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The Synod of Philadelphia was Old Side; the Presbyteries of New
Castle, New Brunswick, and New York, New Side. The preachers of
the New Side were often styled "New Lights." A hundred years
before, the Presbyterians of Ireland denounced the sectarian (or
Cromwell) party of England, as those who "vilify public ordinances,
speak evil of church government, and invent damnable errors, under
the specious pretence of a gospel-way and new light."[439:A]
Between the years 1740 and 1743 a few families of Hanover County,
in Lower Virginia, withdrawing themselves from attendance at the
services of the established church, were accustomed to meet for
worship at the house of Samuel Morris, the zealous leader of this
little company of dissenters. One of these, a planter, had been first
aroused by a few leaves of "Boston's Fourfold State," that fell into
his hands. Morris, an obscure man, a bricklayer, of singular simplicity
of character, sincere, devout, earnest, was in the habit of reading to
his neighbors from a few favorite religious works, particularly "Luther
on the Galatians," and his "Table-Talk," with the view of
communicating to others impressions that had been made on
himself. Having (1743) come into possession of a volume of
Whitefield's Sermons, preached at Glasgow, he commenced reading
them to his audience, who met to hear them on Sunday and on
other days. The concern of some of the hearers on these occasions
was such that they cried out and wept bitterly. Morris's dwelling-
house being too small to contain his increasing congregation, it was
determined to build a meeting-house merely for reading, and it
came to be called "Morris's Reading-Room." None of them being in
the habit of extemporaneous prayer no one dared to undertake it.
Morris was soon invited to read these sermons in other parts of the
country, and thus other reading-houses were established. Those who
frequented them were fined for absenting themselves from church,
and Morris himself often incurred this penalty. When called on by the
general court to declare to what denomination they belonged, these
unsophisticated dissenters, knowing little of any such except the
Quakers, and not knowing what else to call themselves, assumed for
the present the name of Lutherans, (unaware that this appellation
had been appropriated by any others,) but shortly afterwards they
relinquished that name.[439:B]
Partaking in the religious excitement which then pervaded the
colonies, limited in information and in the means of obtaining it,
these unorganized dissenters became bewildered by discordant
opinions. Some of them seemed to be verging toward
antinomianism; and it came to be a question among them whether it
was right to pray, since prayer could not alter the Divine purposes,
and it might be impious to desire that it should. At length, Morris
and some of his associates were summoned to appear before the
governor and council at Williamsburg. Having discarded the name of
Lutherans, and not knowing what to call themselves, they were filled
with apprehensions in the prospect of the interview. One of them
making the journey to Williamsburg alone, met with, at a house on
the way, an old Scotch Presbyterian "Confession of Faith," which he
recognized as embodying his own creed. The book being given to
him, upon rejoining his friends at Williamsburg they examined it
together, and they determined to adopt it as their confession of
faith. When called before the governor and council and interrogated,
they exhibited the book as containing their creed. Gooch, being a
Scotchman, and, as is said, having been educated a Presbyterian,
immediately remarked, on seeing the book, "These men are
Presbyterians," and recognized their right to the privileges of the
toleration act. The interview between the governor and council and
Morris and his friends, was interrupted by a thunder-storm of
extraordinary fury; the council was softened; and this was one of a
series of incidents which Morris and his companions looked upon as
providentially instrumental in bringing about the favorable issue of
this affair.
The Rev. William Robinson, a Presbyterian, was the first minister, not
of the Church of England, that preached in Hanover. The son of a
Quaker physician near Carlyle, in England, he emigrated to America,
and (1743) sent out by the Presbytery of New Brunswick, visited the
frontier settlements of Virginia and North Carolina. Near Winchester
he was apprehended by the sheriff, to be sent to the governor to
answer for preaching without license, but the sheriff soon released
him. He preached among the Scotch-Irish settlers of Charlotte,
Prince Edward, Campbell, and Albemarle, and in Charlotte
