Design Charts for a Laterally-Loaded Rock-Socketted Pile in Granular Soil RKLSu Bsceng PhD Department of Ci ond Sructura Engineering The Unversity of Hong Kong A parametric study of a laterally toaded pile in granular soll with a socketted tip is presented. The variation of subgrade ‘modulus of granular soil is assumed to be linearly increasing with depth, from zero at the surface, The study covers all end constraint conditions, including fixed and pinned pile tips, and fixed and free pile heads. Both applied moment and lateral oad at the head of the pile were considered. The displacements, moments and shear forces along the plles were determined using a finite element method. The results of the deformation coefficients force coefficients and minimum socketted depths are presented as a set of design charts. Keywords: Winkler Approach, Horizontal Subgrade Modulus, Stiffness Factor, Laterally-loaded Rock Socketted Pile Introduction All buildings and cWvit engineering structures are founded on ether sols (OF 0CKs, andthe gravity an lateral loads acting on such structures are transmitted tothe foundation through individual footings or piles Inthe «design of pile foundations resisting lateral foads witha shallow rock head level, pile tips are often designed {o be sockelted in rock to increase the lateral resistance. However, construction of rock sockets Is not only ‘expensive but also time consuming, AS the performance of a socketted pile Is stongly dependent on the selection of pile head and plle tip Conditions, parametric study of diferent end constraints ofa socketted pile becomes crucially Important. Literature survey indicates that a large “Amount of research has been carried out for the ullimate loading capacity ‘of piles without socket including Brinch Hansen(1961), Brom (1964), Reese( 1974) and Poulos(1971). However for laterally loaded piles with 1a rock socket, only limited investigations have been conducted. An ‘example is the determination of alsplacements for a sockettecpile in ‘uniform soll by Poulos(1972). Te study only covered a case study for sackelted pile in non-uniform soil No internal forces in the pile were caiscussed and thus the structural design of such piles Is impossible. In this paper, an attempt has been made to address this problem by the ‘Winkler approach(1867) ‘Winkler approach has been extensively employed for the analysis of ples in Hong Kong because of ts simplicity to use. The accuracy is usually sufficient for routine design purposes, Poulos(1980) had compared this ‘approach with the elastic continuum approach and found @ good ‘agieement of the results. GEO(I996) reported that the deflections of a ‘single pile can be satisfactory predicted by the subgrade reaction method provided that the sttiess values ae derived ftom established correlations for calibrated against similar case histories or oad test results. However, where the deflection of a ple is relatively large, the effects of nonlinear bending behaviour of the pile section and the plastic deformation of the contact soil should be considered. These effects could be studled by the complete load ranster (py curves, as described by Bowls{ 1988) In this paper, the ple deflections are assumed to be reatvely small and the norrlinear behaviour of pilesil interactions will therefore be ignored. ‘Tis assumption may be required tobe verified by geotechnical engineers for the actual ground conditions encountered, In the Winkler approach, the pile Is considered as an Euler beam and ‘the soll s idealized as a series of alscrete horizontal springs down the pile shaft. A pile socketted in rock underlying a granular sol layer is modelled by the idealized cases of fixed (no rotation and transation) and pinned (no translation but with rotation pile tips. For each case, both a free pile head (no restraining moment atthe head) and a fixed pile head (na head rotation) are considered. The subgrade modulus of the granular soll Is assumed fo be linearly increasing with depth, trom zero atthe surface, This