South Africa

South Africa, officially the Republic of

South Africa, is the southernmost
country in Africa. It is bounded to the
south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of
coastline that stretches along the South
Atlantic and Indian Oceans;[14][15][16] to
the north by the neighbouring countries of
Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and
to the east and northeast by
Mozambique and Eswatini. It also
completely enclaves the country
Lesotho.[17] It is the southernmost
country on the mainland of the Old World,
and the second-most populous country
located entirely south of the equator,
after Tanzania. South Africa is a
biodiversity hotspot, with unique biomes,
plant and animal life. With over 62 million
people, the country is the world's 23rd-
most populous nation and covers an area
of 1,221,037 square kilometres (471,445
square miles). Pretoria is the
administrative capital, while Cape Town,
as the seat of Parliament, is the
legislative capital. Bloemfontein has
traditionally been regarded as the judicial
capital.[18] The largest city, and site of
highest court is Johannesburg.
Republic of South Africa
10 other official
names[1]
Zulu: iRiphabhuliki
yaseNingizimu
Afrika
Xhosa: iRiphabhlikhi
yoMzantsi Afrika
Afrikaans: Republiek van
Suid-Afrika
Pedi: Repabliki ya Afrika-
Borwa
Southern Sotho: Rephaboliki ya
Afrika Borwa
Tswana: Rephaboliki ya
Aforika Borwa
Tsonga: Riphabliki ya Afrika
Dzonga
Swati: iRiphabhulikhi
yaseNingizimu-
Afrika
Venda: Riphabuḽiki ya
Afurika Tshipembe
Southern iRiphabliki
Ndebele: yeSewula Afrika
 Flag Coat of arms

Motto: "ǃke e: ǀxarra ǁke" (ǀXam)

"Unity in diversity"

Anthem: "National anthem of South Africa"

2:03

Show globe
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Show all

Capital Pretoria
(executive)[2]
Cape Town
(legislative)[2]
Bloemfontein
(judicial)[2]
Largest city Johannesburg[3]
Official languages 12 languages[1][4]
Afrikaans
English
Ndebele
Sepedi
Sesotho
Setswana
South African Sign
Language
Swazi
Tshivenda
Xhosa
Xitsonga
Zulu
Languages with
special status[5]
Khoe languages
Nama
Khoisan languages
German
Greek
Gujarati
Hindi
Portuguese
Telugu
 Tamil
Urdu
Arabic
Hebrew
Sanskrit
Ethnic groups 81.4% Black
(2022[6]) 8.2% Coloured
7.3% White
2.7% Asian

Religion 78.0% Christianity

(2016)[7] 58.3% Protestantism
19.7% other Christian
10.9% no religion
4.4% traditional faiths
1.7% Islam
1.0% Hinduism
2.7% other
1.4% undetermined

Demonym(s) South African

Government Unitary
parliamentary
republic with an
 executive
presidency
• President Cyril Ramaphosa
• Deputy President Paul Mashatile
• Chairperson of the Amos Masondo
National Council
• Speaker of the Nosiviwe Mapisa-
National Nqakula
Assembly
• Chief Justice Raymond Zondo
Legislature Parliament
• Upper house National Council
• Lower house National Assembly

Independence from the United Kingdom

• Union 31 May 1910
• Statute of 11 December 1931
Westminster
• Republic 31 May 1961
• Democratisation 27 April 1994
Area
• Total 1,221,037 km2
(471,445 sq mi)
(24th)
• Water (%) 0.380

Population
• 2022 census 62,027,503[8] (23rd)
• Density 50.8/km2
(131.6/sq mi)
(169th)

GDP (PPP) 2023 estimate

• Total $997.444 billion[9]
(33rd)
• Per capita $16,211[9] (97th)

GDP (nominal) 2023 estimate

• Total $380.906 billion[9]
(39th)
• Per capita $6,190[9] (96th)

Gini (2014) 63.0[10]

very high

HDI (2021) 0.713[11]

 high · 109th

Currency South African rand

(ZAR)

Time zone UTC+2 (SAST)

Date format Short formats:

yyyy/mm/dd[12]
yyyy-mm-dd[13]

Driving side left

Calling code +27

ISO 3166 code ZA

Internet TLD .za

About 80% of the population are Black

South Africans.[6] The remaining
population consists of Africa's largest
communities of European (White South
Africans), Asian (Indian South Africans
and Chinese South Africans), and
multiracial (Coloured South Africans)
ancestry. South Africa is a multiethnic
society encompassing a wide variety of
cultures, languages, and religions. Its
pluralistic makeup is reflected in the
constitution's recognition of 12 official
languages, the fourth-highest number in
the world.[16] According to the 2011
census, the two most spoken first
languages are Zulu (22.7%) and Xhosa
(16.0%).[19] The next two are of European
origin: Afrikaans (13.5%) developed from
Dutch and serves as the first language of
most Coloured and White South Africans;
English (9.6%) reflects the legacy of
British colonialism and is commonly used
in public and commercial life.

Regular elections have been held for

almost a century in the country. However,
the vast majority of Black South Africans
were not enfranchised until 1994. During
the 20th century, the black majority
sought to claim more rights from the
dominant white minority, which played a
large role in the country's recent history
and politics. The National Party imposed
apartheid in 1948, institutionalising
previous racial segregation. After a
largely non-violent struggle by the African
National Congress and other anti-
apartheid activists both inside and
outside the country, the repeal of
discriminatory laws began in the mid-
1980s. Since 1994, all ethnic and
linguistic groups have held political
representation in the country's liberal
democracy, which comprises a
parliamentary republic and nine
provinces. South Africa is often referred
to as the "rainbow nation" to describe the
country's multicultural diversity,
especially in the wake of apartheid.[20]
According to 2023 V-Dem Democracy
indices South Africa is ranked 51st
electoral democracy worldwide and 3rd
electoral democracy in Africa.[21]
South Africa is a middle power in
international affairs; it maintains
significant regional influence and is a
member of both the Commonwealth of
Nations and the G20.[22][23] It is a
developing country, ranking 109th on the
Human Development Index, the 7th
highest on the continent. South Africa is
the only African nation to legislate same-
sex marriage.[24] It has been classified by
the World Bank as a newly industrialised
country and has the third-largest
economy and the most industrialised,
technologically advanced economy in
Africa overall,[25] as well as the 39th-
largest economy in the world.[26][27] South
Africa has the most UNESCO World
Heritage Sites in Africa. Since the end of
apartheid, government accountability and
quality of life have substantially
improved.[28] However, crime, poverty and
inequality remain widespread, with about
40% of the total population being
unemployed as of 2021,[29] while some
60% of the population lived under the
poverty line and a quarter under $2.15 a
day.[30][31][32]

Etymology

The name "South Africa" is derived from

the country's geographic location at the
southern tip of Africa. Upon formation,
the country was named the Union of
South Africa in English and Unie van Zuid-
Afrika in Dutch, reflecting its origin from
the unification of four British colonies.
Since 1961, the long formal name in
English has been the "Republic of South
Africa" and Republiek van Suid-Afrika in
Afrikaans. The country has an official
name in 12 official languages.[33][34]

Mzansi, derived from the Xhosa noun

uMzantsi meaning "south", is a colloquial
name for South Africa,[35][36] while some
Pan-Africanist political parties prefer the
term "Azania".[37]
History

Prehistoric archaeology

Front of Maropeng at the Cradle of

Humankind

South Africa contains some of the oldest

archaeological and human-fossil sites in
the world.[38][39][40] Archaeologists have
recovered extensive fossil remains from
a series of caves in Gauteng Province.
The area, a UNESCO World Heritage Site,
has been branded "the Cradle of
Humankind". The sites include
Sterkfontein, one of the richest sites for
hominin fossils in the world, as well as
Swartkrans, Gondolin Cave, Kromdraai,
Cooper's Cave and Malapa. Raymond
Dart identified the first hominin fossil
discovered in Africa, the Taung Child
(found near Taung) in 1924. Other
hominin remains have come from the
sites of Makapansgat in Limpopo
Province; Cornelia and Florisbad in Free
State Province; Border Cave in KwaZulu-
Natal Province; Klasies River Caves in
Eastern Cape Province; and Pinnacle
Point, Elandsfontein and Die Kelders
Cave in Western Cape Province.[41]

These finds suggest that various hominid

species existed in South Africa from
about three million years ago, starting
with Australopithecus africanus,[42]
followed by Australopithecus sediba,
Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, Homo
rhodesiensis, Homo helmei, Homo naledi
and modern humans (Homo sapiens).
Modern humans have inhabited Southern
Africa for at least 170,000 years. Various
researchers have located pebble tools
within the Vaal River valley.[43][44]

Bantu expansion

Mapungubwe Hill, the site of the

former capital of the Kingdom of
Mapungubwe
Settlements of Bantu-speaking peoples,
who were iron-using agriculturists and
herdsmen, were present south of the
Limpopo River (now the northern border
with Botswana and Zimbabwe) by the 4th
or 5th century CE. They displaced,
conquered, and absorbed the original
Khoisan, Khoikhoi and San peoples. The
Bantu slowly moved south. The earliest
ironworks in modern-day KwaZulu-Natal
Province are believed to date from
around 1050. The southernmost group
was the Xhosa people, whose language
incorporates certain linguistic traits from
the earlier Khoisan people. The Xhosa
reached the Great Fish River, in today's
Eastern Cape Province. As they migrated,
these larger Iron Age populations
displaced or assimilated earlier peoples.
In Mpumalanga Province, several stone
circles have been found along with a
stone arrangement that has been named
Adam's Calendar, and the ruins are
thought to be created by the Bakone, a
Northern Sotho people.[45][46]

Portuguese exploration

Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias

planting the cross at Cape Point after
being the first to successfully round
the Cape of Good Hope.

In 1487, the Portuguese explorer

Bartolomeu Dias led the first European
voyage to land in southern Africa.[47] On 4
December, he landed at Walfisch Bay
(now known as Walvis Bay in present-day
Namibia). This was south of the furthest
point reached in 1485 by his predecessor,
the Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão
(Cape Cross, north of the bay). Dias
continued down the western coast of
southern Africa. After 8 January 1488,
prevented by storms from proceeding
along the coast, he sailed out of sight of
land and passed the southernmost point
of Africa without seeing it. He reached as
far up the eastern coast of Africa as,
what he called, Rio do Infante, probably
the present-day Groot River, in May 1488.
On his return he saw the cape, which he
named Cabo das Tormentas ('Cape of
Storms'). King John II renamed the point
Cabo da Boa Esperança, or Cape of Good
Hope, as it led to the riches of the East
Indies.[48] Dias' feat of navigation was
immortalised in Luís de Camões' 1572
epic poem Os Lusíadas.