established a congregation. Overtaken at Rockfish Gap by a
deputation from Hanover, he was induced to return and visit that
county, and he preached for some days to large congregations,
some of his hearers publicly giving utterance to their emotions, and
many being converted. Before his departure he corrected some of
the errors into which the dissenters had fallen, and taught them to
conduct public worship with better order, prayer and singing being
now introduced, so that "he brought them into some kind of church
order on the Presbyterian model."[441:A] He was followed shortly
afterwards by the Rev. John Blair, whose preaching was equally
impressive. Another missionary, the Rev. John Roan, from the New
Castle Presbytery, preached to crowded congregations there and in
the neighboring counties. The consequent excitement, and his
speaking freely in public and in private of the delinquency of the
parish ministers, and his denouncing them with unsparing invective,
in spite of reproaches, ridicule, and threats, gave alarm to them and
their supporters, and measures were concerted to arrest the inroads
of these offensive innovations. To aggravate the indignation of the
government a witness swore "that he heard Mr. Roan utter
blasphemous expressions in his sermons," preached at the house of
Joshua Morris, in James City County.
At the meeting of the general court in April, Governor Gooch, in his
charge to the grand jury, denounced, in strong terms, "certain false
teachers lately crept into this government, who, without order or
license, or producing any testimonial of their education or sect,
professing themselves ministers under the pretended influence of
new light, extraordinary impulse, and such like satirical [sic] and
enthusiastic knowledge, lead the innocent and ignorant people into
all kinds of delusion." He even suspected them to be Romish
emissaries, saying, "their religious professions are very justly
suspected to be the result of jesuitical policy, which also is an
iniquity to be punished by the judges." He calls upon the jury to
present and indict these offenders. On the next day the jury
presented John Roan for "reflecting upon and vilifying the
established religion," and Thomas Watkins, of Henrico County, for
saying "your churches and chapels are no better than the
synagogues of Satan," and Joshua Morris, "for permitting John Roan,
the aforementioned preacher, and very many people, to assemble in
an unlawful manner at his house on the seventh, eighth, and ninth
of January last past."
The intolerant spirit of the government continuing unabated, the
Conjunct Presbyteries of New Castle and New Brunswick, at the
instance of Morris and some of his friends, who were apprehensive
of severe measures being adopted against them, sent an address in
their behalf to Governor Gooch, by two clergymen, Gilbert Tennent
and Samuel Finley. They were respectfully received, and allowed to
preach in Hanover, where they remained for a week.
The Synod of Philadelphia being now apprehensive that their
congregations in the valley of Virginia might also be involved in the
penalties threatened by the governor, in May, 1745, in an address to
him, disclaimed all connection with the Presbytery of New Castle,
which had commissioned Mr. Roan, and expressed their deep regret
that any who assume the name of Presbyterians should be guilty of
conduct so uncharitable and so unchristian as that mentioned in his
honor's charge to the grand jury; and they assure him that these
persons never belonged to their body, but were missionaries sent
out by some who, in May, 1741, had been excluded from the Synod
of Philadelphia by reason of their divisive and uncharitable doctrines
and practices, and whose object was, in a spirit of rivalry, "to divide
and trouble the churches." To this address Gooch made a very kind
and respectful reply.
In the summer of the ensuing year he issued a proclamation against
the Moravians, New Lights, and Methodists, prohibiting their
meetings under severe penalties. There would seem to be some
inconsistency in bringing such harsh and sweeping charges against
those ministers whom he had recently received so courteously, and
had permitted to preach. Perhaps when he at first reckoned the
visits of these missionaries transient, and their influence
inconsiderable, he was willing to indulge his courtesy and obliging
disposition toward them; but when dissent was found spreading with
such unexpected rapidity, Gooch, together with the clergy and other
friends of the establishment, became alarmed, and had recourse to
measures of intolerance, which they would rather have avoided.
Besides this, the address of the Synod of Philadelphia could not but
confirm the unfavorable opinion at first formed of the missionaries.

