Introduction

Waste Management
can be defined as the different strategies to eliminate the waste materials from the
environment, which include removal or degradation, processing, reusing/recycling, or
controlling the waste generation. Large amount of waste is produced by the food
industries in the form of undesired by-products including seeds, peels, bagasse, shells,
trimmings, and stems . Strategies of food waste conversion into value-added
commodities put an end to the problem resulted by the food waste in the environment
and provide economically viable production routes. The major characteristic features
that allow the utilization of food wastes to produce high-quality products have been
represented in Fig. 1. Food waste is generated in many types, including liquid, solid,
and semi-solid, such as wastewater, fats, used oil, toxic household materials, and
others. These wastes are known to possess potentially destructive consequences to
environment and human's health. Liquid waste is generated because of the water usage
in a large quantity for different purposes including cleaning, sanitation, cooking, and
transportation. Solid wastes are also compressed with lignin, cellulose, amylose,
and monosaccharides, expressing nutrients in contaminated shape. The major
determinants to expand environmentally-responsive technologies founded on cheaper
food products to accomplish global targets of biofuels, chemicals, and biomaterials are
demanded worldwide for their rapidly growing vitality even though fossil fuel price,
diminishing natural resources, and improving taxes of natural materials are inevitable.

Although, the generation of industrially-suitable compounds clearly provide an

excellent
opportunity to transform food waste substrates, a comprehensive appraisal of the
automation supported by improving processing economics is important before scaling
up and marketable execution. The appropriate strategy must survive power supply
restrictions.

Food wastes

Source of sustainable raw materials

Preliminary research on food waste indicates that every year almost 85

million tons of food waste is discharged from the food-related industrial
units . Most organic food wastes display various textures, pH differences,
and are defined by increasing biological oxygen demand (BOD)
and chemical oxygen demand (COD) values. Waste promotes the
reproduction grounds for disease-causing microorganisms on corrosion
leading to bacterial pollution and cause severe environmental problems.
The idea of wastes transformation into bioenergy and different entity bio
products and chemicals is an emerging research arena with a tremendous
capacity for handling this crisis. Due to the presence
of lignocellulose properties and rich cellulose and lignin content, wastes

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from the food industry are exceptionallyimpressive to use as renewable
substrates for transformation procedures.

Fig1: Essential features of food-based waste material for conversion to high quality products

Types of Waste Management

1. Animal feed
Most Asian countries like Taiwan, Japan, South Korea have a requirement for
animal feeding. The food wastes are cost-effective alternative to animal feed rather

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than carrying them to a landfill. Extra food can also be supplied to pet food suppliers
or zoos. There are many such ways to feed livestock, save money, and benefit the
world

2. Anaerobic digestion
In this process, the food waste is fragmented, filtered, and used into the digestion tank,
where the digestion takes place at temperature range of 55 to 60 °C.
The digestate primarily contain 50% dry solids. Biogas is produced in this process
which is decontaminated and used in the process of power generation

3 .Composting
Biodegradable yard waste is decomposed in a specially engineered medium due to a
shortage of landfill space. Composting method implicates the consumption of
only biodegradable waste materials. In this biological process, degradable organic
waste is converted into useful chemicals by microorganisms, especially fungi and
bacteria. The carbon and nitrogen content of the end-product remain high which
resembles soil. Compost is used to make good quality environmentally sustainable
manure, and is an ideal medium for growing plants, and can be used for agricultural
purposes

3. Incineration
This involves the burning of the solid waste at a very high temperature, until the waste
burns and turn to ash. This process is carried out in different ways in which extreme
amount of heat is supplied when burning the solid waste. The process was that
recycled heat energy through the furnace, and boilers are called waste-to-energy plant.
Waste-energy plants are expensive to construct and manage compared to
plain incinerators, because they require specific equipment and controls. Auxiliary
fuel systems with highly trained engineering professionals, individuals, counties, and
even institutions may practice this form of solid waste management. This approach
has the advantage of reducing waste volume by up to 20% to 30% [

4. Landfill
Creation of landfills or pi
ts and dumps is the major food waste management method in all advanced countries
worldwide. Many new landfills are collecting potentially hazardous wastes, reducing
toxic landfill gas emissions by converting them to energy. Landfill has a very high
economic and social expense

Bio Valorization

Biomass valorization is the process of adding value to different types of plants and
residues: food crops (starch-rich) and residues (e.g., rice and corn husks), aquatic
plants (e.g., algae), lignocellulosic plants (e.g., grass), municipal waste, animal waste,
and so on

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In the bio-valorization process, a variety of industrially-related chemicals
including biopolymers, biofuels, organic acids (malic, succinic, fumaric, itaconic
acids, glutamic, and 3-hydroxy propionic acid), enzymes, and functional sugars are
generated . Carbohydrate-rich food processing waste is prone to enzymatic
valorization, isomerase, and hydrolase will enzymatically produce useful biological
commodities, such as prebiotic and sweeteners to generate fermentative products
affecting lactase, hydrogen, bioethanol, or oil.

