Mw e

G E S E N I US ’

H E BR E W GR A MMAR
A S E D ITE D A N D E N LA RG E D B Y T H E LATE

E . K A U TZ S CH
P RO E O R
F SS OF T E O LO G
H Y IN THE UN VI E SI T
R Y OF H ALLE

S E CO ND E N G LI S H E D IT IO N

R EVIS ED IN A CC O RD A N C E WI T H TH E TW E NT Y E IG H T H
- GE R MA N
E DIT IO N ( 1 909) BY

A . E . CO W L E Y

W IT H A FA C SIMIL E OF TH E M I N S C RIPTI O N B Y J E UT I N G
S IL O A .
, AND

A TA BL E OF A LPH A B E TS B Y M LI D ZB A R S K I
.

O XF O R D

AT T H E CLA R E ND ON PR E SS
 n
Oxford U ive rsity P ress A men H ouse , L ond on E C 4
, .
’
.

GLASGOW NE W Y ORK TORO TO MELB OURNE WE LI GTO

N L N N

B OM A AL TTA MA RAS ARA I A E TOW

B Y C CU D K CH C P N IB AA D N

Geoffrey Oumb erlege , P u b lish e r t o th e Un ive rsity

S E O N E N GLI S E ITI O N Q
C D H D I IO

R E RI N T E LI T OG R I LL IN G R E T RIT
P D H A PH CA Y A B AI N

AT T H E I ERSI T R E SS O X O R 9 46 9 4 9 9 5
UN V Y P , F D 1 1 1 2, 1 956
R O M O RRE T E S EE T S S E O N E ITI O N
, , ,

F C C D H OF THE C D D
 TR A N S L A T O R S PR E F A CE
’

TH E t ranslat ion of t h e t w ent y -six th German edit ion of

t h is g ra mma r , orig inally p re

p a red b y t h e R ev G . . W . Co llins
a nd rev ise d b y me , w as p ub li sh ed in 1 8 9 8 S i nc e t h at .

da t e a t w ent y-sev ent h German e di tion h as a pp eare d ; and

Pro f K a ut z sc h w as a lrea d enga g ed on a t w ent y -eigh th in
.
y
19 0 8 w h en t h e Eng l ish t ranslat ion w a s b ec oming e xh a ust e d .

He sent me t h e sh eet s a s t h ey w ere p rint ed o ff, and I b eg a n

rev ising t h e former t ransl a t ion in o rder t o p ro duc e it as

soon pas ossib le a fte r the co mp let ion of t h e Germa n . Th e

w h ole of t h e E nglish h as b een c a re ful ly c omp are d w it h t h e
ne w e dit ion, a nd, it is h op ed, imp ro v e d in many p o int s w h il e ,

Pro f K a ut z sch s o w n c orrect ions a nd a ddit ions h a v e o f c o urse

’
.

b ee n inc orp o rat ed .A s b efore, t h e p lan a nd arrange ment o f

th e o rig ina l h av e b e e n st ric t ly follow ed, so t h at t h e re feren ces
for sec t ions a nd p a ra ra h s
g p c orresp o n d ex a ct ly in Germa n
a nd E ng lish . Dr D riv er h as
. a
g a inm o st
g e nero usl
y g iv en

up t im e , in t h e midst o f o t h er eng ag ement s t o reading t h e

,

sh eet s, a nd h a s ma de numero us sug gest ions . T o h im a lso a re

c h iefly due t h e e nlar e

g ment Of t h e index o f sub ect s, j so me
e xp ansio ns in t h e n ew index of H eb rew w ords, and so me
a ddit ions t o t h e index p assag es, w h ereb y w e h op e t o h a v e
Of

ma de t h e b o ok more serv ic ea b le t o st uden t s I h a v e al so t o .

t h ank my young friend y R D ,

MG
riv er, of Winc h est er r . o dfre .

Colleg e , for so me w el c ome h elp in c orrec t ing p ro o fs o f t h e

H eb re w index a nd t h e index o f p a ssag e s J N nDW‘ nan

My
.

an c orrec t ion s h a v e b e en sen t t o me b y sc h o la rs w h o h av e

used t h e fo rmer E ng lish e dit ion, esp e c ia l ly t h e R ev W E
MP
. . .

B l omfie ld, t h e R ev S H ol mes, r. Wilso n Pro f W it t on

MG
. . . .
,

D a v ies, r. . H S kip w it h ,
. a nd a n unkno w n c o rre sp ondent
iv T r a nsla t or s P r e
f a ce

at West Croydon . Th ese, as w ell as su gestions

g in rev iew s,

h av e a ll b een c onsidere d, a nd w h ere p ossib le, ut iliz ed . I a m

a lso much indeb t ed t o t h e Pre ss-readers for t h e great c a re

w h ic h t h ey h av e b e st ow ed on t h e w ork .

F inally , I must p a y a n a ffec t ionat e t rib ut e t o t h e memo ry

o f Pro f K a ut z sc h , wh o die d in t h e S p ring o f t his y ea r, sh or tl y
.

a ft er finish ing t h e l a st sh e et s of t h e t w ent y-eigh t h e dit ion .

F or more t h an t h irt y years h e w a s indefat ig ab le in imp rov ing

t h e succ essiv e edit io ns o f t h e G rammar Th e German t rans .

la t ion of t h e Ol d Test ament first p ub lish ed b y h im in 1 8 94 ,

w it h t h e c o -op era t ion of ot h er sc h ola rs, under t h e t it le D ie
H eilige S elir ifi des A Ts , an d no w ( 1
9 10
) in t h e t h ird a nd

much enla rg e d edit ion, is a v al uab le w ork w h ich h as b een

w ide ly a p p re c iat e d : t h e Ap ocr yp h en a nd P seu dep ig rap hen
des A Ts, edit e d b y h im in 1 9 00, is anot h er imp ort ant w ork
b esides w h ich h e p ub lish ed h is Gr a mma t ik des B i blisch
A r a mciiscken in 1 8 8 4 , t w o useful b roc h ures B i belw issensehaft
'

w a d R eligion su nt er r ieht in f
9 0 0 , and Die blei ben de B edeut ung
1

des A Ts in 1 0 six ul l t ures o n D ie P oesie un d die

9 3 , o
p p a r ec

p oetisch en ales A Ts in 1 9 0 2, h is art icl e

B a cker R el ig ion of

in H ast ing s D i ctio na ry of t he B ible, v

’ ’
I sra el .

pp 6 1. 2— 7
3 4 ,
n ot to ment io n minor p ub lic at ions . Hi s deat h
is a serio us l oss t o B iblic a l sc h ola rship , w h ile t o me a nd

to ma ny o t h ers it is t h e l oss of a most kindly friend ,

re m ark a b le a lik e fo r h is si mp le p iet y and h is ent h usia s m for

learning .

MA GD A I EN C OLLE G E ,
OXF O RD ,

S ep t. 1 91 0 .
 FRO MT H E GE R MA N P R EF A CE

TH E p resent (t w ent y igh t h ) edit ion of t h is G ra mmar, like -e 1

t h e former o n es t a kes a c co unt a s far as p ossib le o f a l l imp o r

,

’
t an t new p ub lic a t ions on the sub e c t ,
j e sp e c ially J B a rt h
. s

Sp r a chw i ssen schaftlich e Un tersu chun g en z u m S emitisch e n,

p t i,
.Lp z 1 9 7
0 t h e i
. mp o r t a n t w o rk s of C B roc k el ma nn
(for .

t h e t it l es se e t h e h ea ding of 1 v ol . i of t h e Gr und r iss w a s

8) P K ah l e s D er m a sor etisch e Text des A Ts
’
finish ed in 1 90 .

na ch d er Uberlieferu ng der ba byloniseken J uden , Lp z 1 9 0 2 .

i
(g ng
v i on p 5 1 if an out line o f H e b re w a c c idenc e fro m a

MS
. .

K it t el s B iblia H ebr a i ca Lp z
’

B a b ylonia n . at B erlin) R .
, .

1 0 5 f , 2 v ols (disc rimina ting b e t w een c ert a in , p r ob a b l e , a nd

9 . .

ro ose d e menda t io ns ; se e N
’
end) Th l d ek e s B eit r a ge
’

p p 3 9 ,
O .

mi t Sp r a ch w issensch aft S t ra ssb urg ; Ed

’

eu r se 1 9 04 S iev ers
Mt
.
, , .

e r isch e S tu dien (for t h e t it l es of t h ese st rikin

g w ork s see

Th e imp ort ant w ork of J . W . R ot h st ein, Gru ndz u g e

des h ebr R h ythm/ us, 81 0 (see al so 2 r ) un fort una t ely ap p eared
. .
,

t o o la t e t o b e use d Th e t w o larg e comment a ries e dit e d b y

.

N owa ck a nd M ti ar h a v e b een rec ent l

y c om
p l et e d ; a nd in
P H aup t Polyc h rom e B ib le (S B OT) ix (
’
. s , p ar t K ing ) by
s

S t a de and S ch w a ll y w a s p ublish ed in 1 9 0 4 .

F or full rev iew s o f t h e t w ent y -sev ent h edit ion, w hich of

course h a v e b een c onsi dered a s c a reful ly as ossib le I h av e

p
M Mg My
,

t o t h ank ax ar ol is ( in H eb ra i ca , 1 9 ,
0 2
p . 1 5 9 ff) , a er

H a l l e in pp smal l 8 vo)
1 813
Th e fi rst e d it io n a p p ea re d a t 1
( 20 2 . t w el ve
mo re e d it io n s w e re p ub lish e d b y W G e se n iu s . h im se l f, t h e fourt ee nt h t o t h e
t w e n t y fi rst 8
( 45 -1
8 7 ) y
2 b1 E R od ig e r , t h e t w e n t y -se c o n d t o t h e t w e n t
.
y
e ig h t h ( 1 8 7 8 —1 1 0
9 ) b y E K aut zsc h T h e fi rst a b r idg e d e d it io n ap p e a re d in
. .

1 8 9 6, t h e se c o nd a t t h e same t i me a s t h e p re se n t ( t w e n t y - e ig h t h ) l a rg e

U b u ng sb uc h ( E xe rc ise s)
’
e d it io n . Th e fi rst e dit io n of th e ‘
t o G e se n ius
K aut zsc h ’
s H e b re w G ra mma r ap p eare d in 1 88 1 , th e Si xth in 1
90 8 .
vi Fr om the G erma n P r efa ce

L a mb ert ( R E J . 1 0
9 2, p .
3 7 fit
0
) , a nd H O ort
( Th eol t d . .

sch r ift 9 0 2 , p 3 7 3 ff )
,
1 . . F o r p art ic ula r remarks a nd c orrec
t ions I must t h ank Pro f J B a rt h . .
(B erlin) ,
D r Ga sser , past or
.

in B uc h b erg , S c h a fi h a usen, B K irsch ner, O f Ch a rlott enb ur ,

.
g
( c ont rib ut io ns t o t h e inde x p )of a ssa
g e s ,
Pa st or K Oh ler, of

A ngst , D r Lieb ma nn, . of K uc z kow , Posen, Prof Th N Oldek e , . .

of S t ra ssb urg , Pa st or :
S . Preisw erk j unior, oi B el le, D r .

S ch wa rz , of Leip z ig , an d Pro f B S t a de,

. . of Giessen ( die d in

S p ecial mention must b e ma de of the ab un da nt h e lp

rec eiv ed from t h ree old friends of t his b ook, Pro f P H aup t , . .

of B a l timore, Prof K nudt z on, . of K rist ia nia , a nd Pro f H . .

S tra c k, of B erlin, and a lso , in c onnex ion w it h t h e p resent

edit io n, Prof H Hyv erna t , of t h e Univ ersit y o f Wa sh ing t on,
. .

who h a s rendered great serv ice e sp ecially in t h e c orrec t ion

and enla rg e ment o f t h e index es . I t a ke t his p p ort unit
y of O

t h a nking t h em a ll a
g a in sinc er el
y . And I a m n o less gra t eful
al so t o my dea r c olleag ue Pro f . C . S t euernag el for t he
unw earying c ar e w it h w h ic h h e h as h elp ed me from b eg inning
to end in c orrec t ing the p roo f-sh ee t s .

A mong mat erial c h ang es int roduc ed int o t h is edit ion may
b e m ent ioned t h e a b ol it ion of t h e t er m S w d mediu m
e
10 d) .

I n t his I h a v e a do
p t e d,
no t w it h out h esit a t ion, t h e v ie w s of

S iev ers I find it , h ow e v er, quit e imp ossib l e t o follow h im in

.

rej ec t in
g all dist inc t ions OT q uant it y in t h e vo w el s I t is no .

doub t p ossib le t h at such mat t ers may in t h e sp oken lang uag e

h a v e w o rn y d iffe rent a
a v er
pp ea ranc e a nd es ec ia ll
p y t h a t in ,

th e p er io d o f nearl
y a t h o usan d y ea rs, o v er w h ic h t h e O ld

T est a ment w rit ing s e xt end, v er

y g rea t v a ria t ions may h av e
t a k en p la c e . O ur dut y , h o w ev er, is to re
p resent t h e
lang uag e in t h e fo rm in w h ich it h as b een h anded dow n
t o us b y t h e M a so re t es ; a n d t h a t t h is form inv ol v es a dis
t inc t ion b e t w e en unc h a ng ea b l e , t one-lo ng , a n d sh ort v o w els,

ad m it s in my O p inio n o f no doub t . Th e disc ussion o f a ny

ea rlier st a e o f
g dev el o p m ent b elong s not t o H e b rew g
rammar

b ut t o mp ara t iv e S emit ic p h ilology

co .

T h e same a nsw er may b e made t o B eer s desire ( TItLZ

’
. 1 90 4 ,
 Fr o m the G er ma n P r efa ce

c ol .
314 f.
) fo r h ist orica l H eb rew grammar desc ri b ing t h e
an

a c t ua l ro w t h o f t h e la n ua e o n a b asis o f c o m a rat iv e
g g g p
p h i lo l og y , as it may st ill b e t rac ed w it h in t h e na rro w limit s
of t h e O ld Te st ame nt S uc h ma t erial as is a v a ila b le fo r t h e

p urp ose oug h t indeed t o b e h onest ly set fo rth in t h e new e di

t ions of G esenius ; b ut B eer see ms t o me to a p p raise such
ma t erial much t oo h igh ly w h en h e re fers t o it a s necessi
t at ing an h ist orical gra mmar In my o p inion t h ese h is
‘ ’
.

t or ic al differe nc es h av e for t h e most p a rt b een ob l it erat e d

b y t h e h armonizing ac t iv it y o f th e Ma soret es .

E . K AU TZS CH .
 A DD ITION S A N D COR R E CTIO N S

Pag e 4 2 , l ine 1 3 from b elow , for not e 1 r ea d not e 3 .

ee also Wic kes, P rose A c centua t ion, 1 3 0 f , 8 7 n

Pag e 6 3 , 1 5 19 [S . . .

o , h ow ev er, reg ards t h e sup erl ine ar, B ab ylonia n syst em as t h e

( w h
e arlier
) ; a nd Ginsb urg , I ntroduc tion to t he H ebr ew B ible, 7 6 , 7 8 In .

H ebrew B ible, ed 2 p p 1 0 8 f , 2 6 7 f , t h e t wo
’
G in sb urg s . . . .

syst e ms of div ision a re p rint ed in extenso, in p a rallel c o lu mns— t h e

1 0 v erses Of the sup erlinear ( B a b ylonia n
) syst e m c onsist ing
(n
i
E x odus) of v .
( as numb ered in ordinary x )
te t s ,

a nd t he 1 2 v erses of th e sub l inear (Palest inia n

) syst e m, c onsist ing o f

—S R D
]
-1 6 17
V .

Pag e 6 5 , no te 1 , for teas r ea d 18 18 (as 1 0 5 a ) 5 .

[E dit ions o ft en v a ry in individual

p a ssag es, as reg a rds the ac c en

t uat ion Of t h e first syllab le : b ut in t h e 7 oc c urrenc es O f NJN ,

a nd t he 6 of ms ,
B aer, Ginsb urg , and K it t el ag ree in h aving a n
a cc ent on b ot h syllab le s (a s 3 95
1
5) in G n Ex t
i an d
M et h eg on t h e first syllab le and an acc ent on t he sec ond syllab le
(
as

in 2 20
?
= K 3
I s 3 8 , Jon “ 2
, 4 , l/’
I 1 1 8 25 3 5
,
Dn 9 4
,
Ne
x
e c ep t t h at in (I; 1 1
“
t— S R D
6 Ginsb urg h as ”fis . . .
]
Pag e 7 9 , before an -m x c ep t ions to b After
22 3, s s in sert e are .

J er 3 9
12
a dd
15
[1 2
5
; a nd
for Ez 9 6
r ea d E zr

[S O B aer ( c f h is not e o n Jud al so Jer and se ve ra l

43
. 20 ; on

of th e ot h er
p assag es in quest ion) : b ut Ginsb urg o nly in 1 0 of t h e
e x c ep t ions t o b, and ac ob b en Ha J
yyim a nd K it tel o nly in 5 , v iz .

J —S R D
)
21
er Pr 1 1 , 5
it 5 2 , E z r . . .

Pag e 1 1 1 ,
l ine 1 2, for mm"rea d Nina .

Pag e 1 2
3, § 45 e, a dd : cf . a lso ag ent) foll ow ed
.
by me ,
Is 1 3
Am 4 “
1 1 5 d) .

P ag e 1 75 , 67 . S ee B H alp er,
. Th e Part ic ip ial format ions o f t h e
Ge minat e Verb s In ZA W . 1 91 0, p p 4 2 if , 9 9 {f ,
. . 20 1 ff .
( al so dealing
w it h t h e regula r v erb
) .

Page 1 7 7, at the end of 6 7 g t h e follow ing p arag rap h h a s b een

ac c ident-ally o mit t ed
R em
A ccording t o t h e p rev ailing view, t his st rength ening of t h e
.

first radical is merely int ended t o g ive t h e b i-lit eral st em at least

 A dditions a nd Cor rections
( Possib ly a ided b y t he gy of v erb s Ys ,
’
a t ri-l it eral a p p eara nc e. a nalo

as P H aup t h as sugg est ed t o me in conv ersat ion )

. . B ut c f K aut z sch ,
.

D ie sog a ramaisierenden F ormen der Verb a im Heb r in Orien ta l

’
. . .

S t udien zu m 7 0 Gebur tst a g Th N oldelces,

. .
9 0 6 , p 7 7 1 if I t is t h ere
1 . .

1 st ra dic al o ft en serv e s t o em h a
sh ow n
( )
1 t ha t t h e sh arp e ning o f th e p
i
s ze a
p art ic ula r me a ning
(cf W5”
. b ut tn; a nd Db } a nd 5 02 ,

0 35? doub t t o dissimilat e t h e

and a nd else w h ere no v ow els
(a s
fi a‘ nev er
"
12, 5
2 2 ,
&c .
) ( 2) t ha t t h e sh a rp e ning of the 1 st

radical oft en a to be oc c a sio ned b y t he na t ure of t h e first l et t er

p p ears
of the m e sp ec ia lly wh en it is a sib ilant . W h et h er the masoret ic
’

st e

M
,

p ronunciat io n is b ased on an early t radit ion, or t h e asora h as arb i

t rarily a dop t ed ara maiz ing forms t o at t ain t h e ab o ve j

o b ec t s, must b e
left undec ide d .

Pag e 1 9 3 , the seco nd and t hird p a rag rap h s sh ould h av e t h e marg inal
let t ers d and e res e c t iv ely
p .

18
Pag e 20 0 , 72 2, fter E st
line 2, a 2 a dd 4
Pag e 8 4 3 a dd 7 p 2 S
“
23 2, ,
l

22
Pa g e 2
3 6, ,
30 E z r 4
8 5 0 a dd OBI2
- .

Pag e 2 73, 9 3 qq end, a dd 11 “ l Jer 5 5

,
DQ‘
Tfl
-
,
Dt‘
fi l?
’
E2 20
5
,

nlDDWI S La 1
16
(c f K Onig , ii
. .
 LI S T O F A B B R E V I A T I O NS

Th e following ab b reviat ions h ave oc c a sional ly b een used for w orks a nd

p e riodical s freq uent ly q uot ed
A JS L . Americ a n Jo u nal of S emit ic Languag es
r .

CI S Corp us I nsc rip t ionum S e mit ica rum

M
. .

Ed a nt. = B ib lia Heb ra ic a ex rec ensione S al No rz i edidit Rap h ael

Mt
. .

H ayyi m B a sila , a n ua e 1 7 4 2—4 .

B ib lia Heb raica ex rece nsione D E . . Jab lon ki s ,

B erolini, 1 69 9 .

Jew ish Q uart erly R eview .

Die K eilinsc h rift en das Alt e Test a ment , 3 rd ed

und . by
H Zimme rn
. and H Winc kl e r, 2 v ols , B e rlin, 1 9 0 2 f
. . .

L exicon A He b re w and E ng lish Lex ic on of t h e Old Test ament , b ased

on t h e Th esa urus a nd Le x ic on of
G esenius, b y F B row n, .

S R Driver,
. . a nd C A B rig g s,
. . Ox fo rd, 1 9 0 6 .

J . B a rt h , Die Nominalb ildung in den se mit isch en S p ra c h en .

Lp z 1 8 8 9 - 94 . .

Nac h ric h t en de r Get t ing er Gesell sch aft de r Wissensc h aft en .

Orient alist isch e Lit erat urz eit ung . Vienna , 1 8 98 if.

R ealencyc l op adie fur p ro t est a nt isc h e T h eol og ie und K irc h e,

3 rd ed b y A Hauc k Lp z 1 8 96 if
. . . . .

Proc ee ding s o f th e S ociet y o f B ib lic al Arch aeology . London ,

1 879 if
.

R e vue des Et udes Juives . Paris, 1 8 80 if .

Th e ( H eb rew ) Pe nt at euc h of t h e Sa ma rit a ns .

Sac red B o oks of t h e Ol d T est a ment , ed . b y P Haup t . . Lp z .

a nd B a l t imore , 1 8 9 3 if .

Th L Z . Th eolo g isc h e Lite rat urz eit ung , ed . by E . S c h urer . Lp z .

1 8 76 ff .

Vordera sia t isc h e B ib l iot h ek, ed b y A . . Je re mias a nd H . Winek

le r Lp z 1 90 7 if
. . .

Zeit sc h rift fur Assy rio l ogie und v erw a ndt e Geb iet e, ed. by
C B ez ol d
. Lp z 1 8 8 6 if . . .

Zeit sc h rift fur die al t t est ament lic h e W issensch aft ed by

M
.
,

B S t a de, Giessen,
. 1881 {f ,.
7 by K
a nd sinc e 1 90 ar t i . .

Zeit sc h rift der deut sc h en mo rg e nla ndisch e n Gesel lsc h a ft ,

Lyz . 1 8 46 iii , sinc e 1 9 0 3 ed . b y A Fisc h er . .

Z DP V . Ze it sc h rift des deut sc h en Pa last inavereins, Lp z . 1 878 if ,

sinc e 1 90 3 ed . b y C S t euernag el
. .
 CO N T E N TS

AD D I T I O N S A ND CO RR E CT I O NS
LI S T OF A BBR EV I A T I ON S

TA B LE OF EA R L Y S E MI TI C AL P H AB ET S
S I L OA M I N S C RI P TI O N

INTRODUCTION

l . Th e Semit ic Lang uag es I n Gen eral .

2 S ket c h
. of t h e Hist o ry of t h e Heb rew Lang uag e
3 . Gra mmat ic a l Trea t ment of t h e Heb rew La ng uag e
4 . Division and Arra ng ement oft h e Gramma r

F IR ST PAR T

E LE MENTARY PR I NCI PLE S, OR T HE S O UNDS AND

CHAR ACT ER S

CH A P T ER I . TH E I N D I V I D U A L S O U N D S A ND CH A R A CT E RS
5 . Th e Consonant s : t h e ir Fo rms a nd Name s
6 Pronunc ia tion
. and Divi sion of Co nsonant s
7 . Th e Vow els In Ge neral , Vow el Let t eI s a nd Vowel S ig ns .

8 . Th e Vow el Sig ns I n p art ic ular

Ch a rac t er o f t h e sev eral Vow els
o Th e Half Vo wel s and t h e Syllab le Divider ( sw a)
.

1 O t h er Sig ns w h ic h affec t t h e R ea ding

.

1 2 Dag eS in g ene ral ,

. a nd Dag eS fort e in p a rt ic ula r
1 3 Dag es l en e
Mp p iq
.

14 . a a nd R ap h e
§ 15 Th e Ac c e n t s
Mq q Mt h
.

16 Of a e p h a nd e eg

M
. .

17 . Of t h e Q P
Ie an d K t h ib h
e
. a sora marg inalis a nd finalis

C HA P T ER II . PE C U L I A R I E S A N D CH A N G E S O F LET T E R S
TI : THE

S Y LLA B L E A N TH E TO N E
D

18 1n g e neral
.

1 9 Ch a ng e s o f Consona nt s
.

20 Th e S t reng t h ening (Sh arp ening )

. of Consona nt s
 Contents
PA G E
Th e Asp irat ion o f t h e Tenues 75
Pec ul ia rit ies o f t h e Gutt ura l s 76
T h e F eeb l eness of t h e Gut t urals R a nd n 79
Ch ang es o f t h e W eak Let t ers 1 a nd 82
Unc h ang eab le Vo w els 84
Syllab l e format io n a nd it s Influenc e Q uant it y of Vow els
th e 85
‘

-
on

Th e Ch a ng e of t h e Vow els, e sp e c ia lly a s re ards Q uant it y

g 88
Th e R ise o f New V ow el s a nd Syllab l es 92
Th e To ne, it s Ch ang e s, and th e Pause 94

SE CON D PA R T

E TY MOLOGY , O R THE PAR TS OF S PE E CH

3 0 S t ems
. and Ro ot s ; B il it eral , T ril it eral , a nd Q uadrilit eral
31 . Grammat ical S t ruc t ure

CH A P T ER I . TH E PR O N O U N

Th e Pe rsonal Pronoun . Th e S ep arat e Pronoun

Prono minal Sufli xes
Th e Dem onst rat ive Pronoun
Th e A rtic l e
Th e R el at ive Prono un
Th e Int errog at ive a nd Indefi nit e Pronouns

CH A P T ER II . TH E V E RR
38 . General Vie w
39 Ground-fo rm a nd Deriv ed S t ems
Md
.

l§ 40 Te nses
. . oo s. Fle x ion
‘

41 . Varia t ions from t h e Ordina ry Form of t h e S t rong Verb

I . T h e S t r o ng V e r b .

42 In g eneral
. .

A . Th e Pure S t em, or Qa l .

It s F orm a nd M eaning

x
Fle io n of t h e Pe rfec t of Q al
Th e I nfinit iv e
Th e I mp e ra t ive
Th e I mp erfec t a nd it s In fle xion
Sh ort e ning and Leng t h ening of t h e Imp erfec t a nd I mp e rat ive .

Th e J u si
s ve an d Coh ort a t ive
T h e Perfec t a nd Imp erfe c t w it h W aw Con se c ut ive
Th e Pa rt ic ip l e
 Contents x iii

B . Verb a D eri vative , or D er ived Conj -ug a t ions .

51 . Nip h al

5 2 Pi el
. a nd Pu al .

53 Hip h 11 a n d HOp h al
.

5 4 Hit h p a é l
‘

§ .

55 Less Common Co n ug a t ions

. j
5 6 Q uadril it e ral s
.

C . S t rong Verb w ith Pronomina l S i g/fi xes .

57 I n g en era l 1 54
b
.

T h e Pro n omina l S uf fix e s of t h e Ve r 1 55
Th e Pe rfec t w it h Prono minal S uffi x es 1 58
Q 6 0 Imp erfec t w ith Pro n ominal Suffi x es 1 60

61 . I nfi nit ive, I mp erat ive and Pa rt ic ip l e w it h Prono minal S ffix es u 1 62

Verbs w ith Guttura ls .

62 I n g enera l
.

63 Verb s First Gutt ura l

Middl
.

64 Ve rb s
. e Gut t ural
65 Ve rb s Th ird Gut t ura l
.

II . Th e W ea k V erb .

66 Ve .
s Pri mae R a dica lis Ni m( 1 ED)
"
67 . Verb s it v

Th e Wea kest Verbs ( Verb a Q uiescentia ) .

”
V erb s N 5
Verb s V s
'
. First Cl ass, 01 Ve r b s o rig inally 1 £1 ”

’
V e rb s p rop erly V s
”
Verb s 1
51 S ec ond Cl a ss, or

d
.

o r Ve rb s w it h Y odh a ssimilat e
”
V erb s ‘
D . T h iI d Cl ass,
Ve rb s
Verb s m iddle i (vulg o It)
Verb s N s
'

n5
”
Ve s

Verb s Doub ly We a k .

R el a t ion o f t h e W eak Verb s t o o ne a not h er

Verb a Defec t iva

CH A P T ER III . TH E NO U N

79 . General View
8 0 Th e I ndic at ion
. of Gender In Nouns .

81 . Deriva t ion of Nouns .

8 2 Primit ive Nouns

.
xiv Cont ents
8 3 Ve rbal Nouns
. In Gene ral .

Nouns de rive d from t h e Simp l e S t em

8 45 Fo rmat io n
. Noun s fro m t h e I nt e nsive S t em
of

8 5 Nouns w it h Pre format ive s a nd Afformat ives

.

8 6 Denominat ive Nouns

.

87 . Of t h e Plural
88 O f t h e Dual
t
.

8 9 Th e Genit ive
. a nd t h e Co nst ruc t S ta e

9 0 R e al
. a nd sup p o se d R ema ins of E a rly Case-ending s
91 . Th e No un w it h Prono minal Suffi x es
9 2 Vow el Ch ang es in t h e No un
M
.

9 3 Pa ra dig ms o f
. a sc ulin e Nouns

94 F ormat ion
. of F eminine Nouns
95 . Para dig ms o f F eminine Nouns
96 Nouns
. of Pe c ul iar F o rmat ion
97 . Numeral s .
(a ) Cardinal Numb ers
98 . Numerals .
(b) Ordinal Numb ers

CH A P T ER IV . TH E PA RT I C LES
General View
Adve rb s
Prep o siti ons
Prefixed Prep osit ions
‘

Prep osit ions wit h Prono minal Pl ural

Form
Con j unc t ions
Int e j ec t ions
r

T H IR D PAR T

SYNTAX

CHA P T ER I . TH E PA R T S OF SP EE C H
I . S y n t ax of t h e V erb .

A . Use of t he Tenses a nd Md oo s .

Use of t h e Perfec t
Use o f t h e Imp e rfec t
Use o f t h e Coh o rt a t iv e
Use of t h e Jussive
Th e I mp e rat iv e
T h e Imp erfec t w it h W aw Co nsec ut ive
Th e Pe rfe c t w it h Wfiw Consec ut ive
 Contents XV

B . The I nfi nit ive a nd Pa rt icip le .

1 13 . Th e Infinit ive Ab sol ut e

1 14 Th e I n finit ive Const ruc t
j ec t a nd
.

1 15 . Co nst ru c t ion of t h e I nfinit ive Co nst ruc t w it h S ub

Ob j ec t .

1 16 Th e Part ic ip l es
.

C . The Government f
o th e Verb .

Th e D irec t S ub ordina t ion of t h e Noun t o t h e V e rb as

Ac c usa t ive of t h e Ob j ec t . T h e Doub l e Acc usat ive

T h e Looser S ub o rdinat ion of t h e Acc usa t ive t o th e V erb
Th e S ub ordinat io n of Nouns t o t h e Verb b y means of

Pre p osit ions

Ve rb a l I dea s under t h e Governmen t of a Verb . Co-o rdi nat ion
of Comp lement a ry V erb a l Ideas
Const r uc t ion of Passive Verb s

II . S y nt ax of th e N o un .

1 22 I ndic at ion
. of t h e Gender of t h e Noun
1 23 . Th e R ep resent at ion o f Pl ural I deas b y means O f Cll o ec t iv es,

a nd b y t h e R ep et it ion o f W ords .

1 24 Th e V ario us Uses of t h e Plural-F orm

.

1 25 Det erminat ion

. of Nouns in g eneral . Det ermi nat ion of

Prop er Names
1 26 Det erminat ion b y means o f t e Ar ic l e
. h t .

1 27 Th e Noun det ermined b y a foll owing Det erminat e Gen t ive

. i .

1 28 . Th e I ndic at io n of t h e Genit iv e Relat ion b y means of t h e

Co nst ruc t S t at e
1 29 E x p ression of t h e Genit ive b y Circ uml oc ut io
. h
1 30 W ider Use o f t h e Const ruc t S t a t e
. .

1 31 Ap p osit ion
.

1 3 2 Connex ion o f t h e S ub st a nt ive w it h t h e Ad

. j ec t i ve .

1 3 3 Th e Comp arison
. of Ad j ec t i ( Perip h rast ic
ve s . e x p ression of
t h e Co mp arat iv e a n d S up erla t ive )

1 34 Synt a . x of t h e Numera l s

III . S yn t a x of t h e P r o no un .

13 5 . Th e Person al Pronoun
1 3 6 Th e Demo nst rat ive Pro noun
.

13 7 . Th e Int erroga t iv e Pronoun

1 38 . Th e R elat ive Pronoun
1 39 . E x p re ssion of Pronominal Ideas b y means of S ub s t nt i
a ves
 xv i Cont ents

CH A P T ER II . TH E S E NT E N C E
I . T h e S e nt e n c e in G e n e ral .

Noun clauses V erb al-c lauses,

,
and t h e Comp ound S ent en c e
Th e Noun-c la use
Th e Ve rb al c la use
Th e Co mp o und S ent e nc e
Pec uliarit ies I n t h e R ep resent at ion of t h e Su bj ec t (esp ec ially
in t h e Vei b al c l ause )
Ag reemen t b et w een t h e M
e mb ers of a S ent en c e, es ec ial l
p y
j
b et ween S ub ec t a nd Pre dic at e , in resp ec t o f Gender and
Numb er
Const ruc t ion of Co mp ound S ub j ec t s
I ncomp l e t e S ent enc es

II . Sp e c ia l K in d s of S e n t e nc e s .

148 . E x c l a ma t ions
1 49 . Sent en c es w h ic h e xp ress an Oat h or Asse ve ra t ion
1 5 0 Int errog at ive S ent enc e s
.

151 . Desiderat iv e S ent en c es

1 5 2 Neg at ive S ent enc es
.

15 3 R est ric t ive a n d Int ensiv e Clauses

.

1 54 S e nt e nc es c onnec t ed b y
. Waw
1 55 R elat ive Clauses
.

1 5 6 Circ umst a nt ial Clause s

.

15 7 . Ob j ec t c l auses (O rat io Ob l iq ua )

158 . Causal Cla uses

1 5 9 Condit ional Sen t ence s
.

1 60 . Co n ce ssiv e Cla uses

1 61 . Comp arat ive Clauses
1 62 Dis
. j unct i ve S ent ences
1 63 . Adv ersat iv e a nd E x c ep t ive Cla uses
1 64 Temp o ra l Cl a use s
.

1 65 . Fina l Clauses
1 66 Conse c ut ive Cl auses
.

1 67 . Ap osiop esis, Ana c olut h on , I nvolved Se ries o f S e nt e nc es

PA R A D I G MS
I ND E x OF SU BJ EC S T

E OF
I ND X HE B R E W W O R DS

IND E X O F PA S S A G E S
 H E B R EW GR A MMA R
I NTR OD UCTI O N

1 . The S emitic La ng ua g es i n Genera l .

S t a de , Leh rb der h eb r Gramm , L p z 1 8 7 9 , 5 2 fi E K b nig , H ist -kr it

'

B . . . . . . . .

Leh rgeb der h ebr S p r , i Lp z 1 8 8 1 , 3 H S t ra c k, B ir d in das A T , 6 t h c d ,

M
. . . . . . . . . .

un ic h , 1 9 0 6 , p 2 3 1 H ( a g oo d b ib l i o g rap h y o f a ll t h e S e m it ic d ial e c t s) ;
. .

Th N Ol d eke , a r t ic l e ‘ S e mit ic L a ng uag e s , in t h e 9t h e d o f t h e E ncycl B rit

’
. . . .

( D ie semit S p rach en, z ud e d , Lp z a n d B et tr zur sem S p ra ch wiss , S t r a ssb ,

m
. . . . . . .

19 0 4 ; W W r ig h t , L ectures on th e Comp ara tive Gra ma r of th e S emi tic L a ngua g es,

.

Ca m b r 1 8 9 0 ; H Zur K ara kt erist ik de r se m S p ra c h e n , in t h e

’
. R e k
c e n do f,
r
‘
. .

X m " Con res i nterna t d es Orienta listes at G e n ev a i n i ii 1 112

A c tes d a g .
( .
,

L e ide n, 8 9 6 ; O E L ind b erg , Verg l Gra mm der sem Sp ra ch en, i A : K onsona n

1 . . . . .

t ismus, G o t h e n b urg , 1 8 9 7 ; H Z imme rn , Vergl Gra mm der sem Sp rac h en, . . . .

B e rl in , 1 8 9 8 ; E K b n ig , H ebraisch a nd S emitisch : Prolegomena und Grundli nien

‘

einer Gesek der sem S p rach en, &c , B e rl i n , 1 9 0 1 ; C B roc ke l mann , S emitisch e
. . . .

S p rach wissensch aft, L p z 1 9 0 6, Grundriss d er verg l Gra mm d er sem S p ra ch en.

. . . .

v ol 1 ( L aut und F o rme nl eh re ) , p ar t s 1 —5 , B e r lin , 1 9 0 7 f a nd h is K urzg ef

—
. . .

rergleich end e Gra mm ( Por t a L ing O r ) B e rl in , 1 9 0 8

. Th e ma t erial c on ta in e d . . .

in in sc rip t ion s h as b e e n i n p r oc e ss of c o l l e c t io n S i n c e 1 8 8 1 i n t h e P a ris

Corp us I nscrip ti onum S emiticarum To t h is t h e b e st int ro d uc t io ns a re L idz . M .

b arski’ s H andbuch der N ordsem E p ig rap h ik, W e imar, 1 8 9 8 , in 2 p ar t s ( t e t a n d

. x
p l a t e s) , a nd h is E p hemeris zur sem E p ig rap h ik ( 5 p art s p ub l ish e d) , G iessen , .

1 9 0 0 f [G A C ook e , H a nd book of N orth -S emiti c I nscri p tions, O fo rd ,

. . . x
1 Th e H eb rew languag e is one b ranc h of a reat family of la n a
.
g
g uag es in West ern A sia wh ic h w a s indig enous in Pale st ine, Ph oenic ia,
S yria , M
esop ot a mia , B ab ylo nia , A ssyria , a nd A rab ia , t h a t is t o say,

in t h e c ount ries e x t ending from th e Mdit e erranean to the ot h er side

of t h e E up hrat es a nd T igr is, and from t h e mount a ins of Armenia t o

t h e sout h ern c oast of Arab ia . In ea rly t imes, h o w ev er, it sp read from
A rab ia Ab yssinia, and b y means o f Ph oenic ian c olo nies over ma ny
'

ov er

islands and sea-b oa rds o f the Mdit e erra nean , a s for inst anc e t o t h e
Cart h ag inian c oast . No mp reh ensive desig na t ion is found in early
co

t imes for t h e languag es a nd na t ions of t his fa mily ; t h e name S emi tes

or S emitic 1
languages (b ased up on t h e fa c t t hat acc ording t o GB 1 0
21

almost all nat ions sp eaking t h ese la ng uag es are de scended from
S hem) is, h ow ev er, now g enerally acc ep t ed and h as a c c o rding ly b een ,

r et a ne i h
d e e
r
2
.

F i rst u se d b y S c h l b ze r i n E ic h h o rn’ s R ep ertorium f ur bibl u maryenl . . .

Li teratur, 1 7 8 1 , p 1 6 1 . .

9
F ro m S h e m a re d eriv e d ( C u t h e A ra maea n a nd A rab fa m il ie s
a s w e l l a s t h e H e b r e w s, b ut n o t t h e Ca n aa n it e s ( P h o e n ic ia n s) , w h o a re t rac e d
b ac k t o H a m ( v v “ 5 it ) , a l t h oug h t h e ir l a ng uag e b e l o n gs de c id e dl y t o w h a t
.

is n o w c a ll e d S e mit ic Th e l a ng ua g e of t h e B a b y l o nia ns a nd As sy ria n s a l so

.

w a s l o n g ag o S h o w n t o b e S e miti c , ust a s A SSur ( G D is in c l ude d a mong j

t h e so n s o f S h e m .

C OWL BY
 2 I ntr oduction 1 b- d

b 2 . Th e b et t er known S emitic la ng uag es may b e sub di v ided

‘
as

follow s

I. Th e S o ut h S emit ic or Arab ic b ranch . T o t h is b elong , b esides

t he c lass cal i lit erary lang uag e of t h e A rab s a nd th e modern v ulg a r

A rab ic , t h e A rab ic p r ese rv ed in t h e S ab aean insc rip

older sout h ern

t ions (l ess c orrec t ly calle d H imyarit ic ), and it s o ffsh oot , t h e G e ez o r

'

E t hiop ic , in A b yssinia .

