SOLID STATE GE==A) Solid 4 chavacteued by def. volume 1 zhajpe due ty ait intenrfoleculerr fous > Tea Aoleda Solidi ° Non-cystalline Alida Amorphous or pxtucle Aetids Crystalline Soticl | ( Aupes cooled Liquids) | | Amorphous Aolidls © |[Cond. poriteler are arranged dnt fetion A Adth Const porteled Are Aandemly drranged Actids Vare paid te have 76 Lene. Hoge orden ae ange order» Auth follicle howe hort Aare ord cs Atarnind agit (alos _K; s ystcocter sthickneld ot g, em. O]| Have shorp or definite | @ They melt (or Aofter’) over melting pink A fangs of temperate © cao beaic phey Ota upc ian ro sepa) techna 4 — clifeint olue in _scliff- 4 DeNate: . Crystalline solids ; Lupe Bp ous ine dl ie © | Metae Aeticl . = Metal (Aq iAu Nae see) = Metetic bending, Medenite te igh ™p Lap : 7 Hodeate te High harlnew = © atid bnic =" Tonic Aempounds (Natt. KU CaCO 5 ete.) —+ Terit bend —+ hoxd & brittle ~ Hen mp b 8b C)| Colenty Bonied Netewerk folds =r Au onc ase covalent bends (Domend, aptly) = Noni high mp k bp 7 O Molecular folids =» Weak intermolecular fortes _[ H-boncl. clipolesdipole ek) : =? dy ice (Aotid Coz) sce (#2019) . solid Ax, Botid Nis, white Pe al Mey Low mp he bpCE==ie Some _|mp- Definitions Lattice (or Space lattice) = TE iu a hypothetical 3D- Baris = Baw x an_len_to— aetna ASAE. ft £ Unit = Te is the ala als gag — Aobtice -phoduce suatal Abate = Le Unit welt Znepretene enbce souytal dtauclure . Tf ne ¥ defect, in cruplal , Hey properties of t T 0, rt Mold = paopodiee of unt (ell __—___"_, f Aeruity of Ouystal = density unit ell. Unit Cells in 2D = 5 Types T.2 parametou (ab8) tle 7 * Sqpare: _a=b » 0 =40" Rectangle: aFb » OF cry heh vasb 0-60" wl ee) Rhombus: azb - 8 #10;60" Sccoee [frouelogmen : a#b 8 #40"eo Unit Cells in 3D + Described by 6 farametera Three _zdge deni k 3 dnterfacial angen. ob B, \% abt) — Coyptallecraphic ¢fasamele cv Gi Based on gest corpidenations , thea Ae \4 diferent types ap nit Lele ‘potsible ‘3D space , called Bravaig ” Laval Pree 4 unit cella ae eApeupedl_in Ff omtal Lytims depending Uben F type of ¢Plamite ‘unit cella. lattice peirdt occur enly Lal Ut & Cornea fol Aysterms (Neer Primitive 7} iz (bce) Bedy Centred Cube { 3 unit cells Natl, Zinc blend, hep V-a0 (fee) Face cotred ube J Guy ee. @_||7Jerragenal “Puimitive —)., _&4- Sra sis a=B#c Body centred J cella Yuhite Sn. R= 1290" ® || Ortho rhombi Peimitive €. Rhombic || Packing in _2-D @|I_s ve packin (\) || with teuching _aphenes i Aqyone unit cell i Be j Oo 4 j + || Gordination Number (cn) = No- ey neawast netghbowut ¢ 8 Area efficiency ef Such_packing = TH’ 0, tv T 7d ey = Iwo = 7% % Fall When Auch 0d _padeing with ing, Aphoes extended in 30 at” forms Simple Aubic Abuudlune (or Primifive Lubie Attuclure )(n) |] With non touching Apher ~ O ‘pare anit cell _ OooGed as O.O000 «4 Spare pkg awith non-Aouthing shhowes tuhen_extenclad in_ad. font body centred Subic ftlurctuyee (bce) Q=2h Hecagenal packing. : i T 0 O N=6 Area effidency = (6xgtt THO OB Gg = ans? + con SY. 8B x44? B = Hexagena! 