assumption has been adopted in the development fof theories by many researchers and engineers such as Poulos(1971), 4T, tis generally considered as a tong pile (Tomlinson 1987), n this investigation, the pile length L ranges trom T to ST Design Charts ‘The geometry of the socketted plle subject to lateral loads and the four ‘combinations of end constraints Is shown in Figute 1. The piles areOw ape seas vo Prep iote Sree Rok Figure 2 ~ Mesh configuration of the rack-socketed pit for fnte element analyses discretized into uniform elements of length T/5 for the finite element analyses and a typical mesh configuration of the laterally loaded pile is depicted in Figure 2. The analyses are performed using the computer package SAP9O (1995) version (5.50). The displacements (y) and the ‘onesponding bending moments (M), shearing forces (¥) and sol reactions (9) along the pile are determined and are presented in equations (6) to (3). Foro free head pile subjected to combined lateral food and moment Detection y= AMT, BMT 6 a aending moment M= ATM, o sresmgtoce vay BA ® catvnton p= Ait BM ° fora fd hed ese ee od ay tn un 7 owt i 0 tending moment = a Sheningtone—-V=E my sotacin po vay ‘nwhicn H and M, are the apple lateral oad and moment, respectively, and A, 8 and Fare influence coefficients, Figures 3 to 6 show the variations ‘of coeficients which are deperident on the parameters Z = 20T, Zag ™ Ut and T. For the limiting case, Z,,, = 5; the moment coefficients are (0.92 and 0.77 and the deflection coetficlents are approaching 0.93 and 2.4 for the cases of fixed head and free Head contitions respectively. “These asymptotic results compared well with the values provided by “Tomlinson (1987; forthe case of alterali-oaded pile without rock socket Good agreement with less than 4 percent difference can be found. 3 2 3 5 $3 3 47 A £ 5 s| 26-03 00 03 08 09 1.2 Moment Coaticient Ay =| Te 77 1 el 2 |e : 2 € Is & ay 1 5 NE DEBE ET Baten olan 7 a 7 ar ee 5 S-03 00 03 06 09 12 Sait Cooticiont hy La 35 pina as fare pig i ld pen ae eesDepth Coefficient Z Depth Coefficient Z 4 0 | ‘j | j 1 : i Phot i lr 4 4 : i i144 3 ai 5 és |_| ‘ . 7 4 "0.2 00 02 04 0.6 0.8 1.0 S08 06-04 omen Coeticion By sheot Coeficiente, © ' ‘: i amet] 4 Zoot Le } \ ; 7 ¥ 4 fe i L 3 q 5 of 4 R { a LY 7 5 004 08 12 16 Deftection Coetiient 8, Soe -04=07 09 02 04 06 Sali Depth Costiient Z Depth Coefficient Z 0 9 | Lape te | 4a 2 §2 316 a 4\\ ‘ ‘ fe s 3! al BOE Ba aE De 10 | WT “Uses eg Be OE 2 ota ae cata 9) ea ° =o | z LES Zao 947 y ae 12 7 | f 1 3 s 3 : ak 4 \, 5 3 Sooo 951.0, 152.0 Sail Coetficont Ay Figure 3b ~ Influence coefficient for a pile subjected to unit moment (Free head and fixed tp) Figure 4a ~ Influence coefficient for a pile subjected to tune ateral load (Free head ana pinned tp)° — ° 1 _ ; Zz 3 3 i 3 ak z° 3 & Va E ’ 4 A Soe 0d 07 04 08 08 Moment Coatficlent Ey x09 -06 -05 00 03 ‘Shoo? Coellicient By a ; °, dacs Ze ; z A : fo be Bohs 5 e gy g i & 4 ‘ ‘ s S05 -o% 00 0408 Sei contiiont 8 rR 9 x if 1 1 f s » By 3 Be ; : A é Y, i 35 L Sy ‘ i 4 a / 30s 703 99-05 72 Peni Gace Fn ° 0 j ; Ajo | 7 a alae ge 2 = g OS é 3 ai 53 ie : 4 & Is 5 ‘ ‘ 5 5 5 Soe 03 09 93 06 09 Detection Caetflent Fy 72 14-02 0.902 04 08 08 SBN costicientF, Figure ab ~ Influence coefficients fora pile subjected 10 Lunt moment (Free head and pinned ) Figure 5 ~ Influence cooffclent for a pile subjected to ‘unt itera load (Fixed head and pinned tip)(Fixed heod and ‘fixed tp) Depth Coeifiiont Z Depth Costfciont Z | | | 1 L Figure 6 ~ nfuence ° coefficient for a Z pile subjected to ‘unit lateral ood ° MORE OE Ts) AT BT AE TAO : pee ee y rs , aly : | a “ 7 s & be ya 2 5 - a3 a ech 5 : & a ; i : : ewe ar gs peo SONA BGG ag 0S Oa Borin ante Botkatt, Inthe design of piles to resist lateral loads, the ctical factors are usually head-xed tip ple. A free heae-pined tip ple behaves ina flexibte manner dictated by the ple head stifness and the moment capacity of the pile, and becomes unstable if Z,,, < 2. However, the induced moments along Figure 7 shows