II . Th e Middl e S emit ic or Canaanit ish b ranch . To t h is b elong s

t h e H eb re w of t h e O ld Te st a ment w it h it s desc endant s, t h e N ew
H eb rew , as fo und p in t h e
es ec ially ish na (see b el o w, M
3 a ), a nd
R ab b inic ; also Ph oenic ian, w it h Punic ( in Carth ag e a nd it s c olonies),
a nd t h e v arious re mains of Ca naanit ish dialec ts p reserved in names o f

p lac es a nd p ersons, a nd in t h e insc rip t io n o f MeS a

‘

,
king of Mboa .

C III . Th e N ort h S emit ic or Ara maic b ranch Th e sub div isions .

of t his are Th e E ast e rn Ara maic or S yriac t h e lit erary lang uag e
Md
,

of t h e Ch ristia n S yrians . Th e rel i ious

g b ooks of t he an a eans

( Naso raeans, S ab ia ns, al so c alle d t h e disc ip l es of St . J oh n) rep r esent

a ve ry deb a sed of
fsh oo t of t h is . A J ewish modific a t ion of S yria c is
to be seen in t h e lang uag e of th e B ab ylonian Talmud ( 2 ) Th e .

Western or Palest inia n A ra ma ic , inc or rec t ly c alled a lso

‘
Ch aldee
’
.
2

This lat t er dialect is rep resent ed i n t h e O ld Test ament b y t wo words

47
in GB 3 1 , b y t h e v e rse Jer and t h e sect ions D n 2
‘ 28
to 7 ;
- 8 18
E z r 4 t o 6 , and as w ell as by a numb er of J
non- ewish

inscrip t io ns a nd J ewish p ap yri (see b elow, unde r m), b ut esp e c ially

by a c onsiderab le J
sec t ion o f e w ish lit e rat ure
( Ta rg ums, Pa le st inia n

Gemara, To t he me b ranch b elong s

sa al so t h e S amarit an, w it h
it s ad mix t ure of Heb rew forms, a nd, x
e c ep t for t h e ra t h er A rab ic
colouring of t h e p rop er name s, t h e idiom of t h e N ab a t aea n insc rip t ions
in t h e S inait ic p eninsula, in t h e E ast of Palestine, & c .

F o r furt h er p art ic ula rs ab out t h e re ma in s O f W e st e rn A ra ma ic ( inc l udi ng

t h o se in t h e N e w T e st i n t h e P a l my re ne a n d E gy p t ia n A ra ma i c in sc rip t ions)
se e K a ut z sc h , Gra mm des B iblisch -A ra maisch en, Lp z 1 8 8 4, p 6 if
. . . .

(I IV . T h e E ast S emit ic b ra nch , t h e lang uage of t h e A ssyrio

B ab ylc nian c une ifor m insc rip t ions, t h e t h ird l ine of t h e Ac h aemenian
inscrip t ions .

On t h e imp or t a nc e of A ssyria n for H eb rew p h ilology e sp ec i al ly fro m a

x
l e ic og rap h ic a l p oint o f v ie w c f F rie d r
. De lit zsc h , Prolegomena eines neuen
.

1
j
F o r c o n ec t ures as t o t h e g radua l d iv e rg en c e o f t h e d ial e c t s ( fi rst t h e
'

B ab y loni an , t h e n Can aanit e , i nc l uding H e b rew , l ast ly A ra ma ic a nd A rab ic )

fro m p rimit i ve S e mit ic , se e Z im me rn , K A T , ii p 64 4 fi
3 ’
. . . .

9
I n a w ider sense all Jew ish A ramaic is somet ime s cal l e d ‘ Ch al dee
§ 1 e, f] T he S emitic L a ng uag es in G enera l 3
h ebr -a rarn
. . Worterbuch s z um A .
,
L Tp z. 1 8 8 6 P H a u p t , A ssy rian Ph o nol og y,
.
‘
.

i n H ebra ica , Ch ic ag o , Jan 1 8 8 5 , v ol 1 3 D e l it z sc h , A ssy risch e Gra m-

. . . ma tik,
2n d e d B er l i n , 1 9 0 6
. .

I f t h e ab ov e division int o four b ranc h es b e reduc ed t o t wo p rinc ip a l

g roup s, N o I as S out h S emitic , will b e

.
, cont ra st e d w it h t h e t h ree

N o rt h S emit ic b ranch es ‘
.

A ll t h e se l angu ag e s st an d t o o n e a n ot h er in muc h t h e sa me re l a t io n as t h ose 6

o f t h e G e rm an i c fa m i ly ( G ot h ic , Ol d Norse , D a ni sh , S w e d ish H ig h an d L ow
G e rm an in t h e ir e arl ier a nd l a t e r d ia l e c t s) , or a s t h e S l av o n ic l a ng uages
( Lit h uan ia n , Le t t ish ; Old S l av o n ic , S er b ia n, R ussi an ; Po l ish , B oh e mia n ) .

Th ey a re n ow e it h e r w h oll y e t in c t , a s t h e Ph oe n ic ia n a nd A ssy r ia n , o r x
p r e se rv e d o n l y i n a d e b a se d fo rm as N CO -S
y riac a m o ng S y ria n C h rist ia n s
M
,

e sop ot a mia a n d K urdi st a n , E t h io p ic ( Ge e z) i n t h e l a t e r

'
a n d Je w s i n
A b y ssin ian d ia l e c t s ( Tigre, T ig rifi a , A m h aric ) , a n d H e b re w a mo ng so me
x
mod e rn Je w s, e c e p t in so fa r a s t h ey at t e mp t a p ure ly lit e rary re p ro duc t ion
o f t h e l a n g uag e o f t h e O l d T e st a me n t A rab ic a l o n e h as n o t only o c c up ie d .

t o th is d a y it s o rig inal a b o d e in A ra b ia p rop er, b ut h as also forc ed i t s w a y in

a l l d i re c t i o n s in t o t h e d o main o f o t h e r l a nguag e s .

T h e S e m it ic fa mily o f l ang ua g e s is b ound e d o n t h e E ast an d N or t h b y a no th e r

x
o f st ill w i de r e t e n t , w h ic h rea c h e s fro m I nd ia t o t h e w e st e rn l i mi t s o f

m sin c e i t c o mp rise s, in t h e m o st v ar ie d
2
E urop e , a n d is c al le d I nd o G e r a - n ic

r a m ifi c at ion s, t h e I nd ia n ( S a n sk ri t ) , O l d a nd Ne w Pe rsia n, G re e k , L a t in ,

S l a v o n ic , as w e l l a s G ot h ic a n d t h e o t h e r G e rm a nic l ang ua g es W it h t h e .

O ld E gyp t ia n l a n g uag e , of w h ic h C o p t ic is a d e sc e nda nt , as w e l l a s w it h t h e

l a ng uage s o f n ort h -w e st e rn A fric a , t h e S e mit ic h a d from t h e e arl ie st t ime s
muc h in c om mon , e sp ec ial l y in g ramm at ic al st r uc t ure ; b ut o n t h e oth e r
h an d t h e re a re fun da me nt a l d i ffe r e nc es b e t w ee n t h e m, e sp e c ial l y from a
x
l e ic og rap h ic al p o in t o f v i ew se e E rm a n , D as V e rb al tn is d e s A e gyp t isc h e n
z u d e n se mit isc h e n S p ra c h e n , in t h e ZD G lv i , 1 8 9 2, p 9 3 111 , and B roc ke l M x . .

m an n, Grundriss, i 3 . .

Th e g ra mma tica l st ruct ure o f t h e S emit ic fa mily of lang uag es,

3
f
.

as c o mp ared w it h t h at of ot h er l a ng uag es, esp ec ia lly t h e I ndo-Germa nic ,

e xh ib it s numero us p ec uliarit ies wh ic h c oll ec t ively c o nst itut e it s dis

t inc t ive c h a ra c t er, alt h oug h ma ny o f t h em a re found sin l in o t h er
g y
a re— mong t h e w h ic h in fa c t form
languag es . Th e se ( )
a a c o nso nant s,

t he sub st a nce O f t h ese la ng uag es, occ ur p eculiar g ut t urals of different

g r a des ; the v ow el s a re sub ec t , j wit h in t h e same c onsonant a l frame
w ork, t o great c h ang es in order t o e x p ress v arious modifica t ion s of
t h e sa me stem-meaning ; ( b) t h e word-st e ms a re almost inv ariab ly
t rilit eral , i . e co. mp osed o f t h ree consona nt s ;
( c) t h e v erb is re st ric t ed
t o t w o t ense-forms, w it h p ec ulia rly regulat ed use ;
a
( )
d t h e noun

h as o nly t wo g ende rs ( masc and fem ) and p eculiar

. . e x p edient s are
adop t ed for t h e p urp ose of indic at ing t h e c ase -rela t ions ;
()
e the

1
H o mme l , Gru ndriss der Geogr a nd Gesek des a lten Orients, un ic h , 1 9 0 4 , . . M
p .
7 5 112, p re fe rs t o dist ing uish t h e m a s E aste rn a nd W e st e rn S e mit ic
b ran c h e s T h e ir g e ogra p h ica l p osi t ion , h ow ev er, is o f le ss i mp o rt a nc e t h an
.

t h e g e ne a l og ic a l re l a t ion o f t h e v ario us gr oup s of dia l e c t s, as rig h t ly p o int e d

o ut b y A Jere m ia s in Th LZ 1 9 0 6 , c o l 2 9 1
M
. . . . .

9
F irst b y K l a p rot h i n A sia Polyg lotta , Paris, 1 8 23 ; c f Leo ey er in Na ch .

rich ten d Gott Gesellsch aft, 1 9 0 1 , p 4 5 4

‘

. . . .

13 2
 4 I ntroduction 1 g l
-

ob lique c ases of t h e p ersonal p ronoun, as well as all t h e p ossessiv e

p ronouns j
and t h e p ronominal ob ec t of th e v erb ,
are denot ed b y forms
a p ended direc t l
p y t o t h e g ov erning w ord (suffi x es) ; ( f ) t h e almost
c omp le t e a b sence of c omp ounds b ot h in t h e noun w it h t h e e x c e t ion
( p
of ma ny p rop er names
) a nd in t h e v erb ; (g )g m p l i i
reat
c si
t y in t h e
e xp ression o f synta ct ic al g t h e l i
re at ons, e .
,
. small numb er o f ar t icl e s
p
a nd t h e rev alenc e o f sim l e c o-o rdina t ion of c la use s w it h out er iodic
p p p
st ruc t ure Classic a l A rab ic and Syriac , h ow eve r, form a not nu
.

imp ort ant x c ep tion as reg ards t h e last ment ioned p oint
e -
.

g 4 F rom a le x ic og rap h ic a l p oint of v iew a l so t h e v oc ab ulary of th e

'

S emit es diffe rs e ssent ia lly from t h a t of t h e I ndo-G ermanic la ng uag es,

al t h o u h t h re is a rent ly more a reement h e re t ha n in t h e rammar
g e
pp a g g .

A c onsidera b le n umb er o f S emit ic r o ot s a nd st e ms ag ree in sound

w it h sy nony ms in t h e I ndo-Germanic family . B ut a

p art fro m ex

i
p ress ons ac t ual ly b orrow ed ( se e b elow , unde r i), t h e rea l si mila rit y
may b e reduc ed t o imit at iv e w ords (o nomat op oet ic a ) ,
and t o t h ose
in whic h one a nd the sa me idea is p resent ed b y similar sounds in
re

c onsequence of a format iv e i nst inc t c o mmon t o t h e most va ried

families of languag e . Neit h er of t h ese p ro v es any hist or ic or gen eric

r el at ion, for w h ich an ag ree ment in grammat ic al st ruc t ure w oul d al so
be nec essary.

Co mp F rie dt D el it z sc h , S tudien uber indog enna msch -semitisch e Wurz elverwa ndt
’

M
. .

sch aft, L p z 1 8 73 ; N old e c h e n , S emit Glossen eu F ick a nd Curtius, ag d e b

M
. . .

1 8 76 f c C ur d y , A rg o -S emitic S p eech , A nd o v e r , U S A , 1 8 8 1 T h e p h o ne t ic
M
. . . . .

r e l a t io n s h av e b e e n t h oroug h l
y inv e st ig at e d b y H ol le r i n S emit isch und .

I ndog erma nisch , Te il i, K onsona ntcn, C op e nh ag en a n d Lp z 1 9 0 7 , a w o rk w h i c h .

h as e v o ke d c onsidera b l e c ri t ic ism .

h A s o nomat op oe t ic w o rds, or a s st e m-sound s o f a similar c h arac t e r, w e may

mp are ,
1 n? Aeixw, ling o, S kt lih , E ng to lick, F r Iech er , G e rm
’

co e. g .
p9) , o . . . .

lecken ; 55g (of 5351 5333) .

,
k iw, volvo, G erm .
quellen , wa llen, E ng . to well ;

n an “ 1 a cir r au P e rs kh drida n, I t al ra tta re, F r ra tter, E ng

‘

g, D
'

lj , x
“ p r
, g g . to . . .

gra te, to scra tch Ge rm kra tzen ; 3 1 g fra ngo, G e rm b rech en, &c ; R e uss, Gesch
, . . . .

B raunsc h w 1 8 8 1 , p 3 8 , d raw s a tt e nt ion m oreov e r

‘

der h l S ch nften
. . .

t o t h e S e mit i c e q uiv a l e n t s for ea rth , six , seve n , h orn, to sound , to mea sure, to mix,
to smell, to p lace, clear, to kn eel, ra ven, g oa t, ox , &c A n e am p l e o f a so me w h a t . x
diffe re n t kin d is a m, h a m ( 8 a m) , ga m, ka m, i n t h e se nse of t h e G e rma n sa mt ,
z usa mmen, tog eth er ; in H e b re w op s ( w h e nc e
} mgr; p eop le, p rop e rly asse mbly) , D}?
( with ) mt, DE a lso, moreover, A rab ”DB to collect ; Pe rs h a m h a ma h (a t th e
sa

M
. . ,

sa me t ime ; S h t sa md
) (with ) , G k &ua (anew ) , ey es, 6am? ( 5740 10 5 , a ti as) , and
. .

h a rde r non/ 69 , L a t cum, cumulus cunctus w it h t h e c orre sp o nd i ng sib ila nt S kt

. , .

sa m, G k o u r, ( a , fw o
. s é xo w o s, G ot h sa ma , G e rm sa mt, sa mmeln b ut many of . .

t h e se inst anc e s a re do ub t ful .

i Essent ially different from t h is int e rnal c onne x ion is t h e o c c ur

rence of me words in different lang uag es wh ere one la ng uage

the sa ,

h a s b orrowed direct ly from t h e oth er S uch loan-words are .

 6 IntrOduction 1 t, m

Wit h the x
e cep t ion of t h e A ssyrio-B ab ylonian ( c uneifo r m), all

v ariet ies of S emitic w rit ing, al t h oug h differing w idely in some resp e ct s,

are deriv ed from one a nd th e sa me o rig inal alph a b e t , rep resent ed o n

e x ta nt monument s most fait hfull y b y th e ch aract ers used on the st el c

of Mes a
'

,
king of Mb oa ( see b elow , 2 d), and in t h e old Ph oenician
insc rip t ions, of w hich t he b ronz e b owls from a t emple of B aal

( CI S i . . 22 if . a nd Plat e I V ) a re so mewh at earlier t h an Mesa . Th e

ol d H eb re w w rit ing , as it ap p ea rs o n the monument, t h e S iloam
olde st

insc rip t ion ( see b elow , 2 d) , e x h ibit s essent ial ly t h e same c h arac t er .

Th e o ld Greek , and indirec t ly all E urop ea n alp h ab et s, are desc ended

from t h e old P h oenician w rit ing (
se e 5 i) .

l S e e t h e Tab le o f A l p h ab e t s at t h e b eg in nin g o f t h e G ram mar, w h ic h sh ow s

t h e relat io n s of t h e o lder v a rie t ies o f S e mit ic w riting t o o n e a n ot h e r a n d
e sp e c ial ly t h e orig in of t h e p re se nt H e b re w c h a rac t ers fr om t h e ir p rim it iv e
fo rms F or a mo re c omp l e t e v iew , se e G e se nius’ S crip tura e lingua eq ue Phoen icia e
.

monumenta , L ip s 1 8 3 7 , 4 t o, p t i p 1 5 iii , an d p t iii t ab 1 —5 F rom n u me ro us

. . . . . . . .

m onume nt s sinc e d isc ov e re d , our know l edge of t h e S e mit ic c h a rac t ers,

e sp e c ial ly t h e Ph oe n ic ia n h as b ec o m e c o n si d e ra b l y e n l a rg e d an d m or e
,
a c c urat e . . x
Cf t h e al l b ut e h aust ive b i b liog rap h y ( from 1 6 1 6 t o 1 8 9 6) in
Lid z b a rski s H a ndbuch der N ordsemitisch en Ep igrap h ik, i p 4 if , a nd o n t h e
’
. .

orig i n o f t h e S e m it ic al p h a b e t , i b id , p 1 73 fit , a n d Ep h emm s ( se e t h e h ea di ng
’

. .

o f 5 1 a ab o v e ), i p p 1 0
9 1 4 2 , 26 1 ff a n d h is A l t semit isc h e T e t e , p t i,
‘ ’
x
M
. . . .
,

K a na anciische I nsch riften ( o ab it e , Old -H eb rew , Ph oe nic ian , P un ic ) , G ie sse n ,

’

1 0 7 — 0 n t h e or i in a n d de v e l o me nt o f t h e H eb rew c h ara c t e rs an d t h e b e st
9 .
g p
t a b l e s o f al p h ab e t s, see 5 5 a , l a st n ot e , a nd esp e c ia lly 5 e .

m 6 . As re
g ards th e r ela t iv e a
ge of t h e S emit ic lang uages, t h e oldest

l it erary ma ins of t h em are t o b e found in t h e Assyrio -B ab ylonian

re

cuneiform
( ) ri t ions c h a re t o b e c lassed t h e earliest
‘
in sc p w it h w hi ,

H eb rew frag ment s occ urring in t h e ol d Te st ament (se e

Th e earliest non-J ew ish Ar a ma ic insc rip tions kn o wn t o us are t h at
o f H amat h early eigh t h c ent B C c h see N oldeke
of 13 ? kin
( ) w hi
“

g on .
, ,

Z A 1 9 0 8 p 3 7 6 a nd t h at found at Teima, in N Arab ia, in 1 8 8 0

.

M
.
.
, , ,

p rob ab ly o f t h e fift h c ent B C of E Lit t mann in t h e onist xiv 4 [a nd

. . .
,
. .
,
.

Th e monument s of K a lammus of S am al, in t h e

’
Cooke, op cit p 1 9 . .
,
.

rei n o f S h alma nez er II, 8 5 —8 2

g 9 9 B C (c f A Sanda D ie Ara maer Lp z . . .
, , .

and t h ose found in at Zenj irl i in N S yria, 1 8 8 8—

‘
19 0 2, p . 1 891 .

including t h e Ha da d insc rip t ion of t h irt y-four lines ( early eig h t h c ent .

B . C .
) and t h e Pa nammu insc rip t ion ( 7 40 B . are no t in p ure
A ramaic Aramaic w rit ing s b eg in ab out t h e
. Th e J ewish - t ime o f
Cyrus (c f E z r 6 s e c ially im ort ant b eing t h e p a yri from A ssua n
3
p p .
p
ed b y S aycc a nd C ow ley, Lo ndon, 1 9 0 6 and in a c h eap er form b y
.
(
S t aerk, Bo nn, whic h are p recisely da t ed from 4 7 1 t o 4 1 1 B . C .
,

a nd t h ree o t h e rs o f 40 7 B . C . ed b y S ac h au, B erlin, 1 9 0 7

. .

A c c ord ing t o H ilp rec h t , Th e B a bylonia n E xp ed ition of th e University of

Pennsylva nia , i p 1 1 iii , t h e i n sc r ip t ion s found a t Nip p ur e m b rac e t h e
. .

p e riod from ab out 40 0 0 t o 4 5 0 B c . .

 § 1 n] T he S emitic L a ng uag es in G enera l 7
M o nu ment s of t h e A ra bic b ranc h first app ea r in t h e ea rl ie st

c ent uries A . D .
( Sab aean insc rip t ions ,
E th iop ic t ranslat ion of t h e B ib le
in t h e fourt h or fift h c ent ury, N o rt h -Arab ic lit erat ure fro m t h e six t h
c ent ury A .

I t is, h ow ever, quest ion wh ic h a no t h er of t h ese l anguag es h a s

a dh ered l ong est a nd mo st fa it h fully t o t h eg inal c h arac t er o f t h e or i

S emit ic, and wh ich c onsequent ly rep rese nt s t o us t h e e a rliest p h ase

of it s dev el op ment F or t h e mo re or less rap id t ransformat ion of t h e
.

sounds and forms of a language, a s sp oken by nat ions a nd rac es, is

dep endent on c auses quit e dist inc t from t h e growt h of a l it erat ure,
a nd t he org a nic st ruc t ure o f a la ng uage is oft en c onsiderab ly im a ired
p
e ve n b efo re it h as develop ed a lit erat ure, esp ec ially by e arl
y c onta c t

wit h p eop le of a different lang ua g e Th us in t h e S emit ic g roup ,

.

t he Aramaic dialect s e x hib it t he ea rliest and g rea t est decay, nex t

t o t h em t h e H eb re w -Canaanit ish , and in it s ow n w ay t h e A ssyr ian .

Arab ic , ow ing t o t he sec lusion o f t h e desert t rib es wa s t h e longest

‘

to ret a in the orig i nal fullness and p urit y of the sounds and fo rms
of w o rds 1
. E ven h ere, h ow ev er, t h ere ap p ea re d, t h rough t h e revo lu

t ionary influence of I slam, an ev er-incr easing decay, unt il Arab ic

at le ng t h reac h ed t he st ag e at wh ic h we find H eb rew in t h e O ld
Te st ament .

H en c e t h e p h e nome no n, t h at in it s g ra mma t ical t h e an c ie nt 77,st ruc t ure

H e b re w ag ree s m ore w it h t h e mode rn t h a n w it h t h e anc ie n t A rab ic , a nd

t h a t t h e l a t t er, a l t h o ug h i t o n ly ap p e ars a s a w rit t e n l a ng uag e at a l a t e r
i d h as y e t i n m a n y re s p e c t s p re serv e d a mo re c omp l e t e st r uc t u re a nd
p e r o ,

a m ore o rig i n al v ow e l syst e m t h a n t h e ot h er S e mi t ic l a ng uag e s, of Nolde ke .

,
’
‘
D as kl a ssisc h e A rab isc h und d ie a rab isc h e n D ial e k te , i n B eitrag e z ur
'

semitisch en S p ra ch wissenschaft, p 1 if I t t h us o c c up ie s a mong st t h e m a

. .

os i t io n si milar t o t h a t w h ic h S an sk rit h o lds a mo n g t h e I n d o -G e r ma nic

p
l a n g uag e s, o r G ot h ic i n t h e n arrow e r c i rc l e o f t h e G e rma n ic
'

B ut e ve n t h e .

t oug h e st org a n ism o f a l ang uag e o ft en de t eriora t e s, a t l e ast in sing le fo rm s .

a nd de riv a t iv e s, w h il e o n t h e c o nt ra ry , i n t h e mid st of w h a t i s o t h e rw ise

un iv e rsal decay , t h e re st ill re ma i n s h ere a nd t h e re so me t h ing orig ina l a n d
a rc h a ic a n d t h is is t h e c a se w i t h t h e S e m it ic l ang uag e s .

F ul l e r p roof o f t h e a b ov e st a t em e n t s b e l ong s t o t h e c o mp arat iv e G rammar

o f t h e S e m it ic l a ng uag e s I t fo l low s, h o w ev e r , fro m w h a t h a s b e e n said ( 1 ) t h a t
.

t h e H e b re w l a ng ua g e , a s fo un d i n t h e sac re d lit e ra t ure of t h e Jew s, h as, in re sp e c t

1
E v en n o w t h e l ang uag e o f so m e o f t h e B ed aw i is muc h p urer an d more
a rc h aic t h an t h a t o f t h e t o w n A rab s I t must , h ow ev e r , b e a d mi t t e d t h a t
.

x
t h e forme r e al t e d e st ima t e of t h e p rimit iv e ne ss of A rab ic h as b e e n mo de rat e d
i n ma ny re sp e c t s b y t h e most re c e nt sc h oo l of S e mit ic p h il o l o gy uc h . M
ap p a re n t ly o rig i nal is t o b e re g a rde d w i t h N ol de ke ( Di e semit Sp r , p
EM I IC E 5 . . .

E ncy cl B rit , e d 9 , a r t S
. T
. L NG U G S , p
. A A
o nl y as a m odifi c a t io n o f .

t h e o rig inal . x
Th e assert ion t h at th e A ra b s e h ib it S e m it ic c h a ra c t e r ist ic s in
t h e ir p ure st form, sh ould, a c c ord ing t o Nold eke , b e ra t h er t h a t ‘ t h e i n
h a b it ant s o f t h e dese rt l a n ds o f A ra b ia, un de r t h e i nfl ue nc e o f t h e
x
e t rao rd ina r ily m o no t on ous sc e ne ry a n d of a l ife c on t in ua l ly t h e same a m id

c o nt in ua l c h a n g e , h av e d ev e l op e d most e cl usiv e l x
y some of t h e p rinc ip a l
t rait s of t h e S e mit ic race
 8 I ntr oductio n 2 a, b

t o i t s org a n ic st ruc t ure , al re a d y suffe red m ore c o nside ra b le l osse s t h an t h e

A rab ic , w h ic h ap p e a rs muc h l a t e r o n t h e h ist o ric al h oriz on ; ( 2) t h at , no t
w it h st a nd ing t h is fac t , w e c an n o t a t o n c e a n d in a ll p o in t s c o nc e de p r io rit y
t o t h e l a t t e r ; ( 3 ) t h a t it is a mist a ke t o c o nside r w it h so me t h a t t h e A ra m a i c ,
o n a c c o un t o f i t s simp l ic it y ( w h ic h i s o nl y d ue t o t h e d e c ay o f i t s org a n ic
st r uc t ure ) , is th e olde st fo rm o f S e m it ic sp e ec h .

2 . S ketch f
o th e H istory o f th e H ebr ew La ngua g e .

S ee G e se nius, Gesch der hebr Sp rache u S ch rift, L p z 1 8 1 5 , 5 5 5 —1 8 ; Th

. . . . .

’
N old e ke s a rt , S p rac h e , h e b raisc h e , in S c h e nke l s B ibel-Lex ikon, B d v , Lp z
’ ’
. . .

’
1 8 75 ; F B uh l, H e b riiisc h e S p ra c h e , in H a uc k s R ea lencycl filr p rot Th eol
’
. . .

u nd K irch e, v ii p 5 0 6 iii ; A C ow l e y , H eb re w La ng uag e a n d Lit e ra t ure ,

. .

i n t h e fo rth c oming e d o f t h e E ncycl B rit .W R S mit h in t h e E ncycl B ibl ,

. . . . . .

i i L o n do n , 1 9 0 1 , p 1 9 8 4 iii ; A L uky n W i l lia ms, ‘ H eb re w , i n H a st i ng s

’ ’
. . .

D iet of th e B ible, i i p 3 2 5 iii , E dinb 1 8 99

. . . . .

a 1 . T he name H ebrew L a ng ua ge usually denot es t h e language of the

sa c red writ ing s of t h e I sra elit es w hich form t h e c anon of the Old
T est a ment . I t is also called Anc ient H ebrew in c ont radist inct ion to
t h e N ew H eb rew of J e wish w rit ing s of t h e p o st -b ib lic al p e riod 3 a) .

Th e name H eb rew languag e (W1 3 3?

yA G O cra f ey E
'

fi .
p cu wv, e
flp
‘
a iov i
)
’ ‘ ’

does not oc c ur in t h e O ld Test a ment it self . I nst ead of it w e fi nd in I s

9 t h e t erm la nguage of Ca na a n , and

18 ‘
i n t he J ews la n ua e
’
1 g g
26”
2 K 1 8
(of I s N c h .1 3
24
I n t h e la st -c it ed
p assa e it a lread
g .
y
e x ilic sag e, whic h gradual ly e x t ended
a rees w it h t h e la t er
g (p ost -
) u

t h e name J ews, J ewish t o t h e w h ole nat ion, as in H agg ai, N eh e miah ,

and t h e b o ok of E sth er .

6 Th e dist inc t io n b e t w een t h e names H ebrew ( D WDV

‘
'
E BPa $0 4 a nd I sra elites

us) is t h a t t h e l a t t er w as r at h e r a n a t io n a l na me of h onour, w it h
a l so a re l ig io us si nific a n c e e
g ,
mp l oy e d b y t h e p eop le t h e mse l v e s, w h il e t h e
fo rm e r ap p e ars as t h e l e ss sig n ifi c a n t na me b y w h ic h t h e na t io n w a s k n o w n
a m ong st fo re i ne rs H e nc e in t h e Ol d Te st a me n t H ebrew s a re o n ly sp o ke n
g .

o f e it h e r w h e n t h e n ame is e m l o e d b
p y y t h e mse l v e s a s c o n t ra ste d w it h
fo rei g n e rs ( G n E x 2° 3
18
& c , J o n 1 9
) or w h e n i t is p ut i n t h e
.

mo ut h o f t h ose w h o a re n o t I srae l it e s ( G n 3 9 1 4 -1 7 4 1 1 2 &c ) or, fi na l ly , .

w h e n i t is use d in o p p o sit io n t o o t h e r n a t io n s ( G n 1 41 3 Ex
In 1 S an d 1 4m t h e t e t is c l e a rly c o rrup t x
I n t h e G re e k a n d .

L a t in a ut h o rs, as w e ll a s i n Jose p h us, t h e n a me E Bpa ioi , H e b rae i, 2

‘ ‘

&c , al o ne oc c urs
. . x
O f t h e m any e p l a na t io ns o f t h e ge n t il ic ”7 3 35 t h e
d e riv a t ion fr o m any a country on th e other side w it h t h e de ri v a t iv e sufii x

8 6 h ) a p p e ars t o b e t h e o nl y o ne p h i lo l og ic al l y p o ssib l e T h e na me .

ac c o rd i ng l y d e n o t e d t h e I srae l it e s as b e in
‘

g t h ose w h o in h ab it e d t h e eb er, i e . .

t h e d ist rict o n t h e o t h e r sid e o f t h e Jo rd a n (o r a c c o rd ing t o o t h er s t h e

E up h ra t e s) , a nd w ou l d t h e re fo re o rig ina l l y b e o nl y ap p rop ria t e w h e n u se d
b y t h e n a t 1 o n s o n t h is sid e o f t h e Jo rda n o r E u p h ra t e s W e m ust , t h e n , .

sup p ose t h at a ft e r t h e c r ossin

g o f t h e ri ve r in q ue st io n it h a d b e e n re t ain e d
b y t h e A b ra h a m idae a s a n o l d-e st a b lish e d n a me, an d w it h in c e rt a in limi t s .

T h at H e b re w i n i t s p re se n t fo rm w as a c t ual ly d e v e l op e d in Can aa n
a p p e a rs fro m suc h fac t s as t h e use o f yam se a for t h e w e st , neg eb ( p rop e rly dry
( )
ness, a ft e r w a rd s as a
p rop e r n a me fo r t h e so ut h o f P al e st in e ) fo r t h e so ut h .

3
T h e G ra e c o -R oma n form o f t h e na me i s n o t d ire c t l y d e riv e d fro m t h e
H e b re w
y m
a , b ut fro m t h e Pa lest inia n A ramaic ebrayd , th e H e b re w
‘ ‘ ’
.
§ 2 c d] ,
H istory of the H ebr ew L a ng uag e 9
( see ab o veh a d b e c ome nat ural iz e d a mo ng t h e m
) I n re fe rrin g t h is na me t o .

t h e p a t ro ny mic E b e r , t h e H e b re w g e n e a l og ist s h av e a ssig ne d t o i t a m uc h

more c o mp re h e nsiv e sig n ifi c at ion F o r sin c e in G n 1 0 21 ( N u 2 4 24 d oe s n o t
.

a pp l y ) S h e m is c a l l e d t h e fath er of a ll th e ch ild r en of E ber, a n d t o t h e l a t t e r

t h e re al so b el o ng e d a c c ordin g t o G n 1 1 1 4 5 “ a n d A ra mea n a n d A rab
ra c e s, t h e n a me , a ft e rw ard s re st r ic t e d i n t h e form o f t h e g e n t i lic i bri
'

x
e c l usiv e l y t o t h e I srae l it es, must h av e o ri ina l l
g y inc l ud e d a c o n sid e rab l y
l a rge r g roup o f c ount rie s a nd na t ion s Th e e t y molo g ic al sig nifi c an c e o f t h e
.

n a me must i n t h a t c a se n o t b e in sist e d up o n 1 .

Th e t e rm éBpa l o n is fi rst use d, t o de no t e t h e old H eb re w , in t h e p rol og ue C

‘ ’

t o Je sus t h e so n o f S i rac h ( ab o ut 1 3 0 B a n d i n t h e N e w T e st am e nt R v . ,

11 a nd
2 20
9 . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d i t se r v e s i n J n 5 , p e r h a p s a l so i n 1 9
R v 1 61 6 t o de n o t e w h at w a s t h e n t h e ( A ram aic ) v e rna c ul a r o f Pal e st i ne as
op p ose d t o t h e G ree k Th e mea ning o f t h e e p ressio n éBpa t s bi dh m r os in A c t s
. x
2 2 2, an d 26 “ is d oub t ful f K c h , Gra mm dcs B ibl -A ra m , p
( c a ut z s . 19 . . . .

Josep h us al so use s t h e t e im H ebrew b ot h o f t h e old H e b rew a nd o f t h e

A ra m aic v e rn ac ul ar o f h is t im e .

T h e H e b r e w l angu ag e i s fi rst c all e d t h e sacred la ngua ge in t h e Je w ish

A ra ma ic v e rsio ns o f t h e O l d T e st a me n t , a s b e ing t h e l a n g uag e o f t h e sac re d
b ooks in op p o sit ion t o t h e ling ua p rof a na , i e t h e A ra ma ic v ul g ar t o ng ue . . .

2 . Wit h the ex c ep t ion o f t h e O l d Te st ament ( a nd ap art from t h e d

Ph oenic ia n insc rip t ions ; see b elow, f h) -
,
only v ery fe w re ma ins of
old H e b rew or old Ca naanit ish lit era t ure h av e b een p re served Of .

t h e la t t er an insc rip t io n, unfort unat ely muc h inj ur ed, o f t h irt y

fo ur lines, which w as found in t h e anc ie nt t e rrit ory of t h e t rib e of

R eub en, ab o ut t w elve miles t o t h e ea st of t h e D e ad S ea , a mong t h e

ruins o f th e c it y of D ib bn (now D ib an), inh ab ited in earlier t imes b y
t h e Gadit es, a ft erwards b y th e M b it oa e s. I n it t h e M b it oa e king
Mesa ( ab out 8 50 B C
)
. recount s h is b a tt les wit h I srael ( c f. 2 K 3 “

h is b uilding s, a nd o t h er ma t t e rs .
2
O f old H eb rew : ( ) 2 an in sc rip t ion

1
W e ma y a l so
l e av e out of ac c oun t t h e l inguist ic all y p o ssib l e id e nt ifi c at ion
o f th e I b riyyim w i t h t h e H a b ir i w h o ap p e a r i n t h e T e l l -e l A ma rna l e t t e rs
‘
~

( ab out 1 4 0 0 B c ) as fre eb bo te r s an d me rc e n arie s in Pa l e st in e a nd i t s

. .

ne ig h b ourh o o d .

2
T h is m o nume n t , uniq ue o f it s k ind , w a s fi rst se e n in A ug ust , 1 8 68 , o n
t h e sp ot , b y t h e G e rm a n missi o n ary F A K l e in I t w a s a ft e rw a r d s b ro ke n . . .

i n t o p ie ce s b y t h e A ra b s, so t h at o n ly a n in c omp le t e c o p y o f t h e in sc rip t io n
c oul d b e m a de M
o st o f t h e fra g m e n t s a re n ow in t h e L ouv re in P aris
. .

F or t h e h ist ory o f t h e disc ov e ry a n d for t h e e arl ie r l it e ra t ure re l a t ing t o t h e

st o n e , se e L id z b a rski, N ord semitisch e E p igra p h ik, i p p 1 0 3 f , 4 1 5 f , a nd i n
M
. . . .

t h e b ib l iog rap h y (u n de r e
) , p 3 9 if Th e use ful re p r o duc t ion a n d t ra ns
. .

l a t ion o f t h e in sc rip t io n b y S m e n d a nd S oc in ( F re ib ur g in B a de n , 1 8 8 6)
w a s a ft e r w ards rev i se d a nd imp ro v e d b y N o rdl a n de r , D ie I nsch rift des
K onigs M
esa von M
oa b , L p z 1 8 6
9 b y S oc in a nd H o l z in ger, Zur
.
‘
c sain sc h rift
’
M
( B erich te der K S cich sischen Gesell d W’iss , D e c a n d b y L id z b a rsk i,
’

M
. . . . .

‘
E ine N a c h p rii fun g d e r e sa i nsc h xift
( Ep h emeris, i 1 , p 1 if t e t in h i s . . . x
A ltsemitisch e Texte, p t 1 , G iesse n , J H al ev y , R evue S emitique, 1 9 0 0 ,
'

M
. .

p p 23 6 28 9 1 90 1 , p 29 7 J La g ra nge , R evu e bibliq ue inter

M
. . . .

na tiona le , 1 90 1 , p 5 2 2 F P rat orius in Z D G 1 90 5 , p 3 3 1 9 0 6, p 4 0 2

M
. . . . . .

I t s g e nuin e ness w a s a t t a c ke d b y A L ow y , Die E ch th eit der oa b i t I nsch r im

. . .

Louvr e ( W ie n , an d G Ja h n i n D a s B uc h D a niel, L p z 1 9 0 4 , p 1 2 2 ff
M
.

j
. . .

( al so i n Z D G 1 9 0 5 , p 7 2 3 ill ) , b ut w it h o ut ust ifi c at io n , a s sh ow n b y
M
. .

E K on ig i n ZD G 1 9 0 5 , p p 2 3 3 ff a nd 7 4 3 ff
. .
[Cf a l so D ri v e r , N otes on th e
. . . .

H ebrew Text qfthe B ooks ofS amuel, O fo rd , 1 8 90 , p l v fi x

Cooke , op cit , p 1 it ] . xxx '

. . .
 10 I ntr oduc tion 2 e, f

o f six lines ( p rob ab ly of t h e eig h t h c ent ury discovered in J une ,

1 8 8 0 , in t h e t unnel b e t w e en t h e V irgin s S p ring and t h e Pool o f
’

Si o m
l a a t J e r usa l em ; (3 ) a b out fo r ty e n g ra ved se al-st one s some o f
,

t h em p re-e x ilic b ut b ea ring lit t le exc ep t p rop er na mes 2

( 4) c oins

of the M ac c ab aea n p rinc e S imon (fro m t h e z ud year of deliv eranc e

’
,

f a nd t h e coinag e o f t he revol t s
4 0 and 1 ) and h is '
1 39 B . c . suc c essor s

in t he t imes of V esp asian and H a drian .

6 3 . I n t h e wh ole series of th e anc ient Heb re w w rit ing s, as found in

t h e O ld Test a ment monument s ( see ab ov e d), and also in non-b ib l ic al ,

t h e la ng uag e (t o j udg e from it s consonant al format ion) re mains, a s

reg a rds it s g eneral c h ara ct e r, and ap art from slig h t c h ang es in form

a nd dif fe rences o f st yl e ( see to t o w ) a t ab out t h e same st ag e o f ,

dev elop ment I n t his form it may at an e a rly t ime h ave b een fi x ed
.
,

as a l it erary lang uag e, and t h e fac t t ha t t h e b ooks conta ined in t h e

O ld Test ament were h anded down as sa cred w rit ing s, must h av e
c ont rib ut ed t o t h is c onst a nt un iformit y .

f s o d H e b re w , t e l a n g uag e of t h e Can aanit ish o r Ph oe n ic ia

4
To t h i l h n st oc k s
c a me t h e n eare st o f a l l t h e S e m i t ic l a n g uag e s, as is e v ide nt p ar t ly fr o m t h e

many Ca naa ni t ish n am es of p ersons an d p lac es w it h a H eb re w form an d

m ean ing w h ic h o c c ur in t h e O ld Test a me nt (e .
g .
pry
“
1 9 &C i
IS O 11 2 ,

Of t h is insc rip t io n— un fort una t e l y no t d at e d , b ut l ing uist ic a ll y a n d p al aeo

1

g rap h ic al ly v ery i mp 0 1 t an t—7 re fe rring t o t h e b orin g o f t h e t un ne l , a fa csim il e

‘

i s g iv e n a t t h e b e g in nin g o f t h is g ra mmar S e e a l so Lidzb a rski, N ordsemitisch e .

