Exercise No.

Solubility Classification

I.Objectives:

1. To evaluate the solubility of different organic compounds using different

solvent systems.

2. To test the acidity or basicity using litmus paper.

II. Results and Inferences

Results
Solvent System
Sample Water 2.5M NaOH Conc. H2SO4
1.5M HCl 5% NaHCO3
Alanine Slightly soluble Partially soluble Partially soluble Partially soluble Partially soluble

Aniline Partially miscible Partially miscible Completely miscible Immiscible Completely miscible

Chlorobenzene Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble

Cyclohexane Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble

Hexane Completely miscible Completely miscible Completely miscible Partially miscible Partially miscible

α-napthol Insoluble Same Insoluble Insoluble Slightly soluble

Phenol Slightly soluble B to R Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble

Salicylic acid Slightly soluble B to R Insoluble Soluble Soluble

Sulfanilic acid Slightly soluble B to R Insoluble Slightly soluble Insoluble

Inference
To ascertain the solubility and acidity or basicity of each sample, tests involving various organic compounds were carried
out in various solvent systems throughout this experiment. After everything was combined, we discovered that alanine was
completely miscible when combined with the solvents HCI and H2SO4, partially miscible in water and NaOH, and
immiscible in NaHCO3. It was also found to be slightly soluble in water and partially soluble in the other solvents (in NaOH,
HCI, NaHCO3, and H2SO4) in aniline. In It was discovered that the next two samples, cyclohexane and chlorobenzene,
were insoluble in various solvents.It was entirely miscible in hexane with water, NaOH, and HCI, and only partially miscible
with H2SO4 and NaHCO3. It was slightly soluble in the solvent H2504 but insoluble in water, HCI, and NaHCO3 in a
napthol. Finally, it was found that phenol, salicylic acid, and sulfanilic acid were insoluble in HCI and only slightly soluble in
water. Salicylic acid is soluble, sulfanilic acid is slightly soluble, and phenol is insoluble when it comes to the solvent
NaHCO3. Similarly, when combined with the final solvent, H2SO4, phenol is insoluble, salicylic acid is soluble, and
sulfanilic acid is insoluble.

III. Guide Questions:

1. Which among the test sample are soluble in water? Explain why it is soluble
in water.

－These polar substances—alanine, aniline, naphol, phenol, salicylic acid,

and sulfanilic acid—have the ability to create hydrogen bonds with molecules of
water. They are soluble in organic solvents like ether, benzene, and alcohol as well
as in water. These substances are soluble in water because they contain polar
functional groups that can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

2. Which among the test sample are soluble in strong base? Explain why it is
soluble in an acid.

－A strong base causes aniline to dissolve. Salicylic acid, phenol, o-napthol,

sulfanillic acid, and amylase are all somewhat soluble in strong base. Since the
presence of functional groups in a molecule determines a compound's solubility in an
acid, they are soluble in acid because they contain acidic functional groups that can
be deprotonated by a strong base.

3. Explain why there are some organic compounds that are soluble in strong
acid?

－.Because of the protonation of their acidic functional groups, organic

molecules have the ability to dissolve in strong acids. Such functional groups are
present in organic compounds, and when they are exposed to a strong acid, these
groups are protonated, which creates ionic species over time. As a consequence
When compared to the neutral form, the protonated ionic form exhibits higher
polarity, increasing its water-and other polar-solvent-soluble properties.

IV. Conclusion:

The solubility behavior of a molecule depends on the type of solvent used.

This novel concept is applied, among other tests, to the structural analysis of an
unidentified material. Although these characteristics are not definitive, an organic
compound's solubility in water, diluted acid, or diluted base can provide vital
information about the presence or absence of specific functional groups. In addition
to that. Among the elements that influence a compound's solubility are polarity,
molecular weight, molecular structure, intermolecular forces of attraction, acidity, and
basicity.