the variation of the coefficient of maximum moment such plles are generally smaller. Conversely, a fixed head-txed tip plle and pile head displacement respectively for diferent boundary conditions, most sf when Z,,, <2; the ple configuration is unconaltlonally stable ‘The results Indicate that both the stfiness of the ple and the ultimate and the moment induced along the pile is much smaller than that of a moment capacity ate highly sensitive fo the dimensionless pile length xed head-pinned tp plle ora free headfxed pie, Although te induced Zq, and the end conditions ofthe pile when the dimensioriess pile length moments smaller fra fixed head fixed tip pile the socket length required 7 <3. A fixed head-pinned tip pile is generally stifer than a flee would be much longer than that of a fixed head pinned tip pile, The 1.4 2 4 T 2 5 \ 5 (Vf Heda & Fixeld Tip £ i £12 f— 8 fad & Pirjned Tip. 2 \s a3 E10 a Et £ . LL Sos Fixed Head J E 2 ; =o | & Fixed Tip / + 8 Jd & Fixeld Tip & il 2 206 7 s id & Pirhred Tip 3 i A ined Ti ¢1 a / Frpe Head & Pinned Tip s = Fixes i & Fixbd Tip 80 1 2 9 4 SS ot 2 gia SF Dimensionless Pile Length Zmox Dimensionless Pile Length Zmox Figure 7 ~ Maximum influence coefficients of moment and displacement along o rock-socketted pile 34ost reduction due to reduction in moment along the pile may be out welghed by the Increase In cost for construction of a rack-sacket “oacilat the design of rack sockets, a design chat forthe determination ofthe minimum socket depth required to prevent beating failure based (on the Idealizd pressure distribution as described in GEOX1993} is potted In Figure 9 n tis figure, m = MD and v = VD represent the moment and the shear force per unit wich D of lle above the rock socket, Here , denotes the allowable lateral bearing capacity ofthe rock. The values of M, and V, can be obtained from Figure 8. The value of q, may be assessed from a consideration ofthe strength and structures ofthe rock ‘mass as mentioned In GEO(1993), Design Examples xarple 1 ‘steel bearing H-ple [305 x 305 x 180 kg/m) wlth fe-head condtion Caryn a fateral design load of 150KN perpendicular to its major axs {s installed through 4m of a medium dense granular sotto gtade Ii bed rock. The results of the ground investigation indicate that the allowable lateral bearing capacity of the rock is 2 MPa and the subgrade ‘modulus for the medium dense sand Is equal to 5 Nm. Determine the maximum induced moment and tateal displacement akong the pile ‘Algo calculate the required socket depth, oung’s modulus of steel 2 x 105MNm? and second moment of area of the H-plle |= 40973cm, Width of ple D = 0.3197m) ot oe eS Dimensionless Pile Length Znoy Figure 8 ~ Moment and shear coefficients fora pile above rock-socket A \, ESS Figure 9 Minimum requited depth of rock socket ge Sovution aa § {zl ; Sutness actor T= 5 | == £ Free Hoos & Fea Te % $10 sauaainns : \ TOOT 175m 205 § |Faee Hod & Fife tin ob AO 9, g “Tp TE Boo The coeficlent of pile head displacement A, and maximum induced = moment A, determined trom the design chat In Figure 7 1s equal to i 22 and 0.85 respectively Aye. aoe 1 2 3 4 5 Pile head deflection y= —5— Dimensionlees Pite Length Zox a 2.2% 150% 175° gt? SS "Te 10" x 40973 x 107 = 92" 3 : in ‘Fifed Tig 8 ied ped & Fed Te ‘Maximum bending moment M = A,HT os * = 09x 150 x 1.75 = 240KNm ad CT aS 2 Pa Based on the design chart in Figure 8, the coeficient of moment A, 00] and shear force A atthe top of the 1ocksocket I fund to be 0.9 and = LF] 0.02 respectively. Free Hoyd & ge TONY 7 ‘The induced moment M, = A,HT “ 9 x 150 x 1.75 = 240kNm_ Y Ne lesa Abed ‘The induced shear V, = AH = 0.02 x 150-= 3.0KN Mb _ _240/0.3197 038 a, 7000 3/03197 sil 2000 From Figure 9, the required rock-socketted length ds found to be 1.2m, Bxample 2 ‘A reinforced concrete bored pile having a diameter of 250mm forms part ofthe plied support fora skyscraper. The loading transferred from the plecap tothe ple consists of a horizontal working toad of 3500KN. The pile Is Installed to a depth of 