2D pocking. Amor cffident shan Aqpose 2p! packing =| Thu henge fauna: : fecking. of idential pbhows in 30 (Hell: Cuplals) o sa “Cubic (or Primitive) Shuctune He ee i Ague-paingy—sit_teuching thon r blared cli tothe. Fist ayes {AMis=2H Ca b24P N26 jn SC unt = 21 g Focking efidency = Yr? woo Txwe = _523*%/o (2 Prnyctal = (1x Mn) = (4xm) Sif, e > Moar mas (9/me\) for metallic voyelal, ¢ 2% Zh _9/e v~ ae Bcomerz —e cath _cornen Ahwud in 3 cubed 6 fqpane focus each fae Ahawed tn 2 cubes 12 eget — each Ahaned in 4 cube 4 Body diagonal = Unshared Th_ a ubic Lruystal Abratinr lemé ty 60 ale sty alpen, — And —utlims af 5 ecu body centve. Find —__ 0 mula of Lorapound “Goll den) i ¥ cuptal ‘un gist be ami/A Edlge_fénoth 022A Nee 6x10 Joe 2= 20 amu y= Yo amu Z= 60 amu Ars:lfXixe Vous Za = XYZ $ (| P= 200 = yb = 950 = Yet PKC Gxio? XQxI0?)? Gag X 10" G= P (in amu) = 200 amu= 25 amu/ f 23 fF @ In above Xvowiby calteunate, conn L2eupy fies fac XZ coceupy wall eda Lelia - Aelve ths Quits. Ant: formula = Xo Ne tye SC CPP rainy = (Gr20+ 1x40 + 3xgo) = 230 Gxl07* X(Axw"® )? 6K F Xi! = 2300 = 4F-4 g}mt exe vluulation of nelghonat in_Simble cubic Abuutine No. of neanent neighbours (nj 3xs=6 ¢ a’ ¥ Ne. of next yyeaneat Neighbewwd = 3x8= 12 at ‘Ra z Body fertied cubic Ateucune { bee) tah fees Anois parfing teuth —jn= te ps Abs hed Specs -5f ecend Leyes. Bae teh. Effective _no- vg ‘pepe in bec unit cell 2 : tye 2 Fe=o [Packing efficieney = 2% 4TH | toe a3 $x’ xwo = Bry) ial ea. aKhea 3 a a= 4 = bid y= 6870 F aS 3 (16 KY 4 Better packing, than simple cubic Abrucluer - L Aosily of tee Jatin = (2 au Na) glee 4 Calculation of seigh bo Jn_bee Abeucove ‘o No. 4 meosuat freighbews = CN= 8 at Ue 4-7-4 axg $6 at ‘a’ i (tose Paccen Steuctures {Hexagenal clog pacferl (hep) be Clube lige _ ratsecl (ecp)) — Beth hep 1s _cct Atlus soe fonmed t14ings 4s) fesagena 20 toyed (All ayer ake hecagenales Tf kd, =, T Hd ' ! hd : fate ad Ing mdi ate Ae A (Thi cemit_ABABAR..... {This -gentaates hep abit). UTE Abbe ef 3°" foyew gue plac! em Ove thon 3X4 Joyer becom dif f sy gd d ‘. ARC ARC Age This ec] cc, SER BS esa wl Tetrahedral void — || Around wey Aphexe 8 ke 80w au present T > [Hexagonal Aloxe packed (Hep) gteuctune m1 as 2k! 7 @i0 pe ST TE pe (Hep unit Cell) <4] cu= 12 (each sphere touches 6 in_eum