DECEMBER 2023

PRAXIS NEWS
Merry Christmas

What’s inside:
END OF YEAR CELEBRATIONS
WHAT IS CHRISTMAS (AND ITS MEANING)
TOURISM
CANDLES DAY: A FESTIVAL OF LIGHT AND
TRADITION
BLACK FRIDAY AND BUY NOTHING DAY
PLACES WHERE CHRISTMAS ISN'T THE MAIN
EVENT
PROBLEMS WITH BOTTLED WATER
WE WISH YOU A HAPPY XMAS
THE IMPORTANCE OF MUSIC
CINEMATIC MARVELS: FIVE MUST-SEE MOVIES
OF THE LAST DECADE
CURRICULUM VITAES: TIPS THAT CAN HELP
SLEEP DEPRIVATION
THE NEGATIVE SIDE OF JUNK AND FAST FOOD
DAY OF CANDLES IN COLOMBIA
UNIVERSAL CHILDREN'S DAY
WORLD KINDNESS DAY
DIWALI
BONFIRE NIGHT
GENERATIONS
THE DELICIOUS HISTORY OF HOT CHOCOLATE
WHY YOU SHOULDN’T BE AFRAID OF FLYING!
DECEMBER 2023

PRAXIS NEWS
Merry Christmas

END OF YEAR
CELEBRATIONS
EXCHANGING GIFTS

Most families follow a tradition of giving

cards and presents to family members and
friends to celebrate Diwali, Hanukkah,
Make a lantern decoration using a
Christmas, birthdays, or other festivals.
square of black card folded in half. Cut
Those children who do not can still make
slits along the fold, then open it out,
cards or gifts for the people they love and
fasten it together and stick coloured
care about because this is a kind and happy
tissue papers behind the holes, then
thing to do.
attach a hanging loop to display it
beside a window, where light shines
Provide paper and card, craft pieces, stickers,
through the colours.
recycled and found materials, pens, pencils
and crayons, scissors, glue and sticky tape.
Home-made biscuits, cakes, pizzas or
Work alongside children to make cards and
fruit and vegetable kebabs make good
to offer support to enable them to create the
presents, although they must be given
effects they choose. Make calendars or
and consumed quickly. For longer
frames containing photographs of the
lasting gifts, use pastry cutters to make
children or pictures that they have drawn, or
hanging decorations from salt dough or
create fabric tray cloths, foam placemats and
clay. Take children to a local care home
coasters using fabric paints, pens or crayons.
to sing for residents and offer home-
made cakes and biscuits, or encourage
Make a pretend candle by rolling card into a
them to think of those less fortunate
tube and attaching a small length of pipe
by donating toys, clothes or food to
cleaner or string with shaped pieces of
charitable causes.
yellow and orange tissue paper to represent
a flame. Stick it onto a paper plate with a
small roll of card as a handle.
DECEMBER 2023
WHAT IS CHRISTMAS
(AND ITS MEANING)
Christmas is a religious holiday in which
Christians commemorate the birth of
Jesus Christ. It is celebrated on December
25 of each year. In fact, the word
Christmas, as such, comes from the Latin
nativĭtas, nativātis which means 'birth'.
This term, however, is used not only to
refer to the day on which the birth of
Jesus is celebrated (Christmas Eve), but it
is also extended to designate the
subsequent period, up to Three Kings
Day.
Currently, Christmas is celebrated in
many places and in very different ways.
In general, one of the current
characteristics of Christmas is the
increase in consumption, especially of
objects used as gifts and food. From the
Christian point of view, however, it is
considered that this is not the authentic
meaning of Christmas. The meaning of
Christmas, quite the contrary, responds
to the manifestation of certain human
values that remain more or less forgotten
during the year. Values such as solidarity,
union, love, peace and hope are more
typical of the Christmas season, and are
represented in the religious beliefs of
Christianity.
CHRISTMAS ORIGIN
Christmas was established on
December 25 as a solemn day by the
Catholic Church in the year 350 thanks
to Pope Julius. In the Bible, however,
the exact day of Jesus' birth is not
mentioned. Hence, the celebration of
Christmas in principle was not part of
Christian traditions. The reason for
setting December 25 as the date to
celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ
responds to the Church's need to
replace the Saturnalia (or Saturnalia)
festival, traditional in Ancient Rome,
which coincided with the winter solstice
and which was celebrated by the so-
called pagans, and thus facilitate the
acceptance of Christianity.
CHRISTMAS SYMBOLS
Christmas tree
The Christmas tree has a Christian
meaning, although its use has become
widespread among people of different
beliefs. The Christmas tree refers to the
tree of Paradise, to original sin and to
the figure of Jesus as redeemer of sins,
but also the evergreen leaf is a symbol
of eternal life.
Typical Christmas tree decorations are
1. The star, a symbol of guidance, in
reference to the star of Bethlehem;
2. The balls, originally apples, in
reference to temptations;
3. Garlands and tinsel, symbol of unity
and joy;
4. Lights, originally candles, symbolize
the light of Jesus that illuminates
the world.
SANTA CLAUS
Papa Noel is the name given in some
countries to the character of Santa Claus,
Santa, Saint Nicholas, among others. He
is a character dressed in a red suit, belt
and black boots, who is in charge of
manufacturing and delivering the toys
desired by children on the night of
December 24-25.
CRIB
Crib, also known as a nativity scene or
birth, is an important symbol of
Christmas, as it represents the arrival of
Jesus into the world. Inside the manger,
the essential figures are the Virgin Mary,
Saint Joseph and the Child Jesus, together
with the mule and the ox. Other figures in
the manger are the three Wise Men
(Melchor, Gaspar, Baltazar) and the
shepherds.
CHRISTMAS WREATH OR CROWN
The Christmas wreath, also called an
advent wreath, is used to represent the
fourweek period of Advent that precedes
the arrival of Christmas. It is made with
pine or fir branches. Four candles are
placed in it, one for each week.
TOURISM
Tourism is travelling for pleasure or to
enjoy yourself away from the place you
live. People do this for many different
reasons – to have fun, visit other
countries and learn about other cultures
or just relax from stressful working life.
Tourists go to various destinations -
countries with great landmarks, places
with lovely beaches or simply areas of
wilderness and untouched nature.
In the last few decades tourism has
grown very much, mostly because
people’s lifestyles have changed. They
don’t want to stay at home any more.
They spend more money on travelling
than previous generations did.
Travelling has also become cheaper and
more affordable. The rise of budget
airlines has made it possible to afford
trips to faraway countries.
TYPES OF TOURISM:
Beach tourism
Many tourists spend their holidays on
beaches. They relax, go bathing or just
enjoy the salty sea breeze and the
ocean. Spending holidays on beaches
has had a long tradition for over one
and a half centuries.
Winter tourism
Winter tourism started out in the
middle of the 19th century when
wealthy Europeans went to St. Moritz
and other alpine resorts. In Europe and
in the American Rockies skiing resorts
attract millions of people every year.
Various lifts bring skiers to altitudes of
over 3,000 meters.
Adventure tourism
In the past few decades trips to faraway
exotic places have become popular.
Tourists looking for thrilling activities go
mountaineering, rafting, trekking, or
even to remote places in the rainforest.
 DECEMBER 2023
Spa Tourism
Spas have been popular since Roman
times. In 16th century Britain Bath
became the center of spa tourism for the
rich population. During the 19th century
spas emerged all over Europe. Today
people go to spas for the healing effect
of mineral waters as well as for offer
wellness treatment, massages, steam
baths and other services.
Medical tourism
People go to other countries for medical
treatment and operations. Irish women,
for example, go to the UK because
abortions are forbidden in their country.
West Europeans go to Eastern Europe for
dental treatment. Americans go to
Mexico for plastic surgery and other
operations.
Educational tourism
Young people live as exchange students
in other countries, where they go to
school and study the language and
culture of the host country. Sports
tourism An increasing number of sports
fans travel to places where special events
are being held. The Olympic Games and
world championships attract visitors from
around the world.
Religious tourism
Religious tourists go on pilgrimages to
holy sites. Roman Catholics, for example,