FOOTNOTES:
[434:A] Bishop Meade's Old Churches, etc., i. 456.

[435:A] Old Churches, i. 154, 165; Evang. and Lit. Mag., ii. 341.
[438:A] Letter from Bolivar Christian, Esq., of Staunton, referring to the records of
Augusta.
[439:A] Milton's Prose Works, i. 423.
[439:B] Memoir of Samuel Davies, in Evang. and Lit. Mag., (edited by Rev. Dr.
John H. Rice,) ii. 113, 186, 201, 330, 353, 474. "Origin of Presbyterianism," ib.,
346. "Sketch of Hist. of the Church in Va." (by Rev. Moses Hoge, President of
Hampden Sidney College,) appended to J. W. Campbell's Hist. of Va., 290; Hawks,
chap. 6: Burk, iii. 119: Hodge's Hist. of Presbyterian Church, part ii. 42, 284;
Foote's Sketches of Va., 119.

[441:A] Evang. and Lit. Mag., ii. 351.

 CHAPTER LVIII.
1747-1752.

Statistics of Virginia—Whitefield—Davies—Conduct of
the Government toward Dissenters—Resignation of
Governor Gooch—His Character—The People of the
Valley and of Eastern Virginia—John Robinson, Sr.,
President—Richard Lee, President—Earl of
Albemarle, Governor-in-Chief—Lewis Burwell,
President—Population of the Colonies.
From Bowen's Geography, published at London in 1747, the following
particulars are gathered: in 1710 the total population of Virginia was
estimated to be 70,000, and in 1747 at between 100,000 and
140,000. The number of burgesses was 52. Of the fifty-four
parishes, thirty or forty were supplied. The twelve vestrymen having
the presentation of ministers were styled "the patrons of the
church." The governor's salary, together with perquisites, amounted
to three thousand pounds per annum. The president of the council
acting as governor received a salary of five hundred pounds, and
also a small amount paid him as a councillor. The professors of
William and Mary College, when they began with experiments on
plants and minerals, were assisted by the French refugees at
Manakintown. Dr. Bray procured contributions of books for the
library.[444:A]
Sweet-scented tobacco, the most valuable in the world, was found in
the strip of country between the York and the James. The number of
hogsheads of tobacco shipped from Virginia and Maryland together
annually was 70,000, of which half was consumed in England, and
half exported to other countries.
This trade employed two hundred ships, and yielded his majesty's
treasury a revenue of upwards of £300,000, in time of peace.
Jamestown at this time contained several brick houses, with sundry
taverns and eating-houses,—sixty or seventy houses in all.
Williamsburg or Williamstadt contained twenty or thirty houses.
There was a fort or battery erected there mounting ten or twelve
guns. Governor Nicholson caused several streets to be laid out in the
form of a W, in honor of King William the Third, but a V or one angle
of it was not as yet completed, and the plan appears to have been
given up. The main street was three-quarters of a mile long, and
very wide; at one end of it was the college, and at the other the
capitol. The college was thought to be something like Chelsea
Hospital. The capitol, in the shape of an H, is described as "a noble
pile." The church was "adorned and convenient as the best churches
in London." Besides these there were an octagon magazine for arms
and ammunition, a bowling-green, and a play-house. There were
several private houses of brick, with many rooms on a floor, but not
high. It was observed that wherever the water was brackish, it was
sickly; but Williamsburg was on a healthy site.[445:A] Gloucester was
at this time the most populous county; Essex or Rappahannock
"overrun with briars, thorns, and wild beasts." The Atlantic Ocean is
denominated the "Virginian Sea."[445:B]
Whitefield, while at Charleston, in South Carolina, during the spring
of 1747, being presented with a sum of money, expended it in the
purchase of a plantation and negroes for the support of the orphan-
house.[445:C] Having come on to Virginia, in a letter written from
Williamsburg in April of that year, he says to a friend in Philadelphia:
"Men in power here seem to be alarmed; but truth is great and will
prevail. I am to preach this morning." By a remarkable coincidence,
Samuel Davies, so pre-eminently instrumental in organizing and
extending Presbyterianism in Middle Virginia, happened to come to
Virginia about the same time. He was born in the County of New
Castle, Pennsylvania, now Delaware, November 3d, 1723, of Welsh
extraction, on both paternal and maternal side. He was educated
principally in Pennsylvania, under the care of the Rev. Samuel Blair,
at Fagg's Manor, where he was thoroughly instructed in the classics,
sciences, and theology. By close study his slender frame was
enfeebled. He married Sarah Kirkpatrick in October, 1746. Deputed
to perform a mission in so perplexing a field, without experience,
and in delicate health, he started with hesitation and reluctance.
Passing down the Eastern Shore associated with the labors of
Makemie, Davies came to Williamsburg. Here he applied to the
general court for license to preach at three meeting-houses in
Hanover, and one in Henrico. The council hesitated to comply; but,
by the governor's influence, the license was obtained on the
fourteenth of April. The members of the court present on this
occasion were William Gooch, Governor; John Robinson, John
Grymes, John Custis, Philip Lightfoot, Thomas Lee, Lewis Burwell,
William Fairfax, John Blair, William Nelson, Esqs.; William Dawson,
Clerk. This was only two days after Whitefield had preached in