E p ig rap h ik, i 1 0 5 , 1 63 , 4 3 9 ( b i b l iog ra p h y , p 5 6 fi fa c si mil e , v ol i i, p l a t e xxi,

’
. . . .

o n t h e n e w d ra w in
g o f it b y S o c in (ZD P V ii p 6 1 if a nd se p a rat e l y . xx . . .

p ub l ish e d a t F re ib urg i B see Li d z b a rski , Ep h emeris, i 5 3 ff a n d 3 1 0 f

M
. . . . .

x
( t e t in A ltsemit Texte, p 9 A g ai nst t h e v ie w o f A E sc h er ( Z D G 1 90 2 ,
. . . .

p 8 0 0 f ) t h a t t h e six lin es a re t h e c on t inuat ion o f an i n scr ip t ion w h ic h

. .

x
w as n e v e r e e c ut e d, se e L idz b a rski , Ep h emeris, ii 7 1 T h e i nsc r ip t io n w a s . .

re m o v e d in 1 8 0 , a n d b roke n i n t o six o r sev e n

9 p ie c e s in t h e p roc e ss I t h as
M
.

sin c e b e e n w e ll re st or e d a n d is n ow i n t h e I m e r ia l use u m at Co nst an

, p
t in op l e . I f, as c an h a rd l y b e d oub t e d , t h e n a me D EW (i . e. emissio) I s 8 6
re fe rs t o t h e d isc h a rg e o f w a t e r fro m t h e V i rg in s S p rin g , t h roug h t h e t un ne l
’

( so S t ad e , Gesek I sr i t h e n t h e la t t e r , a n d c o n se q ue n t ly t h e in sc rip
. . .

t io n , w as a l re a dy in e ist e n c e a b o ut 7 3 6 B 0 [ x
Cf Cooke , op cit , p 1 5
M
. . . . .

2
A Le v y , S iegel u Gemmen, & c , B re sl 1 8 69 , p 3 3 iii ; S t ad e , Z A W
. . . . . . .

1 8 97, p -S e m it ic
(
‘

5 0 1 fi fo.u r o l d . se al s p ub l ish e d i n L id z b arski,

H a nd buch , i 1 69 f ; E p h emeris, i 1 0 if ; W Now ac k , Leh rb d h ebr A rch aol
. . . . . . . .

( F r e i b i 2 6 2 f ; I B e n z in e
g ,r H e b r A rch oiol a
( Tii b ing e n ,
M
. . . . . .

p p 8 0 , 225
. w h ic h in c l ude s t h e b ea ut iful se a l in sc rib e d DT 13 17 11
"
a
fro m t h e c a st le -h ill o f e g id do, foun d in 1 9 0 4 ; [Cooke , p M
M
.

3
D e S a ul c y , N umisma tique ole la Terre S a inte, P ar 1 8 7 4 ; A Lev y , Gesch
M M
. . . .

d er j ail ilnz en, B resl au , 1 8 6 2 ;

. a d d e n , Th e Coins of th e Jews, L ond 1 88 1 .

R e na c h , Les monna ies j uires, P aris, 1 8 8 8

i — Cf t h e l it e ra t ure in S c h ii re r s
’
. .

Gesek d es j ild Volkes im Z eita lter J

. . Lp z 1 9 0 1 , i p 20 if [ C ook e , p
- 2 il
35 l] . . . . . . .

792 , 11223 is t h e na t iv e na me , c om mon b o t h t o t h e Ca naa nit ish t ri b e s in

3 ”

P al e st in n
e a d t o t h ose w h ic h d w e l t a t t h e fo ot of t h e L e b a no n a nd o n t h e
S y ria n c oa st , w h o m w e c al l Ph oe n ic ia ns, w h il e t h e y c al l e d t h e msel v e s 1133
2
o n t h e ir c o i ns T h e p e op l e of Car t h ag e al so c al le d t h e mse l v es so
. .
§ 2 g
—i
] H istory of the H ebr ew L a ng uag e 1 1

on Canaa n it e g l osse s ’ 1 t o A ssyrian w o rds in t h e c une iform t ab le t s o f

‘

T e l l -e l -A m arna [ab out 1 4 0 0 B c ] c f H W i nc kl er, D ie T h o n t a fe l n v o n T e ll . . . .

e l A m a rn a ,
’
- i n K eilinsch r B iblioth elc, v o l v , B erl in , 1 8 9 6 f [t r ansc rip t io n
. . .

a nd t ra n sl a t i o n] J A K nu d t z on , D ie E l -A marna -Tafeln, Lp z 1 9 0 7 f
. . . .

H Z imme rn , Z A 1 8 9 1 , p 1 5 4 if a n d K A TE’, p 6 5 1 iii ) , and p a rt ly fr om t h e

. . . . .

n ume ro us re m ains o f t h e Ph o e n ic ia n a n d P un ic l ang uag e s .

Th e l at t e r w e fi nd in t h e ir p e c ul iar w ri t i ng 1 k, l ) in a g rea t n umb er of

i nsc rip t i on s a n d o n c o in s, c op ie s o f w h ic h h a v e b e e n c o l le c t e d b y G e se n ius,
Juda s, B o urg ade , D av i s, d e V og iié , L e v y , P S c h rod e r, v a l t z a n, E ut i ng , . . M
b ut e sp e c ia l l y i n Pa rt I o f t h e Corp us I nscrip tionum S emitica rum, Pa r is, 1 8 8 1 if .

A mong t h e i n sc rip t ion s b ut fe w p ub lic d oc u me n t s a re foun d , e g t w o l ist s . .

o f fe e s for sa c rifi c e s ; b y fa r t h e m ost a re e it a h s or v o t iv e t ab l e t s Of

p p .

sp e c ia l i mp or t a n c e is t h e in sc r ip t i on o n t h e sa rc o h ag us of K in g E smun a z ar
p
o f S id o n , fo und in 1 8 5 5 , n ow i n t h e L ou v re ; se e t h e b i b liog rap h y i n

Lidz b a rski , N ordsem E p igr , i 2 3 iii ; o n t h e in sc rip t io n, i 9 7 {f , 1 4 1 f ,

. . . . . .

4 1 7 , i i p l at e iv , 2 ; [Cook e , p 3 0 ii ]
. T o t h e se may b e a dd e d i so la t e d w ord s . .

i n G re e k a nd L a t in a ut h o rs, a nd t h e P un ic t e t s i n P l aut us, Poenulus 5 , 1 —3 x

( b e st t re a t e d b y G i lde m e ist e r i n R it sc h l s e d it ion o f Pl a ut us, L ip s 1 8 8 4
’
.
,

t om ii, fasc .F ro m t h e m onume nt s w e l e a rn t h e na t iv e o rt h og rap h y ,

.

fro m t h e G re e k a n d L a t in t ra n sc rip t ions t h e p ronu n c iat ion a nd v oc a l iz a t ion

t h e t w o t og e t h er g ive a t ol e rab ly d ist i n c t i d ea of t h e l a n g uag e an d it s re l ati o n
t o H e b re w .

Ph oe nic ian ( Punic ) w o rd s o c c u rrin g i n in sc rip t ions a re , e. g . sx God g ,

0 1 3 ma n, $ 7 73 in:
“

33 11 3 da ugh ter, p riest, ID ? fi ce,

'
son
, king , 13 17 serva nt, sacri

lord, Wt ?) sun,
rfltt la nd, D” sea ,
‘

13 s stone,
flDD silver, sfifl iron, my oil,

my tim e,
"
1a g rave, 713 3 73 monument, DPD p la ce, name be d 53 ,
a ll, am: one,

D i) ‘
J’ t wo, W5? ) th ree, liJ iN four, a
‘

fi ve, WW six, p aw seven , may ten

D ( = H eb r . to be, 3373 2) to h ear, me to Op en, T I) to vow, to bless.

WP: to seek, &c . P rop e r name s :

[WY S idon, T3 Tyre, NJ” H a nna,
H a nn ib a l, &c S ee t h e c omp l e t e v oc ab ulary i n L idz b arski, N ordsem E p ig r ,
. . .

i 20 4 if
. .

V ar ia t io ns from H e b re w in Ph oe n ic ia n o rt h og rap h y a nd infl e c t io n are , b

e g t h e al mo st i nv aria b l e om issio n o f t h e v o w e l l e tt e rs
. .
7 b ) , a s n: for nu
h ouse, fo r ip voice, 11 2 fo r 111 3 D3 71: for E
5
,
S l
p
‘
riests, DJPN ( in Pl a ut
m? .
.

a loni m) gods ; t h e fe m .
,
e ve n in t h e a b sol ut e st a t e , e n d ing in n ( a th ) 8 0 b)
as w e ll as R th e rel at iv e WK ( H e b r . &c .Th e diffe re nc e s i n p ro
nun c ia t io n are mo re re m a rkab l e , e sp e c ia l ly in P unic , w h e re t h e i w a s
re ul arl
g y p ron ounc e d a s it , g D59?) su
e. j et ( ud g e) , W ? ) sali is ( t h r e e ) , w)
. j 5
‘ “

mg r/R1 h ea d i a nd e oft e n a s t h e ob sc ure d ull so und o f y, e g 13 23 y nnynnu . .

( c cce cu m) , ” ti h ‘ N
( ) yth ; t h e v as o, e g fl pvn oca r
( c f ng yp L XX, . . M .

G n 2 224 w d) S e e t h e c o l l e c t io n o f t h e g ra mm a t ic al p e c ul ia ritie s i n
M
.

G ese n ius, onumenta Ph oenici a , p if P l S h d oniz S ra ch e,

'‘

4 3 0 a u c ro e r,
D ie p h p . . .

H a l ls, 1 8 69 ; B S t a de , ‘ E rne ut e P rii fun g d e s z w isc h e n d e m Ph on ic und

M
. .

H e b r b e st e h e nde n V e rw a ndt sc h a ft sg rad e s

’
in t h e orgenland F orsch ung en,
‘

. .
,
Lp z 1 8 7 5 , p 1 69 fi
'

. . .

4 . A s t h e H eb rew writ ing on monument s a nd co ins ment ioned i

in d ,
c onsist s o nly of c o nsona nt s, so al so t h e w rit ers of t h e O ld

1 C f in t e r
. a lia : ap aru , a l so
h ap aru
( Assy r . ep ra , h uflu = 5ll
( w it h h ard cf 6 an d A ssy r azza tu = n y) ia z hur
. c, .
h i ;
“
fan, zu m h u = yh 1, a ba da t = nj g § , éahri ga te ; ba tn u b elly ;

kiliib i 5
3 1 3 , net ; a
s duk m u i‘
p r (p nt , &c
r ) .
[C f B b h l,.D ie Sp rach e d A niarna briefe, .

Lp z .
 12 I ntr oduction 2 k—m

T e st ament b ooks used merely th e c onsona nt -si ns

g 1 7c), and ev e n

no w t h e w ritt en sc rolls o f t h e Law used in t h e synag og ues must not ,

according to anc ient c ust o m, c o nt a in a nyt h ing more . Th e p r esent

p ronunc iat ion of t his consonant al t e x t , it s voc aliz at ion a nd acc ent ua

t ion, r est o n t h e t ra dit ion of t h e J ew ish sc h o ols, as it w as finally fi x ed

b y t he syst e m of p unc t ua t ion 7 h) int roduced b y J ewish sch ola rs

ab o ut the sev ent h c ent ury A . D . cf 3 b

. .

An ea rlier st ag e in t h e dev el op ment of t h e Canaanit ish -H eb rew

la ng uage, i . s. a form of it a nt erio r t o t h e w rit t en document s no w
e x tant , w h en it must h av e st ood nearer t o t h e c ommon la ng ua ge of

t h e unit ed S emit ic fa mily, b e discerned in it s p rinc ip al

c an st ill

feat ures from ma ny a rch a isms p reserv ed in t h e t radit ional

"

t e x t s, esp ec ial ly in t h e names o f p ersons and p lac es dat ing from

e arlier t imes, as w ell as in isolat ed forms c hiefly o c c urr ing in p oet ic
style ; ( ) n g eneral b y a n a p osteriori c oncl usion
2 i from t radit ional
forms, so far as a c c ordin
g t o t h e la w s a nd ana log ies of
ph o net ic

c h ang e t h ey cl early
point to an ol der f t h e lang uage ; and
p h a se o

c om ariso n w it h t h e
( )
3 b y p kindred languag es, esp e cially Arab ic in
,

w h ic h t h is ea rlier sta g e of t h e lang uage h a s b een frequent ly p re ser ved

ev en do wn t o lat e r t imes 1 m, n) I n numerous inst anc es in .

e x amining linguist ic p h e no me na ,
t h e same— a nd c o nsequent ly so much
t he m ore c ert ain— result is at t a ined b y eac h o f t h ese t h ree met h ods .

Al t h ough t h e sy st e ma t ic i nve st ig a t ion of t h e l ing uist ic d e v e l op me n t in

d ic a t e d a b ov e b e l o ng s t o c omp a ra t iv e S e mi t ic p h ilo l og y , it is ne v ert h e l e ss
i nd isp e nsa b le fo r t h e sc ie n t ifi c t re a t me nt o f H e b re w t o refe r t o t h e g ro und
'

form s so fa r as t h e y c an b e a sc e rt a ine d and t o c omp ar e t h e c orre sp on d ing

fo rm s in A ra b ic E ve n e l e me nt a ry g ra m ma r w h ic h t rea t s o f t h e fo rms of t h e
.

l a n g uage oc c urring in t h e O l d T e st a me nt fre q ue nt ly re q uires, for t h e ir

x
e p l a n a ti on, a refe re n c e t o t h e se g roun d-fo rms .

l 5 . E ven in t h e language of t h e O ld T estament , not w it h st anding

it s g eneral uniformit y , t h ere is not ic eab le a c e rt a in p rog ress from
a n ea rl ier to a lat er st ag e . Tw o p eriods, t h oug h w it h so me
r eserva t ions, may b e distinguish e d : t h e fi rst, dow n t o t h e end of t he
B ab ylonian e x ile ; and t h e second aft er t h e e x il e
,
.

m T o t h e former b elongs, a p art from isola t ed t races of a la t e r

r ev ision, t h e larg er h alf of t h e O ld Test ament b ooks, v iz .
( )
a of the

p ro se a nd hist orical w rit ing s, large p art

a of t h e Pe nt a t euc h a nd

of J osh ua J udges , , S amuel , and K ing s ; (6) of t h e poe t ic al, p erh ap s

1
W h et h er
t h e se c a n b e d e sc rib e d sim p ly as
‘
p ri mit iv e S emit ic ’ is a

q ue st ion w h ic h may b e l eft undec id e d h ere .

 1 4 I nt r oduction 2

e mb ellish ment-s wh ich t h e H eb re w p oet s wh o knew A ramaic a dop t ed

1
int o t h eir language .

Th e p rop h et s, a t l ea st t h e earl ier, in la ng uag e and rh yth m are t o

b e reg arded a lmost e nt irely as p oet s, ex c ep t t h at w it h t h em t h e
sent e nc es a re oft e n more e x t ende d ,
a nd t h e p arallelism is less reg ular
a nd b ala nc ed t han is t h e c a se w it h t h e p oet s p rop erly so c alled Th e .

l ang uag e of t h e lat er p rop h et s, on the c ont rary, ap p roach es nearer

t o p rose .

T O n t h e rh yth m o f H e b r ew p oe t ry , see b e side s t h e Com me n t arie s o n t h e

p oe t ic al b ooks a nd I nt ro d uc t i o n s t o t h e O T , J L ey , Grundzug e des R h yth mus,
'

M
. . .

& c , H a ll s , 1 8 7 5
. Leitfa den d er etrik d er h ebr Poesie, H al e , 1 8 8 7 ;
l
‘
D i e me t r . .

B esc h a fi e nh e it d e s B H i o b , in Th eol S tud u K ri t , 1 8 9 5 , iv , 1 8 9 7 , i ; G r im me,

' ’

M M
. . . .

‘ ’
A b riss d e r b i bl h e b r - e t rik ,
. Z D G 1 8 9 6, p 5 29 if , 1 8 9 7 , p 6 8 3 if ;
. . . .

Psa lmenp rob leme, & c , F re ib urg ( S w i t z erla n d ) , 1 90 2 ( o n w h ic h see B e e r i n

M
.

’
G e dan ke n ii b e r h e b r e t r ik , i n A l t sc h ii le r s Vier tel
‘ ’
Th LZ 1 9 0 3 , n o
M
. . .

j a h rsch rift, i 1 if ; D el le r , R h yth mus, etri k u S trop h ik in d bibl -h ebr . . . .

P oesie, Pa d e rb o r n , 1 8 9 9 ; S c h l oe g l, D e re metrica veterum H eb ra eorum disp uta tio,

V in d ob ona s , 1 8 9 9 ( o n t h e sa me l in es as G rim m e ) b ut e sp ec ially E d S ie v ers,
M M
.

etrisch e S tudien i S tudien z ur h eb r etrik, p t 1 Untersuch ungen , p t . 2 Textp rob en, . .

Lp z 1 9 0 1
. i i D ie hebr Genesis, 1 Texte, 2 Z ur Quellensch eidung u Textlcri tik, L p z
. . .

1 90 4 f iii S a muel , L p z 1 9 0 7 ; A mos metrisch bea rbeitet ( w it h H G ut h e ) , L p z

M
. . . .

1 0
9 7 a n d h i s A ltt t i ll n ( 1 I s 2 4
— 2 7, 2 J n a 3 D e u t e -Zec h a ria h

M
es sz e e o r o
M
.
, ,

a l a c h i, 5 H osea , 6 Joe l ,
4 7 Ob a dia’ h , 8 Z ep h an iah , 9 H agg ai, 1 0 ic ah ) ,
Lp z 1 90 4—7 —A s a g uide t o S iev e rs sy st e m ( w it h so me c rit ic ism o f h is
M
. .

p r in c i p l es ) s e e B a u m a nn ‘
Die e t rik u d as A i n t h e Th eol R undsch au, v iii
M
. . .
,

41 fi W H Cob b , A criticism of systems of H ebrew etre, O ford , 1 9 0 5

'

. . . x
Co rnil l , E inleitung ins A Ti , T iib in g e n , 1 90 5 , p 1 1 ft ; R ot h st e in , Z eitsch r
. . , .

fur d ev R el -Unterrich t, 1 9 0 7 , p 1 8 8 ff an d h is Grundzug e des h ebr R h yth mus,

. . . . . .

L p z 1 9 0 9 ( a l so se p a rat e l y P sa lmentexte u der Text des H oh en Li edes, L p z 1 9 0 9 )

. . .

W R A rn old , ‘ Th e rh y t h ms o f t h e anc ie n t
. . i n O T a nd S emi tic S tudies . .

i n memory of W R H a rp er, i 1 6 5 111 , Ch ic ag o , 1 9 0 7 , ac c ording t o w h o m t h e

. . .

n umb e r o f sy l lab l e s b e t w e e n t h e b ea t s i s o n l y l imit e d b y t h e p h y si ol og ica l

p ossib il it ies o f p h o ne t ic s ; C v O re lli, Zur e t rik de r a l t t est P rop h e t e n M

M
. . .

sc h r ift e n
,
’
i n h is K o m men t a r e u de n k l P rop h eten
3
, p
236 un ic h , 1 90 8
. . .

I n ful l ag re e me nt w i t h S ie v e r s is B aet h g e n , Psa lmenS , p v i if , G ot t in e n

g ,
. xx
[Cf B udde i n DB i v 3 fl D uh m i n E B iii 3 7 9 3 112]
'

1 90 4. . . . . . .

O f a ll v ie w s o f t h i s mat t er, t h e o nl y one g e n e rall y a c c e p t e d as so und w a s

a t fi rst L e y s a n d B ud de s disc ov e ry o f t h e Q ina o r L ame n t a t i o n-V e rse ( ZA W
’ '
.

1 8 8 2,
5 if ; 1 8 9 1 , 2 3 4 112 ; 1 8 9 2, 3 1 On t h e ir p re d e cesso rs, L o w t h , d e
W e t te , E w a l d, see Loh r, K l agelied ’ , p 9 Th is v e rse , c al le d b y D uh m ‘ l ong . .

v erse b y S ie v e rs simp l y fi v e ~ sy ll a b l e d ’ ( F ii nfe r) , c onsist s o f t w o me mb e r s,

t h e se c ond at l e a st one b e at sh ort e r t h a n t h e o t h e r Th a t a reg ul ar re p e t i t i on .

o f a n e q ual n um b e r o f sy l l ab l e s i n a rsis a n d th esi s w a s ob se r v e d b

y o th e r
p o e t s, h ad b e e n e st ab l ish e d b y L e y , D uh m , G unk e l , G rimm e , a n d o t h ers,
e sp e c ially Zim me rn , w h o c it e s a B a b l o n ia n h y m n i n w h ic h t h e m e m b ers
y
a re a c t ua ll y m a r ke d (ZA . x
1 if , x ii 3 8 2 ff ; c f al so D e l i t z sc h , D as ba b yl
. . . . .

Weltsch bpfungsep os, L p z 1 8 9 6, p p -60 . R ec e n t ly , h ow ev er , E S ie v e rs, t h e

. .

rec o g niz e d a ut h o rit y o n me t r e in o t h e r b ra n c h e s o f l it e ra t ure , h as i n d ic a t e d ,

i n t h e w orks me nt ione d ab o v e , a n umb e r o f fre sh fa c t s a nd v ie w s, w h ic h
h av e fre q ue nt l y b e e n c o n fi rme d b y t h e c o nc l usi on s of L ey a nd o t h e rs Th e .

mo st imp ort a n t a re a s fol l o w s

H e b re w p o e t ry , as d ist ing uish e d from t h e q ua n t ita t ive Cl assical a nd A rab ic

1
Th a t a l re a dy i n I sa ia h s t ime ( se c o nd h a l f o f t h e e ig h t h c e nt ury B c )
’
. .

e d uc a t e d H e b re w s o r a t l e a st o fii c e rs o f st a t e , und erst o o d A ra ma ic w h il e
, ,
t h e c ommon p e op l e i n Je rusal e m did not , is ev ident fr om 2 2
1 8 6 Is
( K
 H ist ory o e H eb rew L a ng u ag e
§ 2 3 ] f th 1 5
an d t h e syl l a b ic S y riac v e rse , i s a ccentua l T h e numb e r of unst re sse d .

sy l l a b les b e t w e e n t h e b e a t s ( ictus) is, h ow ev e r, n ot a rb it ra ry , b ut t h e sc h e me

o f t h e v e rse is b ase d o n a n irre g ul a r a n ap ae st w h ic h ma y un der g o r h yt h m ic a l
modifi c a t ions ( e g resol v ing t h e ic t us in t o t w o syll a b l es, o r l e ng t h e ning t h e
. .

a rsis so as t o g ive a d ou b l e ac c e n t ) a n d c o n t ra c t ion , e g o f t h e fi r st t w o . .

sy l l a b l es Th e foo t al w ay s c o nc lud e s w it h th e ic t us, so t h at t one l ess e ndings,

.

d ue t o c h a nge o f p ro nun c ia t io n or c orrup t ion o f t h e t e t , a re t o b e dis

. x
re g a rde d , a l t h oug h as a rul e t h e i c t us c o i n c ide s w i t h t h e H e b re w w o rd
ac c e n t .Th e m et ric a l sc h em e c o n sist s o f c o mb in a t io n s of fe e t in series ( of 2,
— d oub l e t h re e s v e r fre ue nt l
3 or a n d o f t h e se a g a i n in p eriod s , y q y , do ub l e
fours in n a rra t ive , fi ves i n L ame nt a t ion s ( se e a b ov e ) a n d v e ry o ft e n e l se
w h ere , an d se v e ns S ie v e rs reg a rd s t h e l ast t w o m et re s a s c at al e c t ic d oub l e
.

t h re es a nd fours C o nn e c t e d se c t ion s d o n ot a lw ay s mai nt ain t h e sam e

.

me t re t h roug h out , b ut o ft e n e h ib it a m i t ure of me t res x x .

It c an l ong er b e d oub t e d t h at i n t h e a n a ly sis o f p ure ly p oe t ic a l

no
p assag e s, t h is syst e m o ft e n fi n d s re ady c o n fi rma t ion a nd l e ad s t o t e t ua l a nd x
l i t e ra ry r e sul t s, su c h as t h e e l im ina t io n of g l o sses Th e re a re , h ow e v er , .

y g o ut t h e sc h e m e c o nsist e n t ly a n d e t e n d ing it
v a ri ous d iffic ul t ie s i n c a rr in x
t o t h e p rop h et ic a l w rit in g s a n d st il l mo re t o n a rrat ive ( 1 ) n o t i n fre q ue n tl y
t h e r e q uire d n umb e r o f fe e t i s o n l y ob t a ine d b y sa c rifi c i ng t h e c l e a rl y
ma rke d p ara l l e l ism, o r t h e g r am mat ic al c onne ion ( e g o f t h e c o n st ruc t x . .

st at e w it h i t s g e nit iv e ) , a n d som e t imes e v e n b y m e an s o f doub t ful e m e nd a

t io n s ; ( 2) t h e w h ol e sy st e m assumes a c o rre c t t ra n smission o f t h e t e t a nd x
i t s p ron un c ia t io n, fo r ne it h e r o f w h ic h is t h e re t h e l e a st g uara n t ee T o sum .

up , o ur c o nc l usion a t p r e se nt i s t h a t for p oe t r y p ro p er so me assure d a n d

fi n a l re sul t s h av e b e e n a l rea dy ob t a ine d , a nd ot h e rs may b e e p ec t e d, x
fro m t h e p rin c ip le s l aid d ow n b y S ie v ers, al t h o ug h , c onsid e ri ng t h e w ay in
x
w h i c h t h e t e t h as b e e n t ra nsmit t e d , a fa ul tless a rra n g e men t o f me t re s c an
n ot b e e p e c t e d x Con v i n c ing p ro o f of t h e consistent use o f t h e sa m e me t ri c a l
.

s c h e me s i n t h e p rop h e t s, and a fortiori in n a rra t ive , c an h ard ly b e b r o ug h t

forw a rd
M
.

Th e g reat w ork of D H ul ler, D ie P rop h eten i n ih rer ursp rungl F orm ( 2 v o ls ,

. . . .

Vie n na , 1 8 9 6 c f h is S trop h enbau u R esp onsion, ib id 1 8 9 8 , a nd K omp osition u

. . . .

Strop h enbau, i b id i s a st udy o f t h e most i mp ort a n t monume n t s o f

.

earl y S e m it i c p oe t r
y from t h e p o int o f v ie w o f st rop h ic st ruc t ure a nd t h e
use of t h e re fra in , i e t h e rep e t it io n o f t h e same or similar p h rase s o r w ord s
. .

i n c orresp on ding p osit io n s i n d iffe ren t st ro p h e s .

T h e a rra ng e me n t o f c e r t a in p oe t ic al p assag es in v e rse -form re q ui re d b y

1 13
i
e rl y sc r b a l rul es Dt 3 2 ; Ju 5 ; r S
( Ex 2 S 2 2,
‘

a ip
2-3 7 -1 0
1 8 , 1 3 6 ; Pr 1 Ch f l Jo Ec 3 ; E st 9
. c a s o .
) h as
n ot h ing t o d o w i th t h e q ue st ion o f m e t re in t h e ab o v e se n se
"

W ord s a re u se d in p oe t ry, for w h ic h ot h e rs a re c ust o mary in p rose, e. g .

WlJN m nm to
'
ma n = D “T nau word -
‘
N l l l lR
' '

7
; u

to me = sin
co .

T o t h e p o et ic me a nings of words b el o ng s t h e use o f c e rt a in p o e t ic ep ith ets a s

x
sub st ant ive s ; t h us, fo r e a mp l e , was ( o n l y in c o n st r st $
3 5 ) th e strong one . .

for God ; $ 3 15 th e strong one for bull, h orse ; mn; ‘

a lb a for tuna ; a; ene my for
v ia .

O f w ord-forms, w e may n ot e , 0 . g . t h e l ong er fo rms o f p rep osit ion s of p lac e

(5 103 n ) §g 5g
~ =
ma y; t h e e n d in g s l in
‘
t h e noun (5
t h e p ronomina l sufiixe s in, in; lb ; for D, D__ [3 7 (5 t h e p l ura l
e n ding for ( 5 8 7 e) . To th e syntax b e l ong s t h e far mo re sp a ring
use o f t h e art ic le , of t h e re lat iv e p r o n oun , o f t h e a c c u sa t iv e p a r t ic l e “ if t h e
c o nst ruc t b e fo re p re p o sit io n s ; t h e sh o rt e ne d im p e rfe c t w it h t h e
st a t e eve n

sa m e m ea ning a s t h e o rdinary fo rm 10
9 i) t h e w ide r g ov e rning p ow e r o f
p rep osit i ons ; a nd in ge ne ral a forc i b l e b re vi t y of e p re ssion x .
 1 6 I ntr oduction 2 t -v

t 7 Th e second p eriod of t h e H eb rew languag e and lit erat ure,

M
.

aft er t he r et urn from t h e exile unt il the acc ab ees

(ab out 1 60 B .

is c hiefly dist ing uish ed b y a const ant ly c lo ser a p p ro x ima t ion o f t h e

lang uag e t o t h e kindred w e st ern A rama ic dialec t . This is due t o t h e

influenc e of t h e Aramaeans, w h o l iv ed in c lose c ont ac t w ith t h e rece nt

a nd t h inly-p op ulat ed c olo ny in J erusalem , a nd wh ose dialec t w as

a l rea dy o f imp o rt anc e as b e ing t h e oflic ial languag e of t h e w est ern
h al f o f t h e Persian mp ire
e . N ev ert h eless th e supp lant ing o f H eb re w
b y A rama ic p roceeded only v ery gradually . Writ ing s int ende d for

p op ular use , such as t h e H eb rew orig inal of J esus t h e son of S irach

a nd t h e b ook of D aniel, not o nly sh ow t h a t H eb rew a b out 1 70
w as st ill in use a s a lit erary lang uag e , b ut also t h a t it w as st ill at

l east b y t h e p eo p le
unde rst ood W h en it h ad fina l ly ceased t o e x ist .
1

as a l iv ing l an ua e, it w a s st ill p reserved a s t h e la ng ua ge of th e

g g
S chools— no t t o ment ion t h e numerous H eb raisms int roduc ed int o t h e
A ramaic sp oken b y t he J e ws .

F or p a rt ic ul ars, se e K aut z sc h , Gramm des B ibl -A ra m , pp 1 - 6 W e may . . . . .

c o nv e n ie n t ly re ga r d t h e re l a t io n o f t h e l a n guag es w h ic h c o-e ist e d i n t h is x

l a t e r p e rio d a s si mi l ar t o t h a t o f t h e H ig h a n d Lo w G e rma n i n N ort h
G e rma ny , o r t o t h a t of t h e H ig h G e rma n a n d t h e c ommon dial e c t s i n t h e
sout h a n d i n S w i t ze rl an d E v e n a mong st t h e m ore e duc at e d , t h e c om m o n
.

d iale c t p re v a il s o ral l y, w h il st t h e H ig h G e r m a n se rv e s e sse n t ia l l y a s t h e

l i t e rary a n d c ul t ured l a ng uag e , a n d i s a t l e a st u nd e rst o o d b y a l l c l a sse s
o f t h e p e op l e W h ol l y un t e n a b le i s t h e n ot i on, b ase d on a n e rrone ous
.

i nte rp re t a t io n o f N e h 8 3 , t h a t t h e Je w s imm e dia t e ly a ft e r t h e e il e h a d c o m x

p le t e l y forg o t t e n t h e H eb rew l a n g ua g e , a nd t h ere fo re n e ede d a t ran sl at ion
o f t h e H o l y S c rip t ure s .

u Th e Old Testament w rit ing s b elong ing t o t h is second p e riod, in

a ll of wh ic h t h e A rama ic c olouring a
pp ea rs in v a rious deg rees, a re

c ert a in p ar t s o f t h e Pe nt a t euch a nd of J oshua ,

R ut h , t h e b ooks o f E z ra ,
N eh emiah , Ch ronic les, E st h e r ; t h e p rop h et ical b ooks of H aggai
Ml
,

Zec h ariah , I sa iah I I I ( 5 6 a achi, J oel J onah

, ,
Da niel ; of t h e p oet
ic al b ooks, larg e p art of Prov erb s, Job , Song of S ong s, E c c lesiast e s,
a

and most o f t h e Psalms A s lit era ry c omp osit ions, t h ese b ooks are some
.

t imes fa r inferior t o t h o se of t h e first p eriod, al t h o ug h w ork w as st ill

p roduc e d wh ic h in p urit y of la ng uag e a nd aest h et ic v al ue falls l it t le

short o f t h e w rit ing s o f t h e g olden a g e .

7) La ter words ( A rama isms) a re , e. g . mns decla ra ti on , DDS comp el, 13

‘
son,

as time, qpt l Dl l Pi Pi f
‘ ‘
ch a lk, ra ise up , . rep roa ch , . roo over,

1
x
Th e e t en siv e use of H e b re w i n t h e p o p ul a r re l ig ious li te ra t ure w h ic h
is p a rt l y p re se rve d t o us i n t h e id ra sim , t h e M
isna , a nd t h e L it u rg y , M
i nd ic a t es, mo re o v e r, t h a t H e b re w w a s w id e ly u n d e rst o o d m uc h l a t e r t h an
t h is Cf
. . M
H S eg a l , . . M
isn a ic H e b re w a nd i t s re la t io n s t o B ib l ic al H e b r ew
a n d A ra m a ic , i n J Q R , 1 0 8 , p 647 it
(a l so sep arat e ly )
’

9 . . . . . .
 w, 3 a
) H ist ory o
f the H ebr ew L a ng uag e 1 7
1 170
1 stray, 93
1 1 0079
1 573 a dvise,
filD =
rP end, 53 P= “ PPt a ke, ir
K k
r? ) brea k,

NJ? ) be ma ny, n§ u= j §u rule , apn= b e strong — L ate r mea ning s are , e g . . .

VQ N ( t o sa y) to comma nd ; my ( t o a nsw e r) to b eg in sp ea king —Orth ograp h ica l

“
.

a nd g ra mmatica l p e cul ia r it ie s a re , t h e fre q ue nt scrip tio p lena o f i a nd

"1
e .
g . 1 11 1
( e l se w h e1 e ev e n vi fo r i 3 h for t h e in t e rc h a ng e

of n_ a nd N__fi nal ; t h e m ore fre q ue nt use o f sub st an t iv e s in ll m ,

81 0 . Cf
D av S t rauss, S p ra ch t S tud ien zu d h ebr S ira chfra g menten, Z uric h , 1 9 0 0 ,
. . . .

p 1 9 112; for t h e Psa l ms C h e y n e , Ori g in of th e Psa lter , p 4 6 1

. a nd e sp e c ial ly .

G ie seb re c h t i n Z A W 1 8 8 1 , p 2 7 6 if in g e nera l , K a ut zsc h , Die A ra ma ismen

. . .

i m A T ( i, L e xika l T e i l ) , H a l le , 1 90 2
. . . .

B ut a l l t h e p e c ulia ri t ie s o f t h e se l at e r w rit e r s a re n ot A ramai sms S ev e ral .

d o n o t o c c ur i n A ram a ic a n d must h av e b e l o n g e d a t a n e a rl ie r p e riod t o

t h e H e b re w v e rna c ul a r, e sp e c ia l ly i t w o uld se e m in n o rt h e rn P a l e st ine .

Th e re c e rt ain p art s of Judg e s, a m o ng st o t h er s, may h av e o rig in a t e d , as i s

i nd ic a t e d, e. g by . a co mm o n form i n Ph oe n ic ia n (as w e l l as at e) , for
r
fi /lN w h ic h a ft e rw ar ds re c urs i n J on a h , Lame nt a t i o ns, t h e S o n g of
g
S on g s, t h e l a t er Psal ms, a nd E c c l e siast e s .

Rem 1 O f dia l e c t ic a l v a rie t ie s in t h e o l d H eb re w l a n g uag e , o n l y o ne

. . w
x
e p re ss m e n t io n o c c u r s i n t h e O T ( Ju ac c or d ing t o w h ic h the
M
. .

E p h ra im it e s in c e rt ai n c a se s p ro noun c e d t h e as D ( Cf a rq uar t i n W . .

ZA 8 8 8 , p 1 5 1 if ) W h e t h e r in N e h 1 3 24 b y t h e sp eech of A sh dod a H e b re w ,
W . 1 . .

o r a ( w h o l l y diffe re n t
) Ph ilist ine d ia le c t is int e n d ed , c an n ot b e d ete rm in ed .

O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , ma n y p e c u l ia r it ie s i n t h e N ort h P a l e stin ian b ooks

( Judg es a n d H o se a) a re p rob ab ly t o b e r e ga rde d as d iffere nc es in dial e c t ,
a n d so a l so som e a n om a l ie s i n t h e oab it e i n sc rip t io n o f esa ( se e ab ov e , d ) M M ‘

M
.

O n l a t e r de v e l op men t s se e L e t m a n , Die h ebr S p ra ch e, ih re Gesch ich te u . . .

lexika l E ntwi ckelung seit A b sch luss des K anons u ih r B au in d Gegenwa rt,
. . .

Je r usale m, 1 9 0 6 .

2 I t is e v ide nt t h at , i n t h e e t a nt re main s of o ld H eb re w l it era t ure ,2 t h e

. x
e n t ire st ore of t h e a n c ie n t l ang uage i s n o t p re se rv e d T h e c an on ic a l b ook s .

o f t h e O l d T e st a m e n t fo rm e d c e rt a inl y on l y a fra c t ion of t h e w h o le H e b re w

n at io n al l i t e ra t ure .

'

8 . Gra mma tica l Tr ea tmen t f

o th e H ebr ew La ngua ge .

O e h l e r s a rt ic l e, ‘ H eb r S p rac h e , ’
’
G e se n ius, Gesch der h ebr S p ra che , 1 9 39 . .
-
.

i n S c h m id s E nc ykl des ges E rz ieh ungs u Unterrich tswesens, v ol i ii p 3 4 6 if

’

. . . . . . .

( in t h e z ud e d re v ised b y N e st le , p 3 1 4 . Cf a l so t h e l it e ra t ure c it e d . .

a b ov e in t h e h e a ding s o f 1 and 2 a l so B ot t c h e r , Leh rb der h eb r S p r , i L p z . . . . .

1 8 66, p 3 0 L G e ig e r , D as S tudium der H eb r Sp r in D eutsch l vom E nde d es

M
. . . . .

X V b is z ur itte des X VI J a h rh , B re sla u, 1 8 7 0 ; B P ic k, ‘ T h e S t udy of t h e

. . . .

H e b re w L ang ua g e a m on g Je w s a nd Ch rist ia ns, ’ in B ib lioth eca S a cra , 1 8 8 4 ,

’

p 45. 0 a n d 1 8 8 5, p 4 7 0 ff ; W B a c h e r, a r t i c l e
‘
G ram m a r
’
. in t h e J ew . . .

E ncyclop a edia , v ol v i, Ne w Y o rk a n d L on don , 1 9 0 4 . Cf a lso t h e no t e o n d . . .

1 . At th e t ime w h en t h e ol d H eb rew la ng uag e w a s g radually a

b ecoming e x t inc t ,
a nd the fo rma t io n o f t h e O T c ano n w as . .

1 "
PTl - in t h e Mi n or P rop h e t s t h ro ug h o ut ( H o
5
3 , &c ) i s d ue me rely t o
M
.

a c a p ric e o f t h e a so re t e s.
2
A c c o rd ing t o t h e D ut c h sc h o l a r Le usde n , t h e O T
th e c a l c ul at io n of . .

c o nt a in s diffe re n t H e b i ew a n d A rama ic w o rds ; ac c ording t o 1 a b b in ic a l

c al c ula t ion s, a l t og e t h e r i n t h e P e n t at e uc h Cf a l so E N e st le , Z A W . . . .

1 9 0 6 , p 2 3 ; H S t rac k , Z A W 1 90 7 , p 6 9 ff ; B lau , N eue m a sc re t S t ud ie n,

’

8
‘
. . . . . .

in J QR xv i 3 5 7 t reat s o f t h e n umb e r o f l e t t e rs a n d w ord s, a nd t h e v e se

. .

d iv isio n in t h e O T . .

