Generation of Electrical

Energy
3rd SEM, EED
Dr. Ramya Selvaraj
Course Objectives:

1. To provide the students with a broad understanding of predictions of different load demands of
the consumers.

2. Student will understand the layout diagrams of power system by drawing the typical load curves.

3. To provide the students with a broad understanding of electricity generation.

4. Students will understand the operation and major components of electric generating plants.

5. Students will have a basic understanding of conversion of coal, oil, gas, nuclear, hydro, solar, wind
etc. energy to electrical energy.
 UNIT-I
• (A) Introduction to Generating station & Loads: Choice of Power station
and units: Types of power station, choice of type of generation, choice of
size of generator units and number of units. Definition of connected load,
maximum load, maximum demand, demand factor, load factor, diversity
factor, plant capacity factor, plant utilization factor, load duration curve,
mass curve

• (B) Economic operation of power systems: Economic load scheduling,

Load sharing between two and multiple generators, neglecting
transmission loss
 UNIT-II
• (A)Coal Fired Based Thermal Power Plant: Schematic
diagram, operation, super thermal power plant, steam
turbines, characteristics,
• (B) Nuclear Power Plant: Schematic diagram, operation,
classification, nuclear reactors, concept of MHD generation

UNIT-III
• Hydro power stations: Hydrology, hydrographs, flow duration
curve, mass curve, types of dam, principle of working of a
hydroelectric plant, classification, types of turbine,
characteristics, tidal power generation
 UNIT-IV
• (A) Solar energy: Solar radiation - Review. Models for radiation analysis and beam radiation
calculations. Solar concentrators: Parabolic trough, paraboloidic dish: continuous type and Fresnel
type.

• (B) Wind energy: Characteristics and measurement, wind energy conversion principles, types and
classification of WECS.

UNIT-V
• Solar PV Systems: Principle of photovoltaic conversion of solar energy. Solar PV technologies
overview. Techno-economic analysis of solar thermal and solar PV power plants.
Course Materials

Text Books/Reference Books:

1. B. R. Gupta, “Generation of Electrical Energy”, S Chand and Company Ltd., 7th Edition, 2017.

2. T. H. Car, “Electric Power Stations”, Vol. I and II, Chapman and Hall, 1944.

3. C. S. Solanki, “Solar Photovotaics – Fundamentals, Technologies and Applications”, PHI Learning

Pvt Ltd, 3rd Edition, 2015.

4. S. P. Sukhatme and J. K. Nayak, “Solar Energy: Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage”,
Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd, 3rd Edition, 2008.

5. J. B. Gupta, “A Course in Electrical Power”, S. K. Kataria & Sons, 2009.

Course Outcomes (COs)

1. Explain the basic requirements for the design and development of modern power plant.

2. Answer how economically power can be generated and distributed among the load centres.

3. Demonstrate the cheapest ways of electric power generation.

4. Explain the operation of different accessories associated with conventional and nonconventional
power plants.

5. Develop new renewable power devices for socioeconomic application.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3
CO2 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 3
CO3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 3
CO4 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 3 3 3
CO5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3

Mapping of course outcomes with program specific

outcomes

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 3 3 3
CO2 3 2 3
CO3 3 3 3
CO4 3 3 3
CO5 3 3 3
UNIT-1
 Energy Scenario of the world
Energy Consumption
Population (7.85 billion)

17 %

83 %

Developed Countries Developing Countries

Developed Countries Developing Countries
Energy Scenario in India
• power_sector_at_glance_July_2023.pdf
• Chapter 1-Reserves and Potential for Generation.pdf
• Chapter 2-Installed Capacity and Capacity Utilization.pdf
LOAD and LOAD CURVES
• A power station must be planned 20 years in advance
The estimate on power generation and increase in capacity depends on
Maximum demand, distribution and variation in demand and energy
requirements
The maximum amount of electrical energy required by a specific consumer
during a given period of time.
• The connected load is defined as the sum of continuous ratings of all the
equipment connected to the electrical power station.
• An electric power station supplies the power to thousands of consumers.
Each consumer has certain equipment in his premises. The sum of the
continuous ratings of all the equipment in the consumer’s premises is the
connected load of the consumer. The sum of the connected loads of all the
consumers is called the connected load to the power station.
 • The maximum demand on a power station is defined as the greatest
demand of load on the power station during a given period.
• The load on the power station varies from time to time. The maximum of
all the demands that have occurred during a given period (let a day) is the
maximum demand on the power station. Generally, the maximum demand
on the power station is less than the connected load. It is expected because
all the consumers do not switch on their connected load to the station at a
time. The knowledge of maximum demand of a power station is very
important because it is used to determine the installed capacity of the
power station.
• Maximum demand and connected load is given by the following relation

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
• Demand Factor = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

10 bubs 10 W – 100 W connected load; Max demand 6 bulbs – 60 W; DF =0.6

Insert numerical
Diversity Factor
• The diversity factor of the power station is defined as the ratio of sum
of individual maximum demands to the maximum demand on the
power station, i.e.,
Sum of individual maximum demands
Diversity Factor=
Maximum demand on the power station

The diversity factor of a power station is always greater than 1. The

diversity factor plays a vital role in the determination of cost of
generation of power. The greater is the diversity factor, the lesser is the
cost of generation of power.
Numerical
A diesel power plant supplies the following loads to various consumers
−
• Domestic light = 500 kW
• Domestic power = 100 kW
• Industrial consumers = 2000 kW
• Commercial establishments = 700 kW
If the maximum demand on the power station is 3000 kW. Determine
the diversity factor of the power plant.
Ans: Diversity Fact = 1.1
Peak Diversity Factor
Types of load
• Domestic or Residential load
• Industrial load
• Commercial load
• Urban traction load
• Municipal load
• Irrigation load
 Chronological
load curves
- Load curve or chronological curve is
the graphical representation of load
(in kW or MW) in proper time
sequence and the time in hours. It
shows the variation of load on the
power station. When the load curve
is plotted for 24 hours a day, then it
is called daily load curve.

