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Chemistry class 12 (Delhi Public School, Damanjodi)

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Study of the Effect of Metal Coupling on

the Rusting of Iron
CHEMISTRY PROJECT

Grade-12 (2018-19)

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CERTIFICATE
NAME:

CLASS: 12

SCHOOL: Alpine Public School

This is certified to be the bonafide work of the student

in the CHEMISTRY LABORATORY during the
academic year 2016-17

Teacher in Charge:

Examiner in Charge :

Principal Signature:

s
School Seal:

Date:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deepest appreciation
to all those who provided me the possibility to
complete this project. A special gratitude I give
to our chemistry teachers, whose contribution in
stimulating suggestions and encouragement,
helped me to coordinate my project.

Furthermore, I would also like to acknowledge

with much appreciation the crucial role of
our head of the department, who gave the
permission to use the required equipment and
has encouraged me till the end.

I take this opportunity to thank our head of the

institution, who was always supportive and
helpful in fulfilling all our academic
requirements.

I must appreciate the guidance given by teachers

as well as my fellow mates, especially in our
project that has improved our presentation

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skills, thanks to their comments and advice​.

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INDEX
●AIM

●INTRODUCTION

●METHODS OF PREVENTING
CORROSION AND RUSTING

●INVESTIGATION OF
CORROSION AND RUSTING

●EXPERIMEMT

●BIBLIOGRAPHY

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AIM

INVESTIGATION OF CORROSION
AND RUSTING ON DIFFERENT
BRANDS OF BLADES

INTRODUCTION

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In the present age of science, metals and their alloys have

been finding wider use and an increasingly important role. Numerous
factories roll out several items made from them, ranging from pins to
huge and heavy electrical equipment.

Metal and alloy products, however, suffer from rusting and

corrosion. The process by which some metals when exposed to
atmospheric conditions, i.e. moist air, carbon dioxide, etc., from layers
of undesirable compounds is known as corrosion. The compounds
formed are usually oxides. Rusting is also a type of corrosion, but the
use of the term is restricted to iron or products made from it. Iron is
very a useful metal, but it rusts easily. About 20% of iron produced in
the world every year goes to replace the losses by rusting. It is,
therefore, the endeavor of manufactures to produce items which are
resistant to them or are least-affected by them. Many ways and means
have been adopted to protect products from rusting and corrosion.

RUST: - For a layman rust is a brown solid which appears because of

oxidation of iron due to the presence of oxygen and moisture in air. A
chemist may represent rust as hydrated ferric oxide Fe​2​O​3​.nH​2​O. The
oxide is non-sticking in nature and peels off exposing more iron surface
for further rusting.

Rusting may be explained by an electrochemical

mechanism. In the presence of moist air containing dissolved oxygen or
carbon dioxide, the commercial iron behaves as if composed of small
electrical cells. At the node of the cells, ions pass into solution as
ferrous irons.

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Fe ——> Fe​2+​ + 2e​-

The electrons form the above reaction move towards the
cathode and form hydroxyl ions.
H2​ ​O+(O)+2(e)-​ ​ ——> 2OH-​
Under the influence of dissolved oxygen, the ferrous ions
and hydroxyl ions interact to form rust, i.e. hydrated ferric oxide.
2Fe2​ +​ + H2​ ​O+(O) —>2Fe3​ +​ + 2OH
Fe2​ ​O3​ ​ + nH2​ ​O ——> Fe2​ ​O3​ ​.nH2​ ​O (Rust)

METHODS OF PREVENTION OF

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CORROSION AND RUSTING

As the prevention of corrosion and rusting is very

important, many methods are employed to prevent them. some of the
methods used are discussed below.

(a) BARRIER PROTECTION

In this method, a barrier film is introduced between the

iron surface and atmospheric air. The film is obtained by painting,
varnishing, etc.

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(b) GALVANIZATION
The metal-like iron is covered by a layer of more active
metal such as zinc. The active metal loss electrons in preference to
iron.
Zn — Zn2​ + ​+ 2e-

(c) ANTI-RUST SOLUTION

iron articles dipped into alkaline solution of phosphate or

chromate can also act as protection against rusting. These solutions
form a protective insoluble layer.

