DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF

AHMED FAWAIZAT OYINDAMOLA

2014/1/50002CM

PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY MINNA,
NIGERIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE
OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN
TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

NOVEMBER 2019
 Table of Content

Cover Page ⅰ
Title Page ⅱ
Declaration ⅲ
Certification ⅳ
Acknowledgements ⅴ
Abstract ⅵ
Table of Contents ⅶ-
ⅷ
List of Tables ⅸ
List of Figures ⅹ

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Motivation of Study
1.4 Aim and Objectives
1.4.1 Objectives
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Project
1.6 Project Significance
1.7 Project Outline

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Theoretical Background
2.2 Historical Background
2.3 Terminologies as Regards Circuit Breaker Analysis
2.4 Classification of Circuit Breakers
a. Oil Circuit Breakers
b. Air-Blast Circuit Breakers
c. Sulphur Hexafluoride Circuit Breakers (SF6)
d. Vacuum Circuit Breakers
2.5 Related Works

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Design Software Requirement
3.2.1 Arduino IDE
3.2.2 Proteus

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3.3 Design Flow Chart
3.4 Design Hardware Requirement
3.4.1 Arduino
3.4.2 LCD Display
3.4.3 Relay
3.4.4 Matrix Keypad
3.4.5 GSM Module
3.4.6 Relay Driver
3.5 Block Diagram of the Password-Based Circuit Breaker
3.6 Circuit Diagram of Password-Based Circuit Breaker

CHAPTER FOUR: IMPLEMENTATION, TESTING, RESULTS,

AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
4.1 Overview
4.2 System Implementation
4.3 System Testing and Mode of Operation
4.3.1 Mode of Operation Using GSM
4.3.2 Mode of Operation Using Wi-Fi
4.4 Discussion of Results
4.5 Practical Circuit

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendation

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 LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
3.0: ATMEGA2560 Microcontroller Pin Definitions

3
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

Figure 2.1: Oil Circuit Breaker
Figure 2.2: Low Oil Circuit Breaker
Figure 2.3: Sulphur Hexfluori6(Sf6) Circuit Breaker
Figure 2.4: Vacuum Circuit Breaker

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

Figure 3.1: Design Flowchart
Figure 3.2: ATMEGA2560 Microcontroller
Figure 3.3: 16x2 LCD Display
Figure 3.4: Relay
Figure 3.5: 4x4 Matrix Keypad
Figure 3.6: GSM Module
Figure 3.7: Relay Driver
Figure 3.8: Block Diagram
Figure 3.9: Circuit Diagram

CHAPTER FOUR: IMPLEMENTATION, TESTING, RESULTS, AND

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

Figure 4.1: Initialization Status of the System

Figure 4.2: Initialization Status of the System
Figure 4.3: Status of Loads Connected to the System (A, B, C, D)
Figure 4.4: Status of Loads Connected to the System (A, B, C, D)
Figure 4.5: Select Device (A, B, C, D) on Keypad
Figure 4.6: Request for Phone Number
Figure 4.7: Entering the Lineman's Phone Number
Figure 4.8: OTP Sent
Figure 4.9: Entering OTP and Confirmation
Figure 4.10: Status After Load Switching (A, B, C, D)
Figure 4.11: Status After Load Switching (A, B, C, D)
Figure 4.12: Creating a Wi-Fi Access Point (Hotspot)
Figure 4.13: Wi-Fi Access Point Requesting Password
Figure 4.14: Entering IP Address in Web Browser
Figure 4.15: Web Page Displaying Load Status (Wi-Fi)
Figure 4.16: Request for Phone Number (Wi-Fi)
Figure 4.17: Request for Phone Number (Wi-Fi)

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Figure 4.18: Entering OTP and Confirmation (Wi-Fi)
Figure 4.19: Practical Circuit in Detached State
Figure 4.20: Practical Circuit in Coupled State

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

One of the cleanest and most affordable forms of energy for human needs and

commercial purposes is electrical energy. The supply of electricity to various users requires a

wide network of wires and various electrical elements for effective delivery. However, there is a

need for proper monitoring and coordination of electrical energy usage. This is done by

establishing a communication link between maintenance personnel and the substation staff for

switching when the need for maintenance arises and repairs of faulty lines. This, of course, has

become a major concern today because there are times when communication links will be

difficult to establish, thereby creating the need for a more secure and reliable system.

