Sail

↳
-

chemistry
branch soil chemical
Itis a science which deals the
with
composition,
chemical and chemical reaction soil.
proportive of the

Soil:It a
is

heterogenous
mixture
of air, water,
organic
and
inorganic
solids and
microorganisms.
Sail science Father
of soil science:Wokuchain [1900]
4 Pedogenphysics Father
of Indian soil
science:I.A) rather.

4
↳ Sail chestern
Soil has 3
importantcomponents
↳ Sand sail
Silt]physical supportto the
↳
↳wayseat of chemical reaction in

:Rocks combination minerals and mineroids.

Rocke of
are the

↳ Igneous
↳
Metamorphic
Jedimentary
Composition of the crust.It
Earth is
mainly compose of socks of 100 out elements
only 8 elements

and about
sufficiently
abundance constitute 99%
are
by the

crust.
earth
weight of
These element distributed
are
geochemically into
five group
based on their

elements
bonding
 1.
Lithophile
2.
Chalcophile
3.
diderophile
" Atmosphile
Biospaile

1.
Lithophile,which coniser
readily and
forms organion
i.e O2, Si, Fe, Mn, Al, H2, etc.

2.
Chalcophile:which tends form covalent bonds with
to
sulphite which S. Co, Ni, (n.
3.
Siderophile:which readily form metallic bonds i.e Fe, Ni, lo
4.
Atmosphile:which remains in atmospheric gases i.e Ar, Ne, H. He
the

3.
Biosphile:which associate with living organisms i.e 2, 4, N,0c,P

sin elements
on crust
classifiedretaingetgrouter.
She earth
the are

Metallic

Art 8.13% 46.604

Oxygen
-> ->

Fest-- 5.0 % Silica -> 27.72%

X
(a2t -> 3.63%
highest element

Nat -> 2.83%

x -
> 2.59%

My - > 2.09%

A
--
others

mixture
Rocks'It is
define as the
of one or more minerals. Rocks are

solid and
mostly varier hardness
in

Petrology:The forms of crust.

which unit
the earth
of
science rocks

Peteography:The which deals rocks.

geographical description the
science with
of

Petrogenesis:The deals
which with
origin the
the rocks.
science
of
 Based on the structure

1.
Igneous
2.
Sedimentary
3.
Metamorphic

and molten
1.
Igneous:They formed
the
by cooling crystallisation
the
of magma
or

earth crust.
of
beneath the

classification of igneous roche

(a) Based on their silica content

↓
-

I
Acid
Sqneour rocke Intermediate
Igneous rocks

-Contains 65-75% of silica -Contain about 55-65% silica

-
This rocks are
formed by ortholare -further classified
into two

CK minerals) sud acidic sub basic

bearing
contain contain 55%-50% silica
-sandy in nature due
60-65% silica
to the
presence of
quaria particles Ex.
synite Ex:Andeside, Diaoride

Based Basic rocks

b. on their
origin Iqueous
1.
Intensive/plutonic igneous rocks -contains about
45-55%

plagiocase (He bearing minerals,

It cooled down inside earth's
-formed by
-

is the

crust and made

up of large crystals. -
En. Basalt.

e.g. granite, quartz.

2. Extensive/volcanic rocks
igneous
-It cooled Earth's crust and small
is down on the made
up of crystals.
Basalt,
E.g. gabbro
2.
Sedimentary rocks
derived
consolidation sediments
formed from the of from breaking of
sedimentary
-

rocks are

rocks.
pre-existing
water
Sedimentary rocks are
transported from place to one another
by means
the
of
-

and wis and

deposited in arrangementto
new
sedimentary rocks.

This rocks are

layered arrangement. Sherefore,
in it iscalled
stratified rocks.

water
Sedimentary mostly formed action i.e
rocks
by they also
are
are the
of
-

known rocks.
aqueous
as

In India, Taria area

of Himalayan region made
is
up of sedimentary rochs.
-

sandstone, dolomite
sedimentary rocks are
mostly composed of limestone, and shale.
-

Importantprocess of sedimentary rocks

a) weathering
- Breakdown
of so the

b) Transportation
-

Displacement of social

1) settlement
Neposition of rocks
fragments
-

a) Cementation -

Binding of the soil

pasticles by means
the
by various
bonding.

rocks
Classification of the

Based their
1. on
origin
a
mechanically formed/fragmented socks and dentrial role

-Formed
deposition and cementation of erosive
by the products of igneous
rocks and
vary
structure and texture.

e.g.:Sandstone, daystone,conglomeraus.
b.
chemically formed rocks

↳ Forms
precipitation e.g. dolomite, limestone
and
Inorganically. by flocculation
of partial decomposition
e.gditomete
accumulation
organically.Forms by the
of oil
3.
Metamorphic rocks

-They are chemicalled altered

by heat,
pressure
and
deformation while buried
deep the
in Earth's crust.

There three
are class
of metamorphism
a) Thermo-metamorphism
b) dyano-metamorphism spressure Iheat).

c) hydro metamorphism
-

-She rocks are

very
hard, weathered
easily and
crystalline nature.
in

rocks
Classification of
X

foliated / layered/ flocky rocks

unlayered/unfoliated/unfloce rocke
Joliated in nature
They unfoliated in nature
are
-
-

Plates like minerals Marble, queiss.