CO W LEY
 1 8 I ntroduction 3 b

ap p roa c hing comp let ion t h e ,

J ew s b ega n t o e x p lain a nd cr it ic al ly

rev se i t h e ir sac red t ex t, and so met imes t o t ranslat e it int o the

v ernac ular lang uag es wh ic h in vario us c ount r ies h a d b ec ome c urrent

a mong t h em . Th e o ldest tra nsla t ion is t h e G reek of t h e S even ty

( mo re cor rec t ly S eventy - t w o) I nt erp re t e rs ( LXX), w hich w as b eg un

w it h t h e P ent at euch at Ale x andria under Pt ol emy Philadelph us b ut ,

on ly c omp le t ed lat er . I t w a s t h e w o rk of va rious aut h o rs, so me of

w h om h a d a living know ledg e of th e o rig inal, and w a s int ended for

t h e use of G reek-sp eakin g J e ws ,
e sp ec ia lly in Al ex andria . S omew h at
la t er t h e Aramaic t ra nsl a t ions, or T arg ums i. e . in terp ret a

tions), w ere fo rmed b y made in Pa lest ine and

suc c essiv e rec ensions

B ab ylonia Th e exp la na tions deriv ed in p art fro m al leg ed t radit ion

.
, ,

r efer a lmost e x c lusiv el t o c iv il a nd rit ua l law a nd dogmat ic t h e ology

y ,

and are no more sc ie nt ific in c h ara c t er t h an muc h of t h e t e x t ual

t radit ion t h at p erio d

of B ot h kinds o f t radit ion ar e p reser ve d
.

in th e Ta lmud, t h e first p art o f w h ich , t h e isna , w a s finally b rough t M

t o it s p re sent fo rm t ow ards t h e end o f t h e se c ond c ent ury ; o f t h e
r ema inder, t h e Gemara , one r e cension e J erusa lem or P a lestinia n
( t h
Gem ) a b o ut t h e middle of t h e fo urt h c ent ury, the ot h er
( t h e B a bylo
Mis
.

xth
.

nia n Gem ) . ab out t h e middle of the si c ent ury Th e h a

fo rms t h e b eg inning of t h e New -H eb re w lit erat ure ; t h e languag e of

t h e G emaras is fo r t h e most p a rt Arama ic .

b 2 To t h e int erval b et we en t h e c omp let ion o f t h e Tal mud and

.

th e earliest g ra mmat ical writers, b el ong mainly t h e v oc aliz at ion a nd

a c cent uat ion o f t h e h it h ert o unp oint ed t e t x of the O T . ac c ording to

t h e p ronunc ia t ion t radit ional in t h e S ynag ogues a nd S c h o ol s 7 h , i ),

a s w ell a s t h e g reat er ar t o f t h e c ollec t ion o f c rit ical not es wh ich
p
b ears t h e na me o f Me a s ra
( “ D OD tr a dit io l) 1
F rom t his t h e t e x t
MS S
.

w h ich h as sinc e b een t ransmit t ed w ith rig id uniformit y by th e .

,

1
On t h e na m e M asor a (o r M
K on ig , E inleitung in das A T ,
a sso ra , a s e . g E . . . .

p 38 Leh rgeb d h eb r Sp ra c he, i i 3 5 8 ii ) , a n d t h e g re a t d i ffi c ul t y o f sa t is

M
. . . . .

x
fac t oril y e p l a in in g i t , c f D e L ag a rd e , itteilungen, i 9 1 fl
. W B ac h e r s ’
.
'

. .

x
d e riv a t io n o f t h e e p ressi o n ( in J QR 1 8 9 1 , p 7 8 5 ff so a l so C L e v ias i n . . . .

h
t e H e b rew U nion College A nnu a l i
, C n
c i nn a t i, 1 9 4, p
0 1 47 ff ) fr o m E 2 2 0 37
. .

( DD T) DWDD ; TN DD, i e . . moire , b e ing an e q ual l y l e g it im a t e fo rm ) is

j
rig h t l y r e ec t e d b y K on ig , l . c. Th e c orr e c t ness o f t h e fo rm mb n ( b y
7 1?
th e

side o f th e e q ua l ly w ell at t e st e d form nWDD) d oe s no t se e m t o us t o b e

i n v a lida t e d b y h is a rg u me nt s, n or b y B l au
’
s p rop osa l t o re ad mien (JQR . xii .

Th e re mark o f L e v ia s ( l . c. de se rv e s no t ic e , t h at w it h t h e ea lie r M
r asore t e s

rfi l DD is e q u iv al e nt to o r t h og ra p h y , i . e .
p lene a nd defective w rit ing , an d o n ly

l a te r ca me t o me a n tra ditio — G W il db oe r , in Z A W 1 9 0 9 , p 7 4, c o nt en ds
. . . .

t h at as WDD to h and on is n o t found i n t h e O T , it must b e a lat e de no mina . .

t iv e i n t h is se nse .
§3 c, d] G ra mma tica l T r ea t ment of the L a ng uag e 1 9
and is st ill t h e rec eived t ex t of th e O T , h a s ob t ained t h e name of t he
M
. .

aso ret ic Te x t .

E . F .R o se n m ul l e r a l re ady ( H a ndb uch fur d L iter d er bibl K ritik u

K . . . . . C
E xegese, 1 7 9 7 , i 2 4 7 ; Vorrede z ur S tereotyp -A usg des A T , Lp z 1 8 3 4) m ain
. . . . .

. . x
t a in e d t h a t o ur 0 T t e t w a s de r iv e d fro m Co d ic es b e l o n g ing t o a si ng l e
re c e n sion J G S omm e r ( c f Co rn il l , Z A W 1 8 9 2 , p
. . . O l sh a u se n ( si n c e
. . .

a nd e sp e c ial ly D e L ag a rde (Proverb ien, 1 8 6 3 , p 1 iii ) , h a v e e v e n m ade i t

M
.

p rob a b l e t h a t t h e o rig inal aso re t ic t e t w as d e ri ve d fro m a sing l e st a n d a rd x

ma n usc rip t C f , h o w ev e r, E K on ig in Z tsch r f kirclzl Wiss , 1 8 8 7 , p 2 7 9 f ,
M
. . . . . . . .

a nd e sp e c ia lly h is E inleitung ins A T , p 8 8 if ore ov e r a g re a t m an y fa c t s,

M
. . . .

w h ic h w il l b e n ot ic e d in t h e ir p ro p e r p la c e s, i n dic a t e t h a t t h e a so ra it se l f is

b y n o me a n s un ifo rm b u t sh ow s c l ea r t ra c e s of d iffe re n t sc h o o l s a nd O p in ion s

c f H S t ra c k in S emiti c S tud ies i n memory o f K oh ut B e rlin , 1 8 9 7 , p 5 6 3 if
M
. . . . .
,

x
A n e c e l l e n t fo unda t ion fo r t h e h ist o ry of t h e asora a nd t h e se t t l e me n t o f
t h e masore t ic t rad it io n w a s l a i d b y Jo h B uxt orf i n h is Ti beria s seu Commen
M
.

ta rius asoreth icus, fi rst p ub l ish e d at B ase l in 1 6 20 a s an ap p e n d i to t h e x

R a b b inic a l B ib l e of 1 6 1 8 f F o r m ore re c e n t w o rk se e G e ig e r, Judisch e Z tsch r ,
. .

i ii 7 8 if , foll ow e d b y H arris in J QR i 1 2 8 if , 24 3 iii ; S F re nsdo rfi Och la

‘

M
. . . . ,

W och la , H anov er, 1 8 64 ; an d h is assor W6rterb , p art i , H a n ov er and Lp z

’

M M
. . .

1 8 7 6 ; a n d C h D G in sb urg , Th e a ssora comp iled from a nuscrip ts, & c , 3 v o l s ,

M
. . . .

L on d 1 8 8 0 . a nd I ntroduc tion to th e a ssoreti co-cri tica l ed ition of th e H ebr B ib le, .

x
L ond 1 8 9 7 (h is t e t , re p rint e d fro m t h a t o f Jac ob b H a y y i m [V e n ic e , 1 5 2 4—5 ]
M
. .

w it h v a ria n t s fro m S S a nd t h e e a rlie st e d it io n s, w a s p ub l ish e d in 2 v o l s

. .

a re v i se d e d i t io n i s i n p ro g re ss) ; H
a t L on d o n i n 1 8
94, 2 nd e d 1 9 0 6
M
. .

H yv erna t , L a l a n g ue e t le l a n g ag e d e l a
‘
asso re
’

( as a m i t ure o f Ne w x
H eb re w an d A ra ma ic ) , in t h e Revue b ib lique, O c t 1 9 0 3 , p 5 29 ff a nd B : Le iq ue . . . x
ma sso rét iq ue , ibi d , O c t 1 90 4 , p 5 2 1 {f , 1 90 5 , p 4 8 1 ff , a nd p 5 1 5 if I n t h e
’

M
. . . . . . . .

u se o f t h e a sso ra fo r t h e c r it i c a l c on st ruc t io n o f t h e T e t , u se ful w o r k h a s x

b e e n d o n e e sp e c ial ly b y S B ae r , i n t h e e dit io n s o f t h e se v e ra l b o ok s (o nl y
j
.

x
E od -D eut h av e st il l t o a p p e a r) , e dit e d from 1 8 6 9 c on o in t l y w it h F r
. . .

D e l it z sc h , a n d sinc e 1 8 9 1 b y B ae r a l one Cf al so 7 h . . .

T h e v a rious rea d in g s o f t h e Q ° r e ( se e 1 7 ) fo rm o ne o f t h e o l de st an d mo st

i mp or t a n t p a rt s o f t h e a sora M
T h e p un c t uat i o n o f t h e T e t , h o w e v e r , is n o t x
M
.

t o b e c o nfo unde d w it h t h e c o mp il a t io n o f t h e asora Th e forme r w as .

se tt l e d at a n ea rl ie r p e ri od, a nd is t h e re sul t o f a m uc h m o re e h aust ive l ab our x

t h an t h e M
aso ra, w h ic h w as no t comp l e t e d t il l a c o nside ra b l y l a t e r t i m e .

3 . I t was no t unt il ab o ut t h e b eg inning of t h e t e nt h c e nt ury t h at ( l

t he J ew s ,
follo w ing t h e e x ample o f t h e Arab s b e gan t h eir gramma t ic al ,

co mp ila t ions Of the numerous ra mma t ic al a nd le x ic o ra hic a l

.
g g p
w orks of R S a b eyo nd frag ment s in t h e c omment ary o n t h e S ep h er
'
‘
a dya ,

My
.

mb ert , p p 4 2 4 7 7 5 on ly t h e e x la na t on
Yesira (ed . a er-La p.
i , , ,

in Arab ic of t he se v ent y
(m ore c orrec t ly ninet y
) p
h a ax le omen a in
g
t h e O T h as b e en p re serv ed
. . W rit t en like wise in Arab ic , b ut fr e .

u ent l t n l t d int H b w w t h t ill e x t a nt w orks of t h e

q y ra s a e o e r e ,
ere e s

g ramma r ians R Yeh uda Hayyfig (also c alled Ab u Za ka rya Yahya , ab o ut

M
.

t h e year 1 0 0 0 ) and R Y o na (A b u l-Wal id e rw zin ib n Canal} , a b out

’ ’

. .

B y t he a id o f t h ese ea rlier lab o urs, Ab rah am b en E z ra ( c om

monly ca lled Ab en E z ra ,
ob . 1 1 6 7) a nd R D av id .
Q imh i (ob . c. 1 23 5 )
e sp ec ia lly g ained a c lassic al rep ut at io n b y t h eir H eb re w g rammat ic al
w rit ing s .

O n h is inde p e n d e nt at t it ude t ow a rds t h e M asore t ic p unc t ua t ion, se c

D e l it zsc h , Comm e u den Psal men‘ , p 3 9 . . .

0 2
 20 I ntr oduc tio n 3 e, f
F rom t h ese g ra mm aria ns a re de riv e d ma ny p rinc ip le s o f arra ng e
ea rl iest

men t a nd t e c h n ic a l t e rms, so me of w h ic h a re st ill re t a in e d, e g t h e n aming . .

j
o f t h e c o n ug a t i on s a n d w ea k v er b s a c c o rding t o th e p a ra d ig m o f VD, c ert a in D
voces memoria les, as 11 5 3 1 33 and t h e l ike .
1

6 4 . Th e fat h e r of H eb rew p h ilol ogy among Ch rist ians w as J oh n

R euchl in ( ob . t o w h om Greek lit era t ure also is so much
indeb t ed Like t h e grammarians wh o suc c eeded him, t ill t h e t ime
.

of J oh n B uxt orf t h e elder (ob h e st ill a dh ered a l most ent irely .

t o J e w ish t radit io n . F ro m t h e middle of the se v ent eent h c ent ur

y the
field o f inv est ig at ion g ra dually w ide ned, a nd th e st udy of t h e kindred
lang uag es, c hiefly t h rough t h e l ea ders of t h e D ut c h sc h ool , Alb ert
S c h ul t e ns ( ob . 1 7 5 0 ) and N W S ch roder . .
(ob . b ecame of

fr uit ful service t o H eb rew g rammar .

f in H eb rew p h ilology
3
5 . In the nine t e ent h c ent ury the advances
.

ar e e sp ec ially c onnec t ed w it h t h e na mes of W G esenius (b orn at

.

N ordh ausen, F e b 3 , . 1 786 fro m t h e year 1 8 1 0 Professor a t Halls,

w h ere h e die d O c t . 23, w h o ab ov e al l t h ing s aimed a t t h e
co mp reh e nsiv e ob serva t ion and luc id p rese nt at io n o f t h e a c t ual ly
o c c urrin
g l ing uist ic
p h e nomena H E wald (oh 1 8 7 5 a t Go t t ing e n
. .
,
K r it . Gra nt/ m der H ebr Sp r , Lp z . . . 8 2 7 ; A usfdh rl L ehr b d h ebr
. 1 . . . .

ed. , G ott w ho c h iefly a ime d a t referrin

Sp r .
,
8 th .
g ling uist ic
forms t o g eneral laws and rat ionally e x p laining t h e la t t er J . Olsh ause n
( ob . 1 8 8 2, at B erlin ; L ehrb der h ebr Sp ra c he, B runswic k,
. . 1 861)
wh o at t e mp t ed a c onsist ent e x p la nat ion of t he e x ist ing c o ndit io n o f

t h e lang uage, from t h e p resup posed p rimit iv e S emit ic forms, p reserved

ac cording t o h im not ab ly in o ld A rab ic F B ot t ch er ( Ausfil hr l
'

M
. . .

L ehr b d hebr Sp r ed b y F uhla u, 2 v ol s , L p z 1 8 6 6—8 ) en deavoured

'

. . . . . . .
.

t o p re sent an e x h aust ive synop sis of t h e l inguist ic p h e nomena , a s

w ell a s t o g iv e an e x p la nat io n of t h em fro m t h e sp h ere of H eb rew

On t h eH e b rew g ra m ma ria n s, see S t ra c k a n d S ie g frie d, Leh rb d

o l de st . .

neuh eb r S p r u L iter , Ca rl sr 1 8 8 4 , p 1 0 7 if , a nd t h e p re fac e s t o t h e H e b re w

. . . . . .

x
L e ic on s o f G e se nius a n d F urst B e rli n e r B eitrcige zur h eb r Gra mm { m Ta lmu d
‘

u M
. . .

S k -tea mim
8 79 ; B aer a nd
id ra sch , B t
erlin, 1
ra c D ie D ik d u ke h a des A h ron
b n M
. ,

e osch eh b en A sc h er u a nd ere a lte g ramma tisch massoreth isch e Leh rstu cke, L p z
~

M
. .

1 8 7 9 , a n d P K ah l e s c ri t ic ism s i n Z D G IV 1 7 0 , 11 2 ; E w a ld a n d D uke s ,
’
. . . .

B eitrag e z Gesek der attesten A uslegung u Sp ra ch erklcirung des A T , S t ut tg 1 8 4 4

‘

. . . . . .

3 v ol s H up fe l d, D e rei gra mmatica e ap ud J uda eos i nitiis a ntiquissimisque scri

M
.

p torib us , H a l 1 8 4 6 ; W B a c h e r, D ie A n fang e d e r h e b r
‘
. . in Z D G 1 8 9 5 , . .

1 if a n d 3 3 5 if
. a n d Die h eb r S p ra ch wissensch aft c om 1 0
. b is z um 1 6 J a h rh ,
. . . .

T r ie r , 1 8 9 2 .

g im p u l se w a s nat urall y g iv e n t o t h e se st udie s b y t h e int ro duc t io n

9 A st ro n

o f p rint in g — t h e Psa l t e r in 1 4 7 7 , t h e B o l o g n a P e n t a t e uc h i n 1 4 8 2 t h e S o n c in o ,

O T c o m p l e t e in 1 4 8 8
. . se e t h e d e sc r ip t io n o f t h e t w e n t y-four e a rlie st
’
e d it io n s ( do w n t o 1 5 28 ) i n G i n sb urg s I ntroduction, p 7 79 ff . .

9
O f t h e l it e ra t ure 0 1 t h e sub e c t d o w n t o t h e y e a r 1 8 5 0 , see a t ole ra b ly j
ful l ac c ount i n S t e insch ne ide r’ s B ibliogr H a nd b f h eb r Sp ra ch kunde, L p z 1 8 59 . . . . . .
22 I ntr oductio n 4 ,

sing e l let t ers, w ords, or ev en wh ol e sent enc es, wh ich are t h en o ft en

ad e d d in t h e marg in a nd t h enc e b rough t b ack int o t h e t e t in t h e x

wrong p lac e ; mission is g enera lly due t o h omo iot eleut on (c f
suc h o .

G insb urg I n trod , p 1 7 1 if ), i e t h e sc rib e s eye wanders from t he

’
. . . .
,

l ac e t o a sub sequent w ord o f t h e sa me or simi lar form O th er

p .

c a uses are ditt og rap h y, i . e . erroneous re

p e t it ion of l ett e r s, w ords,
an d e ve n sent e nces ; it s op
p o sit e , h apl og rap hy ; a nd last ly w rong
division of words ( cf .
5 8 )
Ginsb urg , I ntrod
if ,
sinc e at a c ert ain .
, p . 1

t ransmissio n of t h e t e x t t h e words w ere not sep arat ed }

p e riod in t h e
”

I ntent iona l ch ang es a re due t o correc t io ns for t h e sake of dec enc y or

of dog m a , and t o t h e insert io n of g losses, so me of t h em v ery ea rly.

Adva nc e in g rammar is t h erefore c losely dep endent on p rog ress

in t extua l crit icism Th e syst emat ic p ursuit of t h e lat t er h as o nly
.

b eg un in rec e n t yea rs : c f es
p ec ia lly D oorninc k o n J 11 1 —1 6, L eid . .

8 7 9 ; Wellhausen, Text der B b S a m , G ott 1 8 7 1 Cornill, E z echiel,

'

1 . . .

L pz 1 8 8 6 K lost erma nn , B b S a m u d K on , N ordl 1 8 8 7 ; D riv er,

’

. . . . . .
.

N ot es on t he H ebr text o f the B ooks o f S a m , O xf 1 8 90 ; K lost er

Mih
. . .

ma nn, D eu teroj esaj a , un c 1 8 93 O ort , T extus he br menda tiones

e

M ti
, .
,

Lugd . 1 90 0 B urney on K ing s, O x f . 1 90 3 the co mment aries o f ar

a nd N o w ac k ; t he I nt erna t . Grit . Comm . Kautz sc h , D ie hei l .

S chriften des A T . .
2
,
1 90
—
9 10 . A c rit ic al edit ion of t h e O T w it h full
. .

x
t e t ual not es, indicat ing t h e different do c ume nt s b y c olours, is
and

b eing p ub lish e d in a h andsome form b y P H aup t in Th e S a cred B ooks .

a nd B al t imore , 1 8 9 3 if six t een

of th e Old Test , Lp z ( p art s h av e
Mi Mg ill t h
. .

a
p p e a red : E x od , D eut nor Prop h et s, a nd e o a re st ill to
M
.
.
,

co me) ; K it t el, B iblia hebra ica 2

,
1 90 9, a soret c i x
t e t from J acob b .

H a yyim (see c
) , w it h a v al uab le selec t ion of v a riant s fro m t h e
v ersions, a nd e mendat ions .

§ 4 . D i v isi on a nd A rr a ng ement o
f th e Gra mma r .

Th e divisio n a nd arra n e
g ment of H eb rew grammar fo llow t he
c onst it uent of ev ery l angua e, v iz
t h re e p art s g ( 1 ) a rt ic ula t e sounds .

re p re sent ed b y lett er s, a nd unit ed t o form sy l la bles,

( 2) wor ds, a nd

(3 ) sen tenc es .

Th e first p art (t h e e lement s) c omp rise s a cc ordingly t h e t reatment

of sounds and t h eir rep rese nt at ion in w rit in
g I t desc rib es t h e nat ure .

an d rela t ions o f t he sounds of t h e la ng ua g e, t eac h es t h e p ronunc iat io n

1T h is scrip tio continua is a l so fo un d in Ph oe n ic ian in sc rip t ions Th e

M
.

i nsc rip t io n o f e a a l w ay s d iv ides t h e w o rds b y a p o int ( a n d so t h e S il oa m

'
‘

i nsc r i p t io n ; se e t h e fa c si m il e a t t h e b e g inn in g o f th is g ramma r) , a nd fro

q ue nt l y marks t h e c l ose o f a se nt e nc e b y a st ro ke .
§ 4] A rra ng ement Qf the Gr a mma r 23

of t h e w rit t en sig ns (ort hoep y) ,

a nd the e st ab li sh ed mode of w rit ing

( ort h og ra p h y ) . I t t hen t re at s of t h e sounds a s c o mb ine d in syllab les

an d w ords, a nd s e c ifies t h e law s and c ondit ions under w h ic h t h is
p
co mb inat ion t ake s p lac e .

Th e sec ond
p art (et ymology) t reat s of words in t h eir c harac t er
as
p ar ts of sp eec h , and c omp rises : ( 1 ) t h e p rinc ip les o f t h e forma t ion

f
o w ords, or of t h e derivat ion of th e different p art s of sp eech from
t he root s or from one a no t h er ; ( )
2 t h e p rincip l es of infl exion , i . e .

of t he v a rious forms wh ich t h e words a ssu me ac c ording t o t h eir

relat io n to o t h er w o rds a nd t o t he sent ence .

Th e t h ird p art ( synt a x , or t h e arrangement of words) : ( 1 ) sh ow s

h ow t h e word-fo rmat ions and inflexio ns o ccurring in t h e lang uag e are
used to e x p ress different sh ades o f ideas, and h ow ot h e r idea s, for
whic h t h e la nguag e ha s not c oined a ny forms, a re e x p r essed by

p erip h rasis ; ( ) 2 st at es t h e la w s acc ording t o which t h e p art s of

sp eech a re co mb ined in sent ences ( t h e p rinc i l es

p of t he sent enc e ,

o r synt ax in t h e st ric t er sense of t h e t erm) .

 F IR ST PA R T

E LE MENTARY PR N C PLE I I S OR T HE S OUN D S AND

CHARA CTE R S

CH APTER I

T HE I N D I V I DUA L S OU N D S A N D CH A RACT ER S

5 . The Co nsona n ts their F orms a nd N a mes .

( Cf . t h e T ab l e of A lp h a b e t s ) .

A mong t h e ab undant l it erat ure o n t h e sub ec t , sp ec ia l a tt e nt io n is d ire c t e d j

t o A B e rl in e r , B eitrcige zur h ebr Gra mm , B erl in , 1 8 7 9 , p 1 5 {f , o n t h e n a me s,
‘

M
. . . . .

fo rms, an d p ro nunc iat ion o f t h e c on sonant s in Ta l mud and idrash ; H S t ra c k , .

S ch reibkunst u S ch rift b ei d H ebr dern, PR E 3 , L p z 1 9 0 6 p 7 66

. B e nz in g er,
. . . , .

N ow a c k Leh rbuch d h eb r A rch dol ,

'

H eb r A rchdologiez, T ii b ing e n , 1 9 0 7 , p 1 7 2 fi
. . . . . .

F re i b urg , 1 8 9 4, i 2 7 9 {f ; L idz b arski, H a ndbuch d nordsem Ep ig rap h ik, W e ima r,

. . . .

H e b rew A lp h ab e t , ’ in t h e Jewish E ncyclop aedia , i ,

'
‘
1 8 9 8 , i 1 73 fi a l so h is art
. . .

9 ff ( of h is Ep h emeris, i 3 1 6 if ) an d D ie N a me’ n der A l p h a b e t

‘
1 0 1 , p 43
9 . . . . .

b uc h st ab e n i n E p h emeris, i i 1 2 5 if ; K e ny o n , a r t ‘ W rit in g , in t h e D ictiona ry . .

f th e B ible, i v E dinb 1 9 0 2, p 9 4 4 if N ol de k e , D ie se mit B uc h st ab e nna m e n ,

’
o . . . . .

i n B eitr z ur semit Sp ra ch wiss , S t ra ssb 1 9 0 4 , p 1 24 ff

. . F Prae t or ius, Ueber den . . . . .

Ursp rung des h a na a n A lp h a bets, B erlin, 1 9 0 6 ; H G rimm e , ‘ Z ur G e n e sis de s

. .

sem i t
’
A lp h ab e t s, in Z A 1 9 0 7 , p 4 9 iii ; R S t ii b e , Gru ndlinzen e u einer xx ’

M
. . . . .

E ntwickelungsg esch d S ch rift, unic h , 1 9 0 7. Je r ma in , I n th e p a th of th e A lp h a bet,

.

F o rt W a y ne , 1 9 0 7 — L B lau, S tudien z um a lth ebr B uch wesen, &c , S t rassb 1 9 0 2

. . . . .

a n d h is U e b e r d E in fi uss d a l t h e b r B uc h w ese ns a uf d O rig in a l e &c , in

. . . . .

F estsch r eu E h ren A B erliners, F rkf 1 9 0 3

. . . .

’
T h e b e st t a b l e s o f a l p h a b e t s are t h ose of J E ut ing in G B ic ke l l s Outlines . .

of H eb Gram t ra n s] b y S I Cur t i ss, L z 1 8

. .
p 7 7 in P t v i i of t h e Orienta l S er ies
. . . . .

o f t h e P al a e o g rap h ic al S oc , L o n d on , 1 8 8 2 a nd, t h e ful l est o f a ll , i n Ch w o l

.

H ebr , Pe t ersb urg, 1 8 8 2 ; a l so Lidz b arski s in t h e J ewish

'
’
so n s Corp us insor . .

E ncycl , se e ab ove . .

1 . Th e H eb rew let t ers now in use, in which b ot h t h e manu

sc ri
p t s of t h e O T are w rit t en and our edit ions of t h e B ible are
. .

rint e d, c ommonly c alled t h e s ua re c h a r a c ter ln

p q (l a l so t h e

Assyria n cha ra cter a re not t h ose ina lly e m lo ed

o ri
g p y .

Old H ebrew (or Old Ca na a nit ish ?

) w rit ing , as it w as used on

1 Th e na me fil let} (A ssy ria ) i s h e re use d i n t h e w ide st se nse , t o in c l ude t h e

c oun t rie s on th e Mdit
inh ab i t e d b y A rama ea n s ; c f S t ade i n
e er ra nean .

ZA W 1 8 8 2, p 2 9 2 f
. O n some o th e r n ame s fo r O l d H e b re w w rit ing c f
. . . .

G H o fi ma nn , ib id 1 8 8 1 , p 3 3 4 if
'

B uh l , Ca non a nd Text of the 0 T ( t ra nsl

M
. . . . . . .

by J ac p h e rso n ) , E d inb
.
1 8 9 2 , p 20 0 . . .

2
I t is t ac it l y a ssumed h e re t h a t t h is w as t h e mo t h e r of a ll S e mit ic
alp h ab e t s . M
I n Z D G' 1 9 0 9 , p 1 8 9 112, h ow eve r, Prat orius h as sh ow n g o od
. .
 5 a
] The Consona nts their Forms a nd JVa mes 25

p ub l ic monument s i n t h e b eg inning of t h e nint h an d in t h e sec ond

h alf of t h e eigh t h c ent ury B C , is t o b e seen in t h e insc rip t ion of
Meé M
. .

w ell in t h at of S iloam Th e c h a ra c t ers on the

‘
a ,
as as . ac c a

b aea n coins of the sec ond cent ury B . C .

,
and al so o n a nc ient g ms,e

st ill b ear much re se mb lanc e to th is (c f . 2 d) . Wit h t h e Old H eb re w

w rit ing t h e Ph oenic ian is nearly ident ical (see 1 h, 2
j ,and th e
Tab le of Alp h ab et s) . F rom t h e gy of t h e hist ory o f ot h er kinds
an alo

of w rit ing , it may b e assumed t h at out of a nd alo ng w it h t his me nu

ment al c h aracter ique and in some w ays ,

less
ore c onv enient ,
a a nt m
r o unded style w a s early develop ed, for use 0 11 soft e r ma t erials, skins,

b ark, p apyrus, and t h e like This t h e S amarit ans ret aine d after t h eir .

sep a ra t ion from t h e J ews ,

wh ile t h e J ew s g ra dually ‘
(b etw een t h e

sixth a nd t h e fourt h c ent ury

) x c h a ng ed it
e for an Arama ic c h ara ct e r.

Fr om t his g ra dually a rose ( from ab out t h e fourth t o t h e middle o f t h e

t h ird c ent ury) w h at is called t h e squa r e c ha ra c ter , wh ic h c onse quent ly
b ears g rea t resemb lance t o t h e e x t ant forms o f Aramaic w rit ing , suc h
as t h e E g yp t ian-Ara ma ic , t h e N ab at ea n and e sp ecia lly t h e Palmyrene .

O f H eb rew insc rip t ions in t he

‘

older squa re c h a ra c t er, t h at of Araq

a l-E mir ( 1 5% miles nort h -east of t h e mouth of t he J ordan) p rob ab ly
b elong s t o 1 83

Th e Je w ish sa rc op h ag us-i n sc rip t ion s o f t h e t ime of Ch r ist , foun d i n

Je r usale m i n 1 9 0 5 , a l most w it h ou t e c e p t ion e h ib it a p ure sq ua re c h a ra c t e r x x
M
.

T h is a l t e re d l it t l e in t h e c ourse of c e nt ur ie s, so t h a t t h e ag e o f a H eb re w S .

ca nn o t e asily b e d e t e rm ine d fr o m t h e st y l e of t h e w r it i n g T h e o l de st k n ow n .

b ib l ic al frag me n t i s t h e N ash p ap y rus (fo un d i n c o nt a i n i n g t h e t e n

c o mm a n dme nt s a n d t h e b e g inn in g of D t o f t h e e nd o f t h e fi rst or
b e g inning o f t h e sec o nd c e n t ury D c f N Pe t e rs D ie d lteste A bsch r der 1 0 A
M
. . . . .
,

Geb ote , F re ib g i B 1 9 0 5 . Of ac t ua l
. . S S o f t h e B ib l e t h e o l de st is p ro b a b ly
. .

o n e o f 8 20 — 8 50 A
D de sc ri b e d b y G in sb u rg , I ntrod , p 4 6 9 til , a t t h e h ead o f
M M
. . . .

x
h is si t y p rin c ip al SS ne t i n a g e is t h e c o de of
. x
o se s b e n A sh er a t x
Ca iro ( 8 9 7 A D , c f t h e a rt . . S c b s in t h e J ew E ncycl xi a nd G o t t h e il i n
ri e
’
. . . .

J QR 1 9 0 5 , p
. Th e d a t e ( 9 1 6
. D ) o f t h e C o de p r op h e t arum B a b y lon A . . x .

Pe t rop o l ( se e 5 8 g, n o t e ) is q ui t e c e rt a in — I n t h e sy nag og ue -ro l l s a dist in c

. .

t ion is d ra w n b e t w ee n t h e T a m-c h arac t e r ( sa id t o b e so c a ll e d fro m R a b b i

Ta m, g ra nd so n o f R Y ishaq i , i n t h e t w e l ft h ce nt ury) w it h it s st ra ig h t st ro ke s,
M
.

sq ua re c orn e rs a nd ‘ t it t l e s ’ ( t agi n) , i n G erma n a nd Po l ish S S , a nd t h e

M
.

foreig n c h arac t e r w it h roun d e d le t t e rs an d t it t l e s in S p anish SS S ee .

furt h e r E K onig , E inl in da s A T , B onn, 1 8 9 3 , p 1 6 fi

’

. . . . . .

g rou nd s for b el ie v i ng t h a t t h e S out h S e mit ic alp h ab e t i s de riv e d no t fro m

th e M
esa c h arac t e r , o r fro m some ki nd re d a nd h a rdl y o l d e r sc rip t , b ut fro m
‘

som e unkn ow n an d much e arl ie r fo r m o f w ri t i ng .

1
O n t h e e ffe c t o f t h e t ra nsit ional mi t ure of e arl ier a nd l at e r forms o n t h e x
c o nst it ut ion o f t h e t e t
,
x
see R K it t e l , Ueber d N otwendigk d H erausg einer . . . . .

neuen h ebr B i bel, L p z 1 9 0 1 , p 20 til — L B l au,

. W ie l a nge st a nd d ie a lt h e b r
. . . .

S c h rift b e i d e n Jude n im G eb rauc h in K a ufma nng edenkbuch , B resla u, 1 90 0 ,

p 4 4 if
-
1 No
t 1 7 6, as fo rmerly h eld . D river a nd Lidzb arski n ow re ad r ni
u
v,
c orrec t ly , n ot m an .
26 T he I ndividua l S ounds a nd Chara cters 5 b

2 . Th e A lp h ab e t c onsist s, like a ll S emit ic a lp h a b et s, sole ly of

c onsonant s, t w ent y-t w o in numb er, so me o f w hich h ow ev er have also

, ,

a kind of vocalic p o w er 7 b) Th e follo w ing Tab le. sh o w s t h eir

form, names, p ronunc ia t ion, a nd numeric al v al ue see In
( )

F OR M . NA ME . P R O N UN CI AT I O N

p iritus len is
s

B eth b (bh, b ut see 6 n )

Gimel ( Giml) g (gh , n

d (dh,

z, a s in E ng lish ( soft

h, a st rong ut t ural
g
t ,
e mp hat ic t

r
h (Ichfhnt see 6 n
)
Lamed

a p e culiar g utt ural ( see

b elo w)

s, e mp h at ic
q, a st rong Ic formed
’
at

t h e b ac k of t h e p ala te

5, p ronounced sh
w ( Tau) t (th b ut see 6
, n )

Ph il ip p i, D ie A ussp rac h e der se mit Con sonant en

. 1 und in Z D MG .

1 8 8 6, p 6 3 9 1 8 9 7 , p 66 {T a dd uc e s re a so ns in d e t a il fo r t h e O in ion t h a t
p
. . .
,
‘
t h e S e mi t ic ‘l a n d a re ce rt a in l y b
y usag e c o n so nan t s, al t h o ug h b y n at ure
t li ey are v o w e l s, v iz. u a n d i, a n d c o nse q ue n t l a re c on son a n t a l v o w e l s ’
y ;
cf 5 8 m .

2
As a re p re se n t a t io n o f t h is souh d t h e L at in q is v e ry sui t ab l e , si nc e it
o c c up i e s i n t he a l p h ab e t t h e
p l a ce o f t h e S e mi t ic p ( G ree k xenn
) .

N e st le ( A ctes da onzie e m Congres des Orienta listes, 1 8 9 7, iv h as

W
.

sh o w n t h at t h e orig inal o rde r w as W, .

 5 c- f] The Consona nts : their Form a nd N a mes 27

3 . A s t h e Tab le sh ow s, five l et t e rs h av e a sp ec ial form at t he end C

o f t h e w or d . Th ey are c alled final le t t ers, and w ere co mb ined b y t h e
J ewish g mm a ria ns in t h e mnemonic w ord V
ra 225 ? K a mnép has o r
‘ '

M
,

i h
b et t e , w t A ll d S ta de, T J i e a s th e br ea ker in p iec es 1 '
r u e a
r n Q Q Q . . . .

O f t h ese, 1 , I, F] , r are dist inguish e d from t h e c ommo n fo rm b y t h e

sh a ft b eing drawn st ra ig h t down, wh ile in t h e usua l fo rm it is b ent
ro un d t o wards t h e left .
2
In t he c ase of D t h e let t er is co mp let ely
c lose d .

4 . H eb rew is read a nd w ritt en from r igh t t o left .

3
W ords must d
not b e div ided at t he end of t he lines 4
b ut, in order t h at no e mp t y
s ac e
p M
may b e left , in S S a nd p rint ed t e x t s, c ert ain let t ers suit able .

fo r t h e p urp ose are dilat ed a t t h e end o r in t h e middle of t h e line .

In o ur p rint ed t e x t s t h ese liter a e dila t a biles a re t h e fi ve following

D h 5 H N (mnemonic w o rd DFIJHR
'
In so me MSS . o t h er

l et t ers suit ab le fo r t h e p urp ose are also emp loyed in t h is w ay , as

of S t rac k in t h e Th eol L ehr b , 1 8 8 2 , No 2 2 ; N e st le , Z A W
" "
I, 3 , I; . . . . .

1 9 0 6, p . 1 7o f .

Rem Th e forms o f t h e l et t ers o rig inal l y re p re se nt t h e rude o ut l ine s o f 6

. 1 .

j
p e rce p t ib l e o b e c t s, t h e names o f w h ic h , re sp e c t ive l y , b e g in w it h t h e c on so na nt
r e p rese n t e d
( a k rop h o ny ) Th us Yod, in t h e e arlie r alp h a b e t s t h e r ud e p ic t ure
.

o f a h and
, p rop e rl y d e n o t e s h a nd ( H e b 1 ) b u t as a l e t t e r si mp ly t h e so und .
1
(y) ,
‘
w i t h w h ic h t h is w ord b eg in s ; A yin, or ig in all y a c irc l e , p r op e rl y a n
eye
(ni) t , st a nds for t h e c on sona n t 17 I n t h e Ph oe n ic ian a lp h ab e t , e sp e c ia ll y ,
.

th e re se mb l a nc e of t h e forms t o t h e j
ob e c t s de not e d b y t h e n a me is st il l for
t h e mo st p ar t re c o g nizab le ( see t h e T ab l e ) I n som e le t t e rs I 1 T D, W t h e
s imil a ri t
.
, , , ( )
y i s st i l l p re se rve d in t h e sq ua re c h a ra c t e r .

I t is a n o t h e r q ue st io n w h e t h er t h e p rese nt n a mes are a ll orig i nal T h ey .

ma y b e me re ly d ue t o a l a t e r , a nd not a l w ay s a c c u rat e , in t erp r e t at io n o f t h e

fo rms . M
ore o v e r, i t is p ossib l e t h a t in t h e p e ri o d fro a b o ut 1 5 0 0 t o 1 0 0 0 B c m . .

t h e o rig ina l fo rms u nd e rw e nt c o n sid e rab l e c h a ng e .

x
T h e usual e p l anat ion o f t h e p rese nt n a mes o f t h e l et te rs 5 is

1
I n t h e T a l mud, d isreg a rd ing t h e al p h ab e t i c al o rd er, f th y
o wa tch er,

i . e. p r op h etS e e t h e d isc ussion s of t h is mn e mo nic w ord b y Ne st l e , Z A W

. .

9 7 p
1 0 , 1 1 9 ff , K o
. n ig, B ac h e r ( w
. h o w o ul d re a d 32 7 9
5 3 7 = p roc ee d ing from th y

p pr o h ets, I s K ra u ss ,
ar m ors t e in ,
i b i d p 2 7 M
8 6 A l l t h e t w e n t y t
- wo
. . .

l e t t e rs, t og e t h e r w it h t h e fi v e fi nal for m s, oc c ur i n Zp 3 3 .

2
Ch w o l so n , Corp us I nsor H ebr , c ol 68 , righ t ly o b se rv e s t h at t h e more
. . .

o rig in al fo rm s o f t h e se l e t t e rs are p re se rv e d i n t h e literae fi nales I nst a nc e s o f .

t h em go b ac k t o t h e t ime of Ch rist .

3
Th e same w a s o rig ina ll y t h e p ra c t ice i n G ree k , w h ic h o nly a dop t e d t h e
o p p osit e di re c t io n e c l u siv e l
y a b ou t 4 0 0 D C x O n t h e boustrop h don w rit in g . . é
( al t e rna t e l y in eac h d ire c t ion) i n e a rly G re e k, e arly S a b a ea n, a nd in t h e
S a fa -i nsc rip t ion s of t h e fi rst t h re e c e n t urie s D , c f Lidz b arski, E p h emeris, i A . . . .

1 16 f

M
.

T h is d o e s n o t ap p l y t o e arl y i nsc rip tion s or se al s a , ll

4
Cf
‘
es 1 -5, . . .

8 & c , S il oa m 2 w h e re t h e d iv isio n o f w ord s a p p e a rs t o b e c u st o ma ry

7 5, ,
.
, 3 , 5 , .

W e p o sse ss G ree k t ra nsc rip t io ns o f t h e H e b r ew n a me s , d a t ing from t h e

fi ft h c e n t ury B c T h e L XXg ive t h e m ( in al m o st t h e sa m e fo rm a s E use b ius,
. .