Dutch colonisation

Charles Davidson Bell's 19th-century

painting of Jan van Riebeeck, who
founded the first European settlement
in South Africa, arrives in Table Bay in
1652

By the early 17th century, Portugal's

maritime power was starting to decline,
and English and Dutch merchants
competed to oust Portugal from its
lucrative monopoly on the spice trade.[49]
Representatives of the British East India
Company sporadically called at the cape
in search of provisions as early as 1601
but later came to favour Ascension
Island and Saint Helena as alternative
ports of refuge.[50] Dutch interest was
aroused after 1647, when two employees
of the Dutch East India Company were
shipwrecked at the cape for several
months. The sailors were able to survive
by obtaining fresh water and meat from
the natives.[50] They also sowed
vegetables in the fertile soil.[51] Upon
their return to Holland, they reported
favourably on the cape's potential as a
"warehouse and garden" for provisions to
stock passing ships for long voyages.[50]

In 1652, a century and a half after the

discovery of the cape sea route, Jan van
Riebeeck established a victualling station
at the Cape of Good Hope, at what would
become Cape Town, on behalf of the
Dutch East India Company.[52][53] In time,
the cape became home to a large
population of vrijlieden, also known as
vrijburgers (lit. 'free citizens'), former
company employees who stayed in Dutch
territories overseas after serving their
contracts.[53] Dutch traders also brought
thousands of enslaved people to the
fledgling colony from Indonesia,
Madagascar, and parts of eastern
Africa.[54] Some of the earliest mixed
race communities in the country were
formed between vrijburgers, enslaved
people, and indigenous peoples.[55] This
led to the development of a new ethnic
group, the Cape Coloureds, most of
whom adopted the Dutch language and
Christian faith.[55]

The eastward expansion of Dutch

colonists ushered in a series of wars with
the southwesterly migrating Xhosa tribe,
known as the Xhosa Wars, as both sides
competed for the pastureland near the
Great Fish River, which the colonists
desired for grazing cattle.[56] Vrijburgers
who became independent farmers on the
frontier were known as Boers, with some
adopting semi-nomadic lifestyles being
denoted as trekboers.[56] The Boers
formed loose militias, which they termed
commandos, and forged alliances with
Khoisan peoples to repel Xhosa raids.[56]
Both sides launched bloody but
inconclusive offensives, and sporadic
violence, often accompanied by livestock
theft, remained common for several
decades.[56]
British colonisation and the Great
Trek

Great Britain occupied Cape Town

between 1795 and 1803 to prevent it
from falling under the control of the
French First Republic, which had invaded
the Low Countries.[56] After briefly
returning to Dutch rule under the Batavian
Republic in 1803, the cape was occupied
again by the British in 1806.[57] Following
the end of the Napoleonic Wars, it was
formally ceded to Great Britain and
became an integral part of the British
Empire.[58] British emigration to South
Africa began around 1818, subsequently
culminating in the arrival of the 1820
Settlers.[58] The new colonists were
induced to settle for a variety of reasons,
namely to increase the size of the
European workforce and to bolster
frontier regions against Xhosa
incursions.[58]

Depiction of a Zulu attack on a Boer

camp in February 1838

In the first two decades of the 19th

century, the Zulu people grew in power
and expanded their territory under their
leader, Shaka.[59] Shaka's warfare
indirectly led to the Mfecane ('crushing'),
in which one to two million people were
killed and the inland plateau was
devastated and depopulated in the early
1820s.[60][61] An offshoot of the Zulu, the
Matabele people created a larger empire
that included large parts of the highveld
under their king Mzilikazi.

During the early 19th century, many Dutch

settlers departed from the Cape Colony,
where they had been subjected to British
control, in a series of migrant groups who
came to be known as Voortrekkers,
meaning "pathfinders" or "pioneers". They
migrated to the future Natal, Free State,
and Transvaal regions. The Boers
founded the Boer republics: the South
African Republic, the Natalia Republic,
and the Orange Free State.[62]

The discovery of diamonds in 1867 and

gold in 1884 in the interior started the
Mineral Revolution and increased
economic growth and immigration. This
intensified British subjugation of the
indigenous people. The struggle to
control these important economic
resources was a factor in relations
between Europeans and the indigenous
population and also between the Boers
and the British.[63]
 1876 map of South Africa

On 16 May 1876, President Thomas

François Burgers of the South African
Republic declared war against the Pedi
people. King Sekhukhune managed to
defeat the army on 1 August 1876.
Another attack by the Lydenburg
Volunteer Corps was also repulsed. On
16 February 1877, the two parties signed
a peace treaty at Botshabelo.[64] The
Boers' inability to subdue the Pedi led to
the departure of Burgers in favour of Paul
Kruger and the British annexation of the
South African Republic. In 1878 and 1879
three British attacks were successfully
repelled until Garnet Wolseley defeated
Sekhukhune in November 1879 with an
army of 2,000 British soldiers, Boers and
10,000 Swazis.

The Anglo-Zulu War was fought in 1879

between the British and the Zulu
Kingdom. Following Lord Carnarvon's
successful introduction of federation in
Canada, it was thought that similar
political effort, coupled with military
campaigns, might succeed with the
African kingdoms, tribal areas and Boer
republics in South Africa. In 1874, Henry
Bartle Frere was sent to South Africa as
the British High Commissioner to bring
such plans into being. Among the
obstacles were the presence of the
independent states of the Boers, and the
Zululand army. The Zulu nation defeated
the British at the Battle of Isandlwana.
Eventually Zululand lost the war, resulting
in the termination of the Zulu nation's
independence.[65]

Boer Wars

The Battle of Majuba Hill was the last

decisive battle during the First Boer
War, and saw the British defeated by
the Boers after 2 hours of fighting.
 Boer women and children in a British
concentration camp during the
Second Boer War.

The Boer republics successfully resisted

British encroachments during the First
Boer War (1880–1881) using guerrilla
warfare tactics, which were well-suited to
local conditions. The British returned with
greater numbers, more experience, and
new strategy in the Second Boer War
(1899–1902) and, although they suffered
heavy casualties through attrition, they
were ultimately successful. Over 27,000
Boer women and children died in the
British concentration camps.[66]
South Africa's urban population grew
rapidly from the end of the 19th century
onward. After the devastation of the
wars, Dutch-descendant Boer farmers
fled into cities from the devastated
Transvaal and Orange Free State
territories to become the class of the
white urban poor.[67]

Independence

Anti-British policies among white South

Africans focused on independence.
During the Dutch and British colonial
years, racial segregation was mostly
informal, though some legislation was
enacted to control the settlement and
movement of indigenous people,
including the Native Location Act of 1879
and the system of pass
laws.[68][69][70][71][72]

Eight years after the end of the Second

Boer War and after four years of
negotiation, the South Africa Act 1909
granted nominal independence while
creating the Union of South Africa on 31
May 1910. The union was a dominion
that included the former territories of the
Cape, Transvaal and Natal colonies, as
well as the Orange Free State republic.[73]
The Natives' Land Act of 1913 severely
restricted the ownership of land by
blacks; at that stage they controlled only
7% of the country. The amount of land
reserved for indigenous peoples was
later marginally increased.[74]

In 1931, the union became fully sovereign

from the United Kingdom with the
passage of the Statute of Westminster,
which abolished the last powers of the
Parliament of the United Kingdom to
legislate in the country. Only three other
African countries—Liberia, Ethiopia, and
Egypt—had been independent prior to
that point. In 1934, the South African
Party and National Party merged to form
the United Party, seeking reconciliation
between Afrikaners and English-speaking
whites. In 1939, the party split over the
entry of the union into World War II, as an
ally of the United Kingdom, a move which
National Party followers opposed.[75]

Apartheid era

"For use by white persons" –

apartheid sign in English and
Afrikaans

In 1948, the National Party was elected

to power. It strengthened the racial
segregation begun under Dutch and
British colonial rule. Taking Canada's
Indian Act as a framework,[76] the
nationalist government classified all
peoples into three races (Whites, Blacks,
Indians and Coloured people (people of
mixed race)) and developed rights and
limitations for each. The white minority
(less than 20%)[77] controlled the vastly
larger black majority. The legally
institutionalised segregation became
known as apartheid. While whites enjoyed
the highest standard of living in all of
Africa, comparable to First World
Western nations, the black majority
remained disadvantaged by almost every
standard, including income, education,
housing, and life expectancy.[78] The
Freedom Charter, adopted in 1955 by the
Congress Alliance, demanded a non-
racial society and an end to
discrimination.

On 31 May 1961, the country became a

republic following a referendum (only
open to white voters) which narrowly
passed;[79] the British-dominated Natal
province largely voted against the
proposal. Elizabeth II lost the title Queen
of South Africa, and the last Governor-
General, Charles Robberts Swart, became
state president. As a concession to the
Westminster system, the appointment of
the president remained an appointment
by parliament and was virtually
powerless until P. W. Botha's Constitution
Act of 1983, which eliminated the office
of prime minister and instated a unique
"strong presidency" responsible to
parliament. Pressured by other
Commonwealth of Nations countries,
South Africa withdrew from the
organisation in 1961 and rejoined it in
1994.