plane » 3 an Fighen & 3 in Lower plone ) = Effeaive sn: “ abhoes an hep unit Cell ba Hee zs el P= 6 *(Mnn) gcc > Taken fully anside 6x tyeh ©Q==0 —- [sping ofcitay, = XAT 5 50 —@ ——— Gxg?Kh 4 = || Colcwtation gf te * AN x= Shes” ee T= 2 S aes ne ehh = 440 EX D far -4e > We He > he 2K 3 4 +3 Zz Wa = celal D[h= 4xxz > [h<4n 13 = focting effidenay ~ _SX4AT? Xio0 = F405 , u 6x I 4H? X4K[% or = 44 °/o ee Pai) + || Cubic Close packed Athkucune [cp) {Face Lentued cubic AbtuctTine, (Feo) ) —* || Abc ABcABc..- Lippe 4 stacking ith, Lye louen a Aesagéinal ay - Layel (In Fee Aphore touch val Face Aiagerel ) me KK is 45 Dla=4y ; L_@ | = CN= 2 (each Aphore touches 4 in sun, 4 in lower L Yin higher ‘plore ) :0 i Effective _ne._of atoms din_fec_tunit_cel__— 2 4 ixt+ Le a — acting cffiiency. = 4X zee | = Ti x100 © 44.05% (sy = 447s aeniihy = He (Yn) 7 Je ~ Z ae G Aalculatien ef neighbowu in pecs CN ein = 3hys Yin Ut pe No. 64 next nearest neighbewy = 34 %% = 6 ak ‘a? No. of next _te_neet rbanest- nelghbouia U > = {Syne =2y at Cane 7 \ibualiging — \lasious “planes an Fee hexagenot °° Layer uv Q || which iv not_Llmed ppacea Abul ? (© || Agapa._. a 3 (© || Aacarc aac... Ne conseautive Jaye Ahold © || AvcBawcpac ea... Ae identical fo? _Aleaed ARCcBAARC..— packed@: = 0 (Naz éxito") Aosily 2 4g = ZK A/G x0" 16 G X10)? 2 Fee Z = Hb KoA xto™ XBxi0" = 4 XH 4neabh > k= 462 2A An Zz TA sulin n_cbi_aytom (edge Cia kcal n any” gt — 0 Ma 6-25x (utor® {isdtf a ; 4 a We 0X10" = =“ 625x(o Patol —Zell_in ai payee ee a = 200 x 10 > Sx10°* unit Cells ASK E62ep& 453A, c=¥, find no of fo meteculs Cerilainetl in Ace. — P= ZX leyioe re 7 - 2 le 2&x (da xe eget 4 O-a= ZX 3 18? X {3 x4-53 xT) X10 Ze 042 xi Xue XH > [z=4] 10 27 37 tte TTonic_(rysfars + (¢4 Tonic Lombounds like Nacl, "KCL ns 5 de ) fa = racius ef cation K+ = adius atip Types _of ‘voids Fig Plawan_void_(cN=3 ) COS heagenal 20 Layer“we le — Ss =— =} x > Cue eos 30"= be | ~ tS aes = 2H. (ae: BY wo : CB =! Df ke = 00155 pi ) Sommary Void equpied O55 < RR < 0-225 _—Tngonal plana void ORS SRR < OMY JeHahedial void cae < RR <0.932 Odahedral void 5-432 Wh KTH = Oh 4 if 4 foxgee che is Mivided vite Amalles Zybu = x Useful in furface Lnernisy Hinimum dighonce fw Te _TV4 in fees f Cee) ot ee ioe % 7 IO —& |b Hep Note: || Jn general in Coed faced Absuctunas (hep Le fee maa. odahecial void “= NT nef etna af 2 of Aimilardp in Hcp» N=6 gat hy on every Layer No Y ova an Hep = 6 No TWh in Hep = 12 Nail = + ene pm anny | te ‘| a wv by Galas kee + ax6= 12 onshared) 2 Aas Aa Shared. he height ef hep sunit celOz—=O) Ee Peoncateo [upnevron Heant Ablinge te utes (et tomesd) of a +l hedson & || Pruincated abe a A? =) 