Considering the problem associated with the communication link, a prototype that is password-

based is designed for control of circuit breakers, accessed only by authorized personnel such as

the lineman. The brain of the system is the Atmega 2560 microcontroller, which controls and

coordinates how other components of the system operate.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In workplaces, workshops, laboratories, etc., the first thing to think of is safety. Over the

decades, a customary cause of death for a lineman has been the mistake of returning loads to the

lines, which is of course due to a lack of communication. To create a safe working environment

for the lineman, there is a need for the lineman to have a secured circuit breaker where only he

has access to the password, and he alone could put loads on the line whenever he is through with

maintenance or repair on the line. In this project, the lineman oversees load switching, whether

to put it on or off. To have access to turn on or off the electrical line, the administrator will have

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to input the preset password.

1.3 MOTIVATION OF STUDY

Just as keeping our environment clean improves our standard of living, the safety of life

is also an important factor to consider at work, at home, or within our environment. In recent

times, statistics have shown that fatal accidents involving linemen have increased; therefore,

providing a safe environment is important so that linemen can stop living in despair or feeling

uneasy each time they work on the line because of the fear of returning loads to the line

accidentally. Therefore, providing a safe working environment for linemen has become

important for electrical distribution companies since a safe working environment encourages

people to focus on their work rather than danger or hazards, thereby reducing loss of life and

improving productivity.

1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

This project aims to design and construct a microcontroller password-based circuit

breaker.

1.4.1 OBJECTIVES

i. To design a microcontroller password-based circuit breaker.

ii. To implement a microcontroller password-based circuit breaker.

iii. To test the performance of a microcontroller password-based circuit

breaker. 1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

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The designed system is an embedded system. The brain of the project is the Arduino Mega 2560

microcontroller. The system comprises various components, which include a 4x3 keypad, an

LCD, relays, and four loads. This system will output the states of loads based on the input it

receives through the keypad. Hence, to obtain an efficient system, the following limitations or

assumptions will be put into consideration:

i. Circuit breakers are costly compared to switches.

ii. All power is lost each time a circuit breaker trips.

iii. The coordination of how faults are selected is difficult:

1.6 PROJECT SIGNIFICANCE

This project was designed to ensure the safety of maintenance staff during repairs of electrical

lines due to short circuits and electrical faults. It provides a simple and easy way to help prevent

electrical accidents for linemen while using readily available components, which makes it

economical and easy to implement. The developed system can be used in real-life applications

such as electrical substations, offices, homes, hotels, and shopping malls.

1.7 PROJECT OUTLINE

This project comprises five chapters, which can be said to relay the developmental stages

involved in designing and implementing the system. Chapter One relays the introduction.

Chapter two entails the overall discussion of the literature review and related systems. Chapter

three discusses design methodology. Chapter four comprises results and a discussion of results,

while Chapter five relays’ conclusions and recommendations.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Circuit breakers are electrical switches that are meant to shield electrical circuits from getting

damaged, whether through overload or short circuits. The purpose of this is to notice faults and

disrupt current flow [1]. A circuit breaker can be reset manually or automatically to resume

normal operating conditions. However, because of manual operation, the accident rate has

increased. Most of these accidents are caused by miscommunication or lack of coordination and

communication between the linemen and the power plant personnel in switching off the circuit

breaker while the maintenance staff are still working on faulty lines, and because electrical

networks experience high current stress in them during a short circuit or electrical breakdown,

this leads to high electrical discharge causing damage or injury to the maintenance personnel,

equipment, and in some cases, death when the load is returned to lines while work is ongoing.