travel to Lourdes, Fatima or the Vatican
in Europe. Muslims are required to go to
Mecca at least once in their lifetime.
Varanasi , on the banks of the Ganges
River, is the spiritual capital of the
Hindus.
Ecotourism
Recently many people have chosen a
type of tourism that does not damage
the environment. They avoid travelling
by plane or do not buy souvenirs that
are made out of endangered plants and
animals. Some holiday offers give
tourists the chance to take part in
environmental projects.
However, mass tourism, can also lead to
environmental problems. It can pollute
beaches or create noise in otherwise
quiet regions. Popular tourist attractions
must be controlled by authorities.
CANDLES DAY: A
FESTIVAL OF LIGHT
AND TRADITION
Candles Day, or "Día de las Velitas" in
Spanish, is a cherished Colombian
holiday celebrated on December 7th.
This vibrant festival marks the
beginning of the Christmas season and
holds deep cultural significance for
Colombians. In this article, we will
explore the history, traditions, and
festivities of Candles Day.
The Origin of Candles Day
Candles Day has its roots in religious
traditions. It commemorates the eve of
the Feast of the Immaculate
Conception, an important Catholic
holiday that honors the Virgin Mary.
 DECEMBER 2023
Acording to legend, on this day,
Colombians light candles and laterns to
guide Mary on her journey to bless the
world.
Festive Decorations
In the lead-up to Candles Day, Colombian
towns and cities are adorned with colorful
lights, lanterns, and elaborate
decorations. Streets, parks, and plazas
come alive with a magical glow, creating a
warm and inviting atmosphere for locals
and visitors alike.
Lighting the Way
On the evening of December 7th, families
and communities gather together to light
candles and lanterns. These flickering
lights illuminate the streets, symbolizing
hope, love, and unity. Many Colombians
place their candles in windows, on
balconies, and along sidewalks, creating a
breathtaking display of light that stretches
as far as the eye can see.
Traditional Colombian Treats
No celebration in Colombia is complete
without delicious food, and Candles Day is
no exception. Families come together to
enjoy a variety of traditional treats, such
as buñuelos (fried dough balls), natilla (a
creamy dessert), and hot chocolate. These
mouthwatering delicacies add an extra
layer of warmth and joy to the festivities.
Fireworks and Music
Fireworks displays are a common feature
of Candles Day celebrations, lighting up
the night sky with bursts of color and
excitement. Additionally, lively music and
dancing fill the air, creating a joyful
ambiance that resonates throughout the
entire community.
Religious Processions
In some parts of Colombia, especially in
smaller towns and villages, Candles Day
is marked by religious processions.
Participants, often dressed in traditional
attire, walk through the streets carrying
statues of the Virgin Mary, accompanied
by hymns and prayers.
Family and Community Bonding
Candles Day is a time for families and
communities to come together,
strengthening bonds and creating
lasting memories. It provides an
opportunity for reflection, gratitude,
and a sense of belonging, fostering a
deep sense of unity among Colombians.
Candles Day in Colombia is a magical
celebration that embodies the spirit of
unity, faith, and tradition. The warm
glow of candles, the festive decorations,
and the shared moments with loved
ones create an unforgettable
experience for all who participate.
Whether you're a local or a visitor,
witnessing the beauty of Candles Day is
a truly special way to immerse yourself
in Colombian culture and embrace the
holiday spirit.
 DECEMBER 2023
BLACK FRIDAY AND
BUY NOTHING DAY
What is Black Friday?
Black Friday is the day after the American
holiday of Thanksgiving, which is
celebrated on the fourth Thursday of
November. Because it is a holiday in the
United States, it has long been a popular
day for consumers to start shopping for
Christmas. Over the last 20 years big
retailers have started to offer discounts
and bargains on this day, and it has
become more and more popular. Last
year, people in the USA spent an
estimated $54.7 billion between Black
Friday and Cyber Monday (the Monday
after Thanksgiving, when people often buy
more online). The idea of Black Friday has
also spread around the world. For
example, in 2017, people in the UK spent
the equivalent of $10.3 billion, in Germany
$7.6 billion and in France $6.2 billion.
Is Black Friday out of control?
Many of us love to get a bargain, but some
feel that events like Black Friday
encourage people to buy things that they
don’t really need and can’t afford. Many
people seem to completely lose control of
both their spending and their tempers. It is
easy to find video online of customers
physically fighting each other over
bargains. It is also argued that Black
Friday is bad for small shopkeepers, who
cannot afford to offer the kinds of price
cuts that the big companies can.
What’s the alternative to Black Friday?
Instead of taking the opportunity to buy as
much as possible on Black Friday, you
could do the opposite and buy absolutely
nothing. Since 1997, Buy Nothing Day
has been held on the same day as Black
Friday. The rules are simple. Just don’t
buy anything at all for 24 hours. Many
people are surprised how difficult this
actually is. The aim is to make people
think more about their spending and to
make better decisions about what they
buy and where they buy it from.
Ethical spending
As well as spending less and not buying
unnecessary items, Buy Nothing Day
aims to raise awareness of how to be a
more ethical consumer. For example,
you can avoid buying ‘fast fashion’, that
is, very cheap clothes that are worn a
few times before being thrown away. Or
you could decide not to automatically
upgrade your mobile at the end of a
contract. These kinds of decisions can
help to protect the environment as well
as saving you money.
What else can you do on Buy Nothing
Day?
Some people carry out protests at
shopping centers. Others avoid the
shops completely and go for a walk-in
nature instead. Another alternative, the
Buy Nothing Coat Exchange, is an idea
which is spreading. People donate
winter coats throughout November and
anyone who needs one can come and
take one on Buy Nothing Day.
DECEMBER 2023
PLACES WHERE
CHRISTMAS ISN'T
THE MAIN EVENT
While Christmas is celebrated with great
fervor in many parts of the world, there
are regions where it isn't the focal point
of holiday festivities. In some places,
cultural, religious, or historical reasons
have shaped different traditions. Let's
explore a few of these locales where
December 25th might not be as
prominent.
1. Japan
In Japan, Christmas isn't a national
holiday, and it's not tied to any religious
significance. Instead, it's more of a
secular and commercial event. You'll find
dazzling illuminations, festive
decorations, and it's common to
celebrate with a special meal, like fried
chicken from KFC.
2. Saudi Arabia
Due to the dominant Islamic faith,
Christmas is not a widely celebrated
holiday in Saudi Arabia. It's not a public
holiday, and the majority of the
population doesn't participate in
Christmas festivities. However, expatriate
communities may observe the holiday in
private.
3. China
While Christmas is increasingly
recognized and celebrated in urban
areas, it's not a traditional holiday in
China. The main festive season in China
is the Lunar New Year (Chinese New
Year), which falls sometime between
late January and mid-February.
4. Thailand
Predominantly a Buddhist country,
Thailand doesn't traditionally celebrate
Christmas. However, with the influence
of tourism and globalization, you may
find some decorations and festivities
inlarger cities and tourist areas.
5. India
In India, Christmas is celebrated by a
significant Christian population, but it
isn't a national holiday. Other religions
and cultural festivals often take
precedence. Goa, with its historic
Portuguese influence, stands out for its
vibrant Christmas celebrations.
6. Bhutan
As a predominantly Buddhist country,
Bhutan does not celebrate Christmas
Eve. Their cultural and religious
traditions revolve around Buddhism,
and Western holidays like Christmas do
not play a significant role.
7. Israel
Surprisingly, in Israel, Christmas Eve is
not a major event. While Bethlehem,
the birthplace of Jesus, does celebrate,
the rest of the country doesn't observe