6 ddagsnal faces ' s> triangulay faces Lb ee & y4> Hexagonal faces 7 4 = Tra rj ‘fu % (Jota { fous) "T@ Fira no 6 hexagenad faces in & Huncated Octahedion Art 8 > hexdgenat 7 faces!) > fin 4 Ayptbw faces 2 || Various Imp. tonic Crptals “gx O_|| Rock salt [uace) Sth 2 Soar _= 0-52 ll Aviom fom ep dabtice Her byw ouiyt 0-132 L atiom pcupy All (Octahedral vetd bccupied) adahidxal voids {Trew ane 4 cations And + canis ex unk cll [to _ Ai AB Imp Me te | 2 ay pati CN of ation = 6 CN “ef onion = 6 -ere a Ralio of CN Glin anion ju equal to v J veue malonate oy_cafian nin > AC st for AB _custal_ > (not 1 11 (ptr CN of Bo} i Fano y &, for ABs Gupol >) tw ofA = 2 eae N yee 1 aking efficiency = 4A AT + ux ysthe x100 aD 7 derwity ¢4 ouyin| = 4X Mao /Na gee T ae Gthen Axamples indude © Halide ol metal [SC RbCA 2ete-) except Saal of Ge. Ci) Oxides of Algaline_canin metals (M90, Cab ste) xcept Yeeo | Cy Wuntzite Abul one * => Nov bd — Tn Natt U° fom cep NE . Btupy octahedral veidi AMivwatively xP 'fims «pk CP occupy edahedval Vales. we fice fore cep >» NO forms a b both are Antespenetrate rl defo bork galt Attuatie - for Ae t ype. Zoyptal<2 (Qa = ‘re bile “G Ts (Zine Blende) Atauclne ane UP 4 Han® = 0-4 (Ja 0-225 | o-uiy ) * Wurdente. HOPY Prey Hye =| forms ep van Zn! " pecupies Aljernale Tv => te Aue 4 cation L 4 anions pow inst A AR ee ~ be the = ap. oP _ me Alucays applicable _ = ba of Latin =4- CN 64 Anim = 4 —| Alnsitf = 4% Mahl a fec oe =| Packing efficiency = ATE + AE __ a no of fecahon ni —|| Other _ecamblu_ — diamond OF) Hee A134, OMe unit [> tgs (Cnmbar) Cala ott (Gaim CHeride Abul ) hier - 093 _[ 0-432 to1) hor Sy eubical Void i —t|| Anions Luupy A 8 Lome of tube cand Adtion occupies ty ete : >| Treu » Ane cation i nearer dc = AB 1___ = || cerutty = 14 Maan He an = | Other esumbles — — GU, CBr» Cs — Under RoBy & RboL Ahewome 78 eC ____t ee...Q= 0 OR Phe NT (& 6:6 => aia) Tt: cond fy. 6: b— Ary ) — & : JE By TAL de samples * TEBr Fluonite (Com) Abwuohoe © "0x satin) forma cep latter F(0x-anion) Thi [ieee 4 aliens an 2 anions fen uni aa fy +4 l= Oe [alway applicable dt swpgatla ‘ a ¥ = Acnsity = hx t Mabe /Na aes T CN of. pe = T CN of Gat = r = bho: exombles — Sth. BaF; , Ball, ete: : Lae * = T « Halt Tia - | : u Abidype. + I fo # he = of | “de a = || Other examples —* U0, k20, ek- d A A* © || The Spinel —siutie {ata i ine] = MgAt.0a _ or 90 -Als03 o* — cep J Mgt—>» i4h of Ts . i At int Dua _ a — O* kG — form cep + (o** — Occupiel all | Ti" Body eb i fhe - Def f on Lepettion in Anything eela Q=—O lathe jn Tunis. Anis * ST : = ; demic solid. a Abt deft Atsichi i Ler rt fA fects —— Y Aol _efect Nom=esichitmeliie defor = ZL