Fortunately, most of these accidents can be prevented with proper coordination between the

linemen and substation staff. Therefore, this project provides a solution to secure and protect the

lineman or maintenance team by not returning loads to electrical lines while the lineman is

working.

2.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

In the past, switches and fuses were used for control, but there were drawbacks to using them.

Each time a fuse ruptures, it takes quite a while to replace it. Also, a fuse is designed in such a

way that it cannot interrupt the heavy fault current. It can be concluded that fuses and switches

are low-voltage and small-capacity-specific, whereas lines and equipment operate at very high

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voltage and current. This brought about the need to increase the reliability of means of control as

efficient as those involving circuit breakers. A circuit breaker, in a broad sense, is an equipment

or device that can interrupt or disrupt circuitry activities either by employing a manual method

or an automated method. Because of its capabilities, a circuit breaker becomes a useful device

for switching or protecting various parts of the power system. As mentioned earlier, the circuit

breaker contains a manual or remote control. The latter uses a relay and only functions under

fault conditions.

2.3 TERMINOLOGIES AS REGARDS CIRCUIT BREAKER ANALYSIS

Some of the basic terminologies used in analyzing circuit breakers are discussed below:

Arc voltage appears during the arcing period whenever there is contact in the circuit breaker.

Restriking voltage appears during the arcing period when the current is close to zero.

Also, the recovery voltage which is the normal frequency that occurs after the arc extinction

Cross-section of the arc is experienced whenever the arc resistance increases, thus, there will

be a decrease around the X-section of the arc.

2.4 CLASSIFICATION OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

a. Oil circuit breakers

b. Air-blast circuit breakers

c. (Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breakers) SF6

d. Vacuum circuit breakers.

It should be noted that all classifications involving circuit breakers depend on the isolation

system, each of which has its advantages and disadvantages [2]. Oil circuit breakers use

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insulating oil, which is also used by transformers. When arc heat vaporizes the surrounding oil,

it dissociates it into a large volume of gaseous hydrogen at very high pressure. Oil circuit

breakers are of two types: bulk oil circuit breakers and low oil circuit breakers. The different

types of oil circuit breakers are shown in Figures 2.1 and 2.2 below.

Figure 2.1 Oil circuit breaker

The major advantage of an oil circuit breaker is that it can absorb the arc energy, thereby turning

it into an insulator. It has the major disadvantage of a combustible defect and is also prone to

fire outbreaks.

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 Figure 2.2 Low oil circuit breaker

For an air-blast circuit breaker, this uses high-pressure air-blast as an arc extinction method.

The opening of the shut-off valve gives rise to the contacts opening in the flow of air, thereby

increasing the dielectric strength. An advantage of using an air-blast circuit breaker is that it

eliminates the risk of fire, and the arcing products are also completely removed by air blast. The

major disadvantage of this type of breaker is its sensitivity to variations in the rate of rise of the

restriking voltage. There are different types of air blasts based on classification. We have the

axial blast, the cross-blast, and the radial blast. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breakers are

made of a gas with the ability to absorb electrons due to its electro-negativity. When SF6 gas is

passed under high pressure, the contacts of the circuit breaker open, allowing an arc to pass

between them. Each time there is a loss of conductive electrons, there is an accumulation of

sufficient insulation strength that quickly extinguishes the arc. The advantage of this type of

breaker is that it has a very high efficiency each time it is used to switch high power and high

voltage. The basic parts of an SF6 circuit breaker are shown in Figure 2.3.

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 Figure 2.3 Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) Circuit Breaker

In vacuum circuit breakers, the degree of vacuum is in the range of 10-7 to 10-5 torr. This type

of breaker serves as the arc quenching medium. It has the capability of getting rid of arsenic. As

it is known, it is the best insulator ever because of its strength and because it quenches arcs

better than any other medium.