I ra ep E va ng 1 0 5 ) in La 1 -4, a s d o al so ma ny Cod ic e s o f t h e V ulg a t e ( e g t h e

’
. . . . .
 28 T he I ndividua l S ounds an d Cha ra cters 5 {1
N 3} h ouse, 5p : ca mel (a c c ord ing t o L idz b a rski, se e b e l ow , p e rh ap s orig inal ly

mg a xe o r p ick-a xe
) , 11 1! door 5 ( p rop erly folding door ; a c c o rding t o Lidz b a rski .

p erh ap s 13 th e fema le breast) , NE

“
] a ir-h ole la ttice-window 1 h ook,
1 na il,
m
weap on ( a c c o rd in g t o N e st l e , co mp aring t h e G ree k ( hra, r at h e r nj l olive-tree) ,
M
P } fence, ba rrier (b ut p erh ap s o nl y d iffe re nt ia t e d fro m n b y t h e l e ft -h a n d

st roke
), may a winding ac c o rd ing to o t h e rs a lea th er b ottle o r a sna ke ( b ut
p e rh a p s o nl y d iffe ren t ia t e d fro m n by a c i rc l e r oun d it ) ,
"
ll” h and, F]? bent

? B jp wa ter, WU
“
h a nd, 1p ( L idz b a rsk i,
‘
ox-g oa d
, il l fi sh p erh ap s orig i na ll y
) .

sna ke
,
’
as i n E t h iop ic ) , u
p;
i
p rep (p erh ap s a m o difi c at ion of l eye, NB m
( a l so 9 9 ) mouth , “ I? fi sh h ook ~

n
ip eye of a needle, a c c o rd in g t o ot h e rs b a ck o
f
W) h ea d, rw tooth , if! sign, cross
'

( L idz h p e rh ap s nr
‘
th e h ea d .
, t/ l? “
.

g W it h re g a r d t h is al p h ab e t , it m ay b e t a ke n a s p ro v e d t h at
to th e o ri g in o f
it i s n o t ea rlie r ( o r v e ry l it t l e e arl ier) t h an t h e fi ft ee n t h c e n t ury B C , sin c e . .

ot h e r w ise t h e e l -A ma rn a t ab l e t s 5 2 f ) w o ul d n o t h ave b e e n w rit t e n e x

(
e l u s i v e l y in c un ifo rme
1
I t see ms e q ua l l y c e r t a in on v a rious g rou n ds, t h a t
.

it o rig in a t e d o n C an a a n it ish soil I t is, h ow e v e r , st ill a n o p e n q ue st ion .

W h e t h e r t h e inv e n t o rs of i t b o rrow e d
( )
a F r o m t h e E g yp t i a n sy s t e m — n o t a s w a s fo rme rl
, y su pp ose d , b y d ire c t
a do p t i o n o f h ie r o g l y p h ic sig n s ( a n e x
pl a nat ion o f t w e l ve or t h irt e e n c h a ra c t e rs
w a s re v iv e d b y J H a l ev y i n R ev S emit 1 90 1 , p 3 5 6 ff , 1 9 0 2 , p 3 3 1 if , a n d i n
’

. . . . . .

t h e Verh a ndlungen des xiii 0 rient -K onyr z u H a mb , L e ide n , 1 9 0 4 , p 1 9 9 ii ;

. . . . .

b ut c f Lidz b a rski, Ep h emeris, i 26 1

. o r o f h ie ra t ic c h a ra c t e rs d e riv e d fro m
.

t h e m ( so E d e R oug e) , b ut b y t h e a d op tio n o f t h e a crop h on-

. ic p rin c i p l e ( see c)
b y w h ic h e g t h e h a nd , in E g yp t ia n tot, re p re se n t s t h e l e t t e r t, t h e l io n
. .

la b oi, t h e l e t t e r Z T h is v ie w st ill se e ms t h e mo st p ro b ab le
. I t is n o w .

a c c e p t e d b y L id z b arsk i
( D e r U rsp rung d n ord u siidsem it S c h rift in
‘ ’
. . .

E p h emeris, i 1 0 9 iii , c f p p 1 3 4 a n d 26 1 iii ), t h o ug h in h is N ordsem

. . .

Ep ig r ( 1 8 9 8 ) p 1 7 3 ff h e w as st i l l un de c id e d
. . . .

F m an ( m ) syst e m W ut t ke s a nd W k
’
( )
b ro t h e B ab y l o n i c u ne oi f r D ee c e
’
s . .

d e ri v a t io n o f t h e o l d -S e mit ic al p h a b e t from new -A ssy r ia n c une ifo rm is

i mp o ssib l e for c h ro n ol og ic al rea son s. or e re c e n t l y P e t e rs a nd H omm e l M
h a v e so ug h t t o d eriv e it fro m t h e o l d -B ab y l o n ia n , a n d B a ll fr om t h e a rc h a ic
A ssy ria n c un e iform A v ig o ro us d isc ussio n h as b e e n a ro use d b y t h e t h e ory
.

of F r d r D e l it zsc h (in Die E ntstehung des tilt S ch riftsystems od der Ursp r der
. . . . .

K eilsch riftz eich en da rg el , L p z 1 8 9 7 ; a n d w it h t h e same t it l e ‘ E in Na c h w o r t

. .

Lp z 1 8 9 8 , p rec e de d b y a v e ry c l e ar ou t line o f t h e t h e ory ) t h at t h e ol d -S e mi tic

.

a l p h ab e t a rose in Ca n a a n u n d e r t h e i nfl ue n c e b o t h o f t h e E g yp t ia n sy s te m

( w h e n c e t h e a c r op h o n i c p ri n c i l
p ) e a n d o f t h e o l d-B ab
y l o n ia n, w h e nc e t h e
p rin c ip l e of t h e g ra p h ic re p re se n t at io n o f o b e c t s a nd i dea s b y m e ans o f j
s im p l e , a n d m ost l y re c t i l in e a r, sig ns H e h o l ds t h a t t h e c h o ic e o f t h e .

j
o b e c t s w as
p rob ab ly ( in a b out fi ft e e n c a se s) i nfl ue nc e d b y t h e B ab yl o n ia n
sy st e m Th e c orre sp o nd e nc e o f na me s h ad a l l t h e more e ffec t s1 nc e , a c c o rd
M
.

i ng t o Z im me rn ( Z D G 1 8 96 , p o u t of t w e l v e n a me s w h ic h a re
. .

c e r t a inl
y i d e n t ic a l , e ig h t a p p e a r in t h e sa m e ord e r in t h e B a b y l o n ia n a rra ng e
me n t o f sig ns B u t i t must fi rst b e sh ow n t h at t h e p re se n t n ames of t h e
. .

Cod A mia t in us) in

. r 1 1 1
, 9 M
1 1 2, 1 1 , b u t w i t h m a n y v ariat io n s fro m t h e
c ust o ma ry form s, w h ic h re st o n t h e t ra d it io n al Jewish p r o n u nc ia t io n Th e .

fo rm s B elcik (a nd delth ) , Z a i , S en ( L XX a l so xa ev, c f H e b r it? tooth ) a re t o b e . .

n o t ic e d , a mo ng st o t h ers, for Da leth , Z a in, f in Of t h e t a b l e s i n N olde ke , . .

B eitrage z ur sem S p ra chwiss , p 1 26 f I n h is O p inio n ( a nd so L idz b a rsk i ,

'

. . . .

E p h emer is, i 1 3 4) t h e for m a n d me an ing o f t h e n a me s p oint t o P h oe nic ia a s

.

t h e o rig in a l h o m e of t h e a lp h a b e t , sinc e a lf, bét, dalt, waw, taw, p ei

‘

p é, p i,
mo ut h , a nd t h e v o w e l o f (561 res, h ea d , a re a ll H eb rae o -P h oe n ic ia n .

x
I n t h e e c a v a t ion s a t Je ric h o in A p ril , 1 90 7 , E S e l lin foun d a j a r-h a n dl e
m
.

w it h t h e Can aa n it e c h arac t ers s ( p ro b ab l y t oo e a rl y a b out

, w h c h h e d at e
i )
1
50 0 B . c.
 30 T h e I ndividua l S o unds a nd Cha ra ct ers 5 i —m

p 2 25
. H a p p e l ( Der Ps N a h , W urz b 1 90 0 ) t o d isc ov e r furth er t rac e s,
. .

h a s n o t b e e n suc c e ssful [C f G ra y in E xp ositor, 1 8 9 8 , p 20 7

. . D riv e r , i n t h e .

C e n t ury B ib le , N a h um, p 26 ] — B ic ke ll , Z tsch r f K a th Th eol ,1 8 8 2, p 3 1 9 ill , h a d

—
. . . . . .

a l re a dy d e duc e d fro m t h e v e rsio n s t h e a lp h a b e t i c a l c h a rac t e r o f E c c l us 5 1 1 3 30

j
,

w i t h t h e o mi ssio n o f t h e 1 v e se a nd w it
- r h 1
D at t h e e n d H is c o n e c t ure s .

h av e b e e n b ril l ia n t ly c o nfi r me d b y t h e d isc ov e ry of t h e H e b re w o rig ina l .

a l t h o ug h th e or de r from J t o
p a rt l y d ist urb e d o r o b sc ure d 5i
I f 1 b efo re 8
s .

i s de l e t e d , t e n l e tt e rs ar e in t h e i r r ig h t p osit io ns, a n d sev e n c an b e re st ore d

t o t h e ir p l ac e s w it h c e rt a in t y Cf N S c h l b g l , Z D G 5 3 , 669 112 ; C Ta y l or
. . . M . .

x
i n t h e a p p e nd i t o S c h e c h t er a n d T ay l or, Th e Wisdom of B en S ira , Ca mb r 1 8 99 , .

p . a n d in t h e J ourn of Ph ilol , p 9 5 112 ; J QR 1 90 5 ,

. . xxx . .

p 2 3 8 111 ; L oh r, Z A W 1 9 0 5 , p 1 8 3 112 ; I Lev y , RE J 1 9 0 7 , p 6 2 if

. . . . . . .

Th e t h e t h re e soft est l a b ia l , p al at al , a nd de n t a l so un ds
se q ue n c e o f
1
a n d o f t h e t h ree liq uid s 7 73 3 i n d i c at e s a n a t t e mp t a t c l assifi c at io n A t .
, , ,

t h e sa m e t im e o t h e r c o n side ra t io ns al so ap p e ar t o h av e h ad i n fl ue n c e T h us .

i t i s c e rt a in ly n o t ac c id e n t a l , t h at t w o l e t t e rs, re p re se nt in g a h a n d ( Yod ,
K ap h ) , a s a l so t w o ( if Q6p h = b a c k o f th e h e a d ) w h ic h re p re se n t t h e h e ad , a n d
i n g e ne ra l se v e ra l fo r ms d e n o t i ng o b e c t s n at ura ll y c on ne c t e d ( ém a n d N un, j M
A yin a n d Pé) , st a n d ne t t o o ne a n o t h e r
‘
x .

2 Th e o rde r, n a m e s, a n d n u me ric al v a l ue s of t h e le t t e rs h av e p asse d ov e r fro m

t h e Ph oe n ic ia n s t o t h e G re e k s, in w h o se a lp h a b e t t h e l e t t e rs A t o T a re
b o rrow e d fro m t h e O ld S e m it ic S o a l so t h e O l d I t a l ic al p h ab e t s as w e ll a s
.

t h e R o m a n , a n d c o nse q ue n t l y a l l al p h ab e t s de riv e d e it h e r fro m t h is or fro m

t h e G re e k, a re d ire c t ly o r in d ire c t ly de p e n de nt o n t h e Ph oe n ic ia n .

[C 3 I n de fa ul t o f sp e c i a l a rit h me t ic a l fi g ure s, t h e c onson a n t s w e re use d

. a .

a l so a s n ume ric al sig n s ; c f G G un der m a n n , Di e Z a h lzeich en , G i e sse n, 1 8 9 9 ,

. .

p 6 f , a n d L id z b arski, Ep h emeris, i 1 0 6 if Th e e arl ie st t ra c e s o f t h is usag e

M
. . . .

a re
,
h o w e v e r, fi rst fo und o n t h e a c c a b e a n c o in s ( see a b o v e , 2 d, e n d
) .

Th e se n u me ric a l le t t e rs w e re a ft e rw a rd s c omm o n l y e m p l oy e d , e g for m arking . .

t h e numb e rs of c h ap t e r s a n d v e rse s i n t h e e d it io ns o f t h e B ib le Th e un it s .

a re de n ot e d b y N—D , t h e t e n s b y
—y , 1 0 0 — 0 0 b y —n, t h e n umb e rs from
4 p
500 90 0 b y n
- w it h t h e a dd it io n o f t h e re m a in ing h un dre d s, e g p . . m
5 0 0 I n c.o m p o und n um b e rs t h e g (
r e at er p re c e d e s o n t h e ri h t
g ), t h u s a » 1 1
,

Rap 1 2 1 B ut 1 5 i s e p re sse d b y in
. x
n o t i l’ ( w h ic h is a form of t h e
'

d iv in e n a me , b e in g t h e fi r st t w o c o n son a nt s o f mm .
“
F or a simi l a r re a so n

no is a l so most ly w r it t e n fo r 1 6, in st e a d of w h ic h i n co mp o un d p rop e r
n ames, l ike Stgi ’
, al so r e p re se nt s t h e n a me of G o d, mm .

Th e t h o usa n d s a r e so m e t ime s den ot e d b y t h e un it s w i t h t w o d ot s p l ac e d

a b ov e , e g N 1000 . . .

1 b . Th e re c k on ing of t h e y e a1 s i n Je w ish w ri t i ngs ( g e ne ral l y n“ 1

5 a fter
th e c rea tion ) fol low s e i t h e r t h e full ch ronolog y (511 3 191 5 5 or
’
JT b) ,
w it h t h e

a dd i t io n o f t h e t h ousa n d s, or th e a b ridged ch ronology ( iitap i n w h i c h t h ey

a re o m it t e d
I n t h e da t e s o f t h e fi rst t h ousa n d y e ars a ft e r Ch rist , t h e
.

Ch rist ia n e ra is ob t a in e d b y t h e a d dit io n o f 240 , i n t h e se c o n d t h o usa n d

y ea rs b y t h e a d d it ion o f 1 2 40 ( i e i f t h e d a t e fa lls b e t w ee n Ja n 1 a nd t h e . . .

Je w ish ne w y ea r ; o t h e rw ise a d d t h e t h ousa nds o f t h e Cre a t io n e r a

b e i ng o mit t e d
m
.

A b b rev ia t io n s o f w ords a re n o t fo un d in t h e te t o f t h e O T , b ut t h e y
4 . x . .

oc c ur o n c o in s, a nd t h e ir use i s e t re me ly fre q ue n t a m on g st t h e l at e r Je w s
“
x .

1
S e e n ot e 3 o n p 2 9 . .

1
On t h e rise o f t h is c ust o m ( fi t h a v i ng b e e n or ig in al ly use d a nd a ft e rw a rd s

”
n) , c f Ne st l e i n Z A W
. . 8 8 4 , p 2 5 0 , w h e re
1 . a t r ac e of t h is met h od of w rit ing
o c c u rri ng as e a rly a s O rig e n is no te d .

3
Cf Jo B uxt orf, De
. . a b b revia turis H eb r , B a se l,
. 1 6 1 3 , &c ; . Pie t ro Perrc a u .
§5 n, 6 ] T he
a Consona nts their For ms a nd N a mes 31
A p oin t , o r la t er a n ob l iq ue st rok e , se rv e s a s t h e sig n o f ab rid g e me nt i n ol d
MS S and e d it io n s, e g W fo r
.
”
l z, fi ’
D for 355 a liq uis,
1 ".1 f
"
or 1 7 a liquid ,
.

97 s ‘

for Wp 111 et co mp lens, i . e. a nd so on. A l so in t h e m iddl e of w h a t is

ap p a re n t l y a w ord , suc h st ro k es indic a t e t h a t i t i s a n a b b re v i a t io n o r a rox

memorialis ( c f g . 15 d
e . . Tw o suc h st ro ke s a re e mp l oye d, from 41 d
mark t h e diffe re nt c l a sse s o f w e ak v e rb s — N ot e a lso ( a l so
:
o n w a rd , 1 or 1
to .

2
41 ) fo r m
in } .

5 P e c ulia ri t ies in t h e t ra dit ion of t h e O T te t , w h ic h are al re a dy

. . . x
me n t ion e d i n t h e Ta l mud , a re Th e 1 5 p uncta extra ordina ria , a b out w h ic h
t h e t ra d it io n ( fro m S ip h ri o n Nu 9 1 ° o n w a r ds) difl e rs c o n si de r a b l y , e v e n a s t o
'

t h e ir n u mb e r ; o n p a rt ic ul a r c o n so n a n t s, G n 1 65 , 1 8 9 , Nu or o n
15 28 2 9
w h o le w o rd s, G n 3 3 4 , 3 7 1 2, N u 3 3 9, 2 9 , D t 2 9 , 2 S 1 9 0, I s 4 4 , E 2
2 7 1 3 , — a l l n o d o u b t c ri t ic a l m ark s c f S t ra c k , Prolegomena Cr i t ica , p 88
'

M
. .

if ; L B la u ,
. . asoretisch e Untersuch ungen , S t ra ssb urg , 1 8 9 1 , p 6 fl , an d E inleitung .

in die h l S ch rift, B uda p e st , 1 8 9 4 ; K b n ig sb e rg e r , J ud Lit -B la h , 1 8 9 1 , n os 29 —3 1 ,

M M
. . .

a nd A us Ta lmudkritik, B e rl in , 1 8 9 2, p 6 iii ;
asora h u . ay e r -L a m b e rt , R E ] . .

30 no 59 a n d e sp e c ia l ly G in sb u rg , I ntrod , p 3 1 8 if
. a l so o n t h e t e n . . .

p o i n t s fou n d i n t h e Pe n t a t e uc h , se e B ut in ( B a l t imo r e , w h o c on sid e rs

t h at t h e y a re a s o l d a s t h e Ch rist ia n e ra a n d p rob a b l y m a rk a l e t t e r, &c , t o .

b e de l e t e d m a s t h e m id d l e
1 42
( )
2 Th e literae a.
j uscula e ( g
e 3 G n 1 , 1
Lv 1 1 . .

c o nso n a nt o f t h e Pe n t at eu c h , 1 Nu an d minuscuta e ( e g Fl G n . .
(3) Th e
30
litera e susp ensa s ( G in sb urg , I ntr od .
, p 334.ff ) 3 J u 1 8 (w h ic h p oi n t s t o t h e
.

re a d ing Fly 3 fo r nt
/ 1
1
figp ) V 117 8 0 1 4 ( t h e m id dl e of t h e P sal ms 1 ) a n d Jb 3 8 1 3 4 5

W
.
,

m ut il a t e d d
O

(4) W Nu ( DWDPD),
12
Th e ‘
E x 3 225
’
in D 25 ,
and
p a nd

N 11 ( 5) Mem clausu m i n 17 21 ‘
l I s 9 6, a nd Mem ap ertu m in

D H Ne h 2 3.
1
( 6) N ii n inversum b e fore N u 1 0 3 5
,
a n d a ft e r v e r. 3 6, a s a l so

b efo re an d ‘ 0 ac c o rd in g t o G in sb urg , I ntrod , p 3 4 1 a so rt o f . .

b ra c ke t t o i nd ic a t e t h a t t h e v e rse s are o u t o f p l a c e ; c f K ra uss, Z A W 1 90 2 , . .

p 57
. w h o re g a rds t h e i nve r t e d N uns as a n imit at ion of t h e G re e k ob e l us .

6 . P r onun cia t i on a nd D ivision o

f Co nson a n ts .

P H uup t , D ie S e mit S p rac h l aut e u ih re U msc h rift , i n B eitra ge z ur A ssyria

’
. . .

Iog ie u verg leich semit Sp ra ch wissensch aft, b y D e l it zsc h a n d H au t , i , Lp z 1 8 8 ,

p 9
M
. . . .

2 4 9 if . E S ie v e rs,
. etrisch e S tud ien, i , Lp z 1 9 0 1 , p 1 4 ff . . .

1 . An ac c ura t e know ledg e of th e orig inal p h o net ic v al ue of eac h

c onsona n t is of t he g reat est imp ort a nce, sinc e v e ry many g ramma t ic al

p ec uliarit ies a nd c h ang e s 1 8 if only b e c ome int el lig ib le fro m t h e

) .

nat ure a nd ronunc a t io n of i t he sounds. Th is know ledg e is ob ta ined

p
p art ly from t h e p ronunc iat ion o f t h e kindre d dial ec t s, esp ec ia lly t h e
st ill l iv ing A rab ic , p a rt ly b y ob serv in
g t h e affinit y a nd int erc h ang e

Ocea no delle a b b revia ture e sig le“, Pa rm a , 1 8 8 3 ( ap p e n di , Ph L e de re r , x .

H ebr u Ch a ld A b brevia turen, F ra nk f 1 8 9 3 ; H an d l e r, L exicon d A b brevia turen

. . . . .

( a n ne e d t o G xD a l m a n
’
s A ra m -neuh eb r WB , F ra n kf
. Le v ias, a rt . . . . .

A b b re v iat ion s, in t h e Jew E nc ycl , i 3 9 ill ; F Pe rl e s, Zur G e ac h d e r A b b re v

’
. . . . . .

i m H e b r ( A rc h iv f S tenogr , 1 9 0 2, p 4 1
’
On a b b rev ia t ions in b ib l ic a l
M
. . . .

S S se e G insb urg , I ntrod , 1 6 5 fl’

. . .

g t o B l a u , S tudien z um a lth ebr B uchwesen, S t ra ssb urg, 1 9 0 2, p 1 6 7,

1 A c c ord in
. .

p rop e rly a l arg e c al l e d t lii yd b e c a use susp ended b e t w e e n t h e t w o h a l v e s o f

‘

t h e Psa lt er , and t h e n inco rre c t ly t ake n for a littera susp ensa .

 32 T he I ndividua l S ounds a nd Cha ra ct er s 6 b- e

o f sounds on H eb rew it self and p art ly from t h e t radit ion of

the J ew s .
1

T h e p ron unc ia t io n of H eb rew b y t h e mo de rn G erman Je w s, w h ic h p ar t ly

r e se mb l e s t h e S riac a n d is
’
l l d P , d fl e rs c o n side ra b l y
’

y g e ne r a l y c a l e
‘
o l ish i
fro m t h a t of t h e S p a n ish a n d P o r t ug ue se Je w s, w h ic h a p p ro a ch e s n earer t o
t h e A ra b ic Th e p ro nun c ia t io n o f H e b rew b y Ch rist ia n s fo l l ow s t h e l at t e r
.

x
( aft e r t h e e am p l e o f R e uc h l in) , in a lmost al l c ase s .

6 Th e ol de st t ra d it io n is p re se n t e d in t h e t ra nsc rip t ion of H e b rew na mes in

A ssy r ia n c une ifo rm ; a l at e r, b u t y e t i n it s w a y v e ry imp o rt an t sy st e m is
se e n in t h e m a nn e r i n w h ic h t h e L X X t ra nsc rib e H eb re w n a me s w it h G re e k
l e t t e rs 2 A s, h ow ev e r , c orre sp o n d ing sig n s for sev e ra l soun ds D 9 Y, P, W
.

( , , )
a re w a nt in g in t h e G re e k a l p h a b e t , o n l y a n ap p ro ima t e re p rese n t a t io n w as x
p ossib l e in t h e se c ases Th e sa me ap p l ie s t o t h e L a t i n t ra nsc rip t ion o f H e b re w
.

w o rd s b y Je ro m e , ac c o rd ing t o t h e Je w ish p ro n un c iat io n o f h is t im e “ .

O n t h e p ro nunc ia t io n o f t h e m ode r n Je w s i n N ort h A fric a, see B arg es i n

t h e Journ A sia t , N ov 1 8 4 8 ; o n t h a t o f t h e S out h A ra b ia n Je w s, J D é re n b ourg ,
M M
. . . .

a nuel d a lecteur , &c

( fro m a emen S of t h e y e ar . Pa ris, 1 8 7 1 Y .

x
( e t rait 6 d u Journ A sia t . .

c 2 . Wit h t o t h e p ronunc ia tion o f th e

re ard
g sev eral g utt urals and

sib ila nt s, and of I: a nd p , it may b e r ema rked

A mong t h e gut t ural s, t h e g lo t t a l st op N i s t h e l ig h t e st , c orre sp onding t o

1 .

t h e sp iritus tents o f t h e G r e e ks I t m ay st a nd e it h e r a t t h e b eg i nn ing o r e n d .

t d mdr, OW N ya sam E v en before a v ow e l R is al m ost

’ ’
o f a syl l ab l e e g
‘
lp s ” . .
, .

l ost t o o ur e ar, like t h e h i n h our a nd i n t h e F re n c h h a b it, h omme . After a

v o w e l N g e n e ra lly a nd a t t h e e n d w it h i t ,
( of a w ord, a lw ay s ) c oa l e sc e s e. g .

K ? m qard for a n orig in al qdrd

’
, A rab qdrd d .
’
see fur t h er , 23 a , 2 7g .

d Tl b e fo re a v ow e l c or re sp onds e xa c t ly to ou r h ( sp irit us a sp e r ) ; a ft er a

v ow el it i s eith er a g utt ura l ( so a l w a y s at th e e n d o f a sy l la b l e w h ic h is n o t

fi n al , 9 .
g .

3 3 0 2 ndhp a kh ; at th e e nd o f a w or d t h e c on so n a nt a l n h a s a p oin t
— Mp p iq — i
a n it , se e 5 or it st an ds inaudi b l e at th e e nd of a w o rd ,

g e nerally as a mere orth og rap h ic in d ic at ion of a .

p re ce ding v o w el , e . g . FI55
gd ld ; c f .
7 b a nd 75 a.

(3 v is re l a t e d t o it b ut is a muc h st ronge r g ut t ural I t s st rong est soun d is .

ra t t l e d , g ut t ural g , c f. e g n p , L XX raga , 711 13 2 I ép o pfia ; e l se w h e re , a

‘
a . .

i
w e ak e r so und o f th e sa me kin d , w h ic h t h e L XX re p rod uc e by a sp iritus ( lenis
) HAi, FSQ }? I n t h e m o ut h
‘
o r a sp er , e .
g . of th e A rab s o ne h ea rs
i n t h e form e r c a se a so r t o f gut t u ral r, in t h e la t t er a so un d p e c ulia r t o t h e m
se l v es fo rm e d i n t h e b ac k of t h e t h roa t .
—I t is as i n c orre c t t o omit t h e 17

1
Cf C Minh
D ie A ussp ra c h e d e s H e b r
e o f,
‘
i n N eue J a h rb fl Ph ilol u
M
. . . . .

Pa da y , 1 8 8 5 , B d 1 3 2 , p 1 4 6
. S c h rein er, ‘ Z ur G e sc h d e r A ussp r d e s
. . . . .

in Z A W 1 8 8 6 , p 2 1 3 fi
‘

. . .

1
Cf F r an ke l , Vorstudien e u der S ep tuag , Lp z 1 8 4 1 , p 9 0 112; C K en ne ke ,
. . . . .

‘
G y n1 n S t arg ard , 1 8 8 5 O n t h e t ra n sc rip t io n o f e l ev e n Psa l ms i n
M M
. .

a p a l i m p se st fra g m e n t o f t h e H e ap l a at i la n , se e e rc a t i , A tti d elta R x .

A ccord , xxx
i, T urin, 1 8 9 6 [Cf B u rkit t , F ragments of A quila , Ca mb r 1 8 9 7 ,
. . .

p .
3 ]
1 .

3
x
N um e rous e a mp l e s o c c ur in H ieronymi qua estiones h ebra ica s in lib ro g eneseos,
e di t e d b y P d e L a g a rd e , L p z 1 8 6 8 ; c f t h e e h au st i v e a n d sy st e ma t ic d is
. . . x
c ussio n b y S ie g frie d
,
‘
D ie A u ssp r a c h e d e s H e b r b e i H ie r o n y mus,
’
in Z A W . .

1 8 8 4 . p p 3 4- 8 }
I t i s, h o w ev e r , d oub t ful i f t h e L XXa l ways consci ousl y a ime d at rep ro
d uc in g t h e a c t ual d i ffe re nc e s of sound .
 P r onuncia tion a nd D iv sion of
§ 6f —n]
i I
Consona nts 33
e nt ire ly , in rea ding and t ransc rib ing w ords ( 512E li
1
, pbppu
A ma lek) , as to
x
p ro n ou nc e i t e ac t l y l ike g or l ike a nasa l ng T h e st ro ng e r sound mig h t b e .

x
a p p ro im a t e l y t ra n sc rib e d b y gh or g
”
b ut sin c e in H e b re w t h e so ft e r soun d
w as t h e m ore c omm o n i t is suffi c ien t t o r ep re se n t i t b y t h e sig n as vg lR
'

’ ‘ ‘
arb a , 1 13 a d.

11 is t h e de e p g ut t ural ch , as h e ard g e ne ral ly

st ro ng e st g ut t ural sound, a

M
f
i n S w iss G erm a n , as i n t h e G e rman A ch a t,
so me w h a tach t, S a ch e, D och t,

Z uch t ( n o t as in Lich t, K nech t) , a n d si mil a r t o t h e S p a n ish j L ike y it w as, .

h ow e v e r, p ro n ou nc e d i n ma n y w o r ds fe e b ly , in o t h e rs st rong l y .

A s reg a rd s W, its p ron un c ia t ion a s a p al at a l ( w i t h a v ib rat ing uvul a ) see ms

t o h av e b e e n t h e p rev a il i ng one . H e n c e in so me r e sp e c t s it is also c l a sse d
g
w it h t h e g ut t ura l s 2 2 q, r) On t h e lingua l 1, c f. 0 .
‘
.

2. T h e H eb rew l a ng ua ge is un usual l y ric h in sib il ant s T he se h av e, at an y [7

.

ra t e in me c a se s, a rise n fro m de n t a l s w h ic h re t a ine d a s suc h in A ra ma ic -

so a re

a nd A rab ic ( see i n th e Lexicon t h e l e t t ers 1, Xa nd W) .

W nd Ww a ere o rig in al l y rep re se nt ed ( as is_

st il l th e c ase i n t h e unp oin t e d 2
te x t ) b y nly
s o one fo rm W b ut t h a t t h e use of t h is one form t o e p re ss t w o x
diffe re nt sound s ( a t l ea st in H eb re w ) w as d ue o n l y t o t h e p ov e r t y o f t h e
a l p h ab e t , i s c l ear fro m t h e fac t t h a t t h ey a re diffe ren t ia t e d in A ra b i c an d
E t h iop ic ( c f N ol d e k e in Z tsch r f wi ssensch Th eol , 1 8 7 3 , p 1 2 1 B roc ke lm a nn ,
M
. . . . . .

Grundriss, i I n th e .asoret ic p u n c t ua ti o n t h e y w e re dist i ng uish e d b y

m e a ns of t h e d ia c rit ic a l p o int as W( sh ) an d W(f) .

1

The orig ina l d iffe re nc e b e t w e en t h e so u nd W s a nd D1 so me t ime s marks 78

a di st in c t ion in me aning , 0. g .
"
199 to close, ugl to h ire,
y 53 9 to be foolish , to

be p rudent, to be wise . S y riac alw a y s r e p re se n t s b ot h sou n ds b y D, a nd in

H eb re w a l so t h ey a re so m e t i me s int e rc h a nge d ; as
“
13 9 for up? ) to h ire, E z r 4 5

5
11 1 3 19 fo r 111 9 0 folly, E c 5 1
17
.

1 ( t ra n sc rib ed g b y t h e L XX) is a so ft w h iz z in g s, th e F renc h an d E nglish 2

, l
al t o g e t h e r di ffe re n t fro m t h e G e rma n 2 ( ts) .

3 . D, P, an d p ro b ab l y Y a re p ro noun c e d w i t h a st ro ng a r t ic ul ati on a n d 713

w it h m p r e ssion o f t h e l a ry n x
T h e fi rst t w o t h us e sse nt iall y diffe re nt
k
a co . a re
from n and D, w h ic h c o rre sp o nd t o o ur t a nd a n d al so a re o ft e n a sp i ra t e d

(se e b e l o w , n) . Y i s d ist in g uish e d from e v e ry o t h e r s b y i t s p e c ul ia r art ic a

l a t ion , a nd i n no w ay c o rre sp on d s t o t h e G e rm a n
-
2 or ts ; w e t ransc ri b e it
by ; s c f G B usin g , Z m La ut w e t d s x, in OLZ
. u . r e e
’
. x .
467 if .

3 . S ix c onsonant s, t h e weak and middle h ard Palat als D ent als n , ,

a nd 1 1 2110 1 3 18
11 s a 1 n -
z 3
( ee 11 3
)
h av e a t w ofold p ronunc ia t ion, (1) a h a rder so und, as mut es like ,

1
Th e mode rn S ama rit an s, h o w e v er, i n read in g t h e ir H e b re w Pe n t a t e uc h

p ro noun c e W in v aria b l y as W .

1 Th e or ig in al v al ue o f D, and it s re l at io n to the orig in al v al ue o f W nd W a ,

i s st il l u nde t e r m ine d , d e sp it e t h e v al uab l e in v e st ig a t io n s o f P H a up t Z DMG

M
. .
,
1 8 8 0 , p 762 f . D H ull e r, ‘ Z ur G e sc h ic h t e d e r se m it Z isc h la u t e , in t h e
. . . .
’

Verh a ndlungen des Wiener Orient Congresses, V ie n n a , 1 8 8 8 , S e m it ic se c t ion , .

D e L a ga rd e , S am ec h , in t h e N G G W 1 8 9 1 , n o 5 , e sp p 1 7 3 ;
‘ ’
p 2 29
M M
. . . . .

A ug ii ll e r, ZA W 1 8 9 1 , p 2 6 7 N old e ke , ZD G 1 8 9 3 , p 1 0 0 f E G l ase r,
M
. . . . . . .

Z wei Wiener Public a tionen ii ber H a b asch itisch -p un isch e D ia lekte in S u da ra b ien, un ic h ,
1 90 2, p 1 9 iii — O u t h e p h one t ic v a lue o f 3 see G H ii si ng , OLZ 1 90 7 ,
p
. . .

P 467
C W L EY
O
 34 T he I ndividua l S ounds a nd Chara ct ers 6 o, p

h, p , t , init ial b, 9 ( h ard) , d ;

or and
( )
2 a so ft e r sound a s s
p ir a nt es .
1

Th e h arder sound is t h e o rig inal . I t is re t a ine d a t the b eg inning o f

syllab les, immediat ely p re c eding t o influenc e
w h en t h ere is no v o w el

t h e p ro nunc ia t ion, and is deno t ed b y a p oint , D ages lene p lac e d

in t h e c onsonant s, v iz 3 b, a g , 1 d, 3 h, a p , n t The w eaker p ro
. .

nunc iat io n ap pea rs a s soo n a s a v o w el sound immediat el y p rec edes

M
.

I t is o c c asio nally denot ed , e sp in . SS , b y d he )

1 4 e , b ut in
.

p rint ed t e x t s usually b y t h e mere ab senc e of t h e D a ges I n t h e c a se

'

of 3 J, a, n, t h e t w o sounds a re c lea rl dist inguish ab l e to

‘

, .
y ev en our ea r

as b G erma n (w eak) ch , p a nd p h, t and ih (in thin) Th e

a nd v , 71: a nd .

Greeks too e x p ress t h is t w ofo ld p ronunc iat io n b y sp ecial c h arac t ers

3 K, 3 X a D 95 ; n r n 9 I n t h e same way J sh ould b e p ronounc ed
,
.

like t h e N o rt h German 9 in Ta ge, Wagen ,

a nd
"
1 like ih in the, as

dist ing uish ed from 3 a nd 1

“

F o r mo re p re c ise i n fo rma t ion 0 11 th e c ase s in w h ic h t h e o n e or t h e o t h e r

p ro nun c ia t io n t ake s p l a c e , se e 21 . Th e m o de rn Je w s p ro noun c e t h e
a sp ir a t e d 3 a s v, t h e a sp i ra t e d n a s s, e . g . 31 me ( o r ev en ra j ), h f; b a is.

Th e c ust om ary t ra n sc rip t io n ( use d a lso in t h is G ra mm ar) of t h e sp irant s

3 , D, n b y bh , kh , th is on ly a n unsa t isfa c t ory ma ke sh ift , sin c e i t may l e ad

( e sp i n t h e c ase o f bh
. a nd kh ) t o a n e rrone ous co nc ep t ion o f th e so u nds as

re al a sp ira t e s, b —h , k- h .

o 4 . Ac cording t o t h eir sp ec ial c h arac t er th e c onsonant s a re div ided

int o
( )
a G ut t urals
(b) Pa lat als

(c ) D ent al s

( )
d Lab ials

()
e S ib ila nt s
(f ) S onant s

In t he c a se of u it s h a rdest p ronunc ia t io n as a p a la t a l (see ab ov e,

9 , end) is t o b e disting uish ed from it s more unusual so und a s a ling ual ,

p ronounc ed in t h e front of th e mout h .

O n t h e t w o fold p ronunc ia t io n o f r i n T ib e ri as, c f De l it z sc h , Ph ysiol und

M
. .

B a er an d S t rac k, D ikdu e a t a mim, Lp z 1 8 7 9 ,

'
‘
usilc, Lp z 1 8 68 , p .10 fl . . k h - .

p 5 , no t e a , a n d
.
7 of t h e H eb re w t e t , a s w e ll as p 8 2 x . .

p I n acc orda nc e w it h E S iev ers, . Mt e r isc he S tudien , i . 1 4 , t h e follow ing

sc h e me
t h e H eb rew p h onet ic
of syst e m is sub st it ut ed for t h e tab le
formerly g ive n in t his g rammar
i T h roa t
. sounds
( G ut t urals) : R n v n .

1
So a t any ra t e a t t h e t ime w h en t h e p re se nt p unc t uat ion ar ose .
§ 6 q—s 7 a ] ,
P ronuncia tion a nd D ivision of Consona nts 3 5

11 . M th ou -sounds

2. S ib ila nt s 1 D WW
1
3 . S onant s 1

Rem 1 T h e mea n ing o f t h e l e t t ers a t t h e t op is, w = w e a k , m = middle (

. .
1 . .

h a rd , e = e mp h at ic Co nsona n t s w h ic h a re p ro duc e d b y t h e sam e o rg a n of

‘

. .

sp e e c h a re c al l e d h omorg a nic ( e g 1 a nd 3 a s p a l at a l s) , c o n son a n t s w h ose

. .

so un d is of th e sa me nat ure h omogeneous ( e . g. 1 an d 1 as se m i-v ow e ls) . On

t h e ir h o m o rg a n ic c h arac t e r a n d h om og e ne it y d ep e nds t h e p o ssib il it y o f
i nt er c h a ng e , w h e t h e r w it h in H e b re w it se lf or w i t h t h e k ind re d dial e c t s .

I n suc h c a se s t h e so ft sound g e n era ll y int e rc h a ng e s w it h t h e so ft , t h e h ard

°

w it h t h e h ard, &c .
( e. g . n= v , F urt h e r t ran sit ion s a re n o t ,

h o w ev e r , e g x
t h c lude d, a s e .
e i n t e rc h a ng e o f n a n d =.3 = P) H e r e it i s P m .

o f imp or ta n c e t o ob se rv e w h e t h er t h e c h an g e t ake s p l a c e i n a n i n it ia l ,

me d ial , o r fi n a l l e t t e r ; sinc e e g t h e c h a nge in a l e t t e r w h e n me dia l d oe s

. .

n o t a l w ay s p rov e t h e p o ssib il i t y o f t h e c h ang e w h e n i n it ial Th at i n c e rt a in .

c a se s t h e c h a ra c t er o f t h e c o nson a n t al soun d al so in fl ue n c es t h e p re c e d i ng o r
fol l ow ing v ow e l w il l b e not ic ed i n t h e ac c iden c e as t h e i n st anc es o c c ur .

R em 2 V e ry p rob ab ly i n c our se o f t ime c e rt a in n ic e r d ist inc t ion s of 7

”

. .

p ronunc ia t io n b ec ame m o re and m ore n eg l e c t e d an d fi n al l y w e re l ost Th us .

e
g. t
. h e st ro n g e r l " w h ic h w as k n ow n -t o t h e L X
l 9, X(se e ab ov e, e), b e c ame
in ma ny c ase s a l t o ge t h e r l o st t o l a t e r Jews ; b y t h e S ama rit an s
th e
a nd G a lil ea ns ll a nd F1 w ere p ronou nc e d me rel y as N, a n d so in E t h iop ic ,
11 like N , 11 l ike h, W l ike 3.

R em 3 Th e . . w h ic h it is usual t o d e sc r ib e e sp ec iall y a s wea k, 3

c o n so n a n t s

a re t h o se w h ic h r eadi ly c oa l e sc e w it h a p re c e d ing v ow e l t o fo rm a l o n g v o w e l ,
v iz . N , 1 , 1 ( a s t o n, c f 5 2 3 k) , o r t h o se w h ic h a re most fre q ue nt ly a ffe c t e d
.

b y th e c h an g e s d esc rib e d i n 1 9 b -l
, a s ag a i n N, 1 , 1
,
an d J, a nd in c e r t ai n

c a se s n a nd 5 fi n a l ly t h e g utt ural s a nd fi for t h e reason g ive n in 5 22 b a nd q .