Williamsburg, and he and Davies were probably there at the same
time. Davies, proceeding at once to Hanover, was received with joy,
since, on the preceding Sunday, a proclamation had been attached
to the door of Morris's Reading-house, requiring magistrates to
suppress itinerant preachers, and warning the people against
gathering to hear them. After a brief sojourn, returning home, he
languished under ill health, aggravated by the sudden death of his
wife, and threatening to cut him off prematurely. He, however,
recovered sufficient strength to return to Hanover in May, 1748, and
settled at a place about twelve miles from the falls of the James
River. In this second visit he was accompanied by the Rev. John
Rodgers, who, finding it impossible to obtain permission to settle in
Virginia, returned to the North. Governor Gooch favored the
application, but a majority of the council stood out against it, saying:
"We have Mr. Rodgers out, and we are determined to keep him out."
Some of the clergy of the established church were vehement in their
opposition to Davies and Rodgers. A majority of the council lent their
countenance to this opposition, but Gooch took occasion to rebuke it
in severe terms. John Blair, nephew of the commissary, Commissary
Dawson, and another member of the council, whose name is
forgotten, united with the governor on this occasion in treating the
strangers kindly, and endeavored to procure a reconsideration of the
case, but in vain. According to Burk,[447:A] most of the intelligent
men of that day, including Edmund Pendleton, appear in the
character of persecutors. It must be remembered, however, that the
council and its friends had no right to proclaim religious freedom,
and that the controversy depended on the true interpretation of the
act of parliament and the Virginia statutes. These made the law, and
the council was but the executive of the law, without authority to
repeal or amend it.
Davies was now left to labor alone in Virginia. In April the court
decided the long-pending suits against Isaac Winston, Sr., and
Samuel Morris, by fining them each twenty shillings and the costs of
prosecution. Severe laws had been passed in Virginia in accordance
with the English act of uniformity, and enforcing attendance at the
parish church. The toleration act was little understood in Virginia;
Davies examined it carefully, and satisfied himself that it was in force
in the colony, not, indeed, by virtue of its original enactment in
England, but because it had been expressly recognized and adopted
by an act of the Virginia assembly.
In October, 1748, licenses were with difficulty obtained upon the
petitions of the dissenters for three other meeting-houses lying in
Caroline, Louisa, and Goochland. Davies was only about twenty-
three years of age; yet his fervid eloquence attracted large
congregations, including many churchmen. On several occasions he
found it necessary to defend the cause of the dissenters at the bar
of the general court. When on one occasion, by permission, he rose
to reply to the argument of Peyton Randolph, the king's attorney-
general, a titter at first ran through the court; but it ceased at the
utterance of the very first sentence, and his masterly argument
extorted admiration; and during his stay in Williamsburg he received
many civilities, especially from the Honorable John Blair, of the
council, and Sir William Gooch. Samuel Davies happening to be in
London at the same time with Peyton Randolph, some years
afterwards, mentions him in his Diary as "my old adversary," and
adds, "he will, no doubt, oppose whatever is done in favor of the
dissenters in Hanover." Davies, who was a man of exquisite
sensibility, repeatedly alludes to the torture to which his feelings had
been subjected by the mortifications that he suffered when
appearing before the general court.
There was eventually obtained from Sir Dudley Rider, the king's
attorney-general in England, a decision confirming the view which
Davies had taken of the toleration act. He expressed himself in
regard to the governor and council as follows: "The Honorable Sir
William Gooch, our late governor, discovered a ready disposition to
allow us all claimable privileges, and the greatest aversion to
persecuting measures; but considering the shocking reports spread
abroad concerning us by officious malignants, it was no great
wonder the council discovered a considerable reluctance to tolerate
us. Had it not been for this, I persuade myself they would have
shown themselves the guardians of our legal privileges, as well as
generous patriots to their country, which is the character generally
given them."
In his "State of Religion among the Dissenters," Davies remarks:
"There are and have been in this colony a great number of Scotch
merchants, who were educated Presbyterians, but (I speak what
their conduct more loudly proclaims) they generally, upon their
arrival here, prove scandals to their religion and country by their
loose principles and immoral practices, and either fall into
indifferency about religion in general, or affect to be polite by
turning deists, or fashionable by conforming to the church." Of the
dissenters in Virginia he says, that at the first they were not properly
dissenters from the original constitution of the Church of England,
but rather dissented from those who had forsaken it.
Sir William Gooch, who had now been governor of Virginia for