it in the same way as Christian majority
countries.
DECEMBER 2023
8. Morocco
As a predominantly Muslim nation,
Christmas isn't a widely celebrated
holiday in Morocco. Instead, they observe
Islamic festivals and cultural events.
While Christmas Eve is a cherished
tradition in many parts of the world,
there are places where this day holds
little to no significance. These unique
locations, each with its own rich cultural
heritage, offer a glimpse into the
diversity of global celebrations.
Understanding and appreciating these
differences can be a valuable reminder of
the richness and complexity of our global
community.
PROBLEMS WITH
BOTTLED WATER
Around 800 million people around the
world have no access to safe water to
drink. For many others, it is a normal
thing. Bottled water is the most popular
drink in the US, but many problems
come with the drink. Some cities have
only bottled water, as the pipes for tap
water are too old. Bottled water is much
more expensive than tap water. At the
same time, tap water is safer, and bottled
water has a very bad impact on the
natural world.
A factory usually needs three liters of
water to make one liter of bottled water.
Also, to make bottles, it is necessary to
burn oil. To make bottled water requires
2,000 times more energy than tap water
requires.
Difficult words: access (the right or
possibility to have something), tap (a
device through which water comes in
homes), require (to need).
WE WISH YOU A
HAPPY XMAS
Christmas dinner in the United Kingdom
usually consists of roasted turkey,
stuffing, gravy, pigs in blankets, bread
sauce, redcurrant jelly, roast potatoes;
vegetables (particularly Brussels sprouts,
broccoli, carrots and parsnips) with
dessert of Christmas pudding, mince pies
(both served with brandy butter, custard
or cream) or trifle.It is estimated that
nine million turkeys are consumed at
Christmas in the United Kingdom. This
represents a halving of consumed turkeys
in the past twenty five years as younger
adults opt for alternatives. Pork, beef,
chicken, goose, and duck are also
popular.
In England throughout the 16th and 17th
centuries, goose or capon was commonly
served, and the rich sometimes dined
upon peacock and swan. The turkey
appeared on Christmas tables in England
in the 16th century.The 16th-century
farmer Thomas Tusser noted that by 1573
turkeys were commonly served at English
Christmas dinners.
 DECEMBER 2023
The tradition of turkey at Christmas
rapidly spread throughout England in the
17th century, and it also became common
to serve goose which remained the
predominant roast until the Victorian era.
(it was quite common for Goose "Clubs"
to be set up, allowing working-class
families to save up over the year towards
a goose before this).A famous English
Christmas dinner scene appears in Charles
Dickens' A Christmas Carol (1843), where
Scrooge sends Bob Cratchitt a large
turkey.[35] The pudding course of a
British Christmas dinner may often be
Christmas pudding, which dates from
medieval England. Trifle, mince pies,
Christmas cake or a yule log are also
popular. By the 21st century, some British
citizens were changing their Christmas
dinner traditions with a growing number
selecting vegetarian and vegan versions of
traditional UK Christmas meals.
THE IMPORTANCE
OF MUSIC
I have always been a big fan of music but
to be honest, I don't know anyone who
has ever overtly disliked it. And that’s
why it’s one of life's true delights because
it can be enjoyed by anyone and
everyone.
With films, you need to understand
what is being said and with books, you
need to be able to read, but music has
no boundaries, no prerequisites, and is
accessible to all. I don’t think there are
many things in life that have such a
direct and visible impact on someone’s
mood. Obviously, there are some
people who are less bothered by music,
and of course, it depends on what sort
of music they’re into but watching
someone react when they hear one of
their favorite songs is actually the best
thing ever.
Personally, I’m a big disco/soul/funk
kind of girl. I like to just call it boogie
music because, for me, I don’t see how
you can’t dance when you hear it. It
instantly changes my mood and you
can see it in my face straight away (I’m
that idiot bounding down the street
with their headphones on and a great
big smile on their face). But I don’t care,
because music makes me feel good and
has the power to join you with other
people in this shared moment where
exchanging words isn’t necessary.
I think music has such an impact on
people because it taps into their
feelings and always carries a story. And
I don’t just mean in the lyrics but in the
history of where the genre has
originated from, how it’s evolved over
time, who performs it, who listens to it.
DECEMBER 2023
Everyone who partakes in experiencing
music develops the story that bit more
and winds it into a page of their own
story.
Discovering new styles is a great way into
a new culture. I’m currently in Madrid and
have been enjoying salsa and reggaeton
which are historic here but thanks to La
Movida Madrileña, there’s a huge array of
genres and clubs. From disco at Bogui to
house at Mondo, techno at Sala Sol, and
salsa at Son, Madrid has it all. So
wherever you’re living right now, I
recommend you to get involved in the
music scene and you might stumble
across something you really love, or at
the very least, you’ll partake in
something special with other people.
CINEMATIC MARVELS:
FIVE MUST-SEE
MOVIES OF THE LAST
DECADE
Over the past decade, the world of
cinema has witnessed a remarkable
evolution, with groundbreaking films
leaving an indelible mark on the industry.
From thought-provoking narratives to
visually stunning spectacles, the last ten
years have brought forth a cinematic
renaissance. This article explores five
movies that stand out as the most
important, each contributing uniquely to
the cultural and artistic landscape of the
2010s.
1. "Inception" (2010) - Unraveling the
Layers of Reality Christopher Nolan's
"Inception" challenges not only the
characters within its narrative but also
the audience, urging them to question
the nature of reality. The film's central
message lies in the power of ideas and
the subconscious mind, emphasizing
the impact of our thoughts on the world
around us. "Inception" encourages
viewers to contemplate the boundaries
between dreams and reality and the
consequences of blurring those lines.
2. "Get Out" (2017) - A Socially
Conscious Horror Jordan Peele's "Get
Out" goes beyond traditional horror
tropes to deliver a powerful social
commentary on racism and cultural
appropriation. The film's underlying
message explores the insidious nature
of systemic racism, challenging
audiences to confront uncomfortable
truths about society. By merging horror
with social critique, "Get Out" sparks
conversations about privilege,
exploitation, and the need for social
change.
 DECEMBER 2023
3. "La La Land" (2016) - Reviving the
Musical Genre "La La Land" carries a
timeless message about the pursuit of
dreams and the sacrifices one must make
for artistic success. The film underscores
the importance of passion, resilience, and
staying true to oneself in the face of
adversity. Through its musical sequences
and poignant storytelling, "La La Land"
inspires audiences to embrace their
aspirations while acknowledging the
inevitable challenges that come with the
pursuit of excellence.
4. "The Shape of Water" (2017) - A Tale of
Love Beyond Boundaries Guillermo del
Toro's "The Shape of Water" is a visually
stunning fantasy that tells the story of
Elisa, a mute cleaning woman who forms
a deep, unconventional connection with
an amphibious creature. The film's
message goes beyond the fantastical
elements, exploring themes of love,
acceptance, and the power of
communication. "The Shape of Water"
challenges societal norms and prejudices,
urging viewers to look beyond surface
differences and appreciate the beauty of
human connection. Through its
enchanting narrative and visual poetry,
the film communicates a timeless
message about the transformative nature
of love and the strength found in
embracing the unfamiliar.
5. "Parasite" (2019) - International
Triumph Bong Joon-ho's "Parasite" serves
as a biting critique of social inequality and
the rigid class structure. The film's
message lies in the interconnectedness of
society, highlighting how the fates of the
rich and poor are intertwined.
