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2.1grammar Nov 2019
2.1grammar Nov 2019
2.1 Grammatica
Adjectives
AGGETTIVI
Adjectives
must
agree
in
number
(singular
or
plural)
and
gender
(masculine
or
feminine)
with
the
noun
they
modify.
Adjectives
can
be
divided
in
two
groups:
adjectives
with
four
endings
and
adjectives
with
two
endings.
Four-‐ending
adjectives
-‐o
-‐a
-‐i
-‐e
(masculine
singular)
(feminine
singular)
(masculine
plural)
(feminine
plural)
alto
(tall,
high)
alta
alti
alte
basso
(short,
low)
bassa
bassi
basse
bravo
(good,
skilled)
brava
bravi
brave
cattivo
(bad,
nasty)
cattiva
cattivi
cattive
Two-‐ending
adjectives
-‐e
-‐i
(masculine
and
feminine
singular)
(masculine
and
feminine
plural)
giovane
(young)
giovani
facile
(easy)
facili
grande
(big,
great)
grandi
intelligente
(smart,
intelligent)
intelligenti
Adjectives
generally
follow
the
noun
they
modify.
Study
the
following
examples:
Laura
e
Alessandra
sono
due
ragazze
Laura
and
Alessandra
are
two
serie
e
intelligenti.
serious
and
intelligent
girls.
Avete
professori
italiani
o
Do
you
(pl)
have
italian
or
american
americani?
professors?
Mario
e
Marta
sono
due
studenti
Mario
and
Marta
are
two
good
and
bravi
e
simpatici.
nice
students.
Abbiamo
due
automobili
giapponesi.
We
have
two
Japanese
automobiles.
Adjectives
ending
in:
–ca,
–ga
and
–go
in
the
singular,
take
the
endings
–che,
–ghe
and
–ghi
in
the
plural.
–ca
(singular)
–che
(plural)
simpatica
(nice,
friendly)
simpatiche
stanca
(tired)
stanche
–ga
(singular)
–ghe
(plural)
lunga
(long,
f.)
lunghe
1
UNIT
2.1
Grammatica
larga
(wide,
f.)
larghe
–go
(singular)
–ghi
(plural)
lungo
(long,
m.)
lunghi
largo
(wide,
m.)
larghi
Adjectives
ending
in:
–co
in
the
singular,
end
in
–ci
or
–chi
in
the
plural.
–co
(singular)
–ci
(plural)
simpatico
(nice,
friendly)
simpatici
antipatico
(unfriendly,
rude)
antipatici
pacifico
(peaceful)
pacifici
–co
(singular)
–chi
(plural)
stanco
(tired)
stanchi
tedesco
(German)
tedeschi
ricco
(rich)
ricchi
Notice
that
-‐ when
–co
is
preceded
by
a
vowel
(as
in
simpatico
or
antipatico)
the
plural
is
generally
–ci;
-‐ when
–co
is
preceded
by
a
consonant
(as
in
stanco,
tedesco
or
ricco)
the
plural
is
generally
–chi.
[*]
Exception:
poco
(few)
whose
plural
form
is
pochi.
Notice
that
a
noun
and
its
adjective
may
agree
in
gender
and
number
but
not
have
the
same
final
vowel:
una
donna
giovane
due
donne
giovani
(two
young
women)
(a
young
woman)
una
signora
inglese
due
signore
inglesi
(an
English
lady)
(two
English
ladies)
un
p rofessore
italiano
(an
Italian
professor)
due
professori
italiani
(two
Italian
professors)
una
lezione
noiosa
due
lezioni
noiose
(a
boring
lesson)
(two
boring
lessons)
Position
of
adjectives
In
general
adjectives
follow
the
nouns
they
modify:
Marco
è
un
ragazzo
simpatico.
Marco
is
a
nice
young
man.
Ecco
due
persone
calme
e
rilassate.
Here
are
two
calm
and
relaxed
persons.
2
UNIT 2.1 Grammatica
Colors
Colors may be adjectives when they modify a noun. Here are the basic colors.
Note that some colors (marked with an asterisk *) have only one ending:
3
UNIT
2.1
Grammatica
Adjective
"molto”
/
“molta”
/
“molti”
/
“molte”
and
the
adverb
“molto”
Molto/a/i/e
means
“much,
a
lot,
many”
and
is
a
four-‐ending
adjective:
Ho
molti
libri
italiani.
I
have
many
Italian
books.
Bevo
molto
caffè
la
mattina.
I
drink
a
lot
of
coffee
in
the
morning.
Hanno
molte
amiche
in
Italia.
They
have
many
friends
(f.)
in
Italy.
Non
mangiano
molta
pasta.
They
don’t
eat
a
lot
of
pasta.
The
adverb
molto
means
“very”,
and
only
has
one
ending:
Questi
libri
sono
molto
interessanti.
These
books
are
very
interesting.
Questo
caffè
è
molto
forte.
This
coffee
is
very
strong.
Le
mie
amiche
italiane
sono
molto
simpatiche.
My
Italian
friends
(f.)
are
very
nice.
Questa
pasta
è
molto
buona.
This
pasta
is
very
good.
Most
common
adjectives
Now
study
these
common
adjectives
and
their
opposites:
alto
(tall,
high)
basso
(short,
low)
antico
(old,
ancient)
recente
(recent)
attivo
(active)
pigro
(lazy)
bello
(handsome,
beautiful,
good)
brutto
(ugly,
bad)
buono
(good)
cattivo
(bad,
nasty)
calmo
(calm)
nervoso
(nervous)
contento
(glad)
triste
(sad)
divertente
(funny)
noioso
(boring)
facile
(easy)
difficile
(difficult)
felice
(happy)
infelice
(unhappy)
giovane
(young)
vecchio
(old)
grande
(big)
piccolo
(small)
intelligente
(smart,
intellingent)
stupido
(stupid)
magro
(thin)
grasso
(fat)
molto
(much,
a
lot)
poco
(few,
little)
nero
(black)
bianco
(white)
ricco
(rich)
povero
(poor)
simpatico
(nice,
friendly)
antipatico
(unfriendly)
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