twenty-two years, left the colony, with his family, in August, 1749,
amid the regrets of the people. Notwithstanding some flexibility of
principle, he appears to have been estimable in public and private
character. His capacity and intelligence were of a high order, and
were adorned by uniform courtesy and dignity, and singular amenity
of manners. If he exhibited something of intolerance toward the
close of his administration, he seems, nevertheless, to have
commanded the esteem and respect of the dissenters. After his
departure from Virginia he continued to be the steady friend of the
colony. A county was named after him.[449:A] During Sir William
Gooch's administration, from 1728 to 1749, the population of
Virginia had nearly doubled, and there had been added one-third to
the extent of her settlements.[449:B] The taxes were light, industry
revived, foreign commerce increased, and Virginia enjoyed a
prosperity hitherto unknown. The frugal and industrious Germans
were filling up one portion of the valley and the Piedmont country;
the hardy, well-disciplined, and energetic Scotch-Irish were peopling
the other portion of the valley, and planting colonies eastward of the
Blue Ridge. Like the strawberry, the population continually sent out
"runners" to possess the land. The contact and commingling of the
English, the French, the German, the Scotch, the Irish, while it
brought about some collision, yet produced an excitement which was
salutary and beneficial to all. So the meeting of the opposite
currents of electricity, although accompanied by a shock, results in
the renovation of the atmosphere. The people of Eastern Virginia
and the inhabitants of the valley have each been benefited by the
other; each section has its virtues and its faults, its advantages and
its disadvantages, and Virginia does not derive its character from
either one, but the elements of both are mixed up in her. This is not
the result of chance, or the mere work of man, but the order of a
superintending Providence that presides in human affairs.
The government of Virginia now devolved upon John Robinson, Sr.,
president of the council, but he dying in a few days, Thomas Lee
succeeded as president. Had Lee lived longer, it was believed his
influence and connexions in England would have secured for him the
appointment of deputy governor. He was father of Philip Ludwell,
Richard Henry, Thomas L., Arthur, Francis Lightfoot, and William. As
Westmoreland, their native county, is distinguished above all others
in Virginia as the birth-place of great men, so perhaps no other
Virginian was the father of so many distinguished sons as President
Lee.
The Earl of Albemarle, after whom the county of that name was
called, was still titular governor-in-chief. Of this nobleman, when
ambassador at Paris, Horace Walpole says: "It was convenient to
him to be anywhere but in England. His debts were excessive,
though ambassador, groom of the stole, governor of Virginia, and
colonel of a regiment of guards. His figure was genteel, his manner
noble and agreeable. The rest of his merit was the interest Lady
Albemarle had with the king through Lady Yarmouth. He had all his
life imitated the French manners till he came to Paris, where he
never conversed with a Frenchman. If good breeding is not different
from good sense, Lord Albemarle, at least, knew how to distinguish
it from good nature. He would bow to his postillion while he was
ruining his tailor."
Lee was succeeded by Lewis Burwell, of Gloucester County, also
president of the council. During his brief administration, some
Cherokee chiefs, with a party of warriors, visited Williamsburg for
the purpose, as they professed, of opening a direct trade with
Virginia. A party of the Nottoways, animated by inveterate hostility,
approached to attack them; and the Cherokees raised the war song;
but President Burwell effected a reconciliation, and they sat down
and smoked together the pipe of peace. A New York company of
players were permitted to erect a theatre in Williamsburg. President
Burwell, who was educated in England, was distinguished for his
scholarship; he is said to have embraced almost every branch of
human knowledge within the circle of his studies. The Burwells are
descended from an ancient family of that name of the Counties of
Bedford and Northampton, England. The first of the family, Major
Lewis Burwell, came over to Virginia at an early date, and settled in
Gloucester. He died in 1658, two hundred years ago. He appears to
have married Lucy, daughter of Captain Robert Higginson, one of the
first commanders that "subdued the country of Virginia from the
power of the heathen." She survived till the year 1675.
Matthew Burwell married Abigail Smith, descended from the
celebrated family of Bacon, and heiress of the Honorable Nathaniel
Bacon, President of Virginia. Nathaniel Burwell, who died in 1721,
married Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Robert Carter, Esq. Carter's
Creek, the old seat of the Burwells, is situated in Gloucester, on a
creek of that name, and not far back from the York River. The stacks
of antique diamond-shaped chimneys, and the old-fashioned
panelling of the interior, remind the visitor that Virginia is truly the
"Ancient Dominion." There is the family graveyard shaded with
locusts, and overrun with parasites and grape-vines. The family arms
are carved on some of the tomb-stones; and hogs show that the
Bacon arms are quartered upon those of the Burwells.[451:A]