Despite opposition to apartheid both

within and outside the country, the
government legislated for a continuation
of apartheid. The security forces cracked
down on internal dissent, and violence
became widespread, with anti-apartheid
organisations such as the African
National Congress (ANC), the Azanian
People's Organisation, and the Pan-
Africanist Congress carrying out guerrilla
warfare[80] and urban sabotage.[81] The
three rival resistance movements also
engaged in occasional inter-factional
clashes as they jockeyed for domestic
influence.[82] Apartheid became
increasingly controversial, and several
countries began to boycott business with
the South African government because of
its racial policies. These measures were
later extended to international sanctions
and the divestment of holdings by foreign
investors.[83][84]
Post-apartheid

F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela

shake hands in January 1992

The Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith,

signed by Mangosuthu Buthelezi and
Harry Schwarz in 1974, enshrined the
principles of peaceful transition of power
and equality for all, the first of such
agreements by black and white political
leaders in South Africa. Ultimately, F.W.
de Klerk opened bilateral discussions
with Nelson Mandela in 1993 for a
transition of policies and government.
In 1990, the National Party government
took the first step towards dismantling
discrimination when it lifted the ban on
the ANC and other political
organisations. It released Nelson
Mandela from prison after 27 years of
serving a sentence for sabotage. A
negotiation process followed. With
approval from the white electorate in a
1992 referendum, the government
continued negotiations to end apartheid.
South Africa held its first universal
elections in 1994, which the ANC won by
an overwhelming majority. It has been in
power ever since. The country rejoined
the Commonwealth of Nations and
became a member of the Southern
African Development Community.[85]

In post-apartheid South Africa,

unemployment remained high. While
many blacks have risen to middle or
upper classes, the overall unemployment
rate of black people worsened between
1994 and 2003 by official metrics but
declined significantly using expanded
definitions.[86] Poverty among whites,
which was previously rare, increased.[87]
The government struggled to achieve the
monetary and fiscal discipline to ensure
both redistribution of wealth and
economic growth. The United Nations
Human Development Index rose steadily
until the mid-1990s[88] then fell from 1995
to 2005 before recovering its 1995 peak
in 2013.[89] The fall is in large part
attributable to the South African
HIV/AIDS pandemic which saw South
African life expectancy fall from a high
point of 62 years in 1992 to a low of 53 in
2005,[90] and the failure of the
government to take steps to address the
pandemic in its early years.[91]

Supporters watching the 2010 FIFA

World Cup with vuvuzelas in the
township of Soweto, a suburb of
Johannesburg
 March in Johannesburg against
xenophobia in South Africa, 23 April
2015

In May 2008, riots left over 60 people

dead.[92] The Centre on Housing Rights
and Evictions estimated that over
100,000 people were driven from their
homes.[93] The targets were mainly legal
and illegal migrants, and refugees
seeking asylum, but a third of the victims
were South African citizens.[92] In a 2006
survey, the South African Migration
Project concluded that South Africans
are more opposed to immigration than
any other national group.[94] The UN High
Commissioner for Refugees in 2008
reported over 200,000 refugees applied
for asylum in South Africa, almost four
times as many as the year before.[95]
These people were mainly from
Zimbabwe, though many also come from
Burundi, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Rwanda, Eritrea, Ethiopia and
Somalia.[95] Competition over jobs,
business opportunities, public services
and housing has led to tension between
refugees and host communities.[95] While
xenophobia in South Africa is still a
problem, the United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees in 2011
reported that recent violence had not
been as widespread as initially feared.[95]
Nevertheless, as South Africa continues
to grapple with racial issues, one of the
proposed solutions has been to pass
legislation, such as the pending Hate
Crimes and Hate Speech Bill, to uphold
South Africa's ban on racism and
commitment to equality.[96][97]

By 2020, numerous warnings have been

issued that South Africa is heading
towards failed state status [98][99] with
unsustainable government spending, high
unemployment, high crime rates,
corruption, failing government owned
enterprises and collapsing
infrastructure.[100][101] In 2022, the World
Economic Forum said that South Africa
risks state collapse and identified five
major risks facing the country.[102] The
Director-General of the South African
Treasury, Dondo Mogajane, has said that,
"SA is showing the signs of a failing state
more common in countries like Sierra
Leone and Liberia".[103] Former minister
Jay Naidoo has said that South Africa is
in serious trouble and is showing signs of
a failed state, with record unemployment
levels and the fact that many young
people will not find a job in their
lifetime.[104] Efficient Group chief
economist Dawie Roodt said the country
is in deep trouble, "South Africans have
been getting poorer for a decade". He
said he is very concerned because "32
million people get an income from the
state. The state cannot afford this
anymore".[105] Neal Froneman, CEO of
Sibanye-Stillwater, said that crime is out
of control, with 'mafia-style shakedowns'
for procurement contracts becoming the
norm. "Government leadership has
created this problem and they are doing
nothing. The government can't deal with it
because it goes against their
ideology."[106] Professor Eddy Maloka,
from the Institute of Risk Management,
"The ANC has left us in a mess. They've
turned their crisis into ours... Government
has collapsed in areas across the
country. We are seeing inner-cities
collapse and degenerate".[107] Professor
David Himbara said that "South Africa is
a classic case of a de facto one-party
state with mismanaged institutions and
endemic crime and corruption".[108] In
May 2023, the Executive Chairman of
Sygnia, Magda Wierzycka, said that
"warnings of South Africa becoming a
failed state are lagging reality – we are
already there".[109]

Geography

Satellite image of South Africa

South Africa is in southernmost Africa,

with a coastline that stretches more than
2,500 km (1,553 mi) and along two
oceans (the South Atlantic and the
Indian). At 1,219,912 km2
(471,011 sq mi),[110] South Africa is the
24th-largest country in the world.[111]
Excluding the Prince Edward Islands, the
country lies between latitudes 22° and
35°S, and longitudes 16° and 33°E. The
interior of South Africa consists of a
large, in most places almost flat plateau
with an altitude of between 1,000 m
(3,300 ft) and 2,100 m (6,900 ft), highest
in the east and sloping gently downwards
towards the west and north, and slightly
so to the south and south-west.[112] This
plateau is surrounded by the Great
Escarpment[113] whose eastern, and
highest, stretch is known as the
Drakensberg.[114] Mafadi in the
Drakensberg at 3,450 m (11,320 ft) is the
highest peak. The KwaZulu-Natal–
Lesotho international border is formed by
the highest portion of the Great
Escarpment which reaches an altitude of
over 3,000 m (9,800 ft).[115]

The south and south-western parts of the

plateau (at approximately 1,100–1,800 m
above sea level) and the adjoining plain
below (at approximately 700–800 m
above sea level – see map on the right) is
known as the Great Karoo, which
consists of sparsely populated
shrubland. To the north, the Great Karoo
fades into the more arid Bushmanland,
which eventually becomes the Kalahari
Desert in the north-west of the country.
The mid-eastern and highest part of the
plateau is known as the Highveld. This
relatively well-watered area is home to a
great proportion of the country's
commercial farmlands and contains its
largest conurbation (Gauteng). To the
north of Highveld, from about the
25° 30' S line of latitude, the plateau
slopes downwards into the Bushveld,
which ultimately gives way to the
Limpopo River lowlands or Lowveld.[113]

The coastal belt, below the Great

Escarpment, moving clockwise from the
northeast, consists of the Limpopo
Lowveld, which merges into the
Mpumalanga Lowveld, below the
Mpumalanga Drakensberg (the eastern
portion of the Great Escarpment).[116]
This is hotter, drier and less intensely
cultivated than the Highveld above the
escarpment.[113] The Kruger National
Park, located in the provinces of Limpopo
and Mpumalanga in north-eastern South
Africa, occupies a large portion of the
Lowveld covering 19,633 square
kilometres (7,580 sq mi)[117]

Drakensberg, the eastern and highest

portion of the Great Escarpment
which surrounds the east, south and
western borders of the central
plateau.
 Spring flowers in Namaqualand

The coastal belt below the south and

south-western stretches of the Great
Escarpment contains several ranges of
Cape Fold Mountains which run parallel
to the coast, separating the Great
Escarpment from the ocean.[118][119]
(These parallel ranges of fold mountains
are shown on the map, above left. Note
the course of the Great Escarpment to
the north of these mountain ranges.) The
land between the Outeniqua and
Langeberg ranges to the south and the
Swartberg range to the north is known as
the Little Karoo,[113] which consists of
semi-desert shrubland similar to that of
the Great Karoo, except that its northern
strip along the foothills of the Swartberg
Mountains has a somewhat higher
rainfall and is, therefore, more cultivated
than the Great Karoo. The Little Karoo is
famous for its ostrich farming around
Oudtshoorn. The lowland area to the
north of the Swartberg range up to the
Great Escarpment is the lowland part of
the Great Karoo, which is climatically and
botanically almost indistinguishable from
the Karoo above the Great Escarpment.
The narrow coastal strip between the
Outeniqua and Langeberg ranges and the
ocean has a moderately high year-round
rainfall, which is known as the Garden
Route. It is famous for the most
extensive areas of forests in South Africa
(a generally forest-poor country).

In the south-west corner of the country,

the Cape Peninsula forms the
southernmost tip of the coastal strip
which borders the Atlantic Ocean and
ultimately terminates at the country's
border with Namibia at the Orange River.
The Cape Peninsula has a Mediterranean
climate, making it and its immediate
surrounds the only portion of Sub-
Saharan Africa which receives most of its
rainfall in winter.[120][121] The coastal belt
to the north of the Cape Peninsula is
bounded on the west by the Atlantic
Ocean and the first row of north–south
running Cape Fold Mountains to the east.
The Cape Fold Mountains peter out at
about the 32° S line of latitude,[119] after
which the Great Escarpment bounds the
coastal plain. The most southerly portion
of this coastal belt is known as the
Swartland and Malmesbury Plain, which
is an important wheat growing region,
relying on winter rains. The region further
north is known as Namaqualand,[122]
which becomes more arid near the
Orange River. The little rain that falls
tends to fall in winter,[121] which results in
one of the world's most spectacular
displays of flowers carpeting huge
stretches of veld in spring (August–
September).

South Africa also has one offshore

possession, the small sub-Antarctic
archipelago of the Prince Edward Islands,
consisting of Marion Island (290 km2 or
110 sq mi) and Prince Edward Island
(45 km2 or 17 sq mi) (not to be confused
with the Canadian province of the same
name).
Climate

Köppen climate types of South Africa

South Africa has a generally temperate

climate because it is surrounded by the
Atlantic and Indian Oceans on three
sides, because it is located in the
climatically milder Southern Hemisphere,
and because its average elevation rises
steadily toward the north (toward the
equator) and further inland. This varied
topography and oceanic influence result
in a great variety of climatic zones. The
climatic zones range from the extreme
desert of the southern Namib in the
farthest northwest to the lush subtropical
climate in the east along the border with
Mozambique and the Indian Ocean.
Winters in South Africa occur between
June and August. The extreme southwest
has a climate similar to that of the
Mediterranean with wet winters and hot,
dry summers, hosting the famous fynbos
biome of shrubland and thicket. This area
produces much of the wine in South
Africa and is known for its wind, which
blows intermittently almost all year. The
severity of this wind made passing
around the Cape of Good Hope
particularly treacherous for sailors,
causing many shipwrecks. Further east
on the south coast, rainfall is distributed
more evenly throughout the year,
producing a green landscape. The annual
rainfall increases south of the Lowveld,
especially near the coast, which is
subtropical. The Free State is particularly
flat because it lies centrally on the high
plateau. North of the Vaal River, the
Highveld becomes better watered and
does not experience subtropical
extremes of heat. Johannesburg, in the
centre of the Highveld, is at 1,740 m
(5,709 ft) above sea level and receives an
annual rainfall of 760 mm (29.9 in).
Winters in this region are cold, although
snow is rare.[123]
The coldest place on mainland South
Africa is Buffelsfontein in the Eastern
Cape, where a temperature of −20.1 °C
(−4.2 °F) was recorded in 2013.[124] The
Prince Edward Islands have colder
average annual temperatures, but
Buffelsfontein has colder extremes. The
deep interior of mainland South Africa
has the hottest temperatures: a
temperature of 51.7 °C (125.06 °F) was
recorded in 1948 in the Northern Cape
Kalahari near Upington,[125] but this
temperature is unofficial and was not
recorded with standard equipment; the
official highest temperature is 48.8 °C
(119.84 °F) at Vioolsdrif in January
1993.[126]
Climate change in South Africa is leading
to increased temperatures and rainfall
variability. Extreme weather events are
becoming more prominent.[127] This is a
critical concern for South Africans as
climate change will affect the overall
status and wellbeing of the country, for
example with regards to water resources.
Speedy environmental changes are
resulting in clear effects on the
community and environmental level in
different ways and aspects, starting with
air quality, to temperature and weather
patterns, reaching out to food security
and disease burden.[128] According to
computer-generated climate modelling
produced by the South African National
Biodiversity Institute,[129] parts of
southern Africa will see an increase in
temperature by about 1 °C (1.8 °F) along
the coast to more than 4 °C (7.2 °F) in the
already hot hinterland such as the
Northern Cape in late spring and
summertime by 2050. The Cape Floral
Region is predicted to be hit very hard by
climate change. Drought, increased
intensity and frequency of fire, and
climbing temperatures are expected to
push many rare species towards
extinction. South Africa has published
two national climate change reports in
2011 and 2016.[130] South Africa
contributes considerable carbon dioxide
emissions, being the 14th largest emitter
of carbon dioxide,[131] primarily from its
heavy reliance on coal and oil for energy
production.[131] As part of its
international commitments, South Africa
has pledged to peak emissions between
2020 and 2025.[131]

