1 II am

am a two-digit multiple of eleven.

not odd. My digits, when multi-
2 If letters are worth these amounts, 3 dimes.
Matilda has pennies, nickels, and
In how many ways can she
AB C D ... XYZ
plied, make a cube and a square out of 1¢ 2¢ 3¢ 4¢ 24¢ 25¢ 26¢, pay exactly 20c for a comb?
me. What number am I?
find four one-dollar words.

4 five-day
Matt ate a total of 100 raisins over a
period. Each day he ate six
more raisins than on the previous day.
How many did he eat the first day?
5 1\vo congruent right triangles are
constructed on opposite sides of a
square as shown. Prove that the dotted
line segment bisects
the right angles of
the triangles.
6 Find the area of a regular hexagon
inscribed in a circle of radius 12 em.
7 tainer
If the height of a cylindrical con-
is cut in half and the diame-
ter is doubled, how is the volume
changed?

9 squares
~
~

A rectangle is decomposed into nine How should one place five dots
1 0 within 11 a.,Asequence
bJ
of numbers, a a a, 1, 2, 3,
whose bases measure l, 4, 7, or on the boundary of an .. ., is formed according to the
8, 9, 10, 14, 15, and 18 units, respectively. equilateral triangle so that the distance following rule: a 1 = 19, a2 = 77, and for
What are the rectangle's dimensions? between any two dots is as large as n > 2, a, = (l - a, _1) I a,_2 • What is the
possible? l988th member of the sequence?

12 Find a 2 x 2 matrix, J, over the

real numbers such that ( = 13
J )( J)
Evaluate
2
14 Auntilfairitcoincomesis tossed repeatedly
up tails. Let X re-
15 The vertices of a rhombus are
midpoints of the sides of a rec-
-1, the opposite of the 2 x 2 identity 3 3- 2 present the number of heads before the tangle that is inscribed in a circle as
matrix. 3- 2 first tail is obtained. If a player wins 2'1 shown. If the radius of the circle is r,
3 - .. . dollars when playing the game, how find the perimeter
much should be charged to play so that of the rhombus.
the game will be fair?
16 gruent
A cross is composed of five con-
squares as shown. If x =
17 What is the radius of a sphere for
which the numerical value of the
18 Find the area of the shaded quad- 19 Assign natural-number values to
rilateral formed when one diago- the four suits. Deal the cards. Ask
10, then find the area of the cross. volume is equal to the numerical value of nal of the given trapezoid intersects a for the product of the values in a given
the surface area? segment joining an hand. What values would determine the

~- #
upper vertex to the
midpoint of the
lower base. 12
I number of cards of each suit a player was
holding?

~v 1~~

20 A wheel of radius 1 unit rolls

without slipping around a sta-
21 Can the product of any two
complex numbers always be
22 Giv~ the Fi~onacci se~ence,
F1 - 1, F2 - 1, F"+' - F11 +
23 Let
tionary wheel of radius 6 units, returning expressed as a sum of two complex F,_ 1 , form the sequence of ratios of suc- x = J6 + J6 + J6 + ,16+ ...
to its original position. How many rota- numbers? cessive terms, F,+ 1 1F,. Assuming that and
tions does the small wheel make? this sequence has a limit, find this limit.
y = J6- J6- J6- /6- ...
Evaluate x - y.

24 For which integers k does xk

have the largest coefficient in
the expansion of (x + 3)50?
25 Find the smallest natural num-
ber n for which the following
two statements are true: n divided by 2,
4, 6, and 8 yields a remainder of 1; n
divided by 5 and 7 yields a remainder
of 2.
26 Pictured are two semicircles
with centers as shown. AB is
tangent to the smaller semicircle and
parallel to CD. If AB is 24, find the area
of the shaded region.
27 Let 1t be the ratio of the height
of a tin can to the diameter of
the top of the can. What are the dimen-
sions of the label?