FOOTNOTES:
[444:A] The value of coins in Virginia was:—

£ s. d.
Spanish double doubloons 3 10 00
Doubloons 1 15 00
Pistole 0 17 06
Arabian Chequin 0 10 00
Pieces of eight 0 5 00
French crowns 0 5 00
Dutch dollars 0 5 00

All English coins at the same value as in England.

[445:A] Williamsburg is said to be now a very healthy place, except during the
months of vacation.

[445:B] Bowen's Geography, ii. 649, 652.

[445:C] Port Folio for 1812, p. 152.
[447:A] Hist. of Va., iii. 121.
[449:A] His son married a Miss Bowles, of Maryland, who, after his death, married
Colonel William Lewis.
[449:B] Chalmers' Introduction, ii. 202.
[451:A] The population of the colonies at this time was as follows:—

Increase
per cent.
COLONIES. per annum.
Connecticut 100,000 4·65
Georgia 6,000 .....
Maryland 85,000 5·00
Massachusetts 220,000 4·46
New Hampshire 30,000 4·17
New Jersey 60,000 6·25
New York 100,000 4·86
North Carolina 45,000 16·67
Pennsylvania[451:B] 250,000 23·96
Rhode Island 35,000 5·21
South Carolina 30,000 6·84
Virginia 85,000 2·34
All classes 1,046,000 6·23

By this table it appears that the greatest advance in population took place in
Pennsylvania and North Carolina; the least in Virginia. The average increase of all
the colonies was a little more than six per cent. in forty-eight years, from 1701 to
1749.
[451:B] Delaware included in Pennsylvania.
 CHAPTER LIX.
1752.