Biodiversity

South African giraffes, Kruger

National Park

The female African Leopard "Thandi"

in the Djuma concession of the Sabi
Sand Game Reserve
South Africa signed the Rio Convention
on Biological Diversity on 4 June 1994
and became a party to the convention on
2 November 1995.[132] It has
subsequently produced a National
Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan,
which was received by the convention on
7 June 2006.[133] The country is ranked
sixth out of the world's seventeen
megadiverse countries.[134] Ecotourism in
South Africa has become more prevalent
in recent years, as a possible method of
maintaining and improving biodiversity.

Numerous mammals are found in the

Bushveld including lions, African
leopards, South African cheetahs,
southern white rhinos, blue wildebeest,
kudus, impalas, hyenas, hippopotamuses
and South African giraffes. A significant
extent of the Bushveld exists in the north-
east including Kruger National Park and
the Sabi Sand Game Reserve, as well as
in the far north in the Waterberg
Biosphere. South Africa houses many
endemic species, among them the
critically endangered riverine rabbit
(Bunolagus monticullaris) in the Karoo.

Up to 1945, more than 4,900 species of

fungi (including lichen-forming species)
had been recorded.[135] In 2006, the
number of fungi in South Africa was
estimated at 200,000 species but did not
take into account fungi associated with
insects.[136] If correct, then the number of
South African fungi dwarfs that of its
plants. In at least some major South
African ecosystems, an exceptionally
high percentage of fungi are highly
specific in terms of the plants with which
they occur.[137] The country's Biodiversity
Strategy and Action Plan does not
mention fungi (including lichen-forming
fungi).[133]

With more than 22,000 different vascular

plants, or about 9% of all the known
species of plants on Earth,[138] South
Africa is particularly rich in plant diversity.
The most prevalent biome is the
grassland, particularly on the Highveld,
where the plant cover is dominated by
different grasses, low shrubs, and acacia,
mainly camel-thorn (Vachellia erioloba).
Vegetation is sparse towards the north-
west because of low rainfall. There are
numerous species of water-storing
succulents, like aloes and euphorbias, in
the very hot and dry Namaqualand area.
And according to the World Wildlife Fund,
South Africa is home to around a third of
all succulent species.[139] The grass and
thorn savanna turns slowly into a bush
savanna towards the north-east of the
country, with denser growth. There are
significant numbers of baobab trees in
this area, near the northern end of Kruger
National Park.[140]

The fynbos biome, which makes up the

majority of the area and plant life in the
Cape Floristic Region, is located in a
small region of the Western Cape and
contains more than 9,000 of those
species, or three times more plant
species than found in the Amazon
rainforest,[141] making it among the
richest regions on earth in terms of plant
diversity. Most of the plants are
evergreen hard-leaf plants with fine,
needle-like leaves, such as the
sclerophyllous plants. Another uniquely
South African flowering plant group is the
genus Protea, with around 130 different
species. While South Africa has a great
wealth of flowering plants, only 1% of the
land is forest, almost exclusively in the
humid coastal plain of KwaZulu-Natal,
where there are also areas of Southern
Africa mangroves in river mouths. Even
smaller reserves of forests are out of the
reach of fire, known as montane forests.
Plantations of imported tree species are
predominant, particularly the non-native
eucalyptus and pine.

Cape Floral Region Protected Areas

South Africa has lost a large area of
natural habitat in the last four decades,
primarily because of overpopulation,
sprawling development patterns, and
deforestation during the 19th century.
The country had a 2019 Forest
Landscape Integrity Index mean score of
4.94/10, ranking it 112th globally out of
172 countries.[142] South Africa is one of
the worst affected countries in the world
when it comes to invasion by alien
species with many (e.g., black wattle,
Port Jackson willow, Hakea, Lantana and
Jacaranda) posing a significant threat to
the native biodiversity and the already
scarce water resources. The original
temperate forest found by the first
European settlers was exploited until only
small patches remained. Currently, South
African hardwood trees like real
yellowwood (Podocarpus latifolius),
stinkwood (Ocotea bullata), and South
African black ironwood (Olea capensis)
are under strict government protection.
Statistics from the Department of
Environmental Affairs show a record
1,215 rhinos were killed in 2014.[143]
Since South Africa is home to a third of
all succulent species (many endemic to
the Karoo), it makes it a hotspot for plant
poaching, leading to many species to be
threatened with extinction.[139]
Demographics

Map of population density in South

Africa
<1 /km2 100–300 /km2
1–3 /km2 300–1000
2
3–10 /km /km2
2
10–30 /km 1000–3000
30–100 /km 2 /km2
>3000 /km2

South Africa is a nation of about 62

million (as of 2022) people of diverse
origins, cultures, languages, and
religions.[144] The last census was held in
2022, with estimates produced on an
annual basis. According to the United
Nations' World Population Prospects,
South Africa's total population was 55.3
million in 2015, compared to only 13.6
million in 1950.[145] South Africa is home
to an estimated five million illegal
immigrants, including some three million
Zimbabweans.[146][147][148] A series of
anti-immigrant riots occurred beginning in
May 2008.[149][150]

Statistics South Africa asks people to

describe themselves in the census in
terms of five racial population
groups.[151] The 2022 census figures for
these groups were: Black African at 81%,
Coloured at 8.2%, White at 7.3%, Indian or
Asian at 2.7%, and Other/Unspecified at
0.5%.[152] The first census in 1911
showed that whites made up 22% of the
population; this had declined to 16% by
1980.[153]

South Africa hosts a sizeable refugee

and asylum seeker population. According
to the World Refugee Survey 2008,
published by the U.S. Committee for
Refugees and Immigrants, this population
numbered approximately 144,700 in
2007.[154] Groups of refugees and asylum
seekers numbering over 10,000 included
people from Zimbabwe (48,400), the DRC
(24,800), and Somalia (12,900).[154]
These populations mainly lived in
Johannesburg, Pretoria, Durban, Cape
Town, and Port Elizabeth.[154]
Languages

Map showing the dominant South

Afr ic an languages by area
Zulu (22.7%)
Xhosa (16.0%)
⁠Afrikaans (13.5%)
English (9.6%)
Pedi (9.1%)
Tswana (8.0%)
Southern Sotho (7.6%)
Tsonga (4.5%)
Swazi (2.5%)
Venda (2.4%)
Southern Ndebele (2.1%)
None dominant
Areas of little or no population

South Africa has 12 official languages:[4]

Zulu, Xhosa, Afrikaans, English, Pedi,[155]
Tswana, Southern Sotho, Tsonga, Swazi,
Venda, and Southern Ndebele (in order of
first language speakers), as well as
South African Sign Language which was
recognised as an official language in
2023.[4]In this regard it is fourth only to
Bolivia, India, and Zimbabwe in number.
While all the languages are formally
equal, some languages are spoken more
than others. According to the 2022
census, the three most spoken first
languages are Zulu (24.4%), Xhosa
(16.6%), and Afrikaans (10.6%).[152]
Although English is recognised as the
language of commerce and science, it is
only the fifth most common home
language, that of only 8.7% of South
Africans in 2022; nevertheless, it has
become the de facto lingua franca of the
nation.[152] Estimates based on the 1991
census suggest just under half of South
Africans could speak English.[156] It is the
second most commonly spoken
language outside of the household, after
Zulu.[157]

Other languages are spoken, or were

widely used previously, including
Fanagalo, Khoe, Lobedu, Nama, Northern
Ndebele, and Phuthi.[158] Many of the
unofficial languages of the San and
Khoekhoe peoples contain regional
dialects stretching northwards into
Namibia and Botswana, and elsewhere.
These people, who are a physically
distinct population from the Bantu people
who make up most of the Black Africans
in South Africa, have their own cultural
identity based on their hunter-gatherer
societies. They have been marginalised,
and the remainder of their languages are
in danger of becoming extinct.

White South Africans may also speak

European languages, including Italian,
Portuguese (also spoken by black
Angolans and Mozambicans), Dutch,
German, and Greek, while some Indian
South Africans and more recent migrants
from South Asia speak Indian languages,
such as Gujarati, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, and
Urdu. French is spoken by migrants from
Francophone Africa.
Religion

Religion in South Africa (2010)[159]

religion percent
Protestantism 73.2%
No religion 14.9%
Catholicism 7.4%
Islam 1.7%
Hinduism 1.1%
Other faith 1.7%

According to the 2001 census, Christians

accounted for 79.8% of the population,
with a majority of them being members
of various Protestant denominations
(broadly defined to include syncretic
African-initiated churches) and a minority
of Roman Catholics and other Christians.
Christian category includes Zion Christian
(11.1%), Pentecostal (Charismatic)
(8.2%), Roman Catholic (7.1%), Methodist
(6.8%), Dutch Reformed (6.7%), and
Anglican (3.8%). Members of remaining
Christian churches accounted for another
36% of the population. Muslims
accounted for 1.5% of the population,
Hindus 1.2%,[160] traditional African
religions 0.3% and Judaism 0.2%. 15.1%
had no religious affiliation, 0.6% were
"other" and 1.4% were
"unspecified."[161][160][162][163]

African-initiated churches formed the

largest of the Christian groups. It was
believed that many of the persons who
claimed no affiliation with any organised
religion adhered to a traditional African
religion. There are an estimated 200,000
traditional healers, and up to 60% of
South Africans consult these healers,[164]
generally called sangoma ('diviner') or
inyanga ('herbalist'). These healers use a
combination of ancestral spiritual beliefs
and a belief in the spiritual and medicinal
properties of local fauna, flora, and funga
commonly known as muti ('medicine'), to
facilitate healing in clients. Many peoples
have syncretic religious practices
combining Christian and indigenous
influences.[165]
South African Muslims comprise mainly
Coloureds and Indians. They have been
joined by black or white South African
converts as well as those from other
parts of Africa.[166] South African
Muslims describe their faith as the
fastest-growing religion of conversion in
the country, with the number of black
Muslims growing sixfold, from 12,000 in
1991 to 74,700 in 2004.[166][167]

There is a substantial Jewish population,

descended from European Jews who
arrived as a minority among other
European settlers. This population
peaked in the 1970s at 120,000, though
only around 67,000 remain today, the rest
having emigrated, mostly to Israel. Even
so, these numbers make the Jewish
community in South Africa the twelfth
largest in the world.