"Parasite" encourages reflection on the
consequences of societal divisions and
the lengths people may go to in order to
break free from oppressive systems. It's a
stark reminder of the disparities that exist
and a call to question and challenge
established norms.
As we bid farewell to the last decade,
these five films stand out as cinematic
milestones, each contributing to the
diverse and ever-evolving landscape of
the film industry. Their powerful
messages about reality, racism, dreams,
love, and social inequality resonate
deeply, reinforcing the idea that cinema
has the potential not only to entertain
but also to provoke thought and inspire
change. As we look ahead, these
cinematic marvels serve as a testament
to the enduring impact of storytelling on
the human experience.
CURRICULUM
VITAES: TIPS THAT
CAN HELP
Six out of ten CV’s which are prepared by
Information Technology professionals fail
to meet the basic standards and are
turned down without even being read
fully, according to a recruitment
company. As a consequence, thousands
of candidates are excluding themselves
from attractive job opportunities.
Although the company handles over
60,000 CV’s per year, it estimates that
at least 60% would not be admitted if
they were sent directly to potential
clients due to basic errors.
 DECEMBER 2023
The company Marketing Director said,
“Sadly it’s often the most highly qualified
candidates whose CV’s are so poorly
constructed that they are literally dead on
arrival. Attractive job opportunities in the
IT industry often generate intense
competition and there is often little to
choose between the candidates”.
“Advice on the presentation format of
CV’s in relation to the requirements that
they are being submitted for should be an
Industry standard so as to add real value
to the candidates that you are
representing and indeed to fulfil your
professional obligations to your clients”.
“Writing a CV can be extremely difficult
and too often a CV turns out to be a
generic overview including a lot of
information that is irrelevant. People
should remember that an employer
typically spends between 15 and 30
seconds scanning each CV and you have
that one chance to make an impression”.
“A good CV is more than just
documentation of your career path; it is a
marketing tool designed to present your
professional
career experience according to the new
job specification. It should also include
details of past professional successes that
effectively demonstrate your ability to
undertake the job responsibilities
outlined”.
SLEEP DEPRIVATION
IS A CONDITION THAT
OCCURS IF YOU
DON’T GET ENOUGH
SLEEP
Sleep deficiency is a broader concept. It
occurs if you have one or more of the
following:
You don’t get enough sleep (sleep
deprivation)
You sleep at the wrong time of day
You don’t sleep well or get all the
different types of sleep your body
needs.
You have a sleep disorder that
prevents you from getting enough
sleep or causes poorquality sleep
This topic focuses on sleep
deficiency.
Sleeping is a basic human need, like
eating, drinking, and breathing. Like these
other needs, sleeping is vital for good
health and well-being throughout your
lifetime. According to the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, about 1
in 3 adults in the United States reported
not getting enough rest or sleep every
day.
Nearly 40% of adults report falling
asleep during the day without meaning to
at least once a month. Also, an estimated
50 to 70 million Americans have chronic,
or ongoing, sleep disorders. Sleep
deficiency can lead to physical and
mental health problems, injuries, loss of
productivity, and even a greater
likelihood of death.
 DECEMBER 2023
Sleep deficiency can interfere with work,
school, driving, and social functioning.
You might have trouble learning, focusing,
and reacting. Also, you might find it hard
to judge other people’s emotions and
reactions. Sleep deficiency also can make
you feel frustrated, cranky, or worried in
social situations.
The symptoms of sleep deficiency may
differ between children and adults.
Children who are sleep deficient might be
overly active and have problems paying
attention. They also might misbehave,
and their school performance can suffer
Sleep deficiency is also linked to a higher
chance of injury in adults, teens, and
children. For example, sleepiness while
driving (not related to alcohol) is
responsible for serious car crash injuries
and death. In older adults, sleep
deficiency may be linked to a higher
chance of falls and broken bones.
Sleep deficiency has also played a role in
human mistakes linked to tragic accidents,
such as nuclear reactor meltdowns,
grounding of large ships, and plane
crashes. A common myth Is that people
can learn to get by on little sleep with no
negative effects. However, research
shows that getting enough quality sleep at
the right times is vital for mental health,
physical health, quality of life, and safety.
Sleep suggestions
Suggestions on how to get more sleep
include:
Purposefully go to bed earlier each
night.
Don’t smoke or drink alcoholic or
caffeinated beverages in the hours
before bedtime.
Improve your sleeping environment
in any way you can – for example,
keep it dark and soundproof, turn off
lights and wear earplugs if you have
noisy neighbours.
Don’t have any distractions in the
bedroom such as TV or a computer.
Use relaxation techniques to help you
fall asleep quickly.
Seek professional assistance for sleep
disorders such as snoring.
THE NEGATIVE SIDE
OF JUNK AND FAST
FOOD
Junk foods are food and drinks with low
nutritional value (e.g. vitamins, minerals
and fibre) and high in kilojoules, fat,
sugars and/or salt. On the other hand,
fast foods are a type of food you get
from a restaurant designed to be
delivered to you in the quickest way
possible. Some fast foods can be healthy,
but typically most fast foods are junk
food. For example, salad, sushi and
sandwiches are healthy forms of fast
food. However, most fast food
restaurants, such as McDonalds or KFC
serve unhealthy junk food. In Australia,
35% of an average adult’s daily energy
intake and 41% of children’s daily energy
intake comes from junk food.
 DECEMBER 2023
While the occasional night of junk food
won’t hurt much, eating Junk foods regular
has been shown to lead to increased risks
of obesity and chronic diseases.
Cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes,
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and some
cancers all have causes in excessive junk
food consumption. Further, the specific
content of many fast foods can have
negative side effects for your body;
One of the most common and
perceivable effects of junk food is a rise in
obesity in an individual. Junk foods are
loaded with sugars, calories and fats that
are a prime factor resulting in weight gain.
Further, obesity is the starting point for
issues that originate like diabetes, joint
pain, and various heart ailments.
Excess consumption of junk foods
changes the chemical composition of your
brain. This change makes your body more
dependent on such junk foodstuffs and
craves them more and more. It almost
acts like an addiction and people go
through withdrawal symptoms and can
lead to depression. It further causes
hormonal imbalance in the body leading
to wanting more of those junk foods.
DAY OF CANDLES
IN COLOMBIA
Day of Candles (Día de las Velitas) or
Immaculate Conception's Eve is a
widely observed holiday tradition in
Colombia that marks the beginning of
the Christmas season. In this writing,
we will delve into its origins, practices,
and the reasons why this festivity is
significant for Colombian citizens.
CANDLE’S DAY
Day of Candles was celebrated for the
first time on December 7th, 1854,
when Pope Pius IX defined the
Immaculate Conception of the Virgin
Mary as dogma. This declaration was
published in his Apostolic constitution
titled "Ineffabilis Deus," where the
Pope emphasized the belief that Jesus
was born of an Immaculate Conception
on the Virgin Mary's day, and Mary was
exonerated from the original sin
throughout her life. Under this belief,
many religious believers lit candles and
paper lanterns to show their support
and faith in the idea.
The Catholic Church of Colombia has
kept the tradition alive with the annual
tradition of lighting candles during the
Eucharist on December 7th.
Nevertheless, in recent years, it has
been losing its religious meaning until
the point that Day of Candles is
