 1000
Example
05H
33 1001
TT1 DW 500h ; reserves two bytes from TT1 TAB1 6
10H 1002
00H
55 1003
TAB1 DW 10h, 11h, 14h ; reserve a table of six cells 11H
31 1004
YY DW ? ; Reserve a word in the memory 0
00H 1005
14H
17 1006
77
00H 1007
Example
YY 91 1008
87 1009
data SEGMENT object 0AH
60 100A
object db 10, 0FH, -2 0FH
33 100B
43
FEH 100C
thing db, 'YANBU' thing 59H
52 100D
ENDS 41H
240 100E
255
4EH 100F
▪ DD: (Define Double): reserves a memory space of 32 bits 255
42H 1010
255
55H 1011
Example

Var1 DD 15500000h
Chapter 3 : The Intel 8086 Microprocessor Dr. Wael Mohamed CCSE YANBU 10
 Data directives (Variables)
❑ If we want to replace the character B of YANBU by X, we can write: offset
TT1 00
34 1000
MOV AL, 'X' 05
33 1001
TAB1 6
10 1002
MOV thing +3, AL 00
55 1003
11
31 1004
❑ Note that 'thing' is a constant 0
00 1005
14
17 1006
❑ Its value is known at the assembly time 77
00 1007
❑ Instruction generated by the assembler is YY 91 1008
87 1009
MOV [adr] , AL object 0A
60 100A
0F
33 100B
Or
43
FE 100C
MOV [1010H] , AL thing 59
52 100D
thing +1 41
240 100E
thing +2 255
4E 100F
thing +3 42
58 1010
255
55 1011

Chapter 3 : The Intel 8086 Microprocessor Dr. Wael Mohamed CCSE YANBU 11
 Data directives (Variables)
offset
❑ Dup Directive tab 0FH
34 1000
0FH
33 1001
When we want to declare an array of “n” cells, all 6
0FH 1002
initialized to the same value, we use the dup 0FH
55 1003
Directive (duplicate): 0FH
31 1004
ahmed 0 1005
17 1006
Data Segment
77 1007
tab DB 5 dup(15) ;100 bytes valued at 15 91 1008
ahmed DW 5 dup(?) ;not initialized 10 words 87 1009
60 100A
thing DW 1020H 33 100B
ENDS 43 100C
52 100D
240 100E
thing 255
20H 100F
231
10H 1010
255 1011

Chapter 3 : The Intel 8086 Microprocessor Dr. Wael Mohamed CCSE YANBU 12
 Segment Registers Initialization
❑ CS Register
➢ When the processor fetch an instruction, the 20-bit address is formed
using CS segment register and the instruction pointer register IP.
➢ The pair of these two registers is denoted CS: IP
❑ The CS register is automatically initialized to the segment containing
the first instruction (by the operating system loader)
❑ DS Register
➢ The DS register is used to access the data used by the program.
➢ Thus, the instruction MOV AX,[0145] will result in reading the
word at memory address DS:0145H
❑ The value of DS register will not be automatically initialized:
➢ The user must initialize DS in the assembly code
MOV AX, name_of_data_segment
MOV DS, AX
It would be easier to MOV DS, name_of_data_segment, but this instruction does not exist

Chapter 3 : The Intel 8086 Microprocessor Dr. Wael Mohamed CCSE YANBU 13
 OFFSET Operator
❑ OFFSET is a directive used to get the Offset address of a variable

Example offset
BVal 34H 400:0000
WVal 33H 400:0001
data SEGMENT
06H 400:0002
BVal DB ? ;Assume bVal is at 400:0000h
DVal 55H 400:0003
WVal DW ? 31H 400:0004
DVal DD ? 00H 400:0005
DVal2 DD ? 17H 400:0006
ENDS DVal2 77H 400:0007
91H 400:0008
Code SEGMENT 87H 400:0009

MOV AX,data 60H 400:000A

33H 400:000B
MOV DS,AX ; DS = 0400h
43H 400:000C
MOV SI, OFFSET bVal ; SI = 0000h
52H 400:000D
MOV SI, OFFSET wVal ; SI = 0001h FFH 400:000E
MOV SI, OFFSET dVal ; SI = 0003h FFH 400:000F
MOV SI, OFFSET dVal2 ; SI = 0007h
MOV SI, Wval ; SI = 0633h
Chapter 3 : The Intel 8086 Microprocessor Dr. Wael Mohamed CCSE YANBU 14
 PTR Operator
❑ PTR Provides the flexibility to access part of a variable
❑ Can also be used to combine elements of a smaller type
❑ Syntax: “Type PTR variable” (Overrides default type of a variable)
dval array
Example
78 56 34 12 00 10 20 30

data SEGMENT
dval DD 12345678h
array DB 00h,10h,20h,30h
ENDS

Code SEGMENT
MOV AX,data
MOV DS,AX
MOV AL, dval ; error – why?
MOV AL, BYTE PTR dval ; AL= 78h
MOV AX, dval ; error – why?
MOV AX, WORD PTR dval ; AX = 5678h
Chapter 3 : The Intel 8086 Microprocessor Dr. Wael Mohamed CCSE YANBU 15
 Your first Assembly Program
❑ Example: Assembler program for computing the sum of two 16-bits integers
data SEGMENT
A DW 10 ; A = 10
B DW 20 ; B = 20
result DW ? ; result
ENDS
stack segment
DW 128 dup(0)
ends
Code SEGMENT
start: ; label for the first instruction
MOV AX, data
MOV DS, AX ; initializes DS
; The program:
MOV AX, A
ADD AX, B
MOV result, AX ; ranges result

MOV AX, 4C00h ; Back to DOS:

INT 21h
ends
Chapter 3 : The
endIntelstart
8086 Microprocessor Dr. Wael Mohamed
; Set starting procedure CCSE YANBU 16
 Next

▪ Why study The Intel 8086 Microprocessor

▪ The 8086’s architecture
▪ The 8086’s/8088’s registers
▪ The 8086’s memory management
▪ The 8086’s Assembly Program Structure
▪ The 8086’s addressing mode

Chapter 3 : The Intel 8086 Microprocessor Dr. Wael Mohamed CCSE YANBU 17