(i) The variation of the load during

different hours of the day.
(ii) The area under the curve represents
the total number of units generated in a
day.
(iii) The peak of the curve represents the
maximum demand on the station on the
particular day.
(iv) The area under the load curve
divided by the number of hours
represents the average load on the
power station
Load Duration Curve
Definition: The load duration curve is defined as the curve between the load and time in which the ordinates representing the
load, plotted in the order of decreasing magnitude, i.e., with the greatest load at the left, lesser loads towards the rights and
the lowest loads at the time extreme right.

Procedure for Plotting the Load Duration Curve

1.From the data available from the load curve determines the
maximum load and the duration for which it occurs.
2.Now take the next load and the total time during which this
and the previous load occurs.
3.Plots the loads against the time during which it occurs.
The load duration curves can be drawn for any duration of time,
for example, a day or a month or a year. The whole duration is
taken as 100%.
Load Factor
Load factor for a system or a plant is the ratio of the
average load to the peak load, for a certain period of
time.
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
Load factor =
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

Load factor can be defined as the ratio of the energy

consumed in a certain time (say 24 hours
or a year) to the energy which would be consumed if the
load is maintained at the maximum
value throughout that time.

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

Load factor =
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑥 𝑡

The peak load is generally taken as that prevailing for a

half hour period and the average load may be that
pertaining to a day, a month or a year, thus giving daily,
monthly or yearly load factor.
The load factor depicts the variation of load during a
certain period but it does not give any indication of the
shape of the load duration curve.
PLANT FACTOR
The plan capacity factor (also known as plant factor) is the ratio
of the average annual load to
the power plant capacity.
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
Plant factor =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

• It can also be defined as the ratio of the energy produced by the plant in a year to the maximum energy that the plant
could have produced.
• If the plant is always run at its rated capacity, the capacity factor is 100 %.
• The capacity factor depicts he extent of the use of the generating station.
• It is different from load factor because of the reason that the rated capacity of each plant is always greater than the
expected maximum load.
• The power plants have always some reserve capacity o take into account the future expansion increase in load and
maintenance.
UTILIZATION FACTOR
It is defined as the ratio of the maximum demand to the rated capacity of plant.
Peak Load and Base Load
TUTORIALS
PLANT SELECTION- For steam stations
• Transmission of Energy- plant should be located as near as possible to
the load centre- to reduce transmission costs and losses
• Cost of real estate and taxes
• Transport of fuel
• Availability of water- for condenser cooling
• Disposal of ash
• Pollution and noise
• Equitable growth of different areas
• Reliability of supply
SIZE OF A PLANT
• Purpose – private industry or for public distribution
• Power demand
• In case of emergency plant – size is decided by the load that must be
supplied in case of grid failure
Size of units

• Economy
Economic Load Dispatch
A power system has several power plants. Each power plant has several generating units.
At any point of time, the total load in the system is met by the generating units in different
power plants. Economic dispatch control determines the power output of each power
plant, and power output of each generating unit within a power plant , which will minimize
the overall cost of fuel needed to serve the system load.

• We study first the most economical distribution of the output of a power plant between
the generating units in that plant. The method we develop also applies to economic
scheduling of plant outputs for a given system load without considering the transmission
loss.
INPUT – OUTPUT CURVE OF GENERATING
UNIT
• Power plants consisting of several generating units are constructed
investing huge amount of money. Fuel cost, staff salary, interest and
depreciation charges and maintenance cost are some of the
components of operating cost. Fuel cost is the major portion of
operating cost and it can be controlled. Therefore, we shall consider
the fuel cost alone for further consideration.
• To get different output power, we need to vary the fuel input. Fuel input can be measured in
Tonnes / hour or Millions of Btu / hour. Knowing the cost of the fuel, in terms of Rs. / Tonne or Rs.
/ Millions of Btu, input to the generating unit can be expressed as Rs / hour. Let Ci Rs / h be the
input cost to generate a power of Pi MW in unit i. Fig.1 shows a typical input – output curve of a
generating unit. For each generating unit there shall be a minimum and a maximum power
generated as Pi min and Pi max.
• If the input-output curve of unit i is quadratic, we can write
𝑐𝑖 = 𝛼𝑖 𝑃𝑖2 + 𝛽𝑖 𝑃𝑖 + 𝛾𝑖
• A power plant may have several generator units. If the input-output
characteristic of different generator units are identical, then the generating
units can be equally loaded. But generating units will generally have
different input-output characteristic. This means that, for particular input
cost, the generator power Pi will be different for different generating units
in a plant.