Dinwiddie, Governor—Ohio Company—Lawrence

Washington—His Views on Religious Freedom—
Davies and the Dissenters—Dissensions between
Dinwiddie and the Assembly—George Washington—
His Lineage—Early Education—William Fairfax—
Washington a Surveyor—Lord Fairfax—Washington
Adjutant-General.
A new epoch dawns with the administration of Robert Dinwiddie, who
arrived in Virginia as lieutenant-governor early in 1752, with the
purpose of repressing the encroachments of the French, of
extending the confines of Virginia, and of enlarging the Indian trade.
A vast tract of land, mostly lying west of the mountains and south of
the Ohio, was granted by the king about the year 1749, to a
company of planters and merchants. This scheme appears to have
been brought forward in the preceding year by Thomas Lee of the
council, and he became associated with twelve persons in Virginia
and Maryland, and with Mr. Hanbury, a London Quaker merchant,
and they were incorporated as "The Ohio Company." Lawrence and
Augustine Washington were early and prominent members of this
company. The company sent out Mr. Christopher Gist to explore the
country on the Ohio as far as the falls. He was, like Boone, from the
banks of the Yadkin, an expert pioneer, at home in the wilderness
and among the Indians, adventurous, hardy, and intrepid. Crossing
the Ohio, he found the country well watered and wooded, with here
and there plains covered with wild rye, or meadows of blue grass
and clover. He observed numerous buffaloes, deer, elk, and wild
turkeys. Returning to the Ohio and recrossing it, Gist proceeded
toward the Cuttawa or Kentucky River. Ascending to the summit of a
mountain, he beheld that magnificent region long before it was seen
by Daniel Boone.[453:A]
On the 13th of June, 1752, a treaty was effected with the western
Indians at Logstown, on the Ohio, by which they agreed not to
molest any settlements that might be made on the southeast side of
the Ohio. Colonel Fry and two other commissioners represented
Virginia on this occasion, while Gist appeared as agent of the Ohio
Company.
Thomas Lee, the projector of this company, having not survived long
after its incorporation, the chief conduct of it fell into the hands of
Lawrence Washington. Governor Dinwiddie and George Mason were
also members. There were twenty shares and as many members.
Lawrence Washington, being desirous of colonizing Germans on the
company's lands, wrote to Mr. Hanbury as follows: "While the
unhappy state of my health called me back to our springs,[453:B] I
conversed with all the Pennsylvanian Dutch whom I met with, either
there or elsewhere, and much recommended their settling on the
Ohio. The chief reason against it was, the paying of an English
clergyman, when few understood and none made use of him. It has
been my opinion, and I hope ever will be, that restraints on
conscience are cruel in regard to those on whom they are imposed,
and injurious to the country imposing them. England, Holland, and
Prussia, I may quote as examples, and much more, Pennsylvania,
which has flourished under that delightful liberty so as to become
the admiration of every man who considers the short time it has
been settled. As the ministry have thus far shown the true spirit of
patriotism, by encouraging the extending of our dominions in
America, I doubt not by an application they would still go farther,
and complete what they have begun, by procuring some kind of
charter to prevent the residents on the Ohio and its branches from
being subject to parish taxes. They all assured me that they might
have from Germany any number of settlers, could they but obtain
their favorite exemption. I have promised to endeavor for it, and
now do my utmost by this letter. I am well assured we shall never
obtain it by a law here. This colony was greatly settled, in the latter
part of Charles the First's time and during the usurpation, by the
zealous churchmen, and that spirit which was then brought in has
ever since continued, so that, except a few Quakers, we have no
dissenters. But what has been the consequence? We have increased
by slow degrees, except negroes and convicts, while our neighboring
colonies, whose natural advantages are greatly inferior to ours, have
become populous."[454:A] He also wrote to Governor Dinwiddie, then
in England, to the same effect. He replied that it would be difficult to
obtain the desired exemption for the Dutch settlers, but promised to
use his utmost endeavors to effect it. It does not appear whether
the ministry ever came to a decision on this subject. The non-
conformists augured favorably of Dinwiddie's administration. The
Rev. Jonathan Edwards, in a letter addressed to Rev. John Erskine,
of the Kirk of Scotland, says: "What you write of the appointment of
a gentleman to the office of lieutenant-governor of Virginia, who is a
friend to religion, is an event that the friends of religion in America
have great reason to rejoice in, by reason of the late revival of
religion in that province, and the opposition that has been made
against it, and the great endeavors to crush it by many of the chief
men of the province. Mr. Davies, in a letter I lately received from
him, dated March 2d, 1752, mentions the same thing. His words are,
'We have a new governor who is a candid, condescending