C
~ D

28 A sequence of three prime num-

bers p 1, p 2, P :J such that p,1 - P2
= P2 - p, = 2 is called a prime triplet.
Find a prime quadruplet (a sequence of
four prime numbers p 11 p 2, p 3, p, such
that P 1 - P~ = P:1 - P2 = P2- Pt =
2).
29 Under what conditions will
the perimeter of a hexagon
inscribed in a circle be three times the
diameter of the circle?
30 Which regular polyhedron has
the same number of faces as 31 In a race of 1760 meters, A beats
B by 330 meters and A beats C
vertices? by 460 meters. If the contestants continue
to run at the same uniform rates, by how
many meters will B beat C?
 ANSWERS TO CALENDAR

This month's problems 12~14, 17-23, 25, and 27- 30 were submitte.d
t=i\ Twice as great. The volume
by George S. Beers and Michael Beck, Middle Tennessee State Um-
\.!J of the original cylinder
equals TTT 2 h cubic units. The vol-
versity, Murfreesboro, TN 37132. Pr~bl~ms 1~ an.d 6-7 were sub-
mitted by Edna F. Bazik, Eastern Ilhno1S Umvers1ty, Charleston, IL ume of the new cylinder equals
61920. Problems 5, 15, 16, and 26 were submitted by Larry Hoehn,
Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN 37044. P~oblems 8 - 11 1T(2r) 2 !! = 41Tr 2 ·!! = 21Tr2h
2 2
were submitted by George Berzsenyi, Rose-Hulman Institute of Tech-
nology, Terre Haute, IN 47803. Problems 24 and 31 were selected cubic units.
from NYSML-ARML Contests 1973-1985, edited by Har ry D. Ruder-
man and published in 1987 by Mu Alpha Theta, 601 Elm Avenue,
Room 423, Norman, OK 73019.
® Denote the fraction

~
3 + Vs
by x and show that x 3 = 1/8. Con-
® Possible answers: sequently, x = 112, which is
clearly between 13/27 and 14/27.
turkey percents

®
squares highways

9ways
® By summing the areas of
the constituent squares, the

D N p
2 0 0 4' '
18
1 2 0
1 1 5 22
1
0
0
0
4
3
10
0
5
® 216Vs cm 2 .Each angle of
a regular hexagon measures
180(6 - 2)/6 = 120. The diagram 48
0
0
2
1
10
15
shows six equilateral triangles
with sides 12 em. s: ..
0 0 20 h = ~ = 6\13 18
24
The area of the hexagon is 6 x
fA'\ 8 raisins. If x is the num- (112 X 12 X 6Vs).
~ ber of raisins eaten on the
first day, then x + x + 6 + x +
12 + X + 18+ X + 24 = 100. 44

10\~
5x + 60 = 100
5x = 40
x =8 14
4 71
15
8 32

® Extend the legs of the right

triangles to form a larger
square. Then the dotted line seg-
18

ment is a diagonal of the larger

square. Diagonals of a square bi-
33
sect the two right angles. (Continued on page 37)

The Editorial. Panel of the Mathematics Teacher is now considering sets of problems submitted by individu-
als, classes of prospective teachers, and mathematics clubs for publication in the calendar during the 1991-92
academic year. Please write to the editorial coordinator, 1906 Association Drive, Reston, VA 22091, for
guidelines.
Two other sources of problems in calendar form are available from NCTM: "Calendars fo r the Calculating" (a
set of nine monthly calendars that originally appeared from September 1983 to May 1984; order number 344,
$5.75) and "A Year of Mathematics" (one annual calendar that originally appeared in September 1982; order
number 311, $2.50; set of five, order number 312, $5.00). I ndividual members receive a 20 percent discount off
these prices.