Th e Vow els in Genera l, Vowel Letter s a nd Vowel S igns

7 . .

1 T h e orig inal v ow els in H eb rew as in t h e o t h er S emit ic t ong ues

.
, ,
a
are a , i, u . E and 0 a l w ays a rise from a n ob sc uring or c ont rac t ion

of t h ese t h ree p ure sounds, v iz 5 b y modific at ion from i or it ; sh ort .

6 from it ; 6 b y c o nt rac t ion from a i (p rop erly a y) ; and 6 somet imes

b y modificat io n ( ob sc uring ) from (2, somet ime s b y c ont ract ion from a n

(p )
1
ro e rly a w
p .

I n A rab ic w rit ing t h e re are v ow e l sign s onl y for a , i, u ; t h e c omb ine d

so un ds a y a nd a w ar e t h ere fore re ta in e d unc o n t ra c t e d a n d p ro n o unc e d a s

d ip h t h o ng s (a t a nd a n , e . ) 1WArab sa ut , a nd 5 }? A rab I t w as
‘
a ina in.
g 5
. . D1 1 .

I n p rop e r n am e s t h e L XX o ft e n use t h e d ip h t h ong s a t and a ir w h e re t h e

1

H e b re w form h as e or 6 I t is, h ow ev e r , v e ry d oub t ful w h e t h er t h e a t a n d a t:

.

o f t h e L XX r e a l l y re p rese n t t h e t rue p ron unc ia t i on o f H eb re w o f t h at t im e

se e t h e in st ruc t iv e sta t ist ic s gi ven b y K it t el in H a up t s S B OT , o n 1 Ch

’
.

D 2
 36 T he I ndividua l S ounds a nd Cha ra cters [i 7 b —d

in l a t er A rab ic t h a t th eyb ec ame i n p ro nunc iat ion é_

o nl y a nd 6, a t l east a ft e r
w eake r o r soft e r c onson ant s ; c f A ra b b a in, bén, Di” A rab ya um, yom . . . .

Th e same c ont rac t ion a p p e ars al so in o t h er l a ng uag e s, e g i n G ree k a nd . .

L a t in ( 0a 6p a , I on ic Gam
a ; p la ustrum p lostm m) , i n t h e F ren c h p ronu nc iat ion
o f a i a nd au, an d like w ise i n t h e G erm a n p op ul ar d ia l e c t s ( Oge for A ng e,
’

S imil arl y , t h e ob sc uring o f t h e v ow e ls p l ay s a p art in v a ri ous l an g uag e s ( c f .

e g t h e a in mode rn Pe rsia n , S w e dish , E ng l ish ,

. .

l) Th e p art ial
2 . e x p ression of t he vow els by certain c onsonant s

(n, 1 , is), wh ic h suf

ficed during t he lifet ime of t h e l ang uage, a nd

for long er p eriod aft erwards ( c f

a st ill . I k), must in t he main h av e
2
p assed t h ro ugh t h e follow ing st ag es
( ) Th
a e need of a w rit t en indicat ion of th e v owel first ma de it self
felt in cases wh ere,a ft er th e j
re ec t ion of a consonant , or of an ent ire

syl la b le, a long v owel formed t h e final sound of t h e w ord . Th e first

st ep in such a ca se w as t o ret a in t h e o rig inal final c onsona nt , a . t least
a s a vow el let t er, i . e. merely as an indic at ion of a final v ow el . In
p o int of fact w e find ev en in t h e O ld Test ament , as al ready in t he
Mes a
‘
inscri p t io n, a n employed in t h is way (see b el ow) as an indica
t ion of a final 0 . From t hi s it Was only a st ep t o t h e emp loyment
of t he sa me consonant t o indic a t e a lso ot h er v o wel s wh en final (t h us,
c t ion of t h e verb s n 5, t h e v ow el s
’
e g .in t h e
. infle 2,
Aft er t h e
e m lo yment of 1 a s a v o wel let t er for a and Q2, a nd of i for 6 a nd i,
p
h ad b ee n est a b lish ed
( see b elow, e
) t h ese consona nt s were also e m
l d— alt h ou h not consi st ent ly— for th e me v ow els at t he end
p y
o e
g sa

of a w ord .

C A c c ording t o 5 9 1 b and d , t h e suffi o f t h e 3 rd sing masc in t h e noun ( as x . .

i n t h e v e rb ) w as orig inall y p ro n o un c e d an B ut i n t h e p l ac e s w h e re t h is .

in w i t h a p re ce d ing a is c ont rac t e d in t o 6 ( aft e r t h e re e c t ion o f t h e n) , w e j

"
fi nd t h e i ! st il l fre q ue n t ly re t a ine d as a v ow e l l e tt e r, e g ifi 5
' 1 G n 4 91 1 ,
p,
'
71 1 0 . .

cf 5 9 1 e
. so t h rough out t h e
-
esa i nsc rip t ion nit g nh i g ( a lso ru
l, n g
), M ‘

nus, F133 , “ 5, fl b g l a ; on t h e o t h e r h and alr eady in t h e S il oam i n sc rip t i o n

>
j
.
4
m Mesa
oi
‘

,
1 S = 1‘ p
.
: h is da ys is unusua l , as al so “ W1 1 20 if it is for N9 8 !
.
"

h is chie s. f Th e v erb al forms w it h n sufli xed a re to b e re ad Q n’ l ( l

Q S
m
.

na ez s»" ( 1 1 2 f) an d ( 1
m
. . .
“ I :

d x
As a n e a mp l e o f t h e orig inal c o nsona nt b e ing re t a ine d , w e m ig h t a l so
i nc l ude t h e i o f t h e c o n st r st a t e p l ur m a sc i f it s 6 ( ac cordi ng t o 5 8 9 d ) is
. . .

I n S an skri t , i n t h e Old Pe rsia n c une ifo rm , and in E t h iop ic , sh o rt a a lo ne

1

o f a l l t h e v ow el s is not re r e sen t e d b ut t h e c on so na nt b
p , y it se lf i s p ronounc ed
w it h sh o rt a .

y S t ade, Leh rb der h ebr Gm, p 3 4 fi

3 C f e s e c ial l ’
p . . . . .

3
A c c ordin g t o S t ade , th e emp l oyme nt o f n for a p rob ab ly t ook p l ac e
fi rst i n t h e c ase of t h e l ocat ive ac c usa t iv es w h ic h ori g inal ly e nde d in
we
we
<

» “a s. “ .

4
T h e form W l c ont radic t s t h e v iew
'
Oort , Th eol Taj ds , 1 90 2, p 3 7 4, t h at of

M
. . .

t h e a b ov e i n st a nc e s fr om t h e ew -insc rip tio n are t o b e rea d benhu, ba l m, la h ,

u
w h i ch we re aft erw ards v o cal iz ed as beno bo lo
o
’

.
, ,
 3 8 T he I ndividua l S ounds a nd Cha ra ct ers 7 g, h

resent st a t e of O ld Test a ment v oc aliz a t ion as it app ears

g () c I n t h e p
in t h e M
a soret ic t e x t , t h e st riving aft er a c er tain uniformit y c annot

b e mist aken, in sp it e of t h e inc onsistenc ies wh ich h av e c rep t in .

Th us t h e fi nal long vowel is, w it h v ery few x

e c ep tions ( c f. § 9 d,
a nd the v ery doub t ful c ases in 8 k), indic at ed b y a v owel le t t er
a nd al most alw a ys by the sa me let t er in c ert a in nominal and v erb al
e nding s. I n many mark an 6 or 12, arising from
c a ses th e use of 1 to
c o nt rac t ion, a nd o f 1 for 6 or i, is b y far t h e more c ommo n w h ile w e ,

seldom find an o rig inally c onsonant al a t rej ec t ed, and t h e simp le

h net i r inc i le t ak ing t h e p lac e of t h e hist orical ort h og rap h y
p o c p p .

O n t h e ot h er h and t h e numb er of e x cep tions is v ery g reat I n many .

n t h e p lural ending s Ill t h e vowel let t ers a re

( i a nd
)
‘

c ases as e. g .

h ab it ually emp loyed t o e x p ress long v ow els w hich do not a rise

t h rough cont rac t ion , and w e even find sh or t v ow el s indicat ed . Th e

c onc l usion is, t h at if t here e ve r w as a p eriod of H eb rew writ ing w h en
t he ap p l icat on of i fix ed laws t o al l cases was int ended, eit h er t h ese
l aw s w ere not consist ent ly ca rrie d out in t h e furt her t ransmission of

t he t ex t, o r e rrors and c onfusion a ft erw ards c rep t int o it . M ore

ov er muc h re mained unc ertain even in t ex t s w hich w ere p l ent ifully

p rov ided w it h v o w el le t t ers . F or, alt h o ugh in most c ases t h e c ont e x t

w as a g uide t o t h e c orrec t reading, yet t h ere were al so c ases w h ere,

of th e many p ossib le w ays of p ronounc ing a w ord, more t h an o ne

a pp ea red ad missib le ‘
.

[1 '
3 . Wh en mb ig uit y of such a writing
t h e la nguage h ad died out, t h e a

must h av e b een found c ont inually more t roub leso me ; and as t h ere
w as t h us a dang er t h at t h e co rrec t p ro nun c iat ion migh t b e finally
l ost , t h e v owel sig ns or v owel p o int s w ere invent ed in o rder t o fix it .

B y mea ns of t h ese p oint s ev eryth ing h it h ert o left unc erta in wa s most
ac c urat ely set t led It is t rue t h at t he re is no h istoric al ac c ount
.

of t h e da t e of t h is vocaliz at ion of t h e O T t e t , yet w e

. . x may at

l east infer , fro m a co mp a rison o f ot h er h ist oric al fa c ts, t h a t it w as

g radua ll
y dev elop ed b y J ewish g ra mma rians in t h e six t h a nd sev ent h
c ent uries A D under t h e influenc e o f dif
. ferent S c h ool s, t rac es of wh ich
.

h ave b een p reserv ed t o t h e p resent t ime in va rious differenc es of

t radit io n
2
Th ey ma inly follo w e d, th ough w it h indep ende nt reg ard t o
.

1
Th us e. g . Sup c an re a d gata l, qatal,
él, q tol, q6tel, g i ttel, qa ttel, qutta l,
be t
e '

qétel , a nd se v e ra l of t h e se fo rm s h a v e al so d i ffer e n t se n se s .

T h e m o st imp ort a n t o f t h ese d iffe re n c es a re , ( a ) t h ose b e t w e e n t h e

O rie nt a l s, i e t h e sc h ol ars of t h e B ab y l o n ia n S c h ool s, a nd t h e O c c ide nt a l s,
. .

i e t h e sc h o l a rs o f Pal e st in e ( T ib e rias, &c )

. . c f G in sb urg , I ntrod , p . 1 9 7 if . . . .

( )
b a m o n g st t h e O c c id e n t a l s
,
b e t w ee n B e n -Na
p h t a l i a n d B e n -A sh e r
,
who
fl ourish e d in t h e fi rst h a l f o f t h e t e n t h c e n t ury a t T i b e rias ; c f G in sb urg , .

I ntrod , p 24 1 it
. . B ot h se t s of v a riant s a re g ive n b y B ee r in t h e ap p e n dic e s
.
 7 i, 8 ] Vowel L ett ers a nd V owel S ig ns 39
t h e p ec ul iar nat ure of t h e Heb rew, t h e e a x mp le and p a t t ern of th e
‘
older S yrian p unc t uat i n
o .

S ee G e se nius, Gesek d h ebr S p r , p 1 8 2 ill ; H up fe ld , in Th eol S tudien u . . . . . . .

K ritiken, 1 8 3 0 , p t ii i, w h o sh o w s t h a t ne i t h e r Je ro me n or t h e T a l mud
M
.

m e n t ion s v o w e l sign s B e rline r, B eitrage zur h ebr Gra mm im Ta lm u idra sch ,

'

. . . .

p 26 fi a n d B Pi c k, i n H ebra ica , i 3 , p 1 5 3 ff A b r G e ig r, Z ur N akd an im

‘
'

. . . e . . . .

[Punc t ua t ors in Just Z tsch r fur Wtssensch u Leben , B re sl a u, . . . . x .

1 8 7 2, p 10 H S t r ac k , Prolegomena critica in Vet Test H eb r , L ip s 1 8 7 3 ;

. . . . . .

‘ ’
B e it rag z ur G e sc h de s h e b r B ib e l t e t e s, in Th eol S tud u K rit , 1 8 7 5 , p 7 3 6 ff , x
M
. . . . . . . .

’
a s al so in t h e Z tsch r f die g es luth Th eol u K , 1 8 7 5 , p 6 1 9 a sso ra h , in
‘

M
. . . . . . . .

t h e Protest R ea l -E nd s, xii 3 9 3 if ( a g ood o ut l in e) ; A

. e r x, in t h e Verh a nd . . .

lungen des Orienta l tstenkongresses e u B erlin, i B e rlin , 1 8 8 1 , p 1 64 ff a n d p 1 8 8 if

M
. . . . .

H G ra e t z , ‘ D ie A nfang e de r V okal z e ic h e n im
. in ona tssch r f Gesek . . .

u Wissensch d Judenth , 1 8 8 1 , p p 3 4 8 ff a nd 3 9 5
. . . H ersma nn , Z ur Gesch des
. . . .

S trei tes fi b er d ie E ntsteh ung der h ebr Punkta tion, R uh r or t , 1 8 8 5 ; H a rris, ‘ Th e

’

M M
.

R ise of t h e asso rah , J QR i 1 8 8 9 , p 1 2 8 if a n d p 2 2 3 iii ; ay e r -L am b e rt ,

’
. . . . .

R EJ . xx
v i 1 8 9 3 , p 2 74 fi J B a c h r ac h , D a s A lter d bibl Voca lisa tion u A ccen
. .
.
'

. . . . .

tua tton, 2 p t s W a rsaw , 1 8 9 7 , a n d esp G in sb urg , I ntrod ( see 3 c) , p 2 8 7 fi

'

. . . . .

’
B udde , ‘
Z ur G e sc h d T ib e r ie n s V o kalisa t i o n , i n Orient S tudien e u E h ren
. . . .

Th N oldekes, i 1 9 0 6, 6 5 1 if
. B a c h e r, D a k it Ze ic h e n in v or
i r
. m a s o re t Z e i t.
,
’
. .

i n Z A W 1 90 7 , p 2 8 5 C L ev s, a t V
. ia r oc a liza t io , i n t h e Jewish E ncycl
n
.
’
. .

O n t h e h y p o t h e sis o f t h e o rig in o f p unc t uat io n in t h e Jew ish sc h o o ls for

c h ildre n , c f J D ére nb ou rg in t h e R ev Crit ,
. ii i 1 8 7 9 , n o 2 5
. . . x . . .

4 mp le t e t h e h ist orical v oc aliz a t ion of t h e c onsonant al t ex t i

. To co

h o net ic syst em w as dev ised, so e x a c t a s t o sh o w all v ow el -ch an es

a p g
oc ca sioned b y leng t hen-ing of words, b y t h e t one , b y g ut t urals, & c
whic h in o t h er la nguag e s a re seldo m indic a t ed in w rit ing . Th e p ro
nunciat ion foll ow ed is in t h e main t h a t of t h e Pal est inian J ews of

ab out the si x th cent ury A D . .

, a s ob ser v ed in t h e sole mn r ea d ng of i th e
sa c red w rit ing s in synagog ue a nd sc h ool, b ut b ased on a much older

t radit ion Th a t t h e
p ronunc ia t ion of early H eb rew is c onsist ent ly
. rea l

reserv e d b y t h is t ra dit ion, h as rec e nt l b e en se riously uest io ned on

p y q
goo d g rounds, esp ec ially in v ie w of t h e t ransc rip t ion of p rop er names
in t h e L XX Nev er t h eless in many . c a ses, int ernal rea sons, as w ell as

t he a na log y of t h e kindred la ng uage s, t est ify in h igh deg re e t o t h e a

fa ith fulness of t h e t radit ion . At t h e same rec ensio n o f t h e t e x t , or

1 1 —1 4 , 1 6
soo n a ft er, the v arious ot h er sig ns for reading ) w e re

added, a nd th e acc ent s

§ 8 . The Vowel S ign s in p a r ti cula r .

Th e name s o f t h e H e b re w v ow e l s, ’ JA OS
P H aup t , .
‘
ii, a nd i n t h e Joh ns . xx
H op ki ns S emitic Pap ers, N e w h av en , 1 9 0 1 , p 7 ff C Lev ias in t h e H ebr Unio n . . . .

Coll A nnua l, Cin c i n n a t i, 1 9 0 4, p 1 3 8 fi

'

. . .

t o h is O ur p rin t e d e d it ion s p re se n t u ni forml y t h e t e t o f

c rit ic al e di t io n s. x
B e n-A sh e r, w i t h t h e e c e p t ion o f a fe w iso l a t e d re a d ing s of B e n-Na p h t a l i, x
a nd o f nu me ro us l a t er c orr up t io ns

M M
.

1
S e e G e ige r , ‘ assorah b e i d S y re r n, ’ i n Z D G 1 8 7 3 , p 1 4 8 iii ; J P
M M
. . . . .

art in , H ist de la p onctua tion ou de la assore ch ez les S yriens, Pa r 1 8 7 5 E Nest l e ,

M M
. . .

i n Z D G 1 8 7 6,
p 5 25 W eingarten, Die syr
. a ssora nach B ar H ebraeus,
. .

H a l lo, 1 8 8 7 .
 40 T he I ndividua l S ounds a nd Cha ra ct ers 8 a

Pre l imin a ry R e mark .

x
Th e ne t t w o se c t io ns ( 55 8 an d 9 ) h av e b e e n sev e rel y c ri tic iz e d ( Ph ili p p i ,
Th LZ 1 8 9 7 , n o 2) fo r assig nin g a de fi n it e q ua nt i t t o eac h o f t h e sev e ral
. .

y
v o w e l s, w h e reas in re al it y are mere l y si g ns for a, e, 0 w h e th e r
‘

t h e se a re l o ng or sh o rt is n o t sh ow n b y t h e sig n s t h e msel ve s b ut must b e

i n ferre d from t h e ru l e s fo r t h e p ause w h ic h marks t h e b re aks i n c ont inuous
n ar rat i v e , or fro m o t h e r c irc umst a n c e s B ut i n t h e t w e n t y-fourt h a n d sub
’
.

se q ue n t G e rma n e d it i o n s of t h is G ra mmar, i n t h e l ast n o t e on 8 at [E ng l ish

ed p . 8
3 , n.o t e i t w a s s t a t e d :
‘
i t m ust b e me n t i one d t h a t t h e asore t e s M
a re n o t c on c e rne d w it h a ny d ist i nc t ion b e t w e e n l o ng a n d sh o rt v ow e l s or i n
,
"
g e nera l w it h a ny q ue st io n of q ua n t it y Th e ir e ffort s a re d ire c t e d t o fi in g . x
t h e re c e i v e d p ronunc ia t i on a s fa it h ful ly a s p o ssib le , b y mea ns of w rit in g .

For a lo n g t ime o nl y D DSD npnw seven kings w ere

‘
rec k one d (ooze memor . in
E lia s Le v i t a 1 1
3512 Sureq a nd Q ibb us b e ing c oun t e d as o ne v ow e l .

T h e div ision of t h e v ow e l s in 1 e sp e c t o f q ua n t it y is a l a t e r a t t e mp t a t a
sc i e nt ifi c c o nc ep t io n o f t h e p h one t ic sy st em , w h ic h w as n o t in v e n t e d b ut

o nl y re p r ese n t ed by the a soret es

( Q imc h i M
ihh lol, e d R i t t en b 1 36 a, , M . .

d ist ing uish e s t h e fi ve l o ng a s mothers fr om t h e ir fi v e

I h a v e t h e re for e l on g sh a re d t h e op inion t h a t ‘ t h e v ow el-sy st e m re p re
se n t e d b y t h e or d i na ry p u nc t uat ion ( o f Tib e ria s w as p r imarily i n t e nd ed t o
)
m a rk o nly d iffe re n c e s o f q uali t y ’ ( S ie v e rs, etrisch e S tudien, i T h ere is, M .

h o w e v e r, o f c ourse a fur t h e l q uest ion h ow far t h ese ‘ l a t er ’ g ra m marian s

w e re mist ake n in a ssig nin g a p a rt ic ular q ua nt it y t o t h e v o w e l s r ep re se n t e d
b y p art ic ul a r sig ns I n Ph il ip p i 3 o p i nio n t h ey w e re mist a ke n ( e c l ud ing of
’
. x
c o urse i 6 6 w h e n w ri t t en p lene
, , ) i n a v ery g rea t n umb e r o f ca ses, si nc e n ot
on l y d oe s _ st a nd, a c c or d ing t o c irc um st an c e s, fo r a 0 1 a , a nd _ for a o r a ,
"
b ut al so for e or 6, a nd _ for an d
( e
b J, out of p ause
‘
6 or 6, e g 13 3 ka bed,
‘

. . .

qliyin b ut i n p a use ka b ed, qa t6n

( form
‘

I r ead il y ad mit , w it h reg a rd t o Qa mes a nd S eg ol, t h at t h e ac c ount forme rl y

g iv e n in 5 8 f w a s o p e n t o misc o n st ruc t io n
. W it h reg ard t o S ere a n d H olem, .

h o w ev e r , I c an o n l y fol l o w Ph il ip p i so l on g a s h is v ie w d oe s n o t c on fl ic t w it h
t h e ( t o me in vio lab l e ) l a w o f a l on g v ow e l i n a n Op en sy l l ab l e b e fo re t h e t o ne
x
a nd ( e c e p t Pa t h a h) i n a fi n al sy l lab l e w i t h t h e t on e T o me lg 3 = h a b ed , .
‘
'

&c ,
is as i mp ossib l e as e . g . ni g =
- ‘
6na b or
113 = b6rakh
,
in sp it e of th e a nal o gy

c it e d b y S ie v e rs ( p 1 8 , n o t e 1 ) t h a t ‘ in . o ld G erma n e g orig ina l i a nd . . u

o ft e n
p a ss int o 6 a nd 6 d ia l e ct ic al ly , w h il e re m aining i n a c l ose d sy ll a b le .

a 1 . The full vow els

( in c ont ra st t o t h e h a lf-v o wel s o r v o w el t rills,
a—
10
f) ,
c lassified a c cordin
g t o t h e t h ree p rinc i a l
p v ow el sounds

7 a
) ,
a re a s fo llo ws
F irst Class . A s
sound.

Qames denot es e it h er more st rict ly 6 ( eh ob scure

'

a, d, t
and , D WN l m st m
'

S wedish 6) and a ,
2
1
: i (h
' ’

grd )
‘
as

(h eads) , or 6 (in fut ure t ransc rib ed as c a lled Q ames

b earsh , i i . e . h urried Q ames . Th e l at t er o cc urs a l most
e x clusively as a modificat ion of a c f 0 and
.
9 u .

P at ha h, a, fl 3 ba th
(daugh t er) .

I n e arl y M
S S t h e sig n for Q ame s i s a st ro ke w it h a p o int und e rne a t h , i e
. . .

a c c o rd in
g t o N est le s d isc o v e ry Pa t h ah w it h H olem, t h e
l a t t e r sugg e st i ng t h e ob sc ure p ron unc iat io n o f Qa mes a s 6 Cf a l so Ginsb urg , . .

I ntrod , p 60 9 . . .

st ead of t h e no doub t more ac curat e t ransc rip t ion a , a w e h av e

2 In
§8 b , e ] T he Vowel S ig ns in p a r t icular 41
Also 3 . S g6l, an op en e, e (d or d), a s a modifica t ion of d , eit h er
e .
‘

in an unt oned close d syllab le , as in t h e first syllab le of ya dlchém

(your h and) from yddlchem— or in a t one-syllable as in ” D? p esa h ; i

cf . a nd on t h e rea lly monosyllab ic c h arac t er o f suc h fo rma

t ions, see 2 8 e. B ut S eg6l in an op en t one-syllab le w it h a following

as in y
e
len a ( c f 7 5 f), Ti : ydd eh
.h a ( cf
9 )
1 i , is due .

to cont rac t ion from ay .

S econd Class . I a nd E -sounds .

Hi req wit h g od almost always 2 a s P 3 sa ddiq (righ t eous) 6

1 13
.
, ,

s D Pili sa ddiq im, o nly orth o

e it h er i
( see b elow i)
'
’
a , ,

h ically different from — or i, as lPlY

'

g rap
sidq6 ( h is righ t eousness) .

S er i or S i r e w it h y od é, e g z . .
‘
m3 ‘
béth 6 (h is h ou se) .

e it h er 6, b ut rarely ( see b elow , i ), or e as C Wsem (name) .

Ser e c an only b e 6, in my O
p inion, in few cases, suc h as

t h ose ment ioned in 29

f .

S g 6l, d,
e
a modifica t ion of i , e .
g (g roun - or df m
hif ) ii? sdn (g round-fo rm
”

Th ird Cla ss . U a nd O-sounds .

1 . 1 Sdréq , usually 12, 11113 math (t o die ) rarely a , .

Q i bbds, eit h er a, e.
g.
D50 sulldm la dder
7 ( ) or 12, , e .
g
“

.
ib é
il
qumu (rise ) , in st e a d of
up t h e usu al ra ) .

3 .
l and
4
H6l6m,
6 an d 6 S l Pq6l ( voic e), r 6bh mul t it ude
( ) .

O ft en a lso a defec t i v e for 6 ; rarely l for 6 .

O n t h e q uest ion w h et h er under some c irc umst anc es

re
p resent s 6, see 9 3 r .

m sh h 6, g enerally modified from

“

T
On Q d é d t dp z
'
a, as PD
116g ( st at ut e), see ab ov e, a .

ret a ine d t h is g ra m m ar, a s b e i ng t y p og rap h ic al ly sim p l e r a n d n o t

a, d in
l iab l e t o a ny misun d e rst a n d ing F or Qa mes h a tup h , in t h e p rev io us G e rman
.

x
e dit i o n e p resse d b y d w e h av e, a ft e r c a re ful c onsid erat ion , re t urne d t o 6
M
,

Th e use of th e sa me sig n for d ( 6) and 6

, sh o w s t h at t h e a sso re t es di d
7

not in t en d t o draw d ist in c t io n b e t w e e n t h e m

a sh a rp W e m ust no t , h ow .

e ve r, reg a r d t h e Je w ish
g ra mmaria n s as m a k in g a me re l y i dle d ist i n c t ion
b e t w e e n Qd mes rd h d b , or b roa d Q ame s, a n d Qd mes h a tup h , o r l ig h t Q am e s It .

i s q uite im p o ssib l e t h a t in t h e liv ing l a ng ua g e a n a l e ng t h e n ed fro m 6 , a s n

i’
dabar, sh ou l d h av e b e e n i nd ist ing uish ab l e fro m e g t h e l ast vow e l in DW 1 . .
"
T T

or t h e fi rst i n D‘ ltf l P — T h e n o t at io n
'

1 17
,
a e o e xp r e sse s h e re t h e vo w e l s esse n

t ial ly l o ng , e it h e r n at urally or b y c o nt ra c t io n ; t h e n ot a t io n a, e, 6 t h o se
l e ng t h e n e d onl y b y t h e t o n e, a n d t h e re fo re c h a n g eab l e ; 6 , 6, 6 t h e sh o r t
vow e l s . A s re g a rd s t h e o t h e rs, t h e dist in c t ion in t o i a nd i, it a nd a is
suf fi c ie nt se e 5 9 — T h e mark . st a n d s i n t h e fo l l ow ing p a g e s ov e r t h e t o ne
syl lab l e , w h e ne v e r t h is i s n o t t h e l a st
, as
is usua l , b ut t h e p e nul t ima t e
sy ll ab l e o f t h e w ord, e. g .

Th ese S egdls, modifie d from 6, are v e ry fre q ue nt in t h e la ngua g e . Th e

 42 The I ndividua l S ounds a nd Cha ra ct ers 8 d- g

(l T h e name s of t h e vow el s a re most ly t a ke n fro m t h e fo rm a nd ac t ion of th e

m out h in p rod uc ing t h e v a rio us sou nd s , as me op ening ;
”fl
y a w ide p arting

( o f t h e m o ut h ), a l so 1 3 5
) =
( i) b reaking, p a rting
( c f. t h e A rab . kasr) ; D1 1
6
closi ng , a c c o rding fullness, i e . of
( a l so pj h ) na rrow op ening ; to o t h e rs .

mout h ( al so D1 5 Ns mouth ) fg
'

the 1 2 al so den ot e s a sl ig h t e r,
? f ullness of th e .
rp

m
.

as ( al so [315
a nd ap) a fi rme r, c omp re ssion or c o nt rac t io n o f

t h e mo ut h S egél ( 51l bunch of gra p es) t akes it s n ame from it s form

. So .

l 11’ lp; ( th ree p oints) is a noth e r name for Qibbus

'
.

more ov e r t h e n ames w ere most l y so forme d (b ut only l at e r) , t h at t h e

m
:

Soun d o f e a c h v o w e l is h e a rd i n t h e fi rst sy ll a b le ( rip e for ap, 11 11 9 for

11 13 5 1 1 3 for
,
i n orde r t o c arry t h is ou t c o nsist en t l y some e v en w rite

S tig6l , Q m o
es -h a u
t f, Qii bbus .

2 . As t h e a b ove e x amp les sh ow , the v ow el sig n st ands regul arly

“

u nder t h e c onsonant , i o b e p ronounc ed,

ter w h ic h
i r d , 1 r d,
f a t s t
2 2 f ) alone forms an
" "
1 ré 1 ru Th e P a tha h c alled fur t ivum
’

,
&c .

x cep t ion t o ua h
‘

e t h is rul e, b eing p ronounced bef 3 11

ore t h e c onsonant , 1 r

t he
( w ind, sp irit
) Th e H 6 lem ( wit h out w aw) st ands t h e left ab ov e
’

. on

c onso na nt ;
a
l r6
(b ut 5 : l6) . If N, a s a v ow el l et t er, follow s a c o nso

nant w h ich is t o b e p rono unc ed w it h 6, t h e p oint is p laced ov er it s

righ t a rm, t h us tin W
,
1 31 b 5 3 , sinc e
ut e g 13 1 h e re b eg ins a syllab le . . N .

No d ot is use d for t h e Hol e m w h e n 6 ( of c o urse w i t h out wine ) is p ro

g
nounc e d a ft e r sin o r b e fo re sin H e n c e it ) ? . § 6ne ( h a t ing ), N ) n
e
W
§ 6 ( t o h ea r ) ,
m
y}: m6§ é ( no t b ut
“
173 W i 6mer ( a
‘
w a t c h m an ) . W h en 6 p re c e d es t h e

sin, t h e d o t is p l ac e d ov e r i t s r ig h t a r m, e .
g . WEN"yi p of (h e t r re ads w it h t h e
fe e t ) , D‘ NWBn h a nn6ie ’ im ( t h ose w h o
' ‘

c a rry ) .

I n the sig n 1 , th e 1 m ay a lso b e a c on sona n t . Th e

'
j is t h e n e it h e r to b e
re a d 6w ( ne c e ssarily so w h e n a c o n so n a nt o t h e rw ise w it h o ut a v ow e l
. p re c ede s,
e. g . 711 5 l éwé, le n d in g) or w6, w h e n a v o w e l al ready p re c e d e s th e 1 , e .
g l
Il
}
‘
d w6n (i n iq uity ) fo r 11113 . I n mo re e x ac t p rintin g , a d ist in c t ion is at l e a st
ma d e
'

b e t w ee n i (wo) a nd 1 (i . e . e it h e r 6 o r, w hen a no t h e r v o w e l fol l ow s t h e

w aw, 6w

B ab y lo n ia n p u nc t ua t io n ( se e 8 g , no t e 1 ) h a s o n l y o ne sig n for it an d t o n e
b e a rin g Pa t h a h se e a l so G ast e r, D ie U n t e rsc h ie d sl o si ke i t z w isc h en Pa t h a c h
‘
g
u S e g o l , i n Z A W 1 8 9 4 , p 60 if
’
. . . .

1
O n t h e e rro ne o us use o f t h e t e rm melo p um, o nl y i n G e rma ny , for su reg
( h e nc e a l so p ron ounc e d melu p um t o in dic a t e u) , see E Ne st le , Z D G 1 9 0 4, M
M
. .

p 59 7 ff B a c h e r , i b id , p 7 9 9 ii , e l o um S im o n se n , ib id , p 8 0 7 if
. .
p . . . . . .

2
T h e u sua l sp e ll ing ip an d e t a ke s t h e w ord s c e r t a in ly r igh t ly as
re m
H e b re w sub st a n t iv e s ; a c c o rd ing t o D e L ag ard e ( Gott gel A nz 1 8 8 6 , p 8 7 3 , . . . .

a n d so p re v io usly Luz z at t o ) , a nd 11 0 51 a re rat h e r A ra m p art ic ip l e s, l ike .

Dagei , &c .
,
a n d c o nse q ue n t l y
t o b e t ra n sl it e ra t e d ( ines a nd Pdth a h M .

3 1 8 6 w e h a v e b e c o me ac ua in t e d w it h a s st e m o fv o c a l iza t io n d iffe re n t
S i nc e 4 q y
i n ma ny re sp e c t s fro m t h e c o mmon m e t h od T h e v o w e l sig ns, a l l e c e p t 1 , . x
a re t h e re p l ac e d a bore th e c on son a n t s, a n d d iffe r al most t h roug h out in form,
 8 h] T he Vo wel S ig ns in p a rticula r 43
3 . Th e v ow el s of t h e fi rst c la ss are, w it h t h e exc ep t ion of in h
t he middle a nd H_ 3_ TL at t he end of t h e w ord 9 a —d, f)
? ,

rep resent e d only by v ow el sig ns, b ut t h e lo ng v ow els of t h e I a nd

U-cl ass larg ely b y v ow el let t ers Th e . vow e l so und t o which t h e let t er

a n d so me ev e n a s reg a rds th e so und w h ic h t h ey de no t e :

b ea ring a a nd e, 4 =6 6 l or In a n unsh arp ene d

, ,
. .

syl l ab l e t onel e ss d a nd e a nd a l so H a t ep h P a t h ah = t on e le ss 6 a nd

H at ep h S eg h 6 1 ; i, a nd Ha t e p h Q a mes Last ly in t one .

l ess sylla b le s b efore D ag e s, = a, =6

,
i
,
S °
w a is
T h e ac c e n t s diffe r l e ss a n d sta nd in some c a ses unde r t h e li ne o f t h e c onsonant s .

B eside s t h is c o mp l ic at e d sy st e m o f t h e Co de B ab y l o n ic us (se e b e l ow ) a nd o th e r x
M S S , t h e re is a sim p l er on e , use d in Targum s I t is st il l un c e rt ain w h e t h e r t h e
M
. .

l at t er is t h e fo un da t ion of t h e fo rme r ( as e rx , Ch rest Ta rg x i, a nd B a c h e r,

MG
. .

ZD 1 8 9 5, p 1 5 or is a l a t e r de v e l op me n t of it amo ng t h e Je w s o f S out h
M
. .

A rab ia ( as Prae t orius, Z D G 1 8 99 , p 1 8 1 . . F or t h e o lde r l it e rat ure on

t h is B a b ylonian p unctua tion as it is c all e d , see A H a rkav y
. and

H L S t rac k, K a ta log der h ebr B ibelh a ndsch r

. . . . der K a tseri . bf entl . B ib lioth ek eu

S t Petersb
. S t P e t e rsb and L p z , 1 8 7 5 , p art s i an d ii , p 2 2 3 if
.
, . . A mo re . . .

t h oroug h st udy o f t h e sy st e m w a s ma de p ossib l e b y H S t ra c k ’ s fa c simile .

e dit i o n o f t h e Prop h eta rum oste rior um codex B a b ylonicus Petrop oli ta nus S t Pe t e rsb ,
p ( . .

1 8 76 , l a fol
) o f t h e y ea r 9 1 6, w h ic h F irkow it sc h d isc ov ered in 1 8 3 9 , in t h e
M
. .

sy nag og ue a t T sc h ufut ka l e i n t h e Crim ea Th e S h as b e e n sh ow n b y . .

Ginsb urg ( R ecueil des tra vaux redig es en memoire de Ch wolson, B e rl in , 1 8 99 ,

' ' ’

p 1 49 , a n d I ntrod , p p 2 1 6 ii , 4 7 5 f ) t o c o nt ain a re c e n sio n of t h e B i b l ic al t e t

. . . . x
p art ly B ab y l o n ian a nd p a rt ly Pa l est in ian ; c f a l so B arnst e in , Th e Ta rgum of .

Onlcelos to Genesis, Lo n do n , 1 8 6, p 6 f S t rac k e dit e d a frag me nt o f i t in H osea

9 . .

et J oel p rop h eta e a d fi dem cod B a b ylon P etrop Pe t e rsb 1 8 7 5 Cf al so t h e

, St
M
. . . . . . .

p ub l ic a t io n b y A e rx, q uo t e d a b ov e , 5 7 h , a nd h is Ch restoma thia Ta rgumica ,

M M
.

B e rl in, 1 8 8 8 G arg oli o ut h , i n t h e PS B A

. xv 4 , a nd G ast e r, ib id . . .

P K a h l e , D er masoret Text des A T na ch d Ub erlief der b a b yl Juden, Lp z 1 90 2,

M
. . . .
. . . .

w i t h t h e va l uab l e re v ie w b y R ah l fs in GGA 1 9 0 3 , n o 5 Ne st l e , Z D G 1 9 0 5 , . . .

X
p 7 1 9 ( B a b y l on ia n L = L A c c ording t o t h e op in ion formerly p re v a il in g ,
x
t h is B ab y lo n ia n p un c t uat ion e h ib i t s t h e sy st e m w h ic h w as d ev el op e d i n t h e
E as t ern sc h ool s, c orre sp on ding t o a nd c o nt e mp ora ne ous w it h t h e W e st e rn or
T ib e rian sy st e m, a l t h o ugh a h ig h er d e g ree of orig i na li t y , or ap p ro im at io n x
t o t h e orig i na l o f b o t h sy st e m s of p un c t ua t io n , w as g e n e ra lly c o n c e de d t o t h e
l at te r R e c e n t ly , h o w e v e r, W ic ke s, A ccents of th e Twenty -one B ooks, O for d ,
. x
1 88
7 , p 1 4 2 if h as e nd eav oure d t o sh ow , from t h e ac c e nt s, t h a t t h e
.

B a b y l o ni an p u nc t ua t ion m ay c e rt ai nly b e a n O rie nt a l , b ut i s b y n o me ans

th e O rie nt al sy st e m I t i s ra t h e r t o b e re g arde d , ac c o rd ing t o h im , a s a l ate r
.

a nd n o t al t o e t h e r suc c e ssful a t t e m t t o m o di f , a n d t h us t o sim l if , t h e

g p y p y
syste m c o m m on t o a l l t h e S c h o o l s i n t h e E a st a n d W e st S t ra c k, Wiss
M
. .

Ja hresb d er Z D G 1 8 7 9, p 1 24 , e st ab l ish e d t h e p ro b a b ilit y t h a t t h e v o w e l s

. . .

of t h e sup e rl in ea r
p unc t ua t io n a ro se un der A ra b i nfl ue n c e fro m t h e v ow e l
l e t t e rs N11 ( so p re v iously Pin sker a nd G rae t z ) , w h il e t h e Tib e ria n syste m
sh o w s S yria n in fl ue nc e .

A t h ird , w ide l y d iffere n t sy st e m ( Pa l est in ia n) , p ro b a b ly t h e b asis o f t h e

o th e r t w o i s de sc rib e d b y A N e ub a ue r, J QR . v ii 1 8 9 5 , p 3 6 1 ff , a nd
, . . .

F rie dlande r , i b id , p 5 64 and P S B A 1 8 9 6, p 8 6 if

. . C L e v ia s, Journ of . . . . .

S em Lang a nd Lit , xv p 1 5 7
. . a n d e sp P K a h l e , B e it r z u d e r G e sc h
. . . . . . .

d e r h e b r P unk t a t io n ,’ i n Z A W 1 9 0 1 , p 2 7 3 if a n d i n Der mascret Text d es A T

M
. . . . . . .

( se e ab o v e ) , c h i e fly deal ing w it h t h e B e rlin S O r q u 6 8 0 , w h ic h c on t a in s . . .

a numb e r of v a ria nt s o n t h e b ib l ic a l t e t
,
a nd fre q ue n t ly ag re e s w it h t he x
t ransc rip t ions of t h e LXXan d Je rome .
 44 T he I ndividua l S ounds a nd Cha ra cters 8 i—m

point s is det ermined more p recise ly b y t h e v owel sig n st anding b efore ,

ab ov e, o r w ith in it . Th us
may b e co mb ined w it h Htréq, S ér é, S eg ol

1 w it h Suréq and {l atent (3 and

'

I n Arab ic t h e l o ng a also i s regul arl y exp r esse d b y a vow el l et t er, v iz ’ A lep h .

so t h at i n t h a t l an g ua g e t h re e v ow e l l e t t e rs c orre sp on d t o t h e t h re e
( S T , )
v ow e l c l a sses. I n H e b re w N is rare l y use d as a v ow e l le t t e r ; se e 5 9 b
a nd 5 23 g .

i 4 . Th e e mission of t h e vow el lett ers wh en w rit ing 6, a, e, 6 is c alled

cr i
p tzo
'

defect ive: in cont ra st to scr i

p tio p lena . 55P ,
Dl P are w rit t en
‘
m
'

p lene,
n9 p, g

C f B ardow it z , S tudien z ur Gesch der Orth oor i m A ltheb r , 1 8 9 4 ; Lidz b arsk l

M M
. . . .