considered a popular holiday tradition
regardless if you are devout or not.
 DECEMBER 2023
PRACTICES
On Immaculate Conception Eve, at
sunset, people from various regions
across Colombia place candles and paper
lanterns on balconies, windowsills,
porches, streets, plazas, sidewalks
throughout neighborhoods to celebrate
this day. Besides, in most of the cities and
towns, streets are decorated with striking
and dazzling lights to welcome Christmas.
Also, Colombian families prepare a variety
of delicious desserts or meals such as,
buñuelos, natilla and dulce de mora to
share with neighbors or relatives during
this date.
THE IMPORTANCE OF DAY OF CANDLES
Even though the original religious
intention mentioned above has been
disappearing, Colombian people continue
to light the candles to make wishes for
the New Year. In fact, each candle
represents a wish that is granted in terms
of health, money, prosperity, etc.
UNIVERSAL
CHILDREN'S DAY
What was your childhood like?
Childhood is a universal experience,
something every adult across the world
has gone through. For many, childhood is
a time we are nostalgic for. It’s a time of
curiosity, imagination, exploration and
incredible development.
The fact that you are reading this
article possibly means that you had a
fortunate childhood that shaped you
into the motivated adult you are today
– here, improving your English skills.
But what helped to get you this far?
Who inspired you along the way? For
many of us, a special adult helped us to
learn and grow as children and led us
to love learning. For some, it was a
great teacher or wise neighbour. Others
had parents, grandparents or other
relatives who encouraged them to be
curious and study hard. Even if your
childhood wasn’t easy, you probably
had at least one inspirational adult in
your life who encouraged you and was
a role model.
What difficulties do children face?
Unfortunately, not everyone has a
good childhood. Proportionately, more
children live in poverty than adults.
19.5 per cent of the world’s children
live in extreme poverty, and even
though children are only one third of
the global population, they are half of
the poor. Around the world, many
children live without access to clean
water, enough food, or decent
healthcare. Others live in extremely
dangerous places and some are forced
to join armies to fight wars they don’t
understand. Over 120 million children
do not attend school and even those
who do are not always learning: two
out of five students leave primary
school not knowing how to read, write
or do basic maths. Even those who may
have happy memories of childhood did
not necessarily have an easy life as a
kid. Children are dependent on the
adults in their life for support, and not
all adults treat children well.
 DECEMBER 2023
What’s so special about 20 November?
Even though every day is, or at least should
be, a day to nurture and celebrate children,
Universal Children’s Day is celebrated as a
special day around the world on 20
November. In 1989 the United Nations
Convention on the Rights of the Child – a
54-item list describing the universal rights
of children – was signed. This document
came out of the work of a lot of experts and
representatives from many nations who met
to create a child-specific version of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights that
was signed in 1948. The Convention on the
Rights of the Child is the most widely and
quickly signed treaty in history, meaning it
was quickly adopted into the civil codes of
most countries around the world.
What are human rights? And what are the
rights of a child?
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
says that there are basic rights and freedoms
that every human is entitled to, regardless
of race, sex, language, religion, or anything
else that may divide people. The Rights of
the Child recognises that people under the
age of 18 have specific needs and are
entitled to their own rights. There are four
main principles that these rights follow:
nondiscrimination, the best interests of the
child, the right to life, including survival and
development, and the right to be heard and
taken seriously. According to this, every
child has the right to safety, to care, to
education, to play, to rest and to know their
rights!
What can we do?
The Convention on the Rights of the Child is
the world’s promise to children that we, the
adults, will do everything in our power to
protect them, to educate them, and to help
them grow.
WORLD KINDNESS
DAY
Can you remember a time when
somebody was kind to you?
Perhaps a person allowed you to go in
front of them in a queue. Maybe your
sister phoned you to ask how your week
was going. Or perhaps a stranger or a
friend helped you in a much deeper way.
There are a million ways to offer kindness.
And at a time when the world seems to
have so many problems, some people
have started to take the issue of kindness
very seriously indeed!
Why be kind?
Few people would disagree with the idea
that a kind action is good for the soul. It is
a win-win situation, leading to a sense of
well-being both for the receiver of this
kind gesture, as well as for the person
who does the action. As a simple
example, let’s imagine you have a
workmate who always does a very good
job. How about taking a moment to
mention this to them, just in conversation
or perhaps by email? The effects of this
will probably be quite clear: your
workmate will be happy to receive some
praise and, in addition, you will probably
feel good about yourself for having
spread a little joy.
 DECEMBER 2023
What are ‘random acts of kindness’?
Many organisations try to encourage
people to do kind acts, wherever and
whenever they can. The idea behind this is
that it doesn’t take any major plan to be
kind, just a little bit of effort. Perhaps the
strongest supporters of this idea are the
Random Acts of Kindness (RAK)
Foundation, who work with schools and
companies to teach people kindness skills.
They operate under the beliefs that
kindness can be taught and that it is
contagious. Their activities range from
suggesting kind acts to allowing their
website-users to become ‘RAKtivists’
(people who officially register themselves
as activist of kindness.)
How can I be kind?
Apart from using your own common
sense, the RAK website suggests some
more imaginative ways to show kindness.
Generally, these fall into three categories.
The first is interpersonal kindness. Some
examples are donating old clothes to
charity or writing a positive online
comment about a restaurant that you like.
The second is environmental kindness,
which could mean simply recycling or
organising a group event to clean a local
park or beach. The third category is less
obvious: personal kindness, which means
treating yourself kindly. Some examples
are taking a walk in nature or setting
yourself an objective to complain less.
The logic is that by being kind to yourself,
you will automatically be kinder to the
world around you.
What is World Kindness Day?
This is an annual celebration which
takes place on 13 November each year.
The day is marked in many countries,
drawing attention to the amazing work
of organisations and individuals in local
communities. How do people celebrate
this day? Well, by being kind … and
having lots of fun. One typical event is
to use ‘kindness cards’. These are small
cards which you hand to somebody
when you do a kind act for them – with
the message that now it is the other
person’s turn to ‘pass on’ the card by
doing a kind act for another person.
Most experts on kindness agree that it
has a sort of ripple effect. This means
that one kind action tends to lead to
more and more. So don’t wait for
kindness to find you today, go and start
a new ripple.
DIWALI
Diwali comes from the word deepavali,
which means ‘rows of lighted lamps’.
During the festival, these lamps, called
diyas, are used everywhere. They
symbolise the victory of light over
darkness, or good over evil. Diwali is
celebrated differently in different regions
and by different religions and is a bank
holiday in many countries, including India,
Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar, Singapore,
Malaysia, Mauritius, Fiji, Guyana, Suriname
and Trinidad and Tobago. It is often
considered a Hindu festival, but in fact it
is also celebrated by Sikhs, Jains and
Newari Buddhists. Here are some of the
things that happen during the five days of
Diwali.
 DECEMBER 2023