Education

The University of Cape Town

The adult literacy rate in 2007 was

89%.[168] South Africa has a three-tier
system of education starting with
primary school, followed by high school,
and tertiary education in the form of
(academic) universities and universities
of technology. Learners have twelve
years of formal schooling, from grade 1
to 12. Grade R, or grade 0, is a pre-
primary foundation year.[169] Primary
schools span the first seven years of
schooling.[170] High school education
spans a further five years. The National
Senior Certificate examination takes
place at the end of grade 12 and is
necessary for tertiary studies at a South
African university.[169] Public universities
are divided into three types: traditional
universities, which offer theoretically
oriented university degrees; universities
of technology (formerly called
technikons), which offer vocationally-
oriented diplomas and degrees; and
comprehensive universities, which offer
both types of qualification. There are 23
public universities in South Africa: 11
traditional universities, 6 universities of
technology, and 6 comprehensive
universities.

Under apartheid, schools for black

people were subject to discrimination
through inadequate funding and a
separate syllabus called Bantu Education
which only taught skills sufficient to work
as labourers.[171]

In 2004, South Africa started reforming

its tertiary education system, merging
and incorporating small universities into
larger institutions, and renaming all
tertiary education institutions "university".
By 2015, 1.4 million students in higher
education have been aided by a financial
aid scheme which was promulgated in
1999.[172]

Health

Tygerberg Hospital in Parow, Cape

Town

According to the South African Institute

of Race Relations, the life expectancy in
2009 was 71 years for a white South
African and 48 years for a black South
African.[173] The healthcare spending in
the country is about 9% of GDP.[174]
About 84% of the population depends on
the public healthcare system,[174] which is
beset with chronic human resource
shortages and limited resources.[175]
About 20% of the population use private
healthcare.[176] Only 16% of the
population are covered by medical aid
schemes;[177] the rest pay for private care
out-of-pocket or through in-hospital-only
plans.[176] The three dominant hospital
groups, Mediclinic, Life Healthcare and
Netcare, together control 75% of the
private hospital market.[176]
HIV/AIDS

Life expectancy in select Southern

African countries, 1950–2019.
HIV/AIDS has caused a fall in life
expectancy.

According to the 2015 UNAIDS medical

report, South Africa has an estimated
seven million people who are living with
HIV – more than any other country in the
world.[178] In 2018, HIV prevalence—the
percentage of people living with HIV—
among adults (15–49 years) was 20.4%,
and in the same year 71,000 people died
from an AIDS-related illness.[179]
A 2008 study revealed that HIV/AIDS
infection is distinctly divided along racial
lines: 13.6% of blacks are HIV-positive,
whereas only 0.3% of whites have the
virus.[180] Most deaths are experienced
by economically active individuals,
resulting in many AIDS orphans who in
many cases depend on the state for care
and financial support.[181] It is estimated
that there are 1,200,000 orphans in South
Africa.[181]

The link between HIV, a virus spread

primarily by sexual contact, and AIDS
was long denied by President Thabo
Mbeki and his health minister Manto
Tshabalala-Msimang, who insisted that
the many deaths in the country are
caused by malnutrition, and hence
poverty, and not HIV.[182] In 2007, in
response to international pressure, the
government made efforts to fight
AIDS.[183] After the 2009 general
elections, President Jacob Zuma
appointed Aaron Motsoaledi as the
health minister and committed his
government to increasing funding for and
widening the scope of HIV treatment,[184]
and by 2015, South Africa had made
significant progress, with the widespread
availability of antiretroviral drugs resulted
in an increase in life expectancy from
52.1 years to 62.5 years.[185]
Urbanization

One online database[186] lists South

Africa having more than 12,600 cities and
towns. The following are the largest
cities and towns in South Africa.
 v·t·e Largest cities or towns in South
Africa
2016 Community Survey [187], World Urbanizat
Rank Name Province
The 2018 Revision [188]
1 Johannesburg Gauteng 9,
Western
2 Cape Town 4,
Cape
KwaZulu-
3 Durban 3,
Natal
4 Pretoria Gauteng 2,
Eastern
5 Gqeberha 1,
Johannesburg Cape
6 Vereeniging Gauteng
7 Soshanguve Gauteng
Cape Town
Eastern
8 East London
Cape
Free
9 Bloemfontein
State
KwaZulu-
10 Pietermaritzburg
Natal
Politics

Union Buildings in Pretoria, seat of the

executive

Houses of Parliament in Cape Town,

seat of the legislature

Constitutional Court in Johannesburg

South Africa is a parliamentary republic,

but unlike most such republics, the
president is both head of state and head
of government and depends for his
tenure on the confidence of Parliament.
The executive, legislature and judiciary
are all subject to the supremacy of the
Constitution of South Africa, and the
superior courts have the power to strike
down executive actions and acts of
Parliament if they are unconstitutional.
The National Assembly, the lower house
of Parliament, consists of 400 members
and is elected every five years by a
system of party-list proportional
representation. The National Council of
Provinces, the upper house, consists of
ninety members, with each of the nine
provincial legislatures electing ten
members.
After each parliamentary election, the
National Assembly elects one of its
members as president; hence the
president serves a term of office the
same as that of the Assembly, normally
five years. No president may serve more
than two terms in office.[189] The
president appoints a deputy president
and ministers (each representing a
department) who form the cabinet. The
National Assembly may remove the
president and the cabinet by a motion of
no confidence. In the most recent
election, held on 8 May 2019, the ANC
won 58% of the vote and 230 seats, while
the main opposition, the Democratic
Alliance, won 21% of the vote and 84
seats. The Economic Freedom Fighters,
founded by Julius Malema, former
president of the ANC Youth League who
was later expelled from the ANC, won
11% of the vote and 44 seats. The ANC
has been the governing political party in
South Africa since the end of
apartheid.[190]

South Africa has no legally defined

capital city. The fourth chapter of the
constitution states "The seat of
Parliament is Cape Town, but an Act of
Parliament enacted in accordance with
section 76(1) and (5) may determine that
the seat of Parliament is elsewhere."[191]
The country's three branches of
government are split over different cities.
Cape Town, as the seat of Parliament, is
the legislative capital; Pretoria, as the
seat of the president and cabinet, is the
administrative capital; and Bloemfontein
is the seat of the Supreme Court of
Appeal, and has traditionally been
regarded as the judicial capital;[18]
although the highest court, the
Constitutional Court of South Africa has
been based in Johannesburg since 1994.
Most foreign embassies are located in
Pretoria.

Since 2004, South Africa has had many

thousands of popular protests, some
violent, making it, according to one
academic, the "most protest-rich country
in the world".[192] There have been
numerous incidents of political
repression as well as threats of future
repression in violation of the constitution,
leading some analysts and civil society
organisations to conclude that there is or
could be a new climate of political
repression.[193][194]

In 2008, South Africa placed fifth out of

48 sub-Saharan African countries on the
Ibrahim Index of African Governance.
South Africa scored well in the categories
of Rule of Law, Transparency and
Corruption, and Participation and Human
Rights, but score low in Safety and
Security.[195] In 2006, South Africa
became the first and only African country
to legalise same-sex marriage.[196][24]

The Constitution of South Africa is the

supreme rule of law in the country. The
primary sources of South African law are
Roman-Dutch mercantile law and
personal law and English Common law,
as imports of Dutch settlements and
British colonialism.[197] The first
European-based law in South Africa was
brought by the Dutch East India Company
and is called Roman-Dutch law. It was
imported before the codification of
European law into the Napoleonic Code
and is comparable in many ways to Scots
law. This was followed in the 19th
century by English law, both common and
statutory. After unification in 1910, South
Africa had its own parliament which
passed laws specific for South Africa,
building on those previously passed for
the individual member colonies. The
judicial system consists of the
magistrates' courts, which hear lesser
criminal cases and smaller civil cases;
the High Court, which has divisions that
serve as the courts of general jurisdiction
for specific areas; the Supreme Court of
Appeal; and the Constitutional Court,
which is the highest court.
Foreign relations

President of South Africa, Cyril

Ramaphosa (far left), poses with the
BRICS heads of state and government
during the 11th BRICS summit, 2019

As the Union of South Africa, the country

was a founding member of the United
Nations (UN), with Prime Minister Jan
Smuts writing the preamble to the UN
Charter.[198][199] South Africa is one of the
founding members of the African Union
(AU) and has the third largest economy
of all the members. It is a founding
member of the AU's New Partnership for
Africa's Development. After apartheid
ended, South Africa was readmitted to
the Commonwealth of Nations. The
country is a member of the Group of 77
and chaired the organisation in 2006.
South Africa is also a member of the
Southern African Development
Community, South Atlantic Peace and
Cooperation Zone, Southern African
Customs Union, Antarctic Treaty System,
World Trade Organization, International
Monetary Fund, G20, G8+5, and the Port
Management Association of Eastern and
Southern Africa.

South Africa has played a key role as a

mediator in African conflicts over the last
decade, such as in Burundi, the
Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Comoros, and Zimbabwe.