Ss Heal axcey Clefeck Metal Alficienay dlefect Sfoicuiomerric Defects Formula | or Afsichiomebuy) _femains unchanged ue te_Ausch _dlofects Sh elect +GeO a afaa defence dale mn fetid ta “Limpreve “hein —tlecbaeal and methane ene sda &- || Tp Incuwaxe hovdnest ancl Abtenglh 8 Fe_melal , cewtain varmount of. eadibon, T Abeuld be -phsssnt in _dntyrctileal portion za taf cntendlih ' : & || Sis Ge (Tatwini ' Jo imptave : Toichual diacetate a sg i tpn ; —_ @® ©) © OS >) @ | | @_@ jaia_Aatticr atte. to ‘neauby hole. e& —+ [This defer nize dob < digOz—=0 fo. Nall KCL (31 ,Catl, Aga J ent (4) 7 : (8:8) hou Shottty var well as Frenkel de efedt . Gn Penge Alef at — iris “ase ahi Aly diflounce belwuencahion ah ET am Vacaney 9) 1 bial (hotey kj ial Interatitiad defect wtlec- * || Tniersties means voids = Sei tana dag | Due te accumulaiten of _Aimnila hough zea link Ju _in vreau. — Lattice sntigy due fo beth Frenol_b Anotiiyy = |Flecbuical Londucance 7(®)|_Now- Sfocnomeperc Defer i | rei excess def r £ igh the fattide des 4 —nuens tnatead of ; : Abrnt y + Nod J |[uhite luhen 4 Kd 4 ilae er viol celcl S| Zo, Ytion tohie when avhen het Total +ive charge = | Tota! sve chore. |— —lTn , Tevis at} at Cu’ a. er */ ae ‘ Feous 0 ( G imate Total Hve Total ~ive q. ! Fe" + Fee =) Qe +3(oqr-xX) = 2X7 ny { { O-9F mele} Sy eB + 0-973 = 2 & Xrmel OT-x mel =} X= 0-4 mel *) [%eR* = O41 yy, = Am- te. O47 ~~ il ~ (2) | Tmpuary Devers + (Non- stoichiometric dle Money 4 Tn this coe al. of vaconces_eneud 4 sole eS" alebel ot [| &. “yi : : :4 feta am U N i” . oxidiced te Ni2* - = pduch Abid acts au _potybe of scomicencattoy - fe & Ef - 107 mel ‘Je | peau 10 el ef cathe find Genuine saben _yorancies - Ans :| to met S10, are difed_—in 4 mel _Nat . Noo} Vacanties genvsaifed = No -04 Si tend cleped = (G-022%10?) X10 = 6-022 x10'S_| mo) e(Nou 7 7 (*) | Tntercital impunity defect = — Jiu gue urhen “mall dizer aitem af lem (tr_inksabitial \ sbace A impyeve mechanical} - ae I A Elechical prapentiol ——Th sida FS gt papi —ener ernie | Tutitat upon © —*|| Baset_om_electetcal Aordudivily.. Aotid ave talaga 3 Nyps a ——_Traiilaton Ain Y adudoa (Metals) (Diamond) _ (sine) Etedrical || _ Io to fo! Sm’ 0% to 10" Sm? we toi" Londuciv|ly very high Vey low Sm" bia —with edna —cendivly — nf ander 9 1p! Sm! sed anal ale oa, TiO» Cr02 »ReO3 behave dike metals ee lagnetic (eds poe dee | | F ( > Lempourds_.aru_Lasv — based an dhe _ tag ubstonce i—> no Ainpaired ce = eatly |_by. ~Applad_ magic. fidd UUImp Ww) Aubstances : —+ Hale 4 or mere no = Auch tise ae bah “alluded axamagnetic Le eromagnet n ; aap &. irs & €30. Anto GR Noe Aubgtancea: he aramagnckc Auubstances rem en ne A