Figure 2.4 Vacuum circuit breaker [2]

2.5 RELATED WORKS

Many papers in the literature involve the design and construction of electric load-switching gear

that is password-based for the safety of linemen [3]. One of the prototypes is a switch gear that

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works based on a password. The system consists of a 4x4 keyboard, which serves as the input,

and an LCD, which displays information about what is going on in the system. Also, the whole

operation of the various parts is being coordinated by the microcontroller. Although the system is

focused on automatic changeover that is password-based, at the same time, it is aimed at

avoiding accidents that may arise. For the proposed system, whenever the right password is

pressed, the system decides based on the preset data. It can open and close the line, and of

course, it denies access to open or close if the wrong password is entered.

Another proposed system is a password-based circuit breaker [1] that is capable of enforcing

security through the imputation of a password and was aimed at the development of a password-

based circuit to ensure that unauthorized entries are blocked for security purposes. For the circuit

breaker, realization is a result of the response of the software and must be kept in the right

format. The proposed system uses EEPROM for the user to change the password to ensure a

more secure system. One of the recommendations by the author is that the system should be

developed for electrical transmission systems with increased breaking capacity. The system

comprises different components involving 8051 microcontrollers, a 4x3 keypad, and a switch.

Another related work is a distribution panel and circuit breaker, which are password-based. [5].

The brain of the system is the Arduino UNO microcontroller, which is interfaced with a GSM

module. The system also comprises a matrix keypad, a stepper motor, and LED indicators. The

main control of the whole system is done by a mobile phone, which sends an action to the GSM

module, which processes and acts upon the received sequence of instructions based on preset

rules on the microcontroller. This system is focused on the control panel of the distribution

transformer and circuit breaker. The major limitation of the system is that whenever a component

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fails or malfunctions, it leads to an interruption of service. [5].

An OTP-based circuit breaker [7] is a project that is focused on linemen’s safety while working

on a transmission line. The system works in such a way that, as soon as the lineman detects a

fault on the line, an SMS will automatically be sent to the substation, which will then turn the

load off and return it to an ON state when the fault has been fully rectified. This system reduces

the chance of accidents occurring and saves power.

Electric lineman safety system works on the concept of OTP.[1]. It has been discovered that most

of the accidents that do occur to linemen are due to a lack of communication and proper

coordination. To avoid accidents like this, it became important to develop a system that is

password-based, to make the system more secure. Each time the user pushes forward a request,

the system automatically generates a one-time trigger that triggers the switches to either an ON

or OFF state. OTP is a major player in this developed system. The generated one-time passwords

mean the password to access the system will always be different for each request. Having the

password is like having the key to a locked door. This will give you access to being able to

operate and switch loads as desired. [1].

This work is centered on making the workplace a safe environment for the linemen since they

work on lines almost all the time. They must be able to feel secure and safe while working online

so that they can have total concentration. However, with a proper communication link established

between the lineman and the load station, the workplace will become safe for the lineman. This

project offers a solution that will keep the lives of linemen safe.

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Electric Lineman Protection Using User-Changeable Password-Based Circuit Breaker Using

Arduino Uno [3]: This project focused basically on how the lineman can be safe from accidents

that may occur due to the sudden return of load to the lines. This type of accident is very

common at power stations. To avoid this kind of accident, a system that can be said to be RFID-

based was built to allay the fear of the sudden deaths of linemen. The system consists of two

parts: the RFID tag and the RFID reader. The RFID reader reads the RFID card and then

generates a password that can be used to trigger the relay to either turn on or turn off the circuit

breaker using a GSM module.

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 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

A password-based circuit breaker is a system designed to control a circuit that functions

as it has been preset; each time a password is entered using the keypad interfaced with the

system, it performs the braking function. The GSM module is used to send a text message

containing the password to the lineman, and then the relay driver IC is used for the switching

purpose. The Wi-Fi module used in the system allows the information to be monitored online

using a computer or mobile phone. Aside from that, it also makes the information available

anywhere and anytime.