Day One – Dhanteras, or Day of Fortune
The first day has a focus on fortune, both
good luck and money or valuables. People
may wash money to show that they
intend to use it to do good in the world. It
is also a day for helping people who are
not as well off. It is a lucky day for buying
gold and silver and other metals, so
people often buy jewellery or cars, or
anything made of metal. It is estimated
that last year Indians spent about $3.9
billion during Diwali.
People also make sure that their houses
are clean, ready to welcome in Lakshmi,
the Goddess of Wealth and Prosperity, in
the evening.
Day Two – Naraka Chaturdashi
According to Hindu stories, the demon
Narakasura was killed on this day. The day
is all about getting rid of anything bad.
People get up early and wash and put on
clean or new clothes. Afterwards, they will
celebrate by having a special breakfast
with their friends and family. This day,
also known as Chhoti Diwali, is a day for
visiting friends, business associates and
relatives, and for exchanging gifts.
take it to the temple to celebrate the
beginning of the new year. Food is
important throughout the period of
Diwali, especially traditional sweet
treats such as gulab jamun (a very sweet
deep-fried doughnut), kheer (a creamy
dessert made with rice) or barfi (a sweet
made with condensed milk and sugar).
Day Five – Bhai Dhooj
This is the last day of Diwali, and it also
sometimes celebrates the relationship
between brother and sister. Brothers
may visit their married sisters’ homes,
and they will take gifts.
A universal symbol Diwali is celebrated
by millions of people in India and across
the world. The festival marks different
historical events and stories for each
faith that celebrates it, but for all the
faiths it symbolises the victory of good
over evil, and light over darkness, which
means something to all of us.