gentleman. And as he has been educated in the Church of Scotland,
he has a respect for the Presbyterians, which I hope is a happy
omen.'" Jonathan Edwards was invited in the summer of 1751 to
come and settle in Virginia, and a handsome sum was subscribed for
his support; but he was installed at Stockbridge, in Massachusetts,
before the messenger from Virginia reached him.[454:B]
Dinwiddie, the new governor, an able man, had been a clerk to a
collector in a West India custom-house, whose enormous defalcation
he exposed to the government; and for this service, it is said, he
was promoted, in 1741, to the office of surveyor of the customs for
the colonies, and now to the post of governor of Virginia. She was at
this time one of the most populous and the most wealthy of all the
Anglo-American colonies. Dinwiddie, upon his arrival, gave offence
by declaring the king's dissent to certain acts which Gooch had
approved; and in June, 1752, the assembly remonstrated against
this exercise of the royal prerogative; but their remonstrance proved
unavailing. The Virginians were in the habit of acquiring lands
without expense, by means of a warrant of a survey without a
patent. Dinwiddie found a million of unpatented acres thus
possessed, and he established, with the advice of the council, a fee
of a pistole (equivalent to three dollars and sixty cents) for every
seal annexed to a grant. Against this measure the assembly, in
December, 1753, passed strong resolutions, and declared that
whoever should pay that fee should be considered a betrayer of the
rights of the people; and they sent the attorney-general, Peyton
Randolph, as their agent, to England, with a salary of two thousand
pounds, to procure redress. The board of trade, after virtually
deciding in favor of Dinwiddie, recommended a compromise of the
dispute, and advised him to reinstate Randolph in the office of
attorney-general, as the times required harmony and mutual
confidence. The assembly appear to have been much disturbed upon
a small occasion. During Randolph's absence Dinwiddie wrote to a
correspondent in England: "I have had a great deal of trouble and
uneasiness from the factious disputes and violent heats of a most
impudent, troublesome party here, in regard to that silly fee of a
pistole; they are very full of the success of their party, which I give
small notice to."
The natural prejudice felt by the aristocracy of Virginia against
Dinwiddie, as an untitled Scotchman, was increased by a former
altercation with him. When, in 1741, he was made surveyor-general
of the customs, he was appointed, as his predecessors had been, a
member of the several councils of the colonies. Gooch obeyed the
order; but the council, prompted by their old jealousy of the
surveyor-general's interfering with their municipal laws, and still
more by their overweening exclusiveness, refused to permit him to
act with them, either in the council or on the bench. The board of
trade decided the controversy in favor of Dinwiddie.[456:A]
It was during Dinwiddie's administration that the name of George
Washington began to attract public attention. The curiosity of his
admirers has traced the family back to the Conquest. Sir William
Washington, of Packington, in the County of Kent, married a sister of
George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, and favorite of Charles the
First. Lieutenant-Colonel James Washington, taking up arms in the
royal cause, lost his life at the siege of Pontefract Castle. Sir Henry
Washington, son and heir of Sir William, distinguished himself while
serving under Prince Rupert, at the storming of Bristol, in 1643, and
again a few years after, while in command of Worcester. His uncles,
John and Lawrence Washington, in the year 1657, emigrated to
Virginia, and settled in Westmoreland. John married a Miss Anne
Pope, and resided at Bridge's or Bridge Creek, in that county. It is he
who has been before mentioned as commanding the Virginia troops
against the Indians not long before the breaking out of Bacon's
rebellion. He and his brother Lawrence both died in 1677; their wills
are preserved; they both appear to have had estates in England as
well as in Virginia. His grandson, Augustine, father of George, born
in 1694, married first in April, 1715, Jane Butler; and their two sons,
Lawrence and Augustine, survived their childhood. In March, 1730,
Augustine Washington, Sr., married secondly, Mary Ball. The issue of
this union were four sons, George, Samuel, John Augustine, and
Charles, and two daughters, Elizabeth or Betty, and Mildred, who
died an infant. George Washington was born on the twenty-second
day of February, N. S., 1732. The birth-place is sometimes called
Bridge's Creek, and sometimes Pope's Creek; the house stood about
a mile apart between the two creeks, but nearer to Pope's. Of the
steep-roofed house which overlooked the Potomac, a brick chimney
and some scattered bricks alone remain. George, it is seen, was the
eldest child of a second marriage.
Not long after his birth his father removed to a seat opposite
Fredericksburg; and this was the scene of George's boyhood; but the
house has disappeared. He received only a plain English education,
having obtained his first instruction at an old field school, under a
teacher named Hobby—the parish sexton. The military spirit