3.2 DESIGN SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

The software used in this project is Proteus 8 Professional and the Arduino IDE

(comprising a C compiler). This software was used to carry out the simulation design for the

various modules used in the project, to code the microcontrollers, and to control the GSM

module used in the system design. Their uses are elaborated in the subsequent sections below.

3.2.1 ARDUINO IDE

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 The Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is the environment for any Arduino

software board. It is an open-source software application that allows users to write and upload

codes in the programming languages Java, C, and C++ within a real-time work environment. It

comes with a very good C language compiler, which was used to write various codes for the

project's transmitting and receiving modules. It ensures that the codes are free from syntax and

logic errors.

3.2.2 PROTEUS

Proteus 8 Professional is an open-source software that is used to draw different

schematics and layouts as regards PCBs and codes, as well as to simulate the schematics. These

running simulations can be interacted with using switches, and they also come with virtual

electronics measurement instruments. This software accepts only hex files. It accepts hex files

from the C compiler and burns them into the microcontroller, which needs to be programmed. In

this design, the Proteus 8 software is used for circuit design and simulation before it is

implemented into the system hardware.

3.3 DESIGN FLOW CHART

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 Fig 3.1: Design Flowchart of Password-Based Circuit Breaker
3.4 DESIGN HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

This section of the project includes the hardware components required to achieve it. These

components are further discussed below:

3.4.1 ARDUINO:

Arduino is simply a microcontroller board that has some characteristics that are uniquely

defined by its fabrication. It is a flexible device with a relatively small size and is compatible.

The device operates on 5 volts. Arduino boards are often used in many applications, such as

embedded systems, electronic projects, and robotics, which often require automation. The

ATMEGA2560 microcontroller used in this project provided interconnection with the GSM

module, the relay driver IC, the matrix keypad, and other components mentioned in the later

phase of this chapter via its digital and analog pins. How this connection was implemented will

be discussed at a later stage of this chapter.

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 Fig. 3.2 ATMEGA2560 Microcontroller.

Table 3.0 ATMEGA2560 Microcontroller Pin Definitions

Pin No. Signal Name Function Level Electronic Remarks

Level

1 GND Grounding of - - -

power supply

2 VIN Supplies - 7v-12v -

power voltage

3 RXD/TLL Data Receiving TTL TTL -

4 TXD/TLL Data TTL TTL -

Transmitting

5 AREF Reference - - Adc for

voltage for
analogue analogue to
input
digital

conversion

with external

reference

voltage

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6 EEPROM Read and write - - -

7 RESET-EN Reset LOW - Bring low to

reset the
microcontroller microcontroll
er.

3.4.2 LCD Display:

Liquid Crystal Display, commonly known as LCD, is a combination of two states of matter

having the characteristics of liquid and solid. Generally, this device is used to display a limited

set of input statements. The available segments as of now are the 16x2 and 16x4 LCDs. In this

project, we used a 16x2 LCD to display different information to the operator. Using pins 11, 12,

13, and 14, connected to digital pins 8, 9, 10, and 11 of the Arduino board.

Figure. 3.3 16x2 LCD

3.4.3 Relay
A relay is simply an electromagnetic device that can isolate two or more circuits connected

electrically from circuits that are connected magnetically. It works in such a way that it allows a

single circuit to switch to another without linkage. An IC that finds its way in when there is a

desire for a low-voltage circuit to switch lighting points is known as a relay driver IC. Relays

possess some distinctive characteristics that allow them to be replaced easily with solid-state

switches that are stronger than solid-state devices.

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 Figure. 3.4 Relay

3.4.4 Matrix Keypad

A keypad, which can be virtual or physical, is a set of different keys or buttons that are

arranged in a block or pad, and usually, it is alphanumeric with different sets of characters

arranged to complete the set. If it contains numbers, then it is a numeric keypad. A keypad is an

input device that allows datasets to be input into the system, but often, it is used to input a PIN or

password. Suppose a key in row 1 is punched; the corresponding column 1 will give a low. This

applies to the second row and second column.