Day Three – Diwali

In most regions, this is the most
important day of the festival. It is the last
day of the year in many regions of India.
The story goes that on this day, Lord
Rama rescued his wife, Sita, from the
demon Ravana. Candles are lit to
celebrate his victory, and to light his way
home after the battle. In the evening,
people may set off fireworks.

Day Four – Annakut

Annakut means ‘mountain of food’.
Hindus prepare a great deal of food and
 DECEMBER 2023

BONFIRE NIGHT
Bonfire Night can be a hard celebration to explain. It’s also sometimes called Guy Fawkes
Night – but who was Guy Fawkes and what’s it all about? Well, Guy Fawkes tried to blow
up London’s Houses of Parliament in 1605 because he wanted to kill King James I. So
British people celebrate that night, 5 November, with bonfire parties, including huge
bonfires in public parks, and firework displays.

But isn’t it strange to celebrate a plot to kill the king? Well, yes, it would be. But if you
know more about the history of Bonfire Night and the Gunpowder Plot, its traditions
make more sense. You see, the first Bonfire Night, on 5 November 1606, wasn’t exactly a
celebration. It was a warning: ‘This is what happens if you commit treason.’

Who was Guy Fawkes? Guy Fawkes was a soldier and he was not the only person
involved in the plot to blow up Parliament. He made his plan with a group of 12 English
Catholic gentlemen. The leader was Sir Robert Catesby. As a soldier, Fawkes was in
charge of the gunpowder. The men rented a room underneath Parliament and filled 36
barrels with gunpowder – probably about 2,500 kilograms. Fawkes stayed to blow up the
barrels and then escape. But someone sent a letter to Lord Monteagle, a
Catholic, to tell him not to go to Parliament that day. In this way, the plot was
discovered, and Guy Fawkes was caught before he could carry it out.

All the members of the plot were either killed or arrested and then killed in public.
Parliament ordered a national day to give thanks for the safety of the king on 5
November. People had to go to church and they celebrated with a big bonfire. By the
1650s, the celebration included fireworks and later a ‘guy’ – a man made of straw and old
clothes and burned on the bonfire.

What was there a plot? Guy Fawkes and the other members of the plot didn’t like the
way Protestant James I (and Queen Elizabeth I before him) treated Catholics like them.
At that time, Catholics couldn’t have their own churches. They had to practise their
religion in secret, and it was very dangerous if they were caught. The Gunpowder Plot
was not the first Catholic plan to try to kill the king, but it was the biggest. Afterwards,
many people were suspicious of Catholics, even as late as the 18th and 19th centuries.
This was very unfair, as most Catholics were peaceful and were also shocked by the
plots.

Bonfire Night Today The celebrations have remained mostly the same for hundreds of
years, although people nowadays don’t go to church as part of the day. Most towns and
villages organise public displays where you can stand by huge bonfires and watch the
fireworks as you eat a toffee apple or a hot snack. Many children learn this poem about
Bonfire Night at school, and they look forward to a special evening out: Remember,
remember the 5th of November, Gunpowder, treason and plot.
 DECEMBER 2023

I see no reason why gunpowder treason Should ever be forgot. So if you’re ever in the
UK on 5 November, you’ll now know what all the noise is about!

GENERATIONS
Comparing youth against elderly, sometimes results complicated. Different life styles,
learning and upbringing are some of the biggest differences, which mark some
generational milestones. The way of life is not the same for teenagers nowadays
compared with teenagers thirty years ago. Taking into account technology, working and
new tendencies which influence our lives. I´m going to tell you from my personal
experience what has changed through the years and molded many of our behaviors and,
too, that no matters the generational differences, but how we are able to conform to
the times.

Seven things to talk about new generations

Learning
The way the last generations learned was somewhat different. For instance, in past,
people used to go to libraries, do homeworks under the light of a candle, even some of
them, took classes from the radio or by correspondence. Those are unthinkable things
presently. On the other hand, today, we have the chance to pay for internet service and
get as much information as we need immediately.

Slangs
The manners, the ways to request anything and common expressions are changing with
the new generations. Normally, people would say often, “good morning, please, excuse
me, etc…” in the past. Youth, in contrast, say contractions, easier and sometimes shorter
expressions. For instance, mixing the words chill and relax, they get the verb to chillax,
or the case of “take it easy. Equally, as some of them in Colombia, when we say “las
lucas, caerle a alguien, el parche, parcero”, etc…

Games
Games like, Marbles, Spining Top, Yermis, among others are so memorable for many
people in Colombia. However, those games could be less interesting for children and
teenagers in 2022. Is very common to listen to the kids to talk about the brand new
tendency, challenge or what´s new to be in, even though it is dangerous.
DECEMBER 2023

Upbringing
Probably you have listened something like women didn’t need a hospital to give birth,
but they did it at home with a midwife, or parents hit children when responded them
wrong. However, they obeyed their parents and family were closer together.
Nowadays, if anyone touch a child then he will have a big problem. What do you think
about it?

Fashion
The kind of garments used in the past were so different. If we compare the 50’s vs
today, we can observe the formal outfits even in children. Presently, we look for
comfort, changing suits for tracksuits and trainers. Sometimes, we can go to formal
meetings and work, using informal clothes on the weekends.

Music
Music were discreet and romantic most of the cases, which could be very boring for
new generations. Instead, they normally prefer new rhythms, accelerated beats and
more aggressive lyrics. In many cases urging to uncontrolled sex, violence and even
decadence. Don´t get me wrong, I enjoy many musical genres, not only one.