President Jacob Zuma and Chinese

President Hu Jintao upgraded bilateral
ties between the two countries in 2010
when they signed the Beijing Agreement
which elevated South Africa's earlier
"strategic partnership" with China to the
higher level of "comprehensive strategic
partnership" in both economic and
political affairs, including the
strengthening of exchanges between
their respective ruling parties and
legislatures.[200][201] In 2011, South Africa
joined the Brazil-Russia-India-China
(BRICS) grouping of countries, identified
by Zuma as the country's largest trading
partners and also the largest trading
partners with Africa as a whole. Zuma
asserted that BRICS member countries
would also work with each other through
the UN, G20, and the India, Brazil South
Africa (IBSA) forum.[202]

Military

S outh African Air Force S aab Gripen

 S outh African-made Rooivalk attack
helicopter

S AS S pioenkop (F147), one of the four

Valour-class stealth guided-missile
frigates of the S outh African Navy

The South African National Defence

Force (SANDF) was created in
1994[203][204] as a volunteer military
composed of the former South African
Defence Force, the forces of the African
nationalist groups (uMkhonto we Sizwe
and Azanian People's Liberation Army),
and the former Bantustan defence
forces.[203] The SANDF is subdivided into
four branches, the South African Army,
the South African Air Force, the South
African Navy, and the South African
Military Health Service.[205] The SANDF
consists of around 75,000 professional
soldiers as of 2019.[206] In recent years,
the SANDF has become a major
peacekeeping force in Africa,[207] and has
been involved in operations in Lesotho,
the DRC,[207] and Burundi,[207] amongst
others. It has also served in multinational
UN Peacekeeping forces such as the UN
Force Intervention Brigade. In 2022 the
nation spent US$3.069 billion on its
armed forces which is about 0.86% of the
nation's entire GDP. Over the years,
defence expenditure has been cut as the
nation currently faces no external military
threats.[208]
The SANDF are often deployed in crime
fighting and whenever the South African
Police Service (SAPS) are no longer able
to control the situation.[209] During the
2021 South African unrest, South Africa's
worst violence since the end of apartheid,
saw the deployment of 25,000 troops,
more than a dozen military helicopters
and heavily armed vehicles deployed in
the nation's KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng
provinces to assist the South African
Police in ending the riots and looting, this
was one of the nation's largest military
deployments since 1994, the largest
deployment of troops since the end of
apartheid was in March 2020, when
70,000 troops were deployed to enforce
the nation's strict lockdown laws to
combat the spread of COVID-19.[210]
South Africa has a lot of military bases
distributed all over the nation, this
includes two naval bases, nine air force
bases and the army maintains large
bases in all nine provinces of the
country.[211]

The South African Defence Industry is the

most advanced on the African continent
and one of the most advanced in the
world.[212][213] As of 2020 South Africa is
the world's 24th largest arms exporter,
the only nation in Africa.[214] The nation
designs many types of weapons that
range from armored fighting vehicles to
ballistic missiles, notable South African-
made weapons include the Ratel IFV, the
world's first wheeled infantry fighting
vehicle, South Africa also made its own
attack helicopter known as the "Rooivalk"
which is known to be one of the most
advanced attack helicopters in the
world.[215] In recent years a R16 billion
($1bn) contract was signed with the local
defence industry which aims to produce
244 units of Badger IFV for the
SANDF.[216]

South Africa is the only African country to

have successfully developed nuclear
weapons. It became the first country
(followed by Ukraine) with nuclear
capability to voluntarily renounce and
dismantle its programme and in the
process signed the Nuclear Non-
Proliferation Treaty in 1991.[217] South
Africa undertook a nuclear weapons
programme in the 1970s.[217] South
Africa is alleged to have conducted a
nuclear test over the Atlantic in 1979,[218]
although this is officially denied; de Klerk
maintained that South Africa had "never
conducted a clandestine nuclear
test."[219] Six nuclear devices were
completed between 1980 and 1990 but
all were dismantled by 1991.[219] In 2017,
South Africa signed the UN treaty on the
Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[220]
Law enforcement and crime

Officers of the South African Police

Service with Vektor R5 rifles on
parade in Johannesburg, 2010

Law enforcement in South Africa is

primarily the responsibility of the South
African Police Service (SAPS), South
Africa's national police force. SAPS is
responsible for investigating crime and
security throughout the country. The
South African Police Service has over
1,154 police stations across the country
and over 150,950 officers.[221] In 2023 the
Special Task Force (SAPS) placed 9th at
the international SWAT competition out
of 55 law enforcement teams from
across the world making it the best in
Africa.[222]

South Africa has the world's largest

private security industry,[223] with over
10,380 private security companies and
2.5 million private security personnel of
which over 556,000 are active,[224] making
it bigger than the South African Police
Force and Military combined.[225] Private
security mainly provide assistance to the
South African Police Service (SAPS) to
combat crime throughout the country.
Over the years there has been
tremendous growth in the private security
industry.[226]
As of February 2023, South Africa has the
sixth highest crime rate in the world.[227]
From April 2017 to March 2018, on
average 57 murders were committed
each day in South Africa.[228] In the year
ended March 2017, there were 20,336
murders and the murder rate was 35.9
per 100,000 – over five times higher than
the global average of 6.2 per 100,000.[229]
More than 526,000 South Africans were
murdered from 1994 to 2019.[230]

Smash and Grab Hot Spot sign in

Retreat, Cape Town
South Africa has a high rape rate, with
43,195 rapes reported in 2014/15, and an
unknown number of sexual assaults
going unreported.[231] A 2009 survey of
1,738 men in KwaZulu-Natal and the
Eastern Cape by the Medical Research
Council found one in four men admitted
to raping someone,[232] and another
survey of 4,000 women in Johannesburg
by CIET Africa found one in three said
they had been raped in the past year.[233]
Rape occurs most commonly within
relationships, but many men and women
say that rape cannot occur in
relationships; however, one in four
women reported having been abused by
an intimate partner.[234] Rapes are also
perpetrated by children (some as young
as ten).[235] The incidence of child and
infant rape is among the highest in the
world, largely as a result of the virgin
cleansing myth, and a number of high-
profile cases (sometimes as young as
eight months)[235] have outraged the
nation.[236]

Between 1994 and 2018, there were more

than 500 xenophobic attacks against
foreigners in South Africa.[237] The 2019
Johannesburg riots were similar in nature
and origin to the 2008 xenophobic riots
that also occurred in Johannesburg.[238]
Administrative divisions

Provinces of South Africa

Each of the nine provinces is governed by

a unicameral legislature, which is elected
every five years by party-list proportional
representation. The legislature elects a
premier as head of government, and the
premier appoints an Executive Council as
a provincial cabinet. The powers of
provincial governments are limited to
topics listed in the constitution; these
topics include such fields as health,
education, public housing and transport.

The provinces are in turn divided into 52

districts: 8 metropolitan and 44 district
municipalities. The district municipalities
are further subdivided into 205 local
municipalities. The metropolitan
municipalities, which govern the largest
urban agglomerations, perform the
functions of both district and local
municipalities.
 Provincial
Province Largest city
capital (

Eastern
Bhisho Gqeberha
Cape

Free State Bloemfontein Bloemfontein

Gauteng Johannesburg Johannesburg

KwaZulu-
Pietermaritzburg Durban
Natal

Limpopo Polokwane Polokwane

Mpumalanga Mbombela Mbombela

North West Mahikeng Klerksdorp

Northern
Kimberley Kimberley
Cape

Western
Cape Town Cape Town
Cape
Economy

The Johannesburg Stock

Exchange (JSE) is the largest
stock exchange on the
African continent and the
17th largest in the world with
a market capitalization of
$1.36 trillion[242]

South Africa has a mixed economy, South

Africa's economy is the most
industrialized and technologically
advanced in Africa respectively,[243] it has
the second largest economy in Africa,
after Nigeria and the 39th largest in the
world. It also has a relatively high gross
domestic product (GDP) per capita
compared to other countries in sub-
Saharan Africa US$16,080 at purchasing
power parity as of 2023 ranked 95th.
Despite this, South Africa is still burdened
by a relatively high rate of poverty and
unemployment and is ranked in the top
ten countries in the world for income
inequality,[244][245][246] measured by the
Gini coefficient.

South Africa is ranked 40th by total

Wealth, making it the second wealthiest
country in Africa, in terms of private
wealth South Africa has a private wealth
of $651 billion making South Africa's
population the richest in Africa followed
by Egypt with $307 billion and Nigeria
with $228 billion.[247]

Approximately 55.5% (30.3 million

people) of the population is living in
poverty at the national upper poverty line
while a total of 13.8 million people (25%
of the population) are experiencing food
poverty.[248]

In 2015, 71% of net wealth are held by

10% of the population, whereas 60% of
the population held only 7% of the net
wealth, and the Gini coefficient was 0.63,
whereas in 1996 it was 0.61.[249]

Unlike most of the world's poor countries,

South Africa does not have a thriving
informal economy. Only 15% of South
African jobs are in the informal sector,
compared with around half in Brazil and
India and nearly three-quarters in
Indonesia. The Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) attributes this difference to South
Africa's widespread welfare system.[250]
World Bank research shows that South
Africa has one of the widest gaps
between per capita GDP versus its
Human Development Index ranking, with
only Botswana showing a larger gap.[251]

Johannesburg, the financial capital of

South Africa and the African
continent[252]
After 1994, government policy brought
down inflation, stabilised public finances,
and some foreign capital was attracted;
however, growth was still subpar.[253]
From 2004 onward, economic growth
picked up significantly; both employment
and capital formation increased.[253]
During the presidency of Jacob Zuma, the
government increased the role of state-
owned enterprises (SOEs). Some of the
biggest SOEs are Eskom, the electric
power monopoly, South African Airways
(SAA), and Transnet, the railroad and
ports monopoly. Some of these SOEs
have not been profitable, such as SAA,
which has required bailouts totaling
R30 billion ($2.03 billion) over the 20
years preceding 2015.[254] Principal
international trading partners of South
Africa—besides other African countries—
include Germany, the United States,
China, Japan, the United Kingdom and
Spain.[161] The 2020 Financial Secrecy
Index ranked South Africa as the 58th
safest tax haven in the world.[255]

The South African agricultural industry

contributes around 10% of formal
employment, relatively low compared to
other parts of Africa, as well as providing
work for casual labourers and
contributing around 2.6% of GDP for the
nation.[256] Due to the aridity of the land,
only 13.5% can be used for crop
production, and only 3% is considered
high potential land.[257]

In August 2013, South Africa was ranked

as the top African Country of the Future
by fDi Intelligence based on the country's
economic potential, labour environment,
cost-effectiveness, infrastructure,
business friendliness, and foreign direct
investment strategy.[258]

