1.

Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project:

to study the various structure repairing materials

available in the market. Ownership, in its most
comprehensive signification, denotes the relationship
between a person and any right that is vested in him.
That which a man owns is in all cases a right. When, as
is often the case, we speak of the ownership of a material
object, this is merely a convenient figure of speech. To
owna piece of land means in truth to own a particular
kind of right in the land, namely, the fee simple of it.

Ownership is a socially significant concept

because it is an index of wealth and social position.

Ownership of land was a means of controlling the

government. In a feudal system based on land

ownership, the feudal lords wielded tremendous

influence, and even the qualification to vote was

based onownership of land.

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 Name of
Plan
Sr. Plan start responsible
Detail of activity finish
No. date team
date
members

1 Searching the topic for micro-project

Search information from MAINTENANCE AND

2 REPAIRS OF STRUCTURES 22602 book and
from the internet.

3 Discuss with the project guide.

4 arrange all information in ms word

5 Prepare a report on it using MS word

6 print micro project

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INTRODUCTION

The success of repair activity depends on the identification

of the root cause of the deterioration of the concrete
structures. If this cause is properly identified, satisfactory
repairs can be done for the improvement of strength and
durability, thus extending the life of the structure, is not
difficult to achieve. General procedure in the repair of
distressed concrete structure:

 Support the structural members properly as required.

 Remove all cracked, spalled and loose concrete.
 Clean the exposed concrete surfaces and steel
reinforcement.
 Provide additional reinforcing bars, if the loss in
reinforcement is more than 10%
 Apply shortcreting/polymer concrete for patch repair
work and grouting for porous/honeycombed concrete.
 Apply protective coatings over the exposed/repaired
surface. concrete structure:

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1. Gunite & Shortcrete

i. Guniting

Guniting is mechanically applied material

consisting of cement, aggregates and water. The cement and
sand are batched and mixed in the usual way and conveyed
through a hose pipe with the help of compressed air. A
separate pipe line brings water under pressure and the water
and cement aggregate mix are passed through and intimately
mixed in a special manifold and then projected at high
velocity to the surface being repaired.

In good quality work,

a density around 2100kg/m3 is achieved. For effective
guniting, the nozzle should be kept at 60cm to 150cm from
the work normal to the surface. Before guniting is applied, the
old concrete surface is prepared properly, all the cracks
treated and the new reinforcement fixed in position. Cracks
wider than about 0.5 mm should be cut out and filled with
hand-applied mortar or with gunite.

ii. Shortcreting

Shortcrete is defined as “ mortar or

concrete pneumatically projected at high speed onto a
surface”.

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 Types of shorcrete:
Dry mix: Dry cement, sand and coarse aggregate are
premixed with only sufficient water to reduce dusting.

Wet mix: The cement, sand and coarse aggregate are

mixed with water and the resulting concrete is then
pumped to the nozzle where compressed air propels the
wet mixture onto the surface.

Applications :

Shortcrete has been used to repair :

canal and spillway linings and walls

the faces of dams, tunnel linings
highway bridges and tunnels
deteriorating natural rock walls and
earthen slopes
to thicken and strengthen existing concrete surfaces

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2. Various types of Repair Methodologies

Common Causes of cracking in Concrete

Common Causes of cracking in Concrete flow chart

Stitching
Muting and sealing
Resin injection
Dry packing
Polymer impregnation
Vacuum impregnation
Autogenous healing
Flexible sealing
Drilling and plugging
Bandaging

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In this technique, the crack is bridged with U-shaped metal
units called stitching dogs before being repaired with a rigid
resin material. A non- shrink grout or an epoxy resin based
adhesive should be used to anchor the legs of the dogs.
Stitching is suitable when tensile strength must be re
established across major cracks. Stitching dogs should be of
variable length and orientation.
Benefits Of Cracked Stitching
1. Quick, simple, effective and permanent.
2. The grout combination provides an excellent bond within
the substrate.
3. Masonry remains flexible enough to accommodate
natural building movement.
4. Non-disruptive structural stabilization with no additional
stress

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 Muting And Sealing
This is the simplest and most
common method of crack repair. It can be executed with
relatively unskilled labor and can be used to seal both fine
pattern cracks and larger isolated cracks. This involves
enlarging the crack along its exposed face and sealing it with
crack fillers. Care should be taken to ensure that the entire
crack is routed and sealed.

Resin Injection
Epoxy resins are usually selected for crack
injection because of their high mechanical strength and
resistance to most chemical environments encountered by
concrete. Epoxies are rigid and not suitable for active cracks.
This method is used to restore structural soundness of
members where cracks are dormant or can be prevented from
further movements.

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 Underpinning
Underpinning is the process of strengthening
and stabilizing the foundation of an existing building or other
structure. Foundation underpinning is a means of transferring
loads to deeper soils or bedrock.

 Purpose Of Underpinning

1. To obtain additional foundation capacity

2. To modify the existing foundation system
3. To create new foundations through which the existing
load may be wholly or partially transferred into deeper
soil
4. To arrest the excessive settlement
5. To improve the future performance of the existing
foundations
When Underpinning Is Required? 12
 Construction of a new project with deeper foundation
adjacent to an existing building.
Change in the use of structure
The properties of the soil supporting the foundation may
have changed or was mischaracterized during planning.
To support a structure which is sinking or tilting due to
ground subsidence or instability of the super structure

Methods Used For Underpinning

Pit Underpinning
Push Piers System
Helical Pier System
Pile Underpinning
Other Methods
Chemical Grouting
Micro fine Grouting
Micro piles

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3. Fire Damage Repairs

 Timber structures may be repaired with new timbers or

composites of steel and timber members.
 Steel structures are normally repaired with steel.
 Both concrete and masonry structural elements are
frequently repaired with fiber reinforced polymers
(FRP).
 Concrete structures are occasionally repaired with
shortcrete
 Repair of leakage structure

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4. Repair of leakage structure

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Conclusion:

In this microproject we learned

about various types of techniques Used in repair works. We
understand where it is used and In what situations of repairs
which techniques is best for used. In this microproject we
know the applications of various repairs techniques. And we
know the importance of repair works.

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References:

1) www. Wikipedia.com
2) Maintenance and Repairs of Structure textbook
3) https://civildigital.com/repair-techniques-cracks-

concrete-crack-repair/
4) https://www.slideshare.net/Piyushpl/materials-and-

techniques-for-repair

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