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INVESTIGATION OF CORROSION
AND RUSTING
EXPERIMENT OVERVIEW
MAIN OBJECTIVE:
To study the chemical aspects of corrosion and
rusting on different brands of blades.

BRANDS OF BLADES SELECTED:

Table -1 gives the brands of blades that were selected for
the experiment. The symbols used are given alongside.

Table-1​ Brands of blades Selected

S.NO. BRANDS SYMBOL

1. Topaz T
2. 365 B
3. Panama PA
4. Ashok A
5. Steelex ST
6. Zorrick Z

APPARATUS:​ The apparatus required is as follows:

1.​ 20 test tubes
2.​ Petri dishes
3.​ Beakers
4.​ Test tube stands
5.​ Cotton wool

CHEMICALS: ​THE chemicals needed are:

1.​ Distilled water
2.​ Indicator-cum-corrosion mixture

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3.​ Anhydrous calcium chloride

4.​ White paraffin.
EXPERIMENT- 1(A)

OBJECTIVE:
To observe the effect of humidity and temperature on
different brands of blades.

REQUIREMENTS:
Blades, tape, thread and humidity test chamber.
Description of Humidity Test chamber. The humidity test chamber is a
machine in which the effect of humidity and temperature on an object
can be observed over a desired period. The chamber consists of a
metallic box in which a thermometer and a hydrometer are provided to
show temperature and humidity. An object can be hung or placed in it.
The temperature and humidity are controlled by a bulb, fan and
circulating water system.

PROCEDURE:
Three blades of each selected brand were weighed in
an automatic physical balance at the laboratory, they were then tied
with threads of negligible weight. The blades were labelled and hung
with the help of threads, away from the fan and without touching each
other. The door was then closed. The humidity test chamber was
maintained at 400​ ​C temperature and 20 to 95% humidity.

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OBSERVATION:
The observations are tabulated in Table 2.

Table-2 ​Observation Table

S.No. Blades Symbol Wt. of blade i n mg Difference

used used Initial Final in mg
1. Topaz T​1 571 570 (-)1
2. T​2 585 584 (-)1
3. T​3 571 570 (-)1
4. B​1 570 569 (-)1
5. 365 B​2 586 585 (-)1
6. B​3 580 578 (-)2
7. A​1 586 584 (-)2
8. Ashok A​2 586 585 (-)1
9. A​3 588 587 (-)1
10. P​1 581 580 (-)1
11. Panama P​2 584 582 (-)2
12. P​3 584 582 (-)2
13. St​1 579 577 (-)2
14. Steelex St​2 581 580 (-)1
15. St​3 582 580 (-)2

INFERENCE:

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Corrosion took place in blades after they had been kept in

the humidity test chamber for 15 days.

Least corrosion was observed in Topaz, while maximum

corrosion was observed in Steelex. Panama, Ashok and 365 showed
moderate corrosion.

EXPERIMENT-1(B)

OBJECTIVE​:
To investigate the extent of rusting in different conditions of
rusting and rank the different brands of shaving blades according to
their rust resistance.

REQUIREMENTS:
The following are the requirements for conducting the
experiment:

1. 20 Test tubes,
2. Corks,
3. Beakers,
4. Test tube stands,
5. Tripod stands,
6. Cotton,
7. White paraffin,
8. Wire gauze,
9. Salt water,
10. Spirit lamp,
11. Anhydrous CaCl​2'
12. Blades, and
13. Distilled water.

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PROCEDURE: The procedure followed is given below:

1. Twenty test tubes were taken. They were divided into five groups
of four test tubes each. A group of four test tubes were assigned
for every brand of razor blade.
2. In each group the test tubes were marked 1,2,3 and 4.
3. The following four conditions were created to study rusting and
corrosion on the blades;

Blade in Contact with Air and Water:

In the test tubes marked 1, the
blades were covered with distilled water. The other half contained air.
The tubes were loosely corked.

Blade in Contact with Water:

In the test tubes marked 2, the blades were
covered with water from which dissolved air had already been
expelled. The test tubes were then firmly corked.