Mining

An aerial view of the Two Rivers mine

in Steelpoort, Limpopo, owned by
both African Rainbow Minerals and
Impala Platinum holdings limited.
South Africa has always been a mining
powerhouse. Until 2006 South Africa was
the world's largest gold producer for
almost a century, by the end of 2009 gold
mining in South Africa had declined
rapidly having produced 205 metric tons
(mt) of gold in 2008 compared to 1,000
metric tons produced in 1970 (almost
80% of the world's mine supply at the
time).[259] Despite this, the country still
has 6,000 tonnes of gold reserves[260]
and is still number 5 in gold production
and remains a cornucopia of mineral
riches.[261] It is the world's largest
producer[262] of chrome, manganese,
platinum, vanadium and vermiculite. It is
the second largest producer[262] of
ilmenite, palladium, rutile and zirconium.
It is the world's third largest coal
exporter.[263] It is a huge producer of iron
ore; in 2012, it overtook India to become
the world's third-biggest iron ore supplier
to China, the world's largest consumers
of iron ore.[264]

Tourism

Tourists taking in the view of Cape

Town and Table Mountain from
Robben Island

South Africa is a tourist destination with

the tourist industry accounting for 2.34%
of GDP[265] in 2019 followed by a sharp
drop in 2020 to 0.81% of GDP[265] due to
lack of travel caused by the COVID-19
pandemic. The official marketing agency
for the country South African Tourism is
responsible for marketing South Africa to
the world. According to the World Travel
& Tourism Council, the tourism industry
directly contributed ZAR 102 billion to
South African GDP in 2012, and supports
10.3% of jobs in the country.[266] The
official national marketing agency of the
South African government, with the goal
of promoting tourism in South Africa both
locally and globally is known as South
African Tourism.[267]
South Africa offers both domestic and
international tourists a wide variety of
options, among others the picturesque
natural landscape and game reserves,
diverse cultural heritage and highly
regarded wines. Some of the most
popular destinations include several
national parks, such as the expansive
Kruger National Park in the north of the
country, the coastlines and beaches of
the KwaZulu-Natal and Western Cape
provinces, and the major cities like Cape
Town, Johannesburg and Durban.

According to Statistics South Africa's

latest Tourism and Migration Survey,
almost 3,5 million travellers passed
through the country's ports of entry in
August 2017.[268] The top five overseas
countries with the largest number of
tourists visiting South Africa were the US,
UK, Germany, the Netherlands and
France. Most of the tourists arriving in
South Africa from elsewhere in Africa
came from SADC countries. Zimbabwe
tops the list at 31%, followed by Lesotho,
Mozambique, Eswatini and Botswana. In
addition, Nigeria was the country of origin
for nearly 30% of tourists arriving in
South Africa.[269]
Infrastructure

Roads

The Nelson Mandela Bridge in

Johannesburg

South Africa has a total road network of

750,000 kilometres, the largest of any
African country and the 10th largest in
the world. According to SANRAL, the
road network is valued at more than R2.1
trillion. SANRAL manages national roads
and has a network of 22 197 kilometres
of paved roads. Provinces are
responsible for 222 951 kilometres while,
according to the DoT, the municipal
network is estimated at 275 661
kilometres of the proclaimed network.
The rest are unproclaimed gravel roads
(mainly serving rural communities) and
are therefore not owned or maintained by
any road authority. The country has more
than 12 million motor vehicles with an
average density of 16 motor vehicles per
kilometre. The provincial road network is
about 222 951 kilometres in length,
consisting of 170 837 kilometres of
unpaved and 52 114 kilometres of paved
roads.[270]
Railways

Gautrain higher-speed commuter rail

Rail transport in South Africa is an

important element of the country's
transport infrastructure. All major cities
are connected by rail. Transnet Freight
Rail mainly operates freight services
while PRASA operates commuter
services. State-owned utility Transnet
Freight Rail is the largest freight rail
transport operator on the African
continent, the company maintains a rail
network of approximately 31,000
kilometres but only 20,900 kilometres of
this are in use.[271]

South Africa's railway system is the most

developed and largest in Africa as well
as the 13th largest in the world; however,
freight, passenger and port capacity
shortages remain a severe constraint in
domestic and regional trade.[272] Coal
and iron ore are mainly transported on
these lines, the country's rail network
carried nearly 230 million tons of freight
in 2017 however, this has declined to 179
million tons in 2021.[273]
Airports

South African Airways Airbus A340 at

Munich Airport

South Africa has international airports in

six cities: Johannesburg, Cape Town,
Durban, Port Elizabeth, Kimberley and
Nelspruit.[274]

As of 2021, South Africa had 407

airports, making it the leading country in
Africa in terms of airport ownership and
the country ranked 20th globally.[275]

The four major airports in South Africa

are: O.R. Tambo International Airport in
Johannesburg, Cape Town International
Airport, King Shaka International Airport
in Durban and Chief Dawid Stuurman
International Airport in Port Elizabeth.

O.R. Tambo International Airport in

Johannesburg is Africa's largest and
busiest airport which receives over 21
million passengers a year.[276] During the
2022 Skytrax World Airport Awards, Cape
Town International Airport was voted the
best airport on the African continent for
the seventh consecutive year, Durban's
King Shaka International Airport was
voted the second best in Africa and
Johannesburg's O.R. Tambo International
Airport came third place.[277]
Energy

The Koeberg Power Station, the only

nuclear power plant on the entire
African continent

South Africa has a very large energy

sector and is currently the only country
on the African continent that possesses
a nuclear power plant.[278] The country is
the largest producer of electricity on the
African continent and it ranks 21st
globally.[279] South Africa is the 7th
largest coal producer in the world and
produces in excess of 248 million tonnes
of coal and consumes almost three-
quarters of that domestically. Around
77% of South Africa's energy needs are
directly derived from coal and 92% of
coal consumed on the African continent
is mined in South Africa. South Africa is
also the world's 14th largest emitter of
greenhouse gases.[280]

The country's primary electricity

generator is Eskom, the utility is the
largest producer of electricity in Africa,
and is among the top seven utilities in the
world in terms of generation capacity and
among the top nine in terms of sales.[281]
It is the largest of South Africa's state
owned enterprises. Eskom generates
approximately 95% of electricity in South
Africa and operates a number of notable
power stations, including the Koeberg
Nuclear Power Station in Cape Town, the
only nuclear power plant in Africa, Kendal
Power Station, the largest dry-cooled
power station in the world,[282] as well as
Duvha Power Station which became the
first power station in the world to be
retrofitted with pulse jet fabric filter
plants.[283] In 2001 Eskom was named
the best electricity utility in the entire
world.[281]

Energy crisis

The Kusile Power Station was built as

a response to the energy crisis. When
fully operational it will be the 4th
largest coal-fired power station in the
world.[284]
Due to severe mismanagement and
corruption at Eskom, the company is
R392bn ($22bn) in debt and is unable to
meet the demands of the South African
power grid.[285] Due to this, Eskom
implemented loadshedding, which is
periodically switching off electricity to
specific power grids in specific time
frames. In South Africa, load shedding is
done to prevent a failure of the entire
system when the demand for electricity
strains the capacity of Eskom's power
generating system. Load shedding is
characterized by periods of widespread
national-level rolling blackouts.[286]
Eskom's latest energy availability factor
(EAF) data reveals that mismanagement,
corruption, poor maintenance, and
sabotage caused power station
breakdowns.[287] In 2023 the South
African Military was deployed to protect
Eskom's power stations from sabotage
and theft.[288]

In 2007 Eskom started the construction

of the "Kusile" and "Medupi" power
stations, the two mega power stations
will be the largest dry-cooled power
stations in the world and among the
largest power stations in the world
scheduled for completion in 2014.[289]
However, these power stations have
never met their deadline date with only
half of their six units completed and
operational mainly caused by long delays
and massive cost overruns exceeding
more than R300 billion ($16bn) for the
two power stations combined, and are
only expected to be completed by 2024
or 2026.[290]

Science and technology

Mark Shuttleworth in space

Several important scientific and

technological developments have
originated in South Africa. South Africa
was ranked 59th in the Global Innovation
Index in 2023, up from 63rd in
2019.[291][292][293] The first human-to-
human heart transplant was performed
by cardiac surgeon Christiaan Barnard at
Groote Schuur Hospital in December
1967; Max Theiler developed a vaccine
against yellow fever, Allan MacLeod
Cormack pioneered X-ray computed
tomography (CT scan); and Aaron Klug
developed crystallographic electron
microscopy techniques. Cormack and
Klug received Nobel Prizes for their work.
Sydney Brenner won most recently, in
2002, for his pioneering work in molecular
biology.
Mark Shuttleworth founded an early
Internet security company Thawte. It is
the objective of the government to
transition the economy to be more reliant
on high technology, based on the
realisation South Africa cannot compete
with Far Eastern economies in
manufacturing, nor can it rely on its
mineral wealth.

South Africa has cultivated a burgeoning

astronomy community. It hosts the
Southern African Large Telescope, the
largest optical telescope in the Southern
Hemisphere. South Africa is currently
building the Karoo Array Telescope as a
pathfinder for the €1.5 billion Square
Kilometre Array project.[294]

Transport

MyCiTi Bus in Cape Town

Modes of transport include roads,

railways, airports, water, and pipelines for
petroleum oil. The majority of people in
South Africa use informal minibus taxis
as their main mode of transport. Bus
rapid transit has been implemented in
some cities in an attempt to provide
more formalised and safer public
transport services. These systems have
been widely criticised because of their
large capital and operating costs. South
Africa has many major ports including
Cape Town, Durban, and Port Elizabeth
that allow ships and other boats to pass
through, some carrying passengers and
some carrying petroleum tankers.

Water supply and sanitation

Two distinctive features of the South

African water sector are the policy of free
basic water and the existence of water
boards, which are bulk water supply
agencies that operate pipelines and sell
water from reservoirs to municipalities.
These features have led to significant
problems concerning the financial
sustainability of service providers,
leading to a lack of attention to
maintenance. Following the end of
apartheid, the country had made
improvements in the levels of access to
water as those with access increased
from 66% to 79% from 1990 to 2010.[295]
Sanitation access increased from 71% to
79% during the same period.[295]
However, water supply and sanitation has
come under increasing pressure in recent
years despite a commitment made by the
government to improve service standards
and provide investment subsidies to the
water industry.[296]
The eastern parts of South Africa suffer
from periodic droughts linked to the El
Niño weather phenomenon.[297] In early
2018, Cape Town, which has different
weather patterns to the rest of the
country,[297] faced a water crisis as the
city's water supply was predicted to run
dry before the end of June. Water-saving
measures were in effect that required
each citizen to use less than 50 litres
(13 US gal) per day.[298] Cape Town
rejected an offer from Israel to help it
build desalination plants.[299][300][301][302]
Culture

The South African black majority still has

a substantial number of rural inhabitants
who lead largely impoverished lives. It is
among these people that cultural
traditions survive most strongly; as
blacks have become increasingly
urbanised and Westernised, aspects of
traditional culture have declined.
Members of the middle class, who has
historically been predominantly white but
whose ranks include growing numbers of
Black, Coloured and Indian
people,[303][304] have lifestyles similar in
many respects to that of people found in
Western Europe, North America and
Australasia.