11m Into a medium dense sand and reaches the top of hedrock. Compare the maximum deflections, maximum Dending moments, and the required minimum rock-sockets calculated based on a fixed heacfixed tip ple and a fixed head:pinned tip pite. ‘Moment of inertia of ple secon =1.917m', Young’s modulus of pile = 26GNm?, the subsoll properties are same as the previous example solution = %. sitness factorL_ uo 77 e305 ‘Fixed eact-tixed tin ‘Max. influence coeff of deflection (Fig 7) 0.40 ‘Max, Influence coett. of moment (ig.7) az Fixed ead pinned tip 102 18 Deflection at pile head €Eqn.10) 0.4 x 3500 x 6.305" 25x 10x 1917 102 x 3500 x 6.305? 26x 10x 1917 = 704 mm 18.0 mm Max. bending moment (Eqn.11) 0182 x 3500 x 6.305 118 x 3500 x 6.305 ~ 18100KNm = 26000kNim Intuence coett of moment Fig) 076 ° inuence coef of shear 8) 0.82 032 Induced moment (Eqn. (0.76 x 3500 x 6.305 ° = 16800kNm Induced shear (Eqn.12) 0.82 x 3500 0.32 x 3500 2870KN = 112048 ma, 16800 / 25 7000 7 = 336 via, 2870/25 1120/25 2000 72000 =057 2 Required depth ofrocksocket Fg 8) = 4.5m om Conclusion Based on the assumptions of a subgrade modulus with a triangular isitibution izero atthe ground surface) and the linear elastic behaviour of soll media, a parametric study of a laterallyloaded rock-socketted pile in granular soll has been conducted. The results of the influence Coeffcents for deformations and intemal forces along the ple have been presented as a set of design charts. The use of these charts is tlustrated by two examples, Acknowledgements “The outhor wishes to thank Dr. WE Zhou for her preparation of some of the design charts and also ir. WK Cheung for his invaluable advice throughout the study. a fa : References 1 2 n 2. Bows, LE. (1988). Foundation nls and Design (Forth Eden. McGrew Hl iterator, New York Brom, 8. (1964a). Te letealvesstanceof pes In cohesive sot, Jour of he Sod Mechanics Division, American Society of Cl Engineers, VoL 90, No. M2, po27-63. Bros, 8B (19688. Te tera resistance of ples In cofesiontess sls, urn (ofthe Sot secnanss Divison, American Society of Ci gine, VoL 90, Ho ‘SMB, ppl22 156. (Cook ED. Maths D.S. & Pesha, ME, (1989). Concepts and Appcatons of Fine Bement Anais John Wey B Sons ew Vor. (GEO (1993) Geogulde 1, Gude to Retoning Wall Design, Second edition, ‘Geotecnical Engineering Oi, Hong Kong {GEO 1996), G£0 Punicaion Na. 196, Pe Desgn and Coston, Gectctical Engineering Office, Hong Kong. ‘itzon, RE. (1967. Some rests concerning dplacerents and stresses la a homogeneous eas haltspace, Geoteehngue, VOL, Nos, ppS8-67 Bich Hansen, 18. (961). The utmate esstance of ig ples agaist ransvese forces, anh Geotecnnia!nsitue But Ho.12, p53 Reese. Can, WR. 8 Koop, FB 1974), Analy of atrlly loaded pes sand, Proceedings of OfshoreTeenaoagy Coryerence, Howson, Texas, paper No. OTC 2080. Poulos, WG. (1971). The behaviour of ateraly loaded ples: ingle pls. Journ of the Sol Mechanics and Foundations Diision, American Society of (Gu Engineers, Vol. 97, pp731-751, Poulos, 16. (1972) The behartour of lateral foaded piles I~ socketed Piles, Jour of he Soil Mechoic and Foundations Dilon American Society ‘OF Oi Engines, VoL. 98, pp 341-366. Poulos, He. 8 Davis, € H. (1980), Ale Foundation Analysis and Design, John Wiley @ Sons, New Yrs, 397p. ‘SAPsO (1995), Users Monae of Stuturol Analysis Program version (550), Computers ana structures inc Soniinson, M3, (1987) Pile Design end Construction Practice, A Viewpoint Pnieation London, 378 Winkle, € (1867). Die Lev vondorEastitat and Festgte, Prague RKLSu RK LSuI6a senor research assistant inthe Department (of Chill and Structural Engineering the University of ong Kong, He obtained Nis fst degree in cv and srutual engineering and his doctoral degree in fed ‘of facture mecnanic In 1981 and 1996 respectively from the Unversity of Hong Kong. Since graduation In 1991 he hasbeen working In he fel of suctural and geotechnical engineerings. Hs current research Interests ae onthe computational facture mechanics ‘an computer modelings Of underground structures.