-e.g.
Arrangement inhorizontal
-

and metamorphisms
pressure
-

eq slate, quartzite, schist.

properties of metamorphic rocks

1. States:
They are
foliated rocks
representing low
grade metamorphism alternation
of
shales.

mud much
2.
Argillite:It is stone harden
by pressure.
3. Schist:
jolicated grade metamorphism
rocks, medium with
parallel layer.
9.
Gneiss:
It a bended
is sochs consist
of alternating layer of feldspar and
quarta.
5. Quartziter:It
represent metamorphes sandstones

mica and
6.
Greywecke: It is
severely harden sandstone with feldspar.
7. Cast:It is siliceous rock
deposited
limestone.
8. Marble:The
metamorphic
 Minerallfiniteaneatasubstance generall
Minerals: in nature having
agaragement
in

an

These two
are
types of minerals
1.
Primary minerals."This minerals do not
undergo
much alternation
chemically
since
deposition from molten lava.

devated and inherited

This
form
is at a
tec in the absence of 720

from igneous
and
metamorphic rocks
e.g. granite, gabbro,
basalt

made in
2.
Secondary minerals:The minerall have been low
in
temp the
presence
of
water i.e under
hydrothermal condition
from
minerale
weathering of primary
Calcite, limonite, dolomite,
e.g. gypsum

minerals
primary
1, weathering.
Secondary minerall

Soil and
particles
colloids:Solids which lev
are small
particles are
bigger than ion

which be naked
than those
suspension by
can seen are
eyes.
in

size:2am to 200mm

ion size:22mm

-Colloidal in
heterogeneous mixture in
system a
is
of a
phases which I
phase is

dispersed solid (solid particles) of

fine sub division
another
in continous medium.

where
dispered phase solid e.g. colloidal
is
particles and
dispensed medium is
liquid
together they
all called "SOL"
<yophillic colloids: The colloidal sol which
in the
dispense phase a
particles
have
strong affinity the
to
liquid.
solvenI
The colloids absorbs the molecules and
getstabilised against floculation
upon
addition of dectrolyte.

agophobic colloids:The colloidal col" in which

dispense phase
as
particle have

little
affinity to the
liquid.
The colloids are sensitive
electrolytes
to
upon addition
the and
floculater easily.
notstablished solventmolecules.
They are
by

Soil colloids are

mainly of a
types o

(a) weathering and other

Inorganic colloids:
Mainly derived
from the of rocks

parentmaterials and courist

I of mainly secondary
untrients

(b) Organic colloids.Iti sderived

from the
by plant
decomposition
and
and animals
cynthetic process by microrganisms
such as numus.

Propertier of solid collide

random motion medium.

Browian movement:The of pastider suspended
I. in a

rand ina
This motion
pattern typically consistof
an
fluctuation particle's
inside relocation
position
I
a
fluid sub-domain followed by a to another

sub domains.
 membrane.
New
pass through
2.
permeability:The colloids are enable to a semi
permeable
even thou the colloidal
particles extremely
are small, but
they
are

bigger the
than
crystalloids dissolve water.
in

3. Electric
charge.They carry-ve charge.
current
passed through
electric is
when a a
suspension of
that
colloidal
particles they migrate to the abode
indicating are
they ve
charge.

Zeta
-Depending on
magnitude
the
of the charge i.e
potential the
(Iti s
magnitude
colloidal
of ve
charge on
particles.
in unit
particles
down.
The remain
either
suspension on and settle

is in it and in
when the
higher charge other
ve each
charge repells
· remain

suspension.
and
attract to each
charges and
They
when the reduces to zero. adhes
gone
sediments.
other and
from floor and safe down as

source soil colloids.

of charge
on

Permanent constant
1. /fixed
charge
also
is known as
charge. * Montmorillonite makes the

↳ Isomorphous substitution
of one ion
by another of different day wet.

mineral structure
valency with
day
and Tetrahedral hole/
similar
or
by with conic radie valence. 3 sheet

atom element
usually
4 molecula.

Isomorphous substitution fill position

combination
In one or a of

1
alteration
filled by another of without
modification
↑

smaller size or

lattice.
the
of -

7
Octohedral sheet/hole.
combination
of 6 molecular.

2. PH
dependent charge called variable
charge
>Variable
charger or pH
dependent changes depend on the

PH solu
of the /

*
They result
mainly through protonation
(release
of protons)
 solid
Electric
changes on collide
of
is two
typer'
Permanent constant
1. or
fined charge resulting in
charge.
substitution
·

-> ve
change devlops er coidal
surface ssomorphous (I.S.)

I.S. the substitution 1 element to another in mineral without

of
a
is

structure.
significantchange crystal
a the
in

thatcan
element substitute for other
The each
usually ha
 saturated
pers -water
concen salt
represent 1:2,
the 1: 2.S
E.C
of
G. C Ise salt ise. sat

because salt accumulated rootzone,

Reduce
plant growth, if the more the
in
-

water inside roots will act due osmotic

the the come to
pressure.
and make wilt.
past
the

untrients
-
Nutrients important role will decrease due to

competition of soluble salt

↳ Calcium, sodium
magnesium,
house
Green gases.
-

E.Cx EC meth

unit ->ds/m -> decisiemen

per
meter

12) ->

1MS/<m
Salt concen measurement. Rate

%. salt=2) x 0.064

ppm)
(An 9)
=
x 640

physiological drought