40 - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - Mathematics Teacher
 ANSWERS TO CALENDAR-Continued from page 40

area of the rectangle is 1056
square units. The prime factoriza-
tion of 1056 is 2 5 ·3·11. The length
of the shorter side must be one of
the following numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4,
6, 8, 11, 12, 16, 22, 24, or 32. Since
the rectangle must accommodate
the square of base 18, all but 22,
24, and 32 are impossible. As the
illustrations show, the 22-by-48
vious two terms, it then follows
that the terms will repeat in cycles
of five. In view of 1988 a 3(mod
5), we therefore find that a1988 =
a3 = (1 - 77)/19 = -4. Note: a 4 =
5177 a nd a 5 = - 18/77. Extension:
Can you devise a recursion for-
mula to make the length of the
cycles 3? 4? n?
triangles that this square has the
same area as the cross. Therefore,
the area is x 2 = 100. Alternatively,
s2 + (2s) 2 = x 2
5s 2 = x 2 = 10 2 = 100.
Or alternatively, the lengths of the

@ Any matrix
.
.·.· ...
and the 24-by-44 rectangles are
not possible, either, for in neither
of them can one fill the region
l~ ~] s
-.x
above or below the square of base
such that d = - a and be = - a 2 -
s .· ..
18 with the other available
.. ..
.....
squares. 1, especially s
Consequently, the rectangle's
dimensions must be 32 and 33. As
'
...
X.-"'

shown in the diagram, this rectan- ...

gle is indeed decomposable in the
desired manner.
To learn more about "squared
rectangles," the reader may wish
to consult Martin Gardner's Sec-
ond Scientific American Book of
Mathematical P uzzles and Diver-
sions (St. Louis: Fireside Books,
1965).
@ Subdivide the triangle into
four equal parts as shown in
the upper-left illustration. Since
the result is five dots and only four
subdivisions, at least two dots
must be in, or on the boundary of,
the same subdivision. Clearly, for
the dots to be placed as far apart
as possible, they must be at the
corners of that subdivision, result-
ing in one of the two arrange-
ments shown. Extension: What if
the number of dots is 6? 7? n?
@ 3 - Letx1 =for3 andxn
2. = . .
n 2. Then
2 / xn - t 2::
x1 = 3, X 2 = 2.J, X 3 = 2.143,
x 4 = 2.067, x5 = 2.032, which con-
verges to 2. sides of the shaded triangle are
multiples of 1, 2, and v'5 by the
~ Theoretically infinite. For Pythagorean theorem.
~ any value of X , P (X)W(X ) = Since the length of the longest
112, where P(X) is the probability side is 10, the length of the short-
of winning in X time and W(X ) =
2x is the amount won; so the ex-
est side is 10/Vs. The area of one
square is 20, and the area of the
pected winnings are 1/2 + 1/2 + cross is 100.
1/2 + ... , infinite. Actually, an
empirical value can be obtained
using a simple BASIC program
with a random-number generator
to simulate the game.
@ Construct perpendic':llar di-
ameters as shown. Smce
ABCD is a rectangle, then BD =
AC = r. Therefore, the perimeter
of the rhombus is 4r. Alternative-
ly, the diagonals of the rectangle
are diameters of the circle. The
sides of the rhombus are half the
diameters.
f.i-1\ 3. The ratio is (4/3)77T3/477T 2 =
~ r/3 = 1; therefore, r = 3.

(.fd\ 112 square units. A EFD -

~ A BFA. The ratio of their
bases is 15112, so the ratio of their

@ finds
- 4. Using algebra, one
that if a 'I 0 :f. a2
1
and if alt a 2, and a1 + a2 :f. 1,
then a 3 = (1 - a2)/a1, a4 =
121 ~
(a 1 + a2 - 1)/a 1a2, a5 = (1 - a1)/
a2, a 6 = a 1 , and a 7 = a2. Since ~ Draw the dotted square. It A

each term depends only on the pre- ~ can be proved with similar (Continued on page 36)