Blade neither in Contact with Water nor with Air:

In the test tubes marked 3, a few pieces of
anhydrous CaCl2​ were added and covered with cotton wool. The blades
were put over the cotton, wool and test tubes were firmly corked.

Blade in Contact with Salt Water and Air:

In the test tubes marked 4, salt water was
added. More than half of the blades were immersed in the salt water.
The test tubes were loosely corked.

4. The test tubes were kept in test tube stands. Observations were
taken after 10 days.

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OBSERVATIONS: The effects of blades under different conditions are

given in Table -3.

Table-3 ​Observation Table

S.No. Test tube Blade in contact Time duration Observations

No.
1. 1 With water and 10 days Become
air rusty
2 2 With water 10 days No effect
.
3. 3 Neither with 10 days No effect
water nor with
air

4. 4 With salt water 10 days Become

and air rusty

INFERENCE: From the observations we can infer the following:

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1. In the first case, the blade was in contact with water and air and
therefore got all the moisture needed for rusting. As a result, the
blades rusted.

2. In the second case, no rusting was observed. This was because

the blade was in contact with water from which air had already
been expelled and as such air (oxygen) was not available for
rusting.

3. In the third case, no rusting was observed. This was because the
test tube had anhydrous CaCl​2 and was firmly corked. Thus, it
was devoid of external air. Anhydrous CaCl​2 acted as a
dehydrating agent and absorbed all the moisture present in the
test tube. As a result, there was no moisture and air available for
rusting.

4. In the fourth case, rust appeared on the blades. The blades were
in contact with air and salt water. The salt water helped in
rusting. As chlorides, sulphates, nitrates, etc. were present in salt
Water, there was slow hydrolysis. Due to hydrolysis, HCl and
basic hydroxides were formed which caused the rusting.

The ranking of the blades based on their resistance to

rusting is given in Table 4

Table-4​ Ranking of Blades

BRAND OF BLADE RANK

Topaz I
Ashok II
365 III
Panama IV
Steelex V
Zorrick VI

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EXPERIMENT-1(C)

OBJECTIVE: To test the qualities of different razor blades.

REQUIREMENTS: The requirements are as follows:

1.​ Different brands of blades, and
2.​ Indicator-cum-corrosion mixture.

PROCEDURE: The indicator-cum-corrosion mixture was prepared

by taking 0.5 ml of 1% alcoholic phenolphthalein solution with 3 ml of
fresh potassium ferricyanide solution in 100 ml of 0.1 N NaCl Different
brands of blades was taken and kept in petri-dishes. Few drops of the
indicator-cum-corrosion mixture were put on the blades and changes
were observed.

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OBSERVATIONS: As the dissolved O​2 was used up, there

appeared pink and blue spots on the blades. Primary and secondary
distributions were observed as shown in Figs. 1 and 2.

INFERENCE: The pink and blue spots appeared on the blades due
to the development of cathodic and anodic ends. The cathodic end was
formed due to the conversion of neutral iron atoms into ferric ions by
the acid oxides present in the air. The anodic end was formed due to
the formation of negative ions.

The pink and blue colorations were due to the presence of

phenolphthalein. Sodium chlorides were converted into sodium
hydroxide, as a result of which there was pink coloration. The ferric
ions gave blue coloration with potassium ferricyanide.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-corrosion-2339700

https://xapps.xyleminc.com/Crest.Grindex/help/grindex/contents/
Metals.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cn_Vom--b4A

https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=YILALB8g3c0C
&oi=fnd&pg=PR17&dq=prevention+of+corrosion+and+rusting&o
ts=HnFEzmOoY0&sig=T5Ldkl8VbYWbiwFt63pskwzH91o

https://www.metalsupermarkets.com/how-to-prevent-rust/

https://www.krudoknives.com/krudo-khronicles/preventing-rust-st
eel-blades/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDas5ekKT94

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223109194_Effect_of_re
lative_humidity_on_the_unlubricated_wear_of_metals

http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions1/chemistry/red
ox/rusting%20agar%20results.htm

https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/what-do-the-blue-and-pin
k-color-of-the-rust-indicator-shown-mean.775704/

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http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/37516/7/07_chap
ter%201.pdf

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