Ep h em , i 1 8 2, 2 7 5 a rmorst e in id rasc h de r v ol l e n u de fe kt S c h reib ung ,

'

. . . .
,
i n Z A W 1 90 7 , p 3 3 fi
'

. . .

If S o far as t he c h oic e of th e full or defec t ive mode o f w rit ing is c on

cerned, t h ere a re c ert a nly so i me cases in wh ich only t he o ne o r t he

o t h er is admissib le , Thus t h e full form is nec essary a t t h e end of t he
w ord, for 12, 6, 6 , t , é, e, as w ell as for e in fi fh
t &c .
9 f) , also g eneral ly

wit h d, a ( of. h ow ever 9 d) , e. g. SQ

H
R
“

552
139
( B ut t h e

M
, ,

a sora re
quires in J er 2 6 3
,
8
44 ; Ezr 6
21
2 Ch N inst ead of ”fit ;
31 i !
Zp 2 fl?! [p erh ap s
9
an err or due t o t h e following for 2
”
55 ; I s 4 0 Zp

[follow ed b y f or MP} ; J er g 8 5 for 1 s3 ) On t h e ot h er h a nd t h e

3 ? ” l ll ”

defec tiv e writ ing is c ommon wh en t h e let t er, w hic h w ould h av e t o b e

emp loyed a s a v ow el let t er, immediat ely p recedes a s a st ron g consonant ,

0 353 D‘ jiil , 11 13 0 mm m s for niWD

e .
g .
( na t ions ) for ( coa nd e nt ) .

I Th at muc h is h e re arb it ra ry ( see 5 7 g) , fol l ow s from th e fac t t h at some t imes

t h e sa me w ord is w rit t e n v e ry d e e nt ly, e g DiD PQ E 2 1 600 "
if
f ‘
1:1a a nd a l so
‘
r . .

”
111p Je r 2 34 c f. 25 b . O nly it may be ob se r ve d ,
(a) Th a t the sc rip t io p l ena in t wo suc c e ssiv e sy ll ab le s w as g e ne rally

i
av o de d ; c f. e. g . was b ut was) ; my , b ut a ny ; hip, m
itt gain”

mum '
.

( )
b Th a t i n t h e l a t e r B ook s o f t h e O T ( a n d r e g ul a rl y i n p o st -b ib l ica l
. .

H eb re w ) t h e full form, in t h e e arlie r t h e d efe c t iv e, is more usual .

m 5 . In th e co
gnat e diale c t s, wh en a v o we l p rec edes a v owel -let t er

w hic h is not kindred ( h e t er

)
oge neous , e. g !

a dip h t h ong (a n , a t ) is formed if t h e h et erog eneous v ow el b e 2

a. T his
is al so t o b e rega rded as t h e O ld H eb rew p ronunc iat ion, since it

x
Aft e r t h e e amp le o f t h e Je w ish g rammaria n s t h e e p re ssio n, ‘ t h e v ow e l x
l e tt e r re st s (quiesces ) in t h e v o w e l -sig n, ’ h as b e c ome c ust o mary On t h e ot h e r
‘

h a nd, t h e v o w e l l e t te rs are al so cal l e d b y t h e g rammaria ns, ma tres lec tionis o r

supp orts ( fulcra) .

Cf T C F oote , Th e dip h th ong

. . . ai in H ebrew (Joh ns H op kins Univ Circ ulars, .

June , 1 90 3 , p 70 fit ) . .
 46 T he I ndividua l S ounds a nd Cha ra cters d—
9 f
"
3 § l3 I n a c losed syllab le,
a consonant , as Q ( vul
g ar A rab . d h h b)
’ ’

, y a ,
a u a .

h ow ever, it wh en t his h as t h e t one, 153 wh erea s

“

c a n only st a nd ,

in a n o p en syllab le it is esp ec ially frequent before t h e t one, e “ 51

.
g .

ll
|2 DB
? Wh ere t h e t one is moved forward or weakened (as h ap pe ns
most c ommonly in w h a t is c a lled t h e c onstruc t st at e of no uns c f ,
. 89 a
)
t he orig inal sh ort a ( P a t ha h) is ret a ined in a c lo sed syllab le, w h ile in
S wa
le
a n op en syllab le it b ec omes 27 i) : 09 9, c onst r. st at e DD”

( h hham) 19 3
( b ) 5 E
D/ ‘lQ E F or x amp les of the
“
a
d h LT
’

,
e
d r ,
. e

ret ent on, i in t h e sec onda ry t one-syllab l e, of a leng t h ened from a, see

93 xx

d In so me t erminat ions of th e v erb

( 3 in t he
1 a nd sing . masc .
p e
-
rf , .

J in t he 2 nd l fem of t h e imp era t as w ell as in t h e grd and z ud

p . .

p l fem
. . of th e in 13 8 t hou ( ma sc .
) a nd in t h e suffix es i] and n
t h e final a c an st a nd e ven wit h o ut a vow el let t e r . A n is, h o wever,
in t h ese c a ses
( x
e c ep t w it h ?u ) freq uent ly a dded as a vow el let t er .

On 7 for 6 se e b e l ow , f .

2 . P o tha h, or sh ort it, st a nds in H eb rew al most e x c lusively in

a c losed s lla b l e w it h or w it h out t h e t one I n p lace s
y
W h ere it no w ap p ears to st a nd in a n op en syllab le t he sylla b l e w as

o ri
g inally c losed, a nd a h elp ing v o w el (a i) ,
h as b e en insert ed aft e r

t he merely t o make t h e p ronunc iat ion easier e g 511 5

sec ond radical , . .

(g round-form na l
h ) 11 35 (A rab ba it ) se e 2 8 d and w it h re ard t o
g ,
.
, ,

t wo ca ses of a different kind, 26

g, h . O t h erw ise a in an op e n

syllab le h as al most w it hout e x cep t ion p assed int o a 7

see a b ov e, 6 .

On t h e v ery fre q ue nt att e nua t ion o f a t o 5, cf . b el o w , h O n t h e rare, and

.

o nl y ap p a re n t un io n o f P a t h ah w it h a 5 2 3 d, e n d On a a s
'

t see .

a h el p ing -v ow el , 5 22 f (P a tha hfurtivum), and 2 8 e.

S eg61 (e, e[d] ) b y orig in b elong s sometimes t o t h e sec ond, b ut most

f 3 .
.

frequent ly t o t h e first vow el c lass 2 7 o, p u) I t b elong s to t h e first class ,

wh en it is a modifi c at ion of a (as t h e G erm B a d, p l B ade? E ng man , . .

"
.

p l men), eit h er in a t oneless syllab le, e g DD ” (for g o d/chem), or w it h

'
. . .

t h e t one, e g from a rs, A rab Arab q amh Th is é

’
r n, “ D
’ ’

. . .
q d . .

S g6l is
e
o ft en ret ained ev en in t h e st ro ng est t one-sylla b le, at t h e end

of of import a nt (in p a u se) , as PIPE

'

a sent ence or an c la use .

( mdldhh ,
sdddq) As . a r ule, h ow ev er, in suc h c ases t h e P a tha h w h ich

underlie s t h e8 9 61 is l eng t h ened int o Qa mes, e g ” D , l l z A S egol

B f
'
6
. . .

ap p arent ly leng t h ene d from Sewa b ut in realit

y t rac eab le t o a n
‘

orig inal a, st ands in

p a usa l for ms , a s “ 8
(g roun d-form
p arty ) ,
(yahy) , &c . O n t he ca ses w h ere a
( orig inally c onsonant al ) follow s
t his S egol, see 7 5 f, and 9 1 lo .
§9 g m]
-
Cha ra ct er of the sever a l Vowels 47
II . S econd Class . I a nd E -sounds .

4 Th e lo ng i is freq uent ly ev en in t h e consonant al w rit ing indicat ed

g
.

by ( fully a w ritten Hir eq b ut a nat urally long i c an be al so

D‘ PW m;
w rit te n defect ively 8 i ), eg . .
(
rig h teous
) , p lur . } sa ddiqi

NT ? (he fea rs) , p lur .

“8 3 7
1
. W h eth er a defec tively w rit t en Hireq is long
may b e b est known from t h e o rig in o f t h e fo r m o ft en also from t h e
nat ure o f t h e syllab l e o r as in from t h e Mth g e e a t tac h ed to
it 1 6f) .

5 The short H ireq (a lw ays w rit t en defectively ) is esp ec ia lly fre q uent l
ft
M
.

in sh arp ened syllab les (s

ix , and in t oneless clo sed syllab les ( 73 17?
if
p sa lm) c f h ow ev er in c lo sed t one-s lla b le, a nd ev en F i, w it h
'
a
.
y
a h elp i ng S eg6l, for w a yy ip hn I t h as ar isen v ery freq uent ly b y .

at t enuat ion from a, as in from o rig inal dabar e, 2 3 (ground-form

” 7 ‘

sad g
) ,
2
or el se it is t h e o rig inal 3,
7 w h ich in t h e t o ne-s lla b le h a d y
b ecome e, fln l thy enemy ) from S ( d f m dyi b) 3
in ‘
f( It
’ ’
as
’
3 roun - or
g .

is somet imes a si mp le h elp ing v ow el, as in T132

1, 28 e .

Th e e a rl ie r g ramma ria n s c al l e ve ry H ireq w ri tt e n fully , Hireq mag num ev ery

one w rit t e n d efectively , Htreq p a rvum, — a m isle ading d ist in c t ion , so far as

q uan tit y i s c on c e rn e d .

6 . Th e lo ng est 6 ”
T (more rarel
y d efe c t iv e ,
e g for7
w il . . l
Is 3 ; 8
at the e nd of a w or d a lso fl_
) is a s a rule c ontrac t ed from T a y
”

(a i), 7 a , e. g .
(p a la ce) ,
Arab . a nd S yriac ha ika l .

7 . Th e S ere wit h o ut Y6dh most ly

p re resent s the t o ne- o n l g E,
w h ich , h ‘

l ike t h e t one -long a (see c ), is v ery ra rely ret ained e x cep t in a nd before
t h e t one-syl lab le, and is alw ays leng th ened fro m a n orig inal i It .

Bl?
"
st ands in a n o p e n sylla b le w it h or b efore t h e t one , e.
g (ground
M
.

form sip hr) book, ” 0 (Arab sin at) sleep , or w it h (5

et h eg see 1 6 d, f
) .

in t h e secondary t one syllab le, e g D x? my requ est ,

- ”
let us g o . .
i .

On t h e ot her h and in a c losed syllab l e it is almost always w it h t h e

t one , as l3 son , USN du mb .

E x c e p t io n s ( ) a e is so me t ime s r e t aine d i n a t o n e le ss c l ose d sy l l a b l e , i n l

monosy ll ab ic w ords b e fore a q q ep h
,
e g rp N u 3 5
18
,
M
a s w e l l as in t h e . .
‘

e x a mp l es o f nas6g d h6r m e n t i o n e d in 2 9 f ( on t h e q uan t it y c f 5 8 b 3 e nd )

’
.

( b ) i n a t on e le ss o p en fi n al sy l lab le Se re l ike w ise oc c urs i n e x amp l e s o f t h e ,

nasoy d h6r, as N3 ” E x 1 629 ; c f Ju 9 3 9

’
. .

Th e Seg 6l of t h e I (E )-c lass is most freq uent ly a n 6 modified fro m

8 . m
ori inal i , e it h er re la c in t n -lon é w h i h h l t t h t ne, e
g p g a o e g c a s o s e o g . .

1
A t l e ast a cc o rd ing to th e M a so re t ic o rt h og ra p h y ; c f. W e ll h a use n, Text
der B b S am , p 1 8 , R e m
. . . .

Je rome ( c f S ieg frie d , Z A W 1 8 8 4, p 7 7 ) i n t h e se c ase s ofte n g iv e s a fo r a

“

. . . .

3
Cf t h e re ma rks o f I G uid i, L a p ro n u n c ia d e l sé ré , i n t h e Verha ndl d es
’
. . .

H a mb urger Orient -K onyr o f 1 9 0 2 , Le id e n , 1 90 4, p 2 0 8

. . o n I t alia n e fo r .

Lat in i, a s in fede =fi dem, p ece =p icem.

 4 8 T he I ndividua l S ounds a nd Cha ra ct ers 9 n- r

if? from ll? (give) “ if, (thy crea tor ) from Wil , or in t h e c ase disc ussed
”
” l
,

in 9 3 o, FSB , ” ill? from t h e g ro und-forms h ilq, i zr ; c f also

“
64 f . .

S eg 6l a p p ea rs as a simp le h elp ing -vo wel in c ases such as “ 5 5 for sip hrr

53: for yigl 28 e

) .

III . Th ird Cla ss . U a nd O-sounds .

n 9 . F or t h e U -so und t h er e is

( ) 1 ( )
t h e long it , e it h er a w rit t e n fully, i Sureg,
- e .
g . 533 3 (boundary) ,

n
( )
or b defec t iv ely w rit t en Q
”
ibbds li t)

( ) p
2 t h e sh o rt it most ly r e resent e d b y Q ibbil s
, ,
in a t one less cl osed

syllab l e a nd es ec ia ll
p y co mmon in a sh a rp ened syllab le, in e .
g .
{DSW
( ta ble ) , (boot h
) .

0 S ome t imes al so it in a sh arp e ne d sy l l ab l e is w rit te n 1 , e .

g . 1 0 25
,

1 57» J b 7
3
5 , 09 3 Je r 3 1 34
, 1 . im p ale
/ 7; I s 5 5 , Dl tgfi }! Gn 2
25
for &c .

F or t h is u t h e L XX w ri t e 0, e. g . D 57}?
7
’
0 60 Miu ¢
, fro m w h ic h , h ow ev e r , it
o nl y fol l ow s, t h at t h is a w a s p ro no un c e d som e w h a t in dist in c t ly T h e L XX .

x
a l so e p re ss t h e sh arp Hireq b y e, e g Th e p ro nun c ia t io n of
. .

t h e Qibb us l ike t h e G e rma n a, w h ic h w as fo rm e rly c o mmo n , is i nc orre c t ,

a l t h o ug h t h e oc c a si ona l p ro nun c ia t ion of t h e U s e u nd s a s a i n t h e t ime o f t h e
'

p u n c t a t o r s i s a t t est e d , a t l e a st as r e g a rd s P a l e st in e 1
; c f t h e T urkish b il l b ii l .

for t h e Persian bul b ul, an d t h e p ro nunc ia t ion of th e A rab ic d unya i n S y ria as

diluya .

p 10 . Th e O -sound b ears t he sa me relat ion to U as t h e E does t o I

in t h e se c ond cl ass . I t h as fo ur varie t ie s

( )
1 Th e 6 whi ch is c ont ra c t e d fro m aw 7 a , a nd a cc or d
ingly is most ly w rit t en fully ; l ( H olem p lenu m), e g DlW (a wh ip ),
.

M
. .

b
i
A rab sa ut, fl glll ( iniquity) from “ y
. ore rarely defect ively , a s .

T l
? (
t hine ox from air) A rab ta u/ r
) . .

q ( )
2 Th e lo ng 6 w h ich arose in H eb rew at an early p erio d, b y a g ene ral

p roc ess o f o b sc ur ing , o ut o f an o rig ina l w h il e t h e la t t er h as

b een ret a ined in Arab ic a nd Ara ma ic . I t is usual ly w rit t en f ully in
in t h e t oneless, e g SDP Arab t i l
t h e t one -syllab le , defect ively
M
. . . .

A ram t él, £11 A rab i ldh, Ara m

.
’ "i n
ldh, p l ur 0 055
5 ; P ( leg) , . . .

A rab sag ; iii ? (hero) Arab g abbdr ; Dal” (sea l ), Arab hdtam ; film
“

. . . .
,

(p megor a n a t e
),
A ra b r ilmmdn ; hus? )
( d omin i on
) A ra
. m P S? a nd
g ,
.

153 5? Arab sult dn ; DlSl? ( p ea ce) Aram

. Arab salam S ome ,
. . .

t imes th e form m it also o c c urs side b y side w it h t h a t in 6 as NW and

.

(coa t of ma il ; see h ow ev er § 29 u ) . Cf . also 68 b .

r (3 ) Th e t o ne-lon
g 6 w hic h is length ened fro m an orig ina l it , or

from an 6 a rising from i t , b y t h e t one , or in g eneral a c c ording to t he

1
C f D e l it z sc h , Ph ysiolog ic u
. usik, Lp z 1 8 6 8 , p 1 5 f . M . . .

2
C f a b ove , b, e nd On Je rome s t ran sl it e ra tion of o for a, Z A W. 1 8 8 4 ,
‘
’
. . see

P 75
 Cha ra ct er of the severa l Vorc els 49
t h e for mat ion o f syllab les . It occ urs not only in t h e t one
b ut also in a n o e n syllab le
p b e fore t h e t o ne, e. g . WWF(ground
form q ddE) sa nctu a ry ; 3 1 s for bu rra hh ,
'

28
(ll 1 0 4 as well as

M
,

( w it h )
etheg in t h e sec o ndary t one-syllab le whit} , B ut t h e
orig inal 6 ( ) it is ret a ined . n a t o nele ss c losed syllab le, w h ereas in
a t one less o p en syllab le it is w eakened t o S e
wd . Of . 53 a ll, b ut
‘

5? (lc6l ) ,
D 2
7
5 (hulldm) ; a nd wh ere original a is
w eakened t o S w d : y iqt ld Arab y a qtuld Th is t one long 6 is o nly
'

e e -
. .
,

as an e x c ep t ion w rit t en fully .

(4 ) 7 Q a mes-hatup h re p resent s 6 (p rop erly 6 c f , . 8 a , not e 2

) modified S

from a and is t h erefo re c lassed h ere . I t st ands in t he sa me re lat io n to

H ole m t h e S g 6l o f t h e seco nd c lass t o S ere, DE ! wa yyd qom

E
’
e
as .

On t h e dist inc t ion b e tw een t h is and Q a mes, see b elow , u .

11 . Th e follo w ing t ab le g ives a summary of t h e g ra dat ion of th e l

three v o w el-c la sses ac co rding t o t h e qua nt it y of t h e v o w els

F irst Cla ss : A . S ec ond Class I and E . Th ird Cla ss U an d O .

__
T
o rig i n a l 6
.
( A rab ic e from o r ig ina l a y i 6, from or ig inal aw

N '

v
-
h ( a u) .

o r -l —60 b sc ure d from d .

or a.

_
_ t o n e -l o ng d ( from t o ne -l on g e ( fro m i) t o ne -l ong 6 ( from
Y

orig ina l c h ie fl y
in g e ne ra l ly i n t h e t on e o rig i n a l a ) in t h e t o n e
t h e t o n e -sy l l ab l e b ut sy ll ab l e b ut al so u st j sy l l a b l e , o t h e rw ise in
j
al so ust b e fo re i t . b efore i t . a n op e n sy l l a b l e .

(as mo d ific a t io n
,
a 6, mo difi e d from 12.

of 6 ) som e t im e s a

t o ne -l o ng 6, som e
t ime s 6 .

sh ort 6 . sh ort i
. sh o rt «2, esp e c ial l y

i a t t e nuat ed from i n a sh a r e ne d sy l l a
p
6 ; se e h ] .
b le .

U tmost w e ake n ing t o U t m ost w e a k e ning U t most w e ake n ing t o

a J 0 c

R em .
Q m
On th e d istinction between
es a n d Q u m e _h t p
i a u h 1
a .
-
.

A c c ording t o 5 8 a l on g a o r d ( Qa mes) an d sh o r t 6 o r d ( Qa mes-ha tup h )

, a re in
ma nu c rip t s a n d p rint e d t e x t s g e ne ra l ly e x p re sse d b y t h e sam e sig n
s e. g .

0
2 qam,
“

52:
7
k6l . T h e b e g in n e r w h o d oes n ot ye t k n o w t h e g ra m mat ic al

1
Th e se st at e m e nt s, in o rd e r t o b e ful l y u n de r st o o d , must b e st udied in
conne xi on w it h t h e t h e o ry of sy ll a b l e s ( 5 26) a nd eth eg
( 5 1 6Mc—i
)
‘

c ow nnr E
50 T he I ndividua l S ounds a nd Char a ct ers 9 v

o rig in o f t h e w ord s in q ue st io n ( w h ic h i s o f c o urse th e su rest g uide) , may

d e p e n d me a n w h il e on t h e fol l o w ing p rin c ip a l ru l e s

I
Th e sign is in t oneless c losed sylla ble, sinc e such
V

1 . o a
7

a syl la b l e c an h ave o nl
y a sh ort vow el 26 o
) . The a b ove c ase

oc c urs

( ) W h e
an S e
wd follo w s as a syl lab le -div ider a s i n h6hh -md
a 3 s okh -ld fo od) Wit h M
,

( isdom
) 5 ( et heg is d (6) and a c c ording
’
w ,
.

t o t h e usua l V l eW st ands in an o
p en ,
yllab le w it h
s a following S wd e

mobile, hh ld (sh e ) b ut c f
’ e
e d -
at e 1 6 i
g . . . .

( )
b Wh en a c losed sylla ble is formed b y D a g el ‘
forte e g .

Mth g
.
,

h6nneni
' '

( h a v e merc y up on me) ; b ut D llfl ( wit h

’ ’
e e ,
1 6 f l)
bdtt im .

( ) W h en
0 th e syllab le in q uest ion loses t h e t one o n account of ‘

a follo wing Mqqep h

a 1 6 a ), e g DWNW s B hb l h d dddm all men
- -
’
.
( .
) 7 1 17
‘
l
'
.

In a
t 35 1°
a nd Pr 1
9
7
Mqqép h
a
'

w it h 5; is re p l ac e d by a c on ju n c t i v e ac ce nt

(M 5 "
t’
kh a ) b y Darga , Ju 1 9 w it h 11 9 , a nd E z 3 78 w it h D1 9? ! ( so B aer aft e r
er so
3
M
7

Q imh i e d. a nt . , G i n sb urg , K i t t e l Dj Pl )
’
,

(d) I n a closed final syllab l e w ith out t h e t one, e g DE! w a yydg6m . .

E
( an d h e stoo d up — ) I n th e c ases w h ere d or d in t h e fina l syllab l e h as
Mqqep h
.

b ec ome t oneless t h ro ug h and yet rema ins, e

a , 1 6 a
) g
Mth g
. .

E st 4 , 8
Gn 4 25
,
it h as a e e in c orrec t manusc rip t s
a nd p rint ed t e x t s .

In ca se s l ike F MS?“ F173 5 ldmmd ,

t h e t one sh ow s t h at 1’
is t ob e
read a s d .

2. Th e c a se s in w h ic h ap p e a rs to st a n d in a n o p e n syl l ab l e a nd y e t is
to b e read a s 6 re q uire sp e c ial c o n sid erat ion . T h is is t h e c a se , (a) w h en

H t a ep h - a Q mes fol low s, e. g . this h is work, o r si m p le v oc al S ‘

wd, e .
g . or

M
T
'
. " Y “ 7

“ Dgit Jo 4 ; 7
731 0 2 ( e d. a nt . , Gin sb )p lb 8 6
2
cf 61
a nd th e
g oa d ; i 3? so . reserve ,
. 1

c a se s me n t io ne d i n
48 i , n .
,
a nd 5 6 1 f, n . ot h e r e x a mp l e s a re Ob 1 1 ,
Ju

> fi I ‘
’

H a tep h Pa th a h fo l l ow s i n
“Ila
/ 73 ( G in sb ur g ; B a er anv n ) S 1
fig tfl ?
‘
- so v 1
r t i'
5 ,
zl f
’ - l
z
‘

24 11
,
and
“

flit/ J D” ( so B aer, Gn 321 3 ,

o t h e rs (b ) b e fore a no t h er Ga mes
I
'

S nfix a nd -
Sn la
h 3513l th y work ; ‘
{ p Nu 7
67 ( c) in
‘ '

a tup h , e .
g . on 23 ,
se e o

t h e t w o p l u ra l form s m i-
n 1p sanctua r ies a n d meh w
‘

w rit t e n ”
(al so
i roots a
Mth g
7 T 7 17
|
a nd In all t h ese c a se s t h e Je w ish g ramma r ia n s reg a rd th e e e

ac c o m p any i ng t h e as in d ic a t ing a Q ame s ra h ab h ( b ro a d Q ames) and

t h e re fo re re ad th e t h us p ct -016, da-re ban, p a-6lekh a, qa-dal im

as a B ut .

n e it h er t h e o rig in o f t h e se fo rm s, n o r t h e a n al og ous fo rma t io ns i n H e b re w

a nd in t h e c og na t e l ang uag es, n o r t h e t ra nsc rip t i o n o f p re p e r n am es i n t h e

1
I n t h e B ab y l o n ia n p u n c t ua t ion 8 g , no t e ) a a nd 6 a re c are full y dist in
g uish e d S o al so i n m a n y
. S S w it h t h e ord inary p un c t ua t io n a nd i n M .

B ae r s e d it io n s o f t h e t e t sin c e 1 8 8 0 , in w h ic h
’
is use d fo r 6 a s w e l l as x
fo r 6 Cf B a e r -D e lit z sc h , L iber Jobi, p 4 3
. . B ut t h e ide nt i t y . . of t he t w o sig n s
i s c e rt a inl y orig inal, a nd t h e use of for 6 is misleadin g .
 I O a —d ] Cha ra ct er of the severa l V owels 51
LXX, all o w s us to re g a r d t h is v ie w a s c orre c t . j
I t is ust p ossib l e t h a t Q ames
is h e re use d l oose l y for d, as th e e q u iv a l e n t o f 6, o n th e a n a l ogy o f b y? &c

g 93 q As a m at te r o f fa c t h o w e v e r w e o ugh t n o doub t t o div id e a nd re ad

Q uit e as inc on c e iv ab le i s it for M
.
, ,
-ilm —
( for 166
‘
-l6 6 6-lekh a 6 eth eg t o
‘0
p6 p q dd ,
.

a sig n o f t h e l engt h e n in g i nt o a in {1 3 ( E x al t h o ug h it is in
be “i f o
n ”
1 so
°
r gn

ba ( in t h e n av y) , sin ce h e re t h e a of t h e ar t ic l e a p p e a rs unde r t h e 3 ,

10 . Th e H a lf Vow els and the S ylla ble D ivider (Sewa

) .

1 B e sides t h e full v ow el s, H eb rew h as al so a series of v ow e l a

M
.

sounds w h ic h may b e c alle d ha lf v owels

( S iev ers ,
urmelvolca le ) .

The p unc t uat ion makes use of t h ese t o rep resent ex t remely sligh t
sounds w h ic h are t o b e reg arded as remains of fulle r a nd mo re dist inc t

vo wel s from a n earlier p eriod o f t h e lang uag e . T h ey g enerally t ake

t h e p lace of v owels ori gin a lly sho rt st anding in o en sy lla bles
p S u ch .

sh ort vow els, t h oug h p reserv ed in t h e kindred l a ng uages, a re not

t olerat ed b y t h e p resent syst e m of

p oint in
g in H eb rew , b ut e it h er

underg o a lengt h ening or ar e w eakened t o Se mi U nder . so me

c ircu mst ances h ow ever , , the o rig inal sh ort v ow el may rea
pp ear.
To t h ese b elong s fi rst o f a ll the sig n wh ic h indic at es an ex

t remely sh or t , slig h t , a nd
( a s reg a rds p ronunc at on i i ) inde t erminat e
vow el sound, so met h ing like a n ob sc ure h alf 6 I t is c a ll ed S wd e
,
l

w h ic h may b e eit h e r simp le Sew d (Sew d simp lex) a s dist inguished

from t h e c omp ound (see f ) or v oca l Sewd (Sewd mobile) a s dist in ,

ish ed from S w d esc en s w hi c h is silen t a nd st a nds as a mere

’
gu q ui ,

syllab le divider (see i) unde r t h e c onsonant w hic h c loses t h e syllab l e .

Th e v oc al S wd st ands under
e
a c onsona nt w hic h is c losely unit ed, as C

a kind of g ra c e -
not e, w it h t h e following syl lab le , e it h er
(a ) at the
b eginning of t h e w ord , as hoe g té l (t o
m ma llé (filling) e
kill ), s ngi e
,

or b in t h e middle o f t h e w ord as
() s a l
eq 6
e
l b u r
’
g g g t ld
: h
’

-
t d i -
, ,
.

I n forme r e d it io ns o f t h is G ramm a r Sel ect w as dist ing uish e d as medium ( I

w h e n it fo l l o w e d a sh o rt v o w e l a nd t h e re fore st o o d in a sup p ose d
‘
l o ose ly
c l ose d
’
or w av e rin g ’
sy ll ab l e , as in 55 33 . A c c ording t o S ie v e rs,
Mt ie r sch e S tudien, i 2 2 , t h i s d ist in c t io n must n ow b e a b a nd on e d
. Th e se .

sy ll a b l e s a re re al l
y c l o se d , a nd t h e o rig ina l v o w e l is n ot m e re l y sh o rt e n e d ,
b ut e nt ire ly e l i de d Th e fa c t t h a t a fo l l o w in g B eg a d kep h a t h l e t t e r ( 5 6 n)
.

rem a in s sp i ra n t i n s t e a d o f t a king D agei lene is e

, p l a in e d b y S iev e rs o n t h e x
sup o sit io n t h a t t h e c h a n e fro m h ard t o s irant is o ld e r t h a n t h e e l isi o n
‘
p g p
1
O n S t} , t h e o l d e r a n d c e r t a in l y fo rm
li the o n l y c o rre c t (as in B e n A sh e r),
see M
B ac h er, ZD G 1 8 9 5 , p 1 8 , n ot e 3 , w h o
. . co mp are s Sew ayy a t h e na me o f ,
t h e S y ria c a c c e n t ual sig n o f sim il a r fo rm ( = H e b r Za q e p h ) Th e fo rm
M
. .

N 1? ) c ust o mary in S p ain sinc e t h e t ime e n ah e m b

5 of S a rl l q , is d ue
‘

to a sup p ose d c o n ne xi on w i t h A ra m . ng e rest, a nd h e nc e w oul d o r ig i n a l ly

h av e d e n o t e d on l y Sewd quiescens, l ike sukun ( re st t h e Arab ic

) Th e de riv a t io n .

from fi g ? n st e m 3 9 , Le v i as, A mer ican J ourn of Ph ilol xv i 2 8 if

) see ms
l
)
g v ( 2 ,
. . . .

imp ossib l e .
 52 T he I ndividua l S ounds a nd Cha ra ct ers I O e-g

of th e v ow e l , and t h at t h e p re h ist o ric mala ka i b e c ame ma la kh ai b e fo re b eing

sh o r t e n e d to ma lkh e ’
I n c ase s l ike inns ( from N9 3) ,
.
pg (from HQ? ) t h e m
d rop p ing o th
f e D g forte sh o w s t h a t t h eo rig in al v ow e l is c o mp l e t e l y l ost
a el‘
.

Th e so un d 6 h a s b ee n a d op t e d a s t h e n or m al t ra nsc rip t io n o f sim p l e S wd

e
6
mobile, al t h o ug h i t is c e rt a in t h at i t o ft e n b e c am e a ssim il a t e d i n soun d t o

o t h e r v ow e ls . Th e LXXe p ress i t b y x e, or e v en by XepovBip , h

t
y
d MnA oi ha , m ore fre q uen t l y b y a
, 5& t Za p ovha, b ut v ery fre q uen t l y by
a ssi mil a t ing it s i n de t er minat e sound to t h e fol l ow ing p rin c ip al v ow e l ,
' "

g own redone , nb b v f a m
‘

e. il iar ( a s w e ll as Eah wp b v) , nisg s ZaBa dio,

m
.

5mm d N a a
hA .
‘
A si il ar a cc oun t of t h e p ronun cia t ion o f S wd is
‘
g ive n
b y Jew ish g rgl mma rian s of t h e middl e a g e s 2 .

H o w t h e S el ect sound h as a rise n t h ro ug h t h e v an ish in g of a ful l v ow el is

se e n , 9 g in ng q a from bar-aka, as t h e w ord is st ill p ron ounc e d in A rab ic
. . .

Ine t h a t l anguag e t h e full sh or t v ow el reg ul arl y c orre sp on ds t o t h e H e b rew

S wd mobile .

f 2 . Connec t ed w it h t he si mp le S wa m6bile
’
is t h e co mp ound S wd e

or Ht p h (
corre
p tum ) ,
i
. e a . S wd
t h e p ronunc ia tion o f wh ich is more
°

ly fi x ed b y t h e
a c c urat e addit ion of a sh o rt v owel There are t h ree .

S wa-sounds det ermined in t h is w ay,

e
co rresp onding t o t h e t h ree vo w el

c lasses 7 a
) "
ling h m6r,
H tp
d é h -P dt hah
, e .
g .
a
ass.

h il s "m6r , t o
Hdtép h S y6l, l
‘ 3
- e say.
.
g .

(7 ) Htp Q
d é h - dmi
s, e .
g .
”
5L T ho
li , ,
sickness.

Th ese Hdtép hs , or at least t h e first t wo, st and esp ec ially unde r the
four g utt ural l et t ers 22 l ), instead of a mp le S wd mobile
si
e
,

sinc e t h ese let t ers b y t h eir nat ure req uire a .

more definit e vow el
t h an t h e indet erminat e simp le S wa mobile
e
Ac cordingly a g ut t ural .

a t t h e b eg innin g o f a sy ll ab le , w h ere t h e S wa is necessarily vocal,

e

c an nev er h av e a mere S wd simp lex

e
.

On the sh ort er B at e t as c o mp a re d w it h c f. 5 27 v .

g R em A . . O nl y a nd o c c ur unde r l e t t e rs w h ic h a r e n ot guttural s .

H t h
a ep-P a th a
h i s fo un d in st e a d o f si mp le S’
wd ( p
e s e c ia ll y S‘
wd mob il e) , c h ie fly
( a ) und e r st re ng t h e n e d c o nso na nt s, si nc e t h is st re ng t h e ning (c o mmon ly
c a ll e d do ub l ing ) c ause s a m ore dist inc t p ro nunc ia t ion of S’ wd mob il e
th e ,

”53 2? b an hes Z 0
r c g iv e n b y A c c ord ing t o t h e rul e B en-A sh e r ( w h ic h
M
, ,

h ow o b e u nk n o w n t o g oo d e arl y
e v er a p p ears t
, S S and is t h ere fore re . j e c t ed
b y Ginsb urg , I ntrod , p 4 66 c f F o o t e , J oh ns H op kins Univ Ci rcula rs, J une
. . . . 1
90 3 ,
1
Th e sa me occ ur s fre q ue nt ly a l so in t h e G re e k and La t in t ransc rip t ions
of Ph oe nic ian w ords, e. g Ml y a a a,
f
D‘ fi l g g ub ulim ( S c h rb d er, D ie p hbniz
m
. .

Sp r. , p . 1Cf t h e Lat in a ug me nt in
3 9 hi ) . omordi, p up ug i, w i t h t h e G ree k
.

in r er vqi a , r er vuuévo s, a n d t h e o ld fo rm memord i

’
.

g/ g g, p p 4 f n Nutt s e d it io n ( L o n d
9 S e e e s e c ia ll H a a d 30 f i ’
p y Ye h uda a n 1 . . . .

c o r re sp o nding t o p 20 0 o f t h e e d it io n b y D uke s S t ut t g Ibn

(
M
. .

E z ra ’ s Sa hoth , p 3 ; G e se nius, Leh rgebd ude der h ebr S p ra ch e, p 6 8

. Th e a nuel . . .

da lecteur, m e nt ion e d a b o v e , 5 6 b , a lso c o nt a in s e Xp re ss r ul es fo r t h e v a rio us

w a y s o f p ro no un c ing S‘ wd mobi le : so t oo t h e Dikd uke h a -t‘ a mim, e d b y B aer
.

a nd S t rac k L z 1 8 Cf a l so S c h re ine r, Z A W v i 2 3 6 fi
‘

7 9, p 1 2 fi
‘

, p . . . . . . .
 54 T he I ndividua l S ounds a nd Cha ra cters -
l, n

fo l low ing g ut t ural as w ell t h e p rec ed ing U-so und

as of .
( E lsew h ere ind ee d
a ft er 1 i n sim il a r c a se s [ fp Pa th a h is p re fe r re d , se e
f a e h - ab o v e , b ; b ut w it h
11 15 15 5 c f. a l so 153 13 I s 9 3 , 1
1 0 7, 1 4
15
,
w h e re t h e U -soun d must nec essaril y be
ad mit t e d t o h a ve an in fl ue nc e on th e fe ma i mme d iat e ly fol l o w ing .
) In
9
7 it i s al so i n fl ue n c e d b y t h e fo l l ow ing O-soun d I n 1 13 9
P
- 0 h 6r Jb
H : 1
( t
a ) 1 .
. '

1 S 28
8
Q re, t h e
e
o rig i na l fo rm is DDP, w h e re a g a in th e 0 rep resent s a n
‘

6 . It
is only t h roug h t h e i n fl ue nc e of a fo ll ow ing g ut t ural t h at w e c an e xp l a in

t h e forms n§ 3 5| 3 E st 5 1 3) Pr 28 12
; 1 11 1 DJ Je r 4 97 ;
1
7 3 7
m DN Is

1 113
1 5
23 1 Dn 8 13
; 11t 12
x 39
13
; 1 57 3 3 3
1
3 2 K 21 (B ae r s
’
e d. al so in v er .

Mnt
7

13 153 1
3321 2 C h 3 41 2 (ed . a .
, Op i t ius, &c . F in al l y in most of th e
e x a mp l e s w h ic h h ave b e en a dduc e d, t h e infl ue nce
’

of an e mp h at ic sound

(P D, ,
c f. a l so 11 3 11 R u
13 1
1
5 or o f a sib il ant is al so t o b e t ake n int o a c c ount .

3 . Th e sig n of the simp le S wa e

serves also as a mere syllable
divider . I n t h is c ase it is disrega rded in p ronunc iat ion a nd is c alled
S In t h e middle of a W ord it st ands under every c on
l
a
ted q u iescens .

so na nt w h ich c l oses a. s llab le

y ; at th e end of words on t h e ot h er h and
it is o mit t ed e c ep tx
in fi na l 1 (t o dist ing uish it b et t er from final
.
g . hing , a nd in t h e less frequent c a se wh ere a w ord ends w it h ,

a mut e a ft e r a not h er v ow elless c o nsona nt a s in

33 than fem
h a r d, 1 1 .

( for 1a n t ) fe m h a st killed,
.
WI a nd he w a tered
P E B W’
I a nd ,
he
not ; b ut W1
}
t ools
1
drink th an 1 , 11 13 11
1
cap t

k H ow e v e r, i n t h e m u t e x
e c l ose s t h e syl la b l e , t h e fi n al S wci
a mp l e s w h e re e
v
a
‘

c o me s som e w h a t ne a re r t o a v o c a l s ws, e s e c iall y as in al m ost al l t h e c a se s

e
p
a w e ak e n ing o f a fi na l v o w e l h a s t a ke n p l ac e v iz 1 1 ro m 1 11 & a tti
’ ’
5 tte
f
,
a .

5
{1 h} ? 5 fro m 1 11
515 15 ( cf . in t h is form, th e 2n d sin g . fe m .
p erf .
Q a l, e v en

“ N3 ,
a ft e r a v ow e l
,
G 11 1 68 , Mi &c .
, ac c or din g to th e re a d ing s o f B ae r ) ,

3 W 1
g it b e
fr om 11 3 W“ ,
&c . T h e A rab ic ac t ua l ly h as a sh o rt v ow e l in a nal og o us

fo rms . In 1 5 ) b orro w e d from t h e I n d ia n , a s al so in D WP i

(q t)
b P‘
r 2 2
21
;

a nd in ne a ddas (for w h ich w e sh ou l d e xp e ct 3 0 11

1 1) Pr t h e fi n al
m ut e of it se l f a t t rac t s a sl igh t v o w e l sou nd .

R e m Th e p rop e r d ist i nc t io n b e t w e e n simp le i‘ wa mobile a nd q uiescens de p e nds

. .

o n a c o r re c t un d e rst a n d i n
g o f t h e fo rm a t io n o f sy l l a b l e s ( 5 Th e b eg in n e r
m a y o b se rv e for t h e p re se n t , t h a t ( ) fewa is al w ay s mobile ( a ) a t t h e b e g inn in g I
o f a w o r d e x c e t in D1 1 W 1 1 W
( p 3 , 1 9 7 b , n o t e ) ; ( b ) un de r a c o n so n a n t w i t h

( ) a ft er a no t h e r S wd, e g 1513Pj y qt hl
’
' ‘e
D a ges for te, e g 13 1 1 g id-d p h a ; e
. c . i e
. .