____________________________________________ 37
January 1990
 ANSWERS TO CA L END A R-Continued from page 37
altitudes is 15/12. If the height of
the trapezoid is 12 and we desig-
nate the height of 6. AFB to the
side AB as x, then (12 - xllx =
15/12, or x = 16/3. The area of
D. AFB = Cl /2l02l(l6/3l, or 32,
and the area of 6. ACD -
(112)(24)(12} = 144.
@ Let the first four primes rep-
resent the suits. The prime
factorization of the product would
determine how many cards of each
suit each player was holdinf" For
example, 168 = 23 ·3 1 ·5° ·7 , so
there would be 3 hearts, 1 club, 0
spades, and 1 diamond.
~ Seven. The small wheel
't::J rotates an extra 60 degrees
each time the point of contact
touches the big wheel, producing
one extra rotation. This extra rota-
tion would occur for any positive
integral ratio.
@ Yes.
(a + bi)(c+di) = ac + bci - bd + adi
= c(a+bi) + dC- b-rai)
~ (1. + Vs)/2, the_go.lden ratio.
't::;l LtmiF
11 1F 11 _tJ - hmiF 11 +1 /
F,l. F, t 11F11 = 1 + F, _ 1IF11 ,SO
we haveR = 1 + 1/R. Solve for R
and take the larger root.
ftYl\ 1. The first expression can
't:::J be written as x = ~
This equality yields x 2 - x - 6 =
0, or x = 3, as the unique positive
root. Similarly, y = v'6=J,
y2 +
y - 6 = 0, andy = 2. Thus, x -
y = 1.
@ The coefficient of x 11 is
3so - ~(~?) ·
Then for 0 :s k :s 50,
3so •(5ko) :s 3so-~•·u(5ko) .
which is equivalent to 3(k + 1} :s
50 - k. This result, in turn, is
equivalent to 4k :s 47, so that the
largest coefficient occurs for k =
12.
~ One solution: The Chinese
't:::J remainder theorem
36 - - -- - -- - -- - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - -- - -
Another solution: A BASIC pro- eter of the large semicircle. For a
chord of 24 units, the a rea must
gram that divides consecutive n's
by 8, 3, 5, and 7 and checks for the remain constant at 72'7T.
appropriate remainder:
10 N= N+ 1
20 IF N- (S•(INT(N/8))) < > 1 107\ The dimensions are h
THEN10
30 IF N- (3• (1NT)N/3))) < > 1
't..:J (height) times the circumfer-
ence. Since TT = hid (or d = hi 1T),
THEN10
then c = 1Td = Tr(h/7T) = h. There-
40 IF N- (S• (INT(N/5))) < > 2
THEN 10
50 IF N - (7>~<(1NT(N/7))) < > 2
fore , the dimensions are h X h and
the label is a square.
THEN10
60 PRINT " THE SMALLEST
SUCH N IS ";N
~ In any sequence of eight.
RUN
THE SMALLEST SUCH N IS 457 't::J consecutive natural num-
bers, four would be odd and could,
~ The shaded area in the therefore, be prime. But for any
't::J figure has the same area as such four odd natural numbers
the original shaded area. Thus, greater than three, at least one
A = l7TR 2 _ l'7Tr2 would be a multiple of three and
2 2 would not be prime. The remain-
ing case is (3, 5, 7, 9 1, and 9 is not
= l'7T(R 2 _ r 2) prime. A prime quadruplet cannot
2
be found.
= l1T(12)2
2
= 727T.
@ For a regular hexagon
@ Tetrahedron. See figure 1.
fti1\ When A finishes, B has run
'I::!...:J 1760 -
330 = 1430 meters
and is 130 meters ahead of C. Af-
ter running 1760 meters, B will be
Note: when r = 0, A = (l/2)'7TR 2 = (176011430l(130) = 160 meters
727T because the chord is the diam- ahead.
Tetra Cube Octa Dodeca Ieosa
Number of 6 12 12 30 30
edges
Number of 4 6 8 12 20
faces
Numb~r of 4 8 6 20 12
vert1ces
1 Fig . 1
In NCTM Jour nals
Readers of the Mathematics Teacher might enjoy the following arti-
cles in this month's Arithmetic Teacher:
• "What Myths about Mathematics are Held and Conveyed by
Teachers?" Martha L. Frank
• "Number-Lattice Polygons and Patterns: Sums a nd Products,"
David R. Dunca n and Bonnie H. Litwiller
And in the J ournal (or R esearch in Mathematics Education:
• "Spatial Visualization and Gender Differences in High School
Geometry," Michael T. Battista
Mathematics Teacher