Arts

Rock painting by the San people,

Cederberg

South African art includes the oldest art

objects in the world, which were
discovered in a South African cave and
dated from roughly 75,000 years ago.[305]
The scattered tribes of the Khoisan
peoples moving into South Africa from
around 10,000 BC had their own fluent art
styles seen today in a multitude of cave
paintings. They were superseded by the
Bantu/Nguni peoples with their own
vocabularies of art forms. Forms of art
evolved in the mines and townships: a
dynamic art using everything from plastic
strips to bicycle spokes. The Dutch-
influenced folk art of the Afrikaner
trekboers and the urban white artists,
earnestly following changing European
traditions from the 1850s onwards, also
contributed to this eclectic mix which
continues to evolve to this day.

Popular culture

The South African media sector is large,

and South Africa is one of Africa's major
media centres. While the many
broadcasters and publications reflect the
diversity of the population as a whole, the
most commonly used language is
English. However, all ten other official
languages are represented to some
extent or another.

Zulus performing a traditional dance

There is great diversity in South African

music. Black musicians have developed
unique styles called Kwaito and
Amapiano, that is said to have taken over
radio, television, and magazines.[306] Of
note is Brenda Fassie, who launched to
fame with her song "Weekend Special",
which was sung in English. More famous
traditional musicians include Ladysmith
Black Mambazo, while the Soweto String
Quartet performs classical music with an
African flavour. South Africa has
produced world-famous jazz musicians,
notably Hugh Masekela, Jonas
Gwangwa, Abdullah Ibrahim, Miriam
Makeba, Jonathan Butler, Chris
McGregor, and Sathima Bea Benjamin.
Afrikaans music covers multiple genres,
such as the contemporary Steve
Hofmeyr, the punk rock band
Fokofpolisiekar, and the singer-
songwriter Jeremy Loops. South African
popular musicians that have found
international success include Manfred
Mann, Johnny Clegg, rap-rave duo Die
Antwoord, rock band Seether and rappers
such as AKA, Nasty C and Cassper
Nyovest gained notoriety in other
avenues like the BET Awards for best
African acts.

Although few South African film

productions are known outside South
Africa, many foreign films have been
produced about South Africa. Arguably,
the most high-profile film portraying
South Africa in recent years was District 9
and its upcoming sequel, as well as
Chappie. Other notable exceptions are
the film Tsotsi, which won the Academy
Award for Foreign Language Film at the
78th Academy Awards in 2006, as well as
U-Carmen e-Khayelitsha, which won the
Golden Bear at the 2005 Berlin
International Film Festival. In 2015, the
Oliver Hermanus film The Endless River
became the first South African film
selected for the Venice Film Festival.

Literature

Alan Paton, anti-apartheid

activist and writer
South African literature emerged from a
unique social and political history. One of
the first well known novels written by a
black author in an African language was
Solomon Thekiso Plaatje's Mhudi, written
in 1930. During the 1950s, Drum
magazine became a hotbed of political
satire, fiction, and essays, giving a voice
to the urban black culture.

Notable white South African authors

include Alan Paton, who published the
novel Cry, the Beloved Country in 1948.
Nadine Gordimer became the first South
African to be awarded the Nobel Prize in
Literature, in 1991. J.M. Coetzee won the
Nobel Prize in Literature in 2003. When
awarding the prize, the Swedish Academy
stated that Coetzee "in innumerable
guises portrays the surprising
involvement of the outsider."[307]

The plays of Athol Fugard have been

regularly premiered in fringe theatres in
South Africa, London (Royal Court
Theatre) and New York. Olive Schreiner's
The Story of an African Farm (1883) was
a revelation in Victorian literature: it is
heralded by many as introducing
feminism into the novel form.

Breyten Breytenbach was jailed for his

involvement with the guerrilla movement
against apartheid. André Brink was the
first Afrikaner writer to be banned by the
government after he released the novel A
Dry White Season.

Cuisine

Bobotie Melktert

Potjiekos Koe'sister

The cuisine of South Africa is diverse,

and foods from many different cultures
and backgrounds are enjoyed by all
communities, and especially marketed to
tourists who wish to sample the large
variety available. The cuisine is mostly
meat-based and has spawned the
distinctively South African social
gathering known as the braai, a variation
of the barbecue. South Africa has also
developed into a major wine producer,
with some of the best vineyards lying in
valleys around Stellenbosch,
Franschhoek, Paarl and Barrydale.[308]

Sports

Cape Town Stadium is the 5th-largest

stadium in South Africa, with a
capacity of 55,000
South Africa's most popular sports are
association football, rugby union and
cricket.[309] Other sports with significant
support are swimming, athletics, golf,
boxing, tennis, rugby league, ringball, field
hockey, surfing and netball. Although
football (soccer) commands the greatest
following among the youth, other sports
like basketball, judo, softball and
skateboarding are becoming increasingly
popular amongst the populace.[310]

Association football is the most popular

sport in South Africa.[311][312][313]
Footballers who have played for major
foreign clubs include Steven Pienaar,
Lucas Radebe, Philemon Masinga, Benni
McCarthy, Aaron Mokoena, and Delron
Buckley. South Africa hosted the 2010
FIFA World Cup, and FIFA president Sepp
Blatter awarded South Africa a grade 9
out of 10 for successfully hosting the
event.[314] Player Benni McCarthy is also
a first-team coach for the English
football club Manchester United.[315] It
hosted the 1996 African Cup of Nations,
with the national team Bafana Bafana
going on to win the tournament. In 2022,
the women's team also won the Women's
Africa Cup of Nations, beating Morocco
2–1 in the final. The women's team went
on to reach the last 16 at the 2023 FIFA
Women's World Cup, beating Italy and
tying with Argentina in the group stage.
Famous combat sport personalities
include Baby Jake Jacob Matlala, Vuyani
Bungu, Welcome Ncita, Dingaan Thobela,
Corrie Sanders, Gerrie Coetzee, Brian
Mitchell and Dricus du Plessis. Durban
surfer Jordy Smith won the 2010
Billabong J-Bay Open making him the
highest ranked surfer in the world. South
Africa produced Formula One motor
racing's 1979 world champion Jody
Scheckter. Famous active Grand Prix
motorcycle racing personalities include
Brad Binder and his younger brother
Darryn Binder. Well-known active cricket
players include Kagiso Rabada, David
Miller, Keshav Maharaj, Quinton de Kock,
Rilee Rossouw, Anrich Nortje, Reeza
Hendricks and Faf du Plessis; most also
participate in the Indian Premier League.

The Springboks on their tour of the

country after winning the 2019 Rugby
World Cup

South Africa has produced numerous

world class rugby players, including
Francois Pienaar, Joost van der
Westhuizen, Danie Craven, Os du Randt,
Frik du Preez, Naas Botha, Frans Steyn,
Victor Matfield, Bryan Habana, Tendai
Mtawarira, Eben Etzebeth, Cheslin Kolbe
and Siya Kolisi. South Africa has won the
Rugby World Cup four times, the most
wins of any country. South Africa first
won the 1995 Rugby World Cup, which it
hosted. They went on to win the
tournament again in 2007, 2019 and
2023.[316]

Cricket is one of the most played sports

in South Africa. It has hosted the 2003
Cricket World Cup, the 2007 World
Twenty20 Championship. South Africa's
national cricket team, the Proteas, have
also won the inaugural edition of the
1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy by defeating
West Indies in the final. The 2023 ICC
Women's T20 World Cup was hosted in
South Africa and the women's team came
in second place. South Africa's national
blind cricket team also went on to win the
inaugural edition of the Blind Cricket
World Cup in 1998.[317]

In 2004, the swimming team of Roland

Schoeman, Lyndon Ferns, Darian
Townsend and Ryk Neethling won the
gold medal at the Olympic Games in
Athens, simultaneously breaking the
world record in the 4×100 Freestyle
Relay. Penny Heyns won Olympic Gold in
the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games, and
more recently, swimmers Tatjana
Schoenmaker and Lara van Niekerk have
both broken world records and won gold
medals at the Olympic and
Commonwealth Games. In 2012, Oscar
Pistorius became the first double
amputee sprinter to compete at the
Olympic Games in London. Gary Player is
regarded as one of the greatest golfers
of all time, having won the Career Grand
Slam, one of five to have done so.[318]

See also

South
Africa
portal

Outline of South Africa

Timeline of South Africa

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Further reading

A History of South Africa, Third Edition.

Leonard Thompson. Yale University Press.
2001. 384 pages. ISBN 0-300-08776-4.
Economic Analysis and Policy Formulation
for Post-Apartheid South Africa: Mission
Report, Aug. 1991. International
Development Research Centre. IDRC
Canada, 1991. vi, 46 p. Without ISBN.
Emerging Johannesburg: Perspectives on
the Postapartheid City. Richard Tomlinson, et
al. 2003. 336 pages. ISBN 0-415-93559-8
Making of Modern South Africa: Conquest,
Segregation and Apartheid. Nigel Worden.
2000. 194 pages. ISBN 0-631-21661-8.
South Africa: A Narrative History. Frank
Welsh. Kodansha America. 1999. 606
pages. ISBN 1-56836-258-7
South Africa in Contemporary Times.
Godfrey Mwakikagile. New Africa Press.
2008. 260 pages. ISBN 978-0-9802587-3-8.
 The Atlas of Changing South Africa. A. J.
Christopher. 2000. 216 pages. ISBN 0-415-
21178-6.
The Politics of the New South Africa.
Heather Deegan. 2000. 256 pages. ISBN 0-
582-38227-0.
Twentieth-Century South Africa. William
Beinart Oxford University Press 2001, 414
pages, ISBN 0-19-289318-1.

External links

South Africa
at Wikipedia's sister projects

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from
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Travel
information
from
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Taxa from
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Data from
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Scholia has a country profile for South

Africa.
Government of South Africa (http://ww
w.gov.za/)
South Africa (https://www.cia.gov/the-
world-factbook/countries/south-afric
a/) . The World Factbook. Central
Intelligence Agency.
South Africa (https://web.archive.org/
web/20081026035604/http://ucblibrari
es.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/southafr
ica.htm) from UCB Libraries GovPubs
South Africa (https://www.bbc.co.uk/n
ews/world-africa-14094760) from the
BBC News
South Africa luxury travel (https://www.
scottdunn.com/south-africa/guides)
from Scott Dunn
 Wikimedia Atlas of South Africa
Geographic data related to South
Africa (https://www.openstreetmap.or
g/relation/87565) at OpenStreetMap

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