Life Style
The way of life is different today. Thanks to technology, we can do impossible things
in past, that go from working at home and getting a university grade. In addition,
troubles like illnesses are changing our behaviors because we must use masks and
keep distance to be safe. Besides, we want to do many things at the same time, which
is stressful and keep us exhausted most of the time.

You might not know these words: Upbringing: the way in which you are treated and
educated when you are young, especially by your parents. Milestone: an important
event in the development or history of something or in someone's life. Mold:
influence on how that person develops. Conform: to behave according to the usual
standards of behaviour that are expected by a group or society. Urge: a strong wish,
especially one that is difficult or impossible to control.
 DECEMBER 2023

THE DELICIOUS HISTORY OF HOT CHOCOLATE

The tasty beginnings of a beloved winter tradition: drinking hot chocolate.

After skating, skiing or shoveling snow, nothing warms you up better than a cup of hot
cocoa. Although today’s typical toppings— whipped cream, marshmallows, crushed
peppermint candy—may be modern marvels, chocolate was first consumed in liquid
form by the Olmec people of northwestern Central America around 1500 B.C. It was
even enjoyed by the Aztec emperor Montezuma, and the Aztec word for it (xocolatl,
pronounced shoh-kwah-tl or shoh-kwahlah- tl) evolved into the English word chocolate.

But the Aztecs didn’t serve their cocoa hot. And since sugar had not yet arrived from
Europe, back then, the drink was often flavored with peppers and spices. It may not have
been quite as indulgent as today’s version, but it was more palatable if you believed, as
the Aztecs did, that chocolate was a gift from the gods and had healing properties.

After the Spanish arrived in the Americas in the 1500 s, liquid chocolate made its way
across the pond, where wealthy Europeans added sugar and drank it warm. In Chocolate:
History, Culture and Heritage, author Bertram Gordon says hot chocolate became “the
beverage of the aristocracy,” as sugar was still a luxury. (Marie Antoinette even had a
servant with the title Chocolate Maker to the Queen.) Doctors also began using it to
mask the unpleasant taste of medicines—and some doctors today still suggest that
parents try that.

Soon enough, though, hot chocolate caught on with the masses. Chocolate houses—a
cross between cafes and casinos— started popping up around 17th-century Europe. In
these lively places, hot chocolate was poured from gilded pots into elegant cups.
(Anyone looking for such a posh experience can still find it today at the famed Parisian
tearoom Angelina’s, which also has a location in New York City.) But by the end of the
18th century, chocolate houses had mostly died off, partly because the cost of chocolate
was much higher than that of coffee or tea.

In Colonial America, meanwhile, George Washington is said to have enjoyed a breakfast

of cornmeal pancakes alongside a warm chocolate drink—rumored to have been spiked
with brandy. Marshmallows first came into the picture in 1917, when the company
Angelus Marshmallows published a recipe for hot cocoa topped with their product. (In
another genius marketing move, the company also hitched its wagon to sweet potatoes
with a recipe for the side dish that has since become a Thanksgiving staple.)

Instant cocoa is another American invention, created in the late 1950s when dairy
company owner Charles Sanna faced an oversupply of powdered coffee creamer. His
solution: mix the creamer, sugar and cocoa powder together, thus creating the original
Swiss Miss formulation.
 DECEMBER 2023

Taking a tour of international cups of cocoa, in Italy, you can try cioccolata calda, a
thick, puddinglike version. In Colombia and Ecuador, chocolate caliente is served with
a dollop of soft farmer cheese—a divinely gooey experience. And Filipino hot
chocolate, sikwate, is served with mango chunks.

However you choose to jazz up your own cup, the simple pleasure of drinking a warm,
chocolaty beverage is one that hasn’t gotten old for thousands of years. A gift from
the gods? Perhaps. But it’s certainly one that keeps on giving.

WHY YOU SHOULDN’T BE AFRAID OF FLYING!

Many people are afraid of flying in airplanes, but they shouldn’t be. Flying is actually one
of the safest ways to travel. In fact, when measured per mile, flying is actually far safer
than driving, or travelling by train. Not only is flying the safest mode of transport, but it
is also the fastest. Just a hundred years ago if you wanted to travel from China to the
United States, you would have to travel by boat for many weeks. Now, you can get there
in less than 24 hours. Airplanes are also quite comfortable, and often offer in-flight
entertainment, such as movies. This helps explain why travelling by plane is now the
preferred choice for long distance journeys.

Of course, that doesn’t stop some people from being afraid of flying. The idea of hurtling
through the atmosphere at hundreds of miles per hour can be intimidating for many.
One of the main reasons that people are afraid to fly is that passengers lack any control
over the airplane, and have to place their trust in the hands of the pilots. Many people
would prefer to remain in control!

Comparing the number of deaths caused by cars, trains, and airplanes is very difficult.
Many more people drive than fly. The easiest way to compare deaths is per billion
kilometers. This means, how many people will die per billion kilometers travelled?
Motorcycles, for example very dangerous and 108.9 people will die per every billion
kilometers traveled. Cars are less dangerous, with 3.1 people dying per billion killometers.
DECEMBER 2023

Trains are quite safe, with only 0.6 people dying per billion kilometers traveled.
Subway and metro rails are even safer, with only 0.24 people dying per billion
kilometers traveled. Do you know what’s even safer? Air travel! Only 0.05 people
were killed per billion kilometers. This is far lower than most other forms of
transportation.

Commercial flying is especially safe. When a commercial aircraft crashes, it gets a lot
of attention. Sometimes, hundreds of people can die in a single crash. Yet part of the
reason these crashes get so much attention is because they are so rare. In fact,
aviation accidents involving civilian aircraft carrying 19 or more people have actually
declined over the years. In 1972, there were more than 40 accidents. In 2014, there
were fewer than ten. This is especially reassuring given that there are far more people
flying now than there were in 1972.

Most crashes that do occur actually involve smaller personal planes, which lack the
advanced features found in modern commercial aircraft. Another reason people fear
flying is “terrorist attacks”. Terrorist attacks are extremely rare, however. You are far
more likely to die of the common flu, than you are to die from a terrorist attack.
Furthermore, increased security at airports and on airplanes makes it even less likely
that a terrorist attack will bring down an airplane.