Table 1. Studies reporting food waste valorization into bioenergy

Waste Bioconversion End-product Total yield Reference

substrate method

Food Dark Biohydrogen 70 mL H2/gVS Elbeshbishy

waste fermentation et al. [94]

Synthetic Anaerobic Biomethane 864.19 mL/g Junoh

food waste digestion VS et al. [95]

Food Anaerobic Biomethane 316 mL Zhang, Lv

waste digestion CH4/gVS et al. [70]

Kitchen Anerobic Biomethane 354 ml/L d Shahriari

waste digestion et al. [96]

Food Dark Biohydrogen 162 Jang

waste fermentation mLH2 /gVS et al. [97]

Food Dark Biohydrogen 18 L H2/L/d Kim

waste fermentation et al. [98]

Food Dark Biohydrogen 14.6 mL/h Elbeshbishy

waste fermentation et al. [99]

Food Dark Biohydrogen 55 mL H2/gVS Elbeshbishy

waste fermentation et al. [94]

Food Two stage Co-production 43.0 mL Ding

waste anaerobic of hydrogen H2/gVS, et al. [100]
digestion and methane 511.6 mL
CH4/gVS

Food Two stage Co-production 13.33 mL Jia

waste anaerobic of hydrogen H2/h, et al. [101]
digestion and methane 15.81 mL
CH4/h

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Enzymatic Conversion of Food Wastes

Enzymes have been reported for different applications including biofuel production,
laundry detergents, pharmaceutical, food, and biomedical purposes during past few
years. Enzymes are biocatalytic proteins that are commonly used in industrial
procedures
Introducing modern specialized bioprocesses as an alternative to conventional
chemical catalysts and improving the need for biocatalysis has driven the demand for
engineered enzymes with distinct economic and biocatalytic characteristics.
The enzyme catalytic activities are impeded due to the temperature and pH variations
and artificial industrial bioprocessing situation of inadequate water activity. The
above-stated difficulties are severe desire in this research area because the future of
enzymatic biocatalysis has not been fully affected and searching out new and useful
strategies to date. Under extremely reasonable environmental conditions, chemical
reactions are carried out by the enzymes with high specificity and huge stereo-
selectivity, resulting in the installation of greener and eco-friendly chemical
procedures .

Renewable energy and biogas from food-derived wastes

Biogas is a mixture of gasses produced by the anaerobic decomposition of organic

matter without oxygen, principally carbon dioxide and methane. Biogas may be
derived from agricultural waste, plant materials, municipal waste, manure, green
waste, sewage, and food-derived wastes. Biogas is a renewable source of electricity.
Two approaches for processing biogas are anaerobic digestion of methanogen or
anaerobic species that digest the material in a closed environment and
ferment biodegradable materials. An anaerobic digester, also known as a biodigester
or a bioreactor provides a closed system for biogas generation. Biogas is a renewable
energy supply for the local grid that generates both electricity and heat. Biogas
processing has many benefits for the atmosphere, businesses, and individuals
concerned. Reduced emissions of greenhouse gasses like methane, CO 2, and nitrous
oxide have major environmental benefits (Whiting et al., 2014). The reasons for
construction of environmental biogas plant include waste management or waste
reduction to renewable produce in agriculture, industrial, commercial, and domestic
production. For the construction of the biogas plant, it is needed to supply raw
materials, which the capacity of realism of the project. The presence and availability
of feedstocks supply are essential pre-requisites for the implementation of the biogas
plant project. It must be possible to sell or use the produce from the plant end-product,
such as biogas, biomethane, energy, heat, and digestate .
Location of raw materials these raw materials can be of different kinds such as,
liquid, solids waste many more, the availability of these waste may determine the
location and the efficiency of construction. The energy is dependent on the crude oil,

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coal, and natural gas, which are non-renewable resource of energy. Modern economy
is more dependent on the availability of crude materials which has impact on the
society such as the damage to the climate. The basic advantage of biogas production
from waste resources is to transform waste materials into important and useful
materials using the substrate for anaerobic digestion. Different nations are
encountering problems related to the over-production of organic wastes. This
production of biogas from organic waste needs a lot of manpower, the collection of
waste disposal and the transportation of feedstock, development of machinery, and
equipment, construction, and maintenance of the biogas plant. This means the
consideration of the development in biogas sector will create more job opportunities
that will aid the new developing nations and the world economy in increasing its
individual income. By the manufacturing of feedstock digestate as fertilizer, the
biogas provides a good nutrient and also carbon cycle, which methane (CH4)
production of energy, carbon dioxide (CO2) release to the atmosphere, use by the plant
for photosynthesis.