Figure 3.5 4x4 Matrix keypad

3.4.5 GSM Module

The GSM module is used in this project and is well-interfaced with the microcontroller in such a way

that it sends the randomly generated OTP. Without the OTP, the device cannot be operated. Although

the microcontroller is the brain of the system, it also helps in generating OTP sent by the GSM

module. This system is built around the Atmega 32, which is an 8-bit microcontroller with 32 KB of

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programmable flash memory. The shell of the microcontroller generates the OTP based on the

program stored on the microcontroller.

Figure 3.6 GSM Module

3.4.6 Relay Driver

A relay is simply an electromagnetic device that can isolate two or more circuits connected

electrically from circuits that are connected magnetically. It works in such a way that it allows a

single circuit to switch to another without linkage. An IC that finds its way in when there is a

desire for a low-voltage circuit to switch lighting points is known as a relay driver IC. Relays

possess some distinctive characteristics that allow them to be replaced easily with solid-state

switches that are stronger than solid-state devices.

Fig. 3.7 Relay Driver

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3.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PASSWORD-BASED CIRCUIT BREAKER.

F
igure 3.8 Block Diagram

3.6 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF PASSWORD-BASED CIRCUIT BREAKER

Figure 3.9 Circuit Diagram

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 CHAPTER FOUR

IMPLEMENTATION, TESTING, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF

RESULTS 4.1 OVERVIEW

In this chapter, a summary of the processes involved in the hardware and software is

discussed, as are the results from each stage.

4.2 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

A circuit breaker that, based on a password, contains an LCD screen and keypad, four

relays with four loads, and a GSM module were collected and installed as described below: The

program for the circuit breaker password was written on Arduino software, and a hex file was

created. The code shown in the appendix is uploaded with the help of a USB cable from the

Arduino application to the Arduino board, and the diagram is connected as shown in Figure 4-1.

4.3 SYSTEM TESTING AND MODE OF OPERATION

The following diagrams show various step-by-step operations of this system, as well as

how the web page works and how OTP is generated. All the displays on the LCD are already

designed to display the following.

4.3.1 MODE OF OPERATION USING GSM.

STEP 1: Power on the system. The LCDs have a welcome screen (Figs. 4.1 and 4.2 show
the initialization status of the system). Once this is successfully done,

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 Fig 4.1 Fig 4.2

Next, the LCD will display the status of the four loads connected to the system “A(OFF),

B(OFF), C(OFF), D(OFF)” This is shown in Fig 4.4

Figure 4.3 Figure 4.4

STEP 2: From the keypad, to turn ON or OFF any of the lines (B, C or D) select A and the

message on the LCDs “Select device A, B, C, D?”, If your choice is to turn off load B, Select B

then the LCDs a request for a phone number (phone number that is available to receive an OTP

which will be used as the password). Fig. 4.5 and 4.6 shows the explanation above.

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 Figure 4.5 Figure 4.6

STEP 3: Using the keypad, the lineman’s phone number is typed in, and the LCD will display

“OTP sent.” The OTP will be sent to the number at which the dialogue box will be displayed by

the LCD to input the OTP received. Note: Entering more than one phone number at a time is not

allowed, and mistakes in typing can be cleared using the “#” button. Figs. 4.7 and 4.8 show the

explanation above.

Fig 4.7 Fig 4.8

STEP 4: Enter the OTP received and press “A” to enter or “B” to cancel. This is shown in Fig

4.9 below.

Figure 4.9

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Once the steps above have been completed, the message that will be displayed on the LCD is "A
(off), B (off), C (on), and D (on)." Figs. 4.10 and 4.11 show the complete process.

Figure 4.10 Figure 4.11

NOTE: By pressing the same button again, the load can be turned back ON using the same OTP.

4.3.2 MODE OF OPERATION USING Wi-Fi.

STEP 1: Once the system is turned on, a Wi-Fi access point is automatically created (i.e., it

creates a hotspot). Switch on the Wi-Fi feature on your mobile phone or computer. The

devices with their Wi-Fi feature turned on will detect the hotspot of the system named

“fawaizzat line” and will also request a password to connect to the hotspot. This is so that

unauthorized connections are not created. Figs. 4.12 and 4.13 show this process.

Figure 4.12 Figure 4.13

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STEP 2: After connecting your mobile or computer to the Wi-Fi network “fawaizzah line”

Select and open your preferred web browser on your device (device connecting to the host

network). Fig 4.14 shows the explanation above.

Figure 4.14

STEP 3: Enter the following IP address: “192.168.4.1” and load the web page, this webpage

shows the status of loads connected to the system. Fig 4.15 shows this explanation

Figure 4.15

STEP 4: To turn OFF or ON any of the lines, click on the toggle which will display a

dialogue box requesting a phone number (i.e., the desired phone number to receive the OTP)

which will be the password to be used. This is shown in Fig 4.16 and Fig 4.17.

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 Figure 4.16 Figure 4.17

STEP 5: Input the OTP sent, and this procedure turns off the load on the system. Shown in Fig

4.18 and Fig 4.19.

Figure 4.18 Figure 4.19

4.4 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

From the image demonstrations above, this project was a huge success. During testing this

result, many problems were encountered when using the GSM and Wi-Fi modules to operate the

system. In using the GSM, getting the GSM module to send a generated OTP and establish

communication between itself and the lineman was a very big issue. It was later found out that it

was network-dependent, i.e., it requires a strong network signal before communication can be

established for it to send the OTP generated. A major issue faced with the Wi-Fi was getting the

Wi-Fi to keep the access point created discoverable and connectable to various devices without

going off and on. It was later discovered that it was a connection issue with the power supply.

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This issue was solved after a long, monotonous, but careful process of connecting the board

using a better power source.

4.5 PRACTICAL CIRCUIT

Figure 4.19 and 4.20 shows the practical circuit of the password circuit breaker in detached and

coupled state.

Figure 4.19- Practical Circuit in Detached state.

Figure 4.20- Practical Circuit in Coupled state.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the above discussion shows that secure and reliable protection has been

achieved for linemen, thereby decreasing the rate of lineman accidents that occur due to a

lack of communication. For this problem, the solution is based on using a password to switch

the line. The main issue is not turning off the circuit breaker; the issue lies in turning on the

circuit breaker while the lineman is performing a task on this line, which in turn may cause a

fire outbreak, blast, or burning. We also cannot ignore the damage that may be caused by

burning the station, leading to financial losses. The manual part of this system is using the

keypad to enter the password, which will appear on the LCD screen as a visual aid to be sure

about what is being entered when typing the OTP generated. The password will be generated

by the Arduino Mega and stored on its EEPROM, which will be sent to any desired mobile

number inputted by the lineman using the GSM, and the output is to rotate a motor that

separates a moving contact and breaks the circuit. Therefore, proactive safety has been

provided to the lineman because the moving contact will not move unless the same password

that has been sent to the lineman's mobile is entered. By using wireless network technology,

i.e., Wi-Fi, an extra feature has been added that allows the lineman to access the system from

his mobile phone or computer with the same amount of security as using.

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5.2 RECOMMENDATION

We recommend that further work be carried out in developing and improving this project, as

some obstacles have appeared in its implementation. Some of which have been resolved, and

little of it remains, therefore leaving a lot of space for further improvement. The wireless

network (Wi-Fi) should be further worked on to increase the speed of connection so that the

system can be connected from a farther distance than the substation. Also, the system should be

developed in a way that it can be connected to a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

(SCADA) system, which is a system deployed in communication channels to ease

troubleshooting and pin-point fault location directly by the lineman and can easily rectify it, or

use a Digital Control System (DCS) to monitor incoming messages in switching cases.

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