( excep t t h e e nd o
.

at f t h e w o rd, see a b o v e , i ) th e
. i s quiescens (a ) at
e nd o f a w o rd , a l so i n t h e T ( b ) b e fo re a n o t h er S e wa
] .

11 . Other S igns w hi ch a fiect the R ea d i ng .

Very c losely c onne c t ed wit h t h e vow el p oint s are t he r ea ding -signs,

w h ic h w ere p rob ab ly int roduc ed a t t h e same t ime B eside s t h e . .

diac rit ical p oint ov e r a nd W, a p oint is p lac ed w ith in a c onsona nt W

'

as a n e nd i ng o f th e 2nd sing . fe m p e rf . .
Q al o f v e rb s se e
§ rz a - c ] O ther S ig ns which a
fi ec t the R ea ding 55
to sh ow t h a t it h as a st ronge r sound. On t h e o t h er hand a h oriz ont al
st roke (R ap /re) over a consonant is a sig n t h at it h as not t h e st ro ng e r

sound. A c c ording t o t h e different p urp oses fo r w h ich it is used t h e

(I)
‘
p oint is e it h er D gcl fort e, a sig n o f st reng th en ing
a 1 2
) or
‘
2
) D a g el lene , a sig n of t h e h arder p ronunc iat io n of c ert a in con

sonant s r or (3 ) Ma
pp ig ,
a sig n t o b ring out t h e full c onsona nt a l
value of let t ers w hic h o t h e rw ise serv e a s v o w el le t t er s 7 esp ec ially

in t h e c ase of n a t th e end of t h e word I 4 a )

. Th e R ap he, w hic h
e x cludes t h e insert ion of any of t h ese p oint s, h as almost ent irely
g one

out of use in our p rint e d t e x ts 1 4 e ) .

12 . Dag e§ in gen er a l, 1
a nd D a ge§ f or te i n p a rt icula r .

C f G rae t z , D ie m an nig fa c h e A nw e nd u ng u B e de ut d e s D ag esc h ,

’
in
Mn
. . .

o a tssch r J ar Gesch u Wiss d Judent , 1 8 8 7 , p p 4 2 5 if an d 4 7 3 if

. . . . . . . .

1 . D a gel , ‘
a p oint st anding in t h e middle o f a c onsonant ,
2
denot es, a
"
ac c ording to 1 I ( ) the
, a stren thening
g of a c onsonant
(D ag ef
s for te ,
)
'

e .
g .
gittel
'
or
()
b t h e h a r der
p ronunc ia t ion of t h e le t t ers
11 5 3 7 33 D a ef
( g f lene) . F or a v ariety of t h e l at t er, now ra rel
y used in
o ur
p rint ed t e x t s, see r3 c .

Th e W? !
in S y ri ac me an s to p ierce th roug h , to bare th rough ( w it h sh arp
root 6
i ron) ; h e nc e t h e name Dagel is c omm onl y e p l ain e d , so lely w it h re fe re nc e
‘
x
t o i t s fo rm, b y p uncture, p oint B ut t h e name s o f a l l simila r sig n s a re de riv e d
.

ra t h e r fro m t h e ir g ra mma t i c a l sig n ifi c a n c e A c c ord ing l y wn m ay in t h e

’

M
.

a cuere ( litera m
as ora h a v e t h e se n se ) , i e t o sh a rp en a l et t er, a s w e ll a s t o . .

h a rden i t , i e t o p ro n ounc e i t a s h ard a nd w it h ou t a sp irat ion

. . a cuans .

(litera m) w ould t h e n b e a sig n o f sh a rp e n ing and h a rd e ning ( like Mp p iq

a

PQ p p roferens, as sig num p rola tionis), for w h ic h p urp oses a p rick of t h e

'
p en, or

p uncture, w as sel e c t e d . Th e op p osi t e of Da gel‘ is HEW e m5 , 1 4 e, a nd 5 2 2 n.

2 . I n g ramma r B a gel “
forte ,
th e sign o f is t h e more 0
streng thening ,

impor tant I t may b e c omp ared t o t h e sic ilicu s o f t h e La t ins L a c a ia s

.
(
for Lu cullus) or t o th e st roke o ver 77 7 . a nd n . I n the unp oint ed t e t x
it is o mitt ed like t h e ,
vow els and o t h er rea ding sig ns.

of
’
F or t h e d iffe re n t kin ds Dagelvforte,
‘

see 20 .

O or , T e s
t h ol ds h
c r 1
90 , p 3 7 ,
2 . 6 m a i n t a in.s t h a t ‘
the aso re t e s re c og nize d
. M
no d ist i n c t io n b e t w e e n D agef lene a n d forte Th e y use d a D a gef w h e r e t h e y .

c onside r e d t h at a l e t t e r h ad t h e sh a rp , n o t t h e so ft o r a sp ira t e d so u nd
’
.

Th is may b e t ru e ; b ut t h e ol d-e st ab l ish e d d ist in c t io n b e t w e e n t h e t w o kind s

o f D a g ei i s e sse n t ial fo r t h e rig h t un der st a nd ing o f t h e g ra mma t ic a l form s .

2 W6 10 ‘
w it h D gel (1) c an no t i n o ur p rin t e d t-
a e x t s b e d ist ing uish e d fr o m a

wow m
p oint e d a s su ; (1) in t h e l at t e r c a se t h e p o int sh oul d st and h ig h e r up .

Th e a a is, h ow e v e r, easil y t o b e re c og niz e d since i t c a nn ot t ake a v o w e l b e fore

or under i t .

3
S t ade , Leh rb der hebr Gr , L p z 1 8 7 9 , p p 4 4, 1 0 3 , rig h t l y i nsist s on t h e
. . . . .

x
e p re ssio n strength ened p ronunciation in st e a d o f t h e o l de r t e rm dou bling , si n c e
t h e co nso n a n t i n q ue st i o n i s o n l y w rit t e n o n ce T h e c o m mo n e p re ssio n . x
a rise s fro m t h e fa c t t h a t in t ra n sc ri t i o n 3 stren th ened c o nsona nt c a n on l
y be
-

p g .

i ndic at e d b y w rit ing it as doub l e .

 5 6 T he I ndividua l S ounds a nd Cha ra ct ers x3 a- d, 1 4 a —c

13 . D agei lene .

G insb urg, I ntrod , p . . 11 11

4 2 Dag e sh a nd R ap h e .

(l D agcl len e, t he sig n

1 .
‘
of ha rdening, is in ordina ry p rint ed t e x ts

p l aced only w it hin t h e let t ers 6 n) as a sig n t h at th ey

should b e p ronounc ed with t he ir ori g inal h ard sound (wit h out asp ira
t ion) , e g 312 9 m l l h b iB S5
D l-
h “ 91 td hdr b ut i h
“

e e e.
,
ut . n
a a é ; 3 p , y t -
p dr

magi tat/t a, b ut nnwj g it-ta

’

‘
b Th e in wh ic h Dagel lene is t o b e insert ed are st at ed in
'

2 . cases a

21 . It oc curs al most e x clusively t h e b eginning of w ords and

at

syll ab les . I n t h e middle of the w ord it c an easily b e dist inguish ed

from Dage§ forte, sinc e t h e lat t er alw ays h as a vo wel b efore it , wh ereas
‘
D a gel l ene never h as; ac cordingly t h e D age§ in 5 ap p i, Q l ra hhim
’
’
$ D
must b e forte, b ut in 5 1 13"
yigda l it is lene .

C A
v arie t y of t h e D ag el lene i s used in m any m a nusc rip t s as w ell as in B ae r s
‘
,
‘ ’

e d it ion s, t h oug h G insb urg in t h e fi rst t wo c ase s, I ntrod ,

o t h e rs ( inc l uding
j
.

p p 1 2 1 , 1 3 0 , 60 3 , 66 2 ) re e c t it t og e t h e r w it h t h e Ha t e fs d iscusse d in 5 1 0 g
. .

I t is inse rt ed i n c onsona n t s ot h er t h an t h e B ‘ ga dk‘p h a th t o c al l a t t e nt ion

x
e p ressl y t o t h e b e g inning o f a ne w sy l l ab l e
( a ) w h e n t h e same c onso na nt
xion ni k) ;
‘
p recedes in c l ose c onn e , e. g .
c
50 w h ere , o w i ng to th e D a g el ,

th e g of t h e t w o Lameds is
c oal e sc in av oide d ; ( b ) in ca se s l ike -
6 28
mah-si (n o t maha -si) (c) ac c o rding t o so me (inc luding B aer ; not i n e d . Mnt ) a .

l
5
i n R in t h e c omb inat io n N i D t 3 2 , 2° &c5 s
( so al w ays
5
or 15 ti? H b .

al so i n G in sb urg s t e t , e c e p t i n G n x x e a nd g —D e l it z sc h
’
se e al so 5 20 .

ap p rop riat e ly g iv e s t h e n ame of D ag el orth Op h omc um t o t h is v arie t y o f D agcl

‘ ‘ ‘

( m m 5 9 4 ) c f mo re o ve r D e l it zsc h , Luth Ztsch r , 1 8 63 ,

B ibl K t 8 12
o en a.r,
1 7 4, o n 0 . . .

p 4 1 3 ; a lso h is Oomp lutensische Varianten eu dem A ltt est Texte, Lp z 1 8 7 8 , p 1 2\

. . . .

d Wh en Dageé forte is p laced in a B

3 .
gadlc
e e
p ha th, t h e st reng t h ening

necessarily e x c ludes it s a s irat ion e ”

23 from ”5 23
p g ,
. .
,
.

14 . Mpp iq
a a nd R ap he .

a 1 . Mp p tg
a
‘
like D a geé, also a p oint within t h e c onsonant , serves in
,

t h e l et t ers n n N
as a sig n t h at t h ey are t o b e regarded as ful l

consonant s a nd not a s v owel let t er s . I n most edit io ns of t h e t ex t it

is only used in t h e c onsonant al n at t h e e nd o f w or ds ( since n can
nev er be a vowel let t er in t h e middl e of a word), e .
g . F13
2g d bh ah

( h g ),
’
t o b e i h Fl? “ area
,
k (h er l and) w hic h h as a c onsonant a l ending

( sh ort ened from -hd ) , diffe rent from mid i? a rea (t o t h e earth
) which
h as a v owel end n i g .

I) R em . W ith out
do ub t suc h a H e w as d ist inc t ly asp irate d l ike t h e A rab ic
1 .

E d at t h e e n d of a sy l l ab l e Th e re a re, h ow e v e r , c ase s i n w h ic h t h is n h as
M
,

l ost it s c onsona nt al c h a rac t e r ( t h e ap p iq o f c ourse disap p e aring t oo) , so

t h a t it re ma in s o n ly a s a v ow el l e t t e r ; c f 5 9 1 e o n t h e grd fem sing . . .

C T h e nam e pi er ; me a ns p roferens, i e a sig n w h ic h b rings out t h e sound of . .

t h e l e t t er d ist inc t ly , a s a c onsonan t . Th e sa me sig n w as se l ec t e d for t h is

 14 d, e, 1 5 a, b] Mp p iq a a nd R ap he 57
a nd for Da gel, sin c e b ot h are inte nd e d t o i ndic at e a h ar d, i e a st rong , sound
‘
. . .

H e n c e R ap h e ( see e) is t h e op p o sit e o f b o t h
M M
.

5 In SS ap p iq is al so fo und w it h R , 1, t , t o mark t h e m e p e ssl y as

r x d
m
. .

j ib
c on son a n t s, e g ( g ay) , 1 ( gaw, qau) , for w h ic h 1 is al so use d, a s
. .
y, &c 2 .

F or t h e v ario us st a t emen t s o f t h e aso ra ( w h e re t h e se p o int s a re t re a t e d as M

D a gci ) , see G in sb urg , Th e assora h , letter a , 5 ( al so I ntro M
d , p p 5 5 7 , 60 9 , 6 3 7 ,
M
. .

’
a nd
‘
Th e D ag e sh e d A l e p h s in t h e K arl sruh e S (w h e re t h e se p oint s .

x
are e t re m el y fr e q ue n t ) , i n t h e Verh andlungen des B erliner Orienta listen K ongr esses,
~

B er lin , i 1 8 8 1 , p 1 3 6 if Th e g re a t d iffe re nc es i n t h e st a t e me nt s foun d in

M
. . .

the a so ra p oin t t o diffe re nt sc h o o l s, o ne o f w h ic h a p p ears t o h a v e int e nde d

t h a t e v e ry au dib l e u sh oul d b e p oint ed I n t h e p rint e d e d it ions t h e p o int .

oc c urs on l y fo ur t ime s w it h N ( N 23 7, E zr 8 1 °
” Lv 1
e) , J b Gn and
r 33 or

(a m w h e re t h e p oin t c an b e t a ke n onl y a s a n ort h o p h one t ic sign, no t w it h

K on ig a s D ag el‘ forte) Cf D el it z sc h , H iob , an d c d , p 4 3 9 ff
. . . . .

2 R ap he i e w eak, so ft
) a h oriz ont al st roke over t h e l et t er, 6
M
. . .
,

‘
is th e p osit e o f b ot h kinds o f D a g el and
o a
pp iq b ut esp ec ially of
p ,

‘
D ag el lene I n e x ac t manusc rip t s ev ery h enn a lett er h as eit h er
.

5?
”
"
D agel lene ‘
or R ap he, e .
g . melehh ,
1913 , F11 I n modern edit ions

( x cep t used only w h en t h e ab senc e of a

’
s 1 st e d he is
e Ginsb urg )d
Mp p i q
.

D agei or a re
q uires t o be e x p ressly p oint ed out .

§ 15 . Th e A ccents .

On t h e ord in ary ac cent s ( se e b e l ow , e) , c f . W . H e ide nh e im, [3 23 1 t .

3 mar/ n ( l
[Th e La ws of th e A ccents] , R odel h e im, 1 8 0 8 (a co mp ila t ion from ol de r Je w ish
w rit e rs on th e a c c e nt s, w it h a co mme nt ary ) ; W W ic kes ( see
. a l so b e l ow ) ,
DH DD N :
”
”
73 1 m [Th e A ccents f th e Twenty-one
o B ooks] , O ford, x 1 8 8 7, an

e xh ust i a ve inv est ig at ion i n E ng l ish ; J Jap h e t , Die A ccente der h l S ch rift M
M
. . .

( ex c lusi v e o f t h e b ooks e d b y H e i ne m ann , F ra n kf a 1 8 6 ; Prat o rius,

9 . . . .

Di e H erkunft der h ebr A ccente, B e rl in , 1 9 0 1 , a n d ( in answ e r t o G reg o ry s c ri t ic ism

’
.

in t h e TLZ 1 90 1 , n o 2 2) Die Uebernah me der frfih -mittelgriech N eumen durch die

M
. . .

Juden , B e rl in , 1 90 2 ; P K ah l e , ‘ Zur G esc h d e r h e b r A c c e n t e , ’ ZD G 5 5

. . . .

1 6 7 if ( 1 , on t h e ea rliest Jew ish l ist s o f a c c e nt s ;

. 2 , o n t h e m ut ual
re lat ion o f t h e va rious sy st e m s o f a c c e n t ua t ion ; o n p 1 7
9 ff h e d e al s
M
. .

w it h t h e acc e nt s o f t h e 3 rd sy st e m, see ab ov e, 8 9 , n ot e ) ; a rg o l is, art .

1 4 9 iii ; J A dams, S ermons in A ccents,

’
A c c ent s, in t h e Jewish E ncycl i . .

1 0 6 — On t h e
”
Lond o n , ac ce nt s o f the B o o ks D &l l ( see b el ow , h ) , S B a er,
‘

9 . .

a n nn [A ccentua l La ws f th e B ooks
8 5 2, an d h is R ode lh e im,
‘
o 1

ap p e ndi x
t o D el it z sc h s
’
Psa lmencommenta r,
v o l i i, Lp z 1 8 60 , an d i n t h e
st h . .

ed , 1 8 94 ( a n ep it o me is g iv e n in B a e r-D e l it zsc h s Liber P salmorum h eb r , L z

’
.
p . .

c f a l so D e l it z sc h s mo st in st ruc t iv e
’
1 8 6 1 , 1 8 7 4, .
‘
A c c e nt uo l og isc h e r
Comme nt ar 0 1 1 Psal ms 1 —3 , i n h is Psalmencommenta r of 1 8 74 , a s w e l l as t h e
’

numerous c on t ri b ut io n s t o t h e a c c e n t ual c rit ic ism o f t h e t e t , & c , i n t h e x .

e d i t io n s o f B ae r a n d D e l it zsc h , a nd in t h e c o mm e n t a rie s o f t h e l at t e r ;

W W ic ke s, n b x ”73 1 [A ccents of th e Poet B ooks] , O ford , 1 8 8 1

.
'
m it c h e l l , i n . x M
th e Journa l of B ibi Lit , 1 8 9 1 , p 1 4 4 B aer a nd S t rac k, Dikduke Ira -te a mim,
. . .

p 1 7 if
. .

s convinc in ly sh ow n t h e maj orit y of b

1 . As Pra t orius ( ) h a see ab ove
g ,

th e Heb rew a cce nt s esp ecially acco rdin

, g t o K ahle
(see ab ove) t h e , ,

Conj unct iv i , w ere adop t ed b y t h e J ew s from t h e neums and p unct ua

'
‘

tion-ma rks found in G reek g o sp el -b ooks, and, like t h e se , t h eir p rimary

ur ose was t o r e ulat e
p p g minut ely t he p ublic rea ding of the sac red
 5 8 T he I ndividua l S ounds a nd Cha ra ct ers 1 5 c, d

x
te t . The co mp le te t ransfo rma t ion and a mp lific at ion of th e syst e m
( in t h ferent fo rms,
ree dif 8 g , not e) , wh ic h soon c aused t h e e ws
see J
t o fo rg et it s real orig in, is c lea rly c onnec t ed w ith t h e g radual c h a ng e
from t h e sp eaking v oice in p ublic reading t o ch ant ing or sing ing .

Th e ac c e nt s t h en served a s a kind of music al not es .

1
Th eir val ue

as such h as, h ow ev er, wit h t h e e x c ep t ion of a few t races, b ec ome

l ost in t ransmissio n
'

. On t he ot h e r h and, according t o th e ir orig inal

de sig n t h ey h av e also a t w o fold use wh ich is st ill of t h e g reat est

imp o rt ance for g rammar ( and synt a x ), v iz t h eir v a lue ( a ) as .

ma rking the t one, ( b) as ma rks of p un ctua tion t o indic at e t h e log ic al

( synt ac t ic al) relat ion of single words t o th eir immediat e surrounding s ,

an d t h us t o t he w hol e se nt ence .
2

c 2 . As a ma rk of t h e t one t h e accent st ands al most invariab ly (b ut

e syll ab le w hic h h as t h e
see b el ow , ) w iteh t h p rinc i a l t one in t h e w ord
p .

This is usually t h e ul tima, less frequent ly t h e p enul t ima Among st .

t he J ew ish mmarians a wo rd wh ich h as t h e t one on t h e ult ima is

g ra
c alled M
ilra (Aram
‘
i e ac c ent ed b elo w e g 552gat al ; a w ord

M
. . . . .

w h ich h as t h e t one on t h e p enul tima is il et (A ram 532 579 , ac cent ed ‘

.

3155 mele/ch B esides t his, in many cases a seconda ry t one

a bove
) g
e .
.

M
. .
,

is indicat ed in t h e word b y et heg (c f E x amp l es such as .

I s 50 8
(c f . Ex 1 5
8
,
Jb 1 2
15
,
La a re reg a rde d by
the J ewish g rammarians a s even p r op a roa g tone
'
.
‘

( l 3 . As marks of int erp unc t uat ion t h e a c c ent s are sub di vided int o
t h ose w h ic h se ara te
p (Di st in ct ivi or D omini) and t h ose w h ich c onn ect

( Conj unctivi or S ervi ) . F urt h er a t w ofold syst e m of a c cent uat ion is

t o b e not ed :
( )
a the co mmon syst e m found in t w ent y-one of the
”
B ooks (t h e N : i . e. t went y-one), a nd
( b) t h at used in t h e first t h re e
B ooks t h e H a giog rap h a , v iz Psa lms, Proverb s, and Job , for w h ic h
of .

t he vow memar is 11 9
55, fro m t.h e in it ia l c onso nant s o f t h e name s,
WSW"
Psa lms, Prov erb s, Job , or more c orrect ly, a c c ording t o t h eir
n 9 2 means t h e
”
orig inal se uenc e,
(
”
Q Nfl U
) 25
”
q END twin , so t h at N

ac ce nt s
( sin
g . 0 99
) of t h ese t h ree B ooks . Th e lat t er syst em is not
only ric h er a nd more co mp lic ated in it self, b ut al so musically more
sig nifica nt t h an t h e o rdina ry ac cent ua t io n.

O n t h e a t t e mp t s of Ch rist ia n sc h ol a rs o f t h e si t ee nt h c e n t ury t o e p ress x x

t h e H eb re w ac c e nt s b y music a l n o t e s, c f O rt e n b e rg , Z D G 1 8 8 9 , p 5 3 4 . M . . .

2
A t t h e sa m e t im e i t must n o t b e fo rg o t t e n t h a t t h e v a l ue o f t h e a c c e nt
a s a m a rk o f p un c t ua t io n is al w a s re l a t iv e ; t h us 9
g A th nah a s re g ards t h e
’

y ,
. .

l og ic a l st ruc t ure o f t h e se nt e n c e m a y a t o n e t ime ind ic a t e a v e ry imp ort a n t

a t a no t h e r , on e w h ic h i s al m ost i mp erc ep t ib le ( as i n
g
re a l
if
as i n O u
n 1
3
A b ov e in t h is se nse me ans w h a t mes b e fore , me s
‘ ’
co
‘
b el o w is wh a t co
a ft e r ; o f B a c h e r, Z A W 1 0
.
9 7 , p 28 5 f . . .

Cf D e l it z sc h o n I s 40 1 3
.
.
 5 e, f] T he A ccents 59
I . The Co mmon Accen ts .

Prel iminary re mark Th e ac c e nt s w h ic h a re ma rk e d as p rep ositivc st a nd t o 6

.

t h e rig h t o v e r o r un d e r t h e i nitia l c o n sona n t o f t h e w ord t h ose marke d as

p ostp ositive, t o t h e l e ft ov e r or u nde r t h e l a st c o nso n a nt Co n se q ue nt ly in .

b ot h c ase s t h e t o ne -sylla b l e m ust b e asc e r t a i ne d inde p e nden t l y o f t h e a c c e nt

( b ut c f b e l ow , I)
. .

A
l
. D rsw ncrrv n A c c nnrs (D istinc ti vi or
f
Di i b S illfiq(end) al ways w it h t h e t one syllab le of t h e last
w o1 d b efore S op h p a suq ( : t h e v erse div ider e g m T7 5 7
5 -
,
. .

(T ) 33 A § 3 335 A t hnaht a (rest ) t h e p rincip al

’
[1 1 1
3 t h n h o r 3 1 0 1 1 ,
’

divider w it h in t h e verse .

a. S eg dlt a, p ostp osit ive marks t h e fourt h ,

or fift h sub

di vision, co unt in
g b a c kwa rds from At h ni1 h (
’
ordina t e e .
g .

GD
Salsel et h ( i . e
. c ha in
)
,
as disj unct ive , or G rea t
sa lteleth , dist ing uishe d b y t h e follo w ing st roke from 2

t h e co nj unc t iv e in t h e p o et ic ac cent uat io n, is used fo r

A l l t h e d 1 sj unc t 1 v e s oc c ur i n I s 3 9 2 — Th e e arl ie r Jo w 1 sh ac c e n t uol og ist s

al rea dy d ist ing uish b e t w e e n D D D R eges a nd D l fi d b S ervi ‘

B
Th e d iv ision ‘ ‘ ‘
.

j
o f t h e d is un c t ive a c ce nt s int o I mp e ra t o re s, R eg e s, D uc e s, Co m it e s, w h ic h

b e c a me c o mmon among st Ch rist ia n g ra mm ar ians, o rig in a t e d i n t h e S cru

Ii ntum S S ex a ccentib us o f S a m B o h l ius, R o st oc k , 1 6 3 6, a n d , as t h e so urc e o f
. . .

ma nifo ld c o nfusion, h ad b e t t e r b e g i v e n up Th e o rde r o f t h e a c c e n t s i n

j
.

re sp e c t t o t h e ir dis u nc t iv e p ow e r i s sh o w n in g e n e ra l b y t h e a b ov e c l a ssifi c a

t io n , fol l ow in g W ic k es I n re sp e c t t o t h e h e ig h t o f t o ne ( in c h ant in g ) , 2 ,
. I
5 , 4 , 8 , w h ic h w e re low a nd l o n g sust a ine d n o t e s, a re t o b e d ist in g uish e d from
d c f W ic ke s,
b
t h e h ig h n o t e s ( 7, a n t h e h ig h e st (3 10) .

—
u p 1 2 ff T h e name 0 1
191 19 ( la t er a ccents i n g e nel al ) w as orig inall y
3 :

re st ric te d j
t o t h e d is un c t iv e s, se e K a h l e, l c , p 1 69 . . . .

2
Th is st ro ke is c ommo nl y c o nfuse d w it h P a seg , w h ic h h a s t h e same fo rm .

B ut P a s e q ( = res tra in i ng, divid in g, a l so i n c o rre c t l y c a ll e d P °

siq ) is n e it h e r a n

i nd e p e n de n t acc e n t , no r a c o n st i t uen t p art o f o t h e r ac c e n t s, b ut is use d a s a

mark fo r v a rious p urp ose s ; se e t h e aso re t ic l ist s a t t h e e n d o f B a e r s M ’

e d it i o ns, a n d W ic ke s, A ccents of th e Twenty-one B ooks, p 1 20 iii , w h e re Paseq is .

div ide d i n t o d istinctivum, emp h a ticum, h omonymicum a n d eup h onic um Th e c o n . .

j e c t ure o f O l sh a use n ( Leh rb , p 8 6 t h a t Paseq se rv e d al so t o p o i n t out

. .

marg ina l g l osse s sub se q ue n t ly int e rp o l a t e d in t o t h e t e t , h a s b e e n fur t h e r x

d e ve l o p ed b y E v o n O r t e nb e rg , D ie B e deu t ung d e s P a se q fur Q ue l l e nsc h e i
.

d un g in d e n B B ( 1 A . in P rogr des D omgymn e u Verden, 1 8 8 7 , a nd i n t h e

. . . .

Pase q u L eg arme h , in Z A W 1 8 8 7 , p 3 0 1 it ( b ut se e W ic ke s, i b id
’
a r t ic le ,
‘
. . . . .

1 888, p 1 4 9 iii ; al so E K on ig , i n t h e Z tsch r f kirch l Wiss u kirch l Leben ,

M
. . . . . . . .

1 88 ,
9 p a rt s 5 a n d 6 ; a ss, i n H et ra ica , v 1 2 1 iii , v iii 8 9 iii ) Prat o rius,
M
. . .

Z D G 1 8 9 9 , p 6 8 3 ff , p o int e d o u t t h a t Pa seg ( w h ic h is p re -m asore t ic a nd

. .

q u i t e d i st i n c t f r o m L e
ga rmeh ) b e sid e s b e in g a d iv ide r ( use d e sp e c ia ll y fo r t h e
sa ke o f g re a t e r c l e a rne ss) a l so se rv e d a s a sig n o f ab b re v ia t io n F o r furt h e r .

t rea t me n t o f Pa seg se e H G rimme , Pase kst ud ie n , in t h e B ib l Z tsch r , i 3 3 7 ff ,

’
. . . .

i i 2 8 ff , an d P sa lmenp robleme, &c , F re i b u rg ( S w it z e rl a n d) , 1 90 2 , p 1 7 3 , w h e re

. . . .

i t is a rg ue d t h a t Pa seg ind ic a t e s v a ria n t s in a d iffi c ul t se n t e n c e J K e nne dy , .

Th e N ote-line i n th e H eb S crip tures, E d in b 1 9 0 3 , w i t h a n i nd e

re nc e s o f P a seg , p
. o f a ll t h e o c c ur
. x
1 1 7 it A c c o rdi n g t o K e n ne dy t h e n o t e -l in e o f w h ic h
‘
. .

x
h e d ist i ng uish e s si t e e n d ifi e re n t k inds, is i n te n d e d t o d ra w a t t e n t io n t o
'

so me p e c u l ia ri t y i n t h e t e t ; it e ist e d l o ng b e fo re t h e x xaso re t e s, a nd w as M
no l o ng e r u nde rst oo d b y t h e m S e e , h ow e ve r, t h e re v iew s o f E K on ig , Th eol
. . .
60 T he I ndividua l S ounds a nd Cha r a cters 15 f

S eg ol ta ( seven t imes al t og et h er ) wh en t h is would st and

at .
t h e h ead of the sent enc e c f. Gn &c .

511 ; up; zaq ep h g adel, and

i
t g ll ! Zirq ep h q atdn Th e names refer t o t h eir mus1 cal
n ‘? .

c h ara ct er A s a dis unc t iv e, Lit tle Zei qé p h is b y nat ure

. j
st ro ng er t h a n Grea t Z e
i q eph ; b ut if t h ey st and t og et h er,
th e one whic h co mes first is alw ays t h e st ro nger .

5 . T ip h ha or Tarha, a sub ordina t e d is j unc tive

’
b e fore S il lfiq and At h nah, b ut v ery oft en t h e p rinc ip al
disj unc t iv e of t h e w h ole v erse in st ea d of At h nah ; al wa ys
’

so w h en t h e v e rse co nsist s o f o nly t w o o r t h re e w o rds

(e .
g Is
.

'
b ut a lso in longer v e rses
( Gn

Reb b ia .

2
S 1 Q ! Zar a,
q p ostp osi tive
( )
4
Pas t a, p ostp osnt i ue, l
and

(7 ) T h” Ye t h ibh , p r ep ositi ve, a nd t h us diffe rent from Mh e u

p
p akh . Ye th ib h is usedin p l ace of Pasta whe n t h e latt er
would st and on a monosyllab le or on a foret o ned word,
not p receded b y j
a c on unc t ive a c cent .

Teb h ir .

W7 3 Gere’s or D7IQ Teres, and

Gerasayim 2
D oub l e G eres, used for Gere s w h en
‘’
f
or ,

t h e ult ima , A2 15 does

’
t h e t one a nd
rest s on . not p recede .

—
V
7 15 Pfiz er, a nd

3L
) 5 3 3 g (
7 7 1? Faz er addl G reat Pfiz er or 7 7 5
) Q a rne h ara
p
1

sed 1 6 t imes for s ec ial em h a sis

( c ow h or ns
) o n -
ly u p , p , .

L 7151 3 S g h
? o r G reat T n
( ) i “ T l is a g ddl a se r e osit ive
p p
e e e
,
.

7 0 7 3 5 L armeh i e M
(17 ) 1
g fi
en ( )
ah see b elow w it h a follow in
, g . .

st ro ke .

S tud u K rit , 1 9 0 4 , p 4 4 8 ff , G B e e r, TLZ 1 9 0 5 , no 3 , and e sp A K loste r

. . . . . . . . . .

ma nn , Th eol Lit b la tt, 1 9 0 4, no 1 3 , w it h w h o m G insb urg ag re e s ( Verh a nd

. .
. .

lungen des H a mb Or -kong resses von 1 9 02, L e ide n , 1 90 4, p 2 1 0 ff ) i n sh o w in g

. . . .

t h a t t h e t ra di t io n w it h re g a rd t o t h e 4 7 9 o r 4 8 0 uses o f Paseg i s b y n o mea n s

un ifo rm T h e p urp ose o f Pa seg i s c l e arly re c og niz ab le i n t h e fi v e o l d rul e s :
.

a s a d iv i de r b e t iv e e n ide n t ic a l l e t t e rs a t t h e e n d a nd b e g in n in g o f t w o w o rd s
b e t w e e n ide n t ic al o r v e ry sim il a r w ord s ; b e t w e e n w ord s w h ic h are ab sol ut e l y
co n t ra dic t o ry ( a s God a n d evil-d oer) ; b e t w ee n w o rds w h ic h are l ia b l e t o b e
w ro n gl y c o n n e c t e d a nd l a st l y , b e t w e e n h e t e r og e ne ous t e rms, as ‘ E l e a z ar t h e
H ig h Prie st , an d Jo sh ua B ut t h e as sum p t io n of a far -r e ac h ing c rit i c a l
’
.

i mp ort a n c e in Pa seg is a t l east d oub t ful — Cf a l so t h e imp o rt a nt a rt ic l e b y . .

H F uc h s, ‘ P e siq e in G l osse n ze ic h e n ,’ in t h e VierteUah rssch n f t f B ib elkunde,

. .

A ug 1 9 0 8 , p 1 fl a nd p 9 7 if
. . . . .

I f t h e w ord i n q ue st ion h a s t h e t one on t h e p e nul t ima, Pa st a is p l ace d

i
i

ov e r it al so , e . g ani Gn c f. b e l ow , I .

2
W ic kes req uires Ge rsay im
 62 The I ndividua l S ounds a nd Cha ra ct ers
L
( ) Pirz é r (see ab ov e I, 1 1 a
)
Mh Mhp akh
, .

1 1 a. e up p akh legarméh , i . s. a w it h a following

st roke .

b Az la l g a rmeh, i
’
Azla w ith
’
1 1 .
e
. e . a follo wing st roke .

B . Co nw ncrrv r .

Mé rekh a
( see ab o v e , I 1 6 a
)
Mfi
. .

nah (see a b ov e , I .

”
5
3 9
‘
Ilhi y
‘

or Mfi na h sup erior .
.

sp at; Ta rha ( under t h e t one-syllable, and t h us easily

dist ing uish ed from N o .

G alg al or Y era h (see ab ove, I

Mh Mhp akh (
.

e up p akh or a see a b ov e , I .

(see
’
A212 ab ove, I .

Sa lseleth q t
e a nna
( Lit t le Sa lsélet h ) .

T he l a st t h ree a re disting uish ed from t he disj unc t ives o f

the sa me name b y t he ab senc e of th e st roke.

S inndrlt h , see ab ov e under No .

RE MA R K S on TH E Ac c rs
sn'
.

I . As S igns f
o th e To ne .

A s in G re ek and E ng l ish ( c f elui a n d elm, comp ac t a n d comp dct) so a l so in

’ '

1 . .

H e b 1 e w , w ord s w h ic h 11 1 9 w rit t e n w it h t h e sa m e c onsonan t s a re o c c asional ly

dist ing uish e d b y t h e p osit ion of t h e t o ne , 333 b a nu ( t h ey b ui l t ), 3321 ba nu
'

0 . g.

na p qdma ( sh e st oo d up ) , nltj p qa md ( st a nding up , fem

‘

( in us)
‘
.

l 2. A s a r ul e t h e ac c e n t st a nd s on t h e t one - sy l l ab l e , an d p r op e rl y o n i t s

i n it ial c o nso n an t I n t h e c ase o f p re p osit i v e s a nd p ost p o sit iv e s a l one (se e

.

ab o v e , e) t h e t on e -sy l la b le m u st b e a sc e rt a ine d i n de p e n d e n t ly o f t h e a c c e n t

M
.

I n ma ny S S as w e l l a s i n B ae r ’ s e d it ion s o f t h e t e t , t h e p o st p osi t iv e sig n

. x
i n fo re t o n e d w o rds st a n d s a l so o v e r t h e t o n e -sy l l ab l e a ft e r t h e a n al og y o f

P ast a ( se e a b ov e , I . 8 a, n ot e ) ,
e . g. Dfi b G n 1 9‘ so t h e p 1 e p osi t i v e
sig n in c ase s l ike I
” '

M Gn 8 1 3 .

II . A s S igns f
o P unc tua tion .

3 I n r e sp e c t t o t h is u se o f t h e ac c e nt s, e v e ry v e rse is r eg a rde d as a p e r io d
.

w h ic h c l o se s wi t h S il l uq , o r i n t h e fi g urat i v e l an g uag e o f t h e g ram ma ria n s,

a s a p r o v in c e ( di tto) w h ic h is g o v ern e d b y t h e g re a t d ist inc t ive a t t h e e n d .

A c c o rd in g as t h e v e rse is l o n g o r sh o r t , i e t h e p ro v i n c e g re a t o r smal l , t h e re . .

a re se v e ra l sub or d in a t e D omi ni o f d i fl ere n t g ra de s, a s g ov e rn ors o f g rea t e r

'

a nd sma lle r di v isio n s W h e n p o ssib le , t h e sub d iv i sions t h e m se lv e s a re a l so

.

sp l it u p i n t o p ar t s a c c ord in g t o t h e l a w o f dic h o t o my ( se e W ic ke s, Th e A ccents

of th e Twenty-one B ooks p 2
, 9 if — W h e n t w o o r more equiva lent ac c e n t s ( zaq ep h ,
.

R b h ia ) oc c ur c on se c ut i v e l y , t h e a c c e n t w h ic h p re c e d e s mar ks a g rea t e r
° ‘

d iv isio n t h an t h e o ne w h ic h fo l l o w s of e g t h e z aq ep h , G n 1 2°
j
. . .

n 4 I n g e ne ra l a c on un c tiv e ( S ervus) u n i t es o n ly suc h w o rd s a s a re c l ose ly

.

c o nnec t e d i n se nse , e g a n oun w i t h a fol lo w ing g e n it i ve o r a n oun w i t h a n

. .
 1 6 a, b] The A ccents 63

j
a d e c t iv e . F o r t h e c l osest c onne xi on b e t w ee n t w o or m ore w ords Ma qqep h is

a d de d 1 6 a) .

5 Th e c o n se c u t io n of t h e sev e ral ac c e n t s (e sp ec ia l l y t h e c orre sp o nd e nc e o f 0

j j
.

d is un c t iv e s w it h t h e ir p ro p e r c o n un c t i ve s) c on forms in t h e most m inut e

d e t a il s t o st ric t r ul e s, fo r a fur t h e r inv e st ig at io n o f w h ic h w e must re fer t o
t h e ab ov e -m e n t io n e d w o rks H ere, t o a v o id m isu n d e rst a n d i ng , w e sh a ll
.

o n l y n o t i c e fu rt h e r t h e rul e t h a t in t h e a c c e n t ua t ion o f t h e b oo ks D Nn, t h e

”

S i lluq, an d t h e D hi b e fo re A th ndh, must b e c h a ng e d i nt o

ma grai b e fo re e ’
a‘
R bh i
‘

j
c o n un c t iv e s, u n l e ss a t l e a st t w o t o n e l e ss sy l l a b le s p re c e d e t h e p r in c ip a l
j
d is u n c t i v e F o r t h is p u rp ose S° w a mobile a ft-e r Q a me s, S e re uo r Hol e m ( w it h
M
.

e t h e g ) is t o b e reg arde d a s form in g a sy lla b l e A ft e r Ol e w ° y or ed t h e

‘
.

’
A t h nah d oe s n o t n e c e ssarily a c t a s p ausa l ( c f D e l i t z sc h o n Th e .

c o ndit io n o f o ur o rd in a ry t e t s i s c o rrup t , a n d t h e sy st e m o f a c c e n t s c a n x
b e st udie d i n c o rre c t e di t io n s [se e W ic ke s t w o t re a t ise s ]
’
on l y .

6 A d oub l e a c c e n t ua t i o n o c c urs in G n 3 5 , fro m J JZ N o nw a r d

22
(w h ere p
‘
.

t h e l at e r ac c e n t ua t io n, in t e n d e d fo r p ub lic rea d ing , a ims a t unit in g v v 2 2 .

a n d 2 3 i n t o one, so as t o p ass ra p i d l y o v e r t h e un p l e a sa nt st a t e m e n t i n v .

a n d in t h e D e c al og ue , E x 20
2 fr
D t 5° 3 H e re a l so t h e la t er ( ma inl y
sup e r li ne a r) acc e nt ua t ion w h ic h c l o se s t h e fi rst v e rse w i t h D‘ W J }? ( in st e a d o f
"JD) i s ad op t e d simp ly for t h e p u rp ose s o f p ub l ic rea ding , in o rde r t o re d uc e
t h e orig in al t w e l v e v e rses ( w i t h sub l in ea r a c c e n t ua t ion ) t o t e n , t h e numb e r
o f t h e C o mm a n dme n t s T h us DV Q at t h e e nd o f v 2 h as S il l uq ( t o c l ose
Q . .

t h e v e rse ) i n t h e l ow er a c c e n t ua t ion b ut in t h e up p er , w h ic h un it e s W 2- 6 , .

( t h e a c t ua l w o rd s o f G o d ) i n t o a sin g l e p e r io d ,
o n l y R °
b h i“
A g a in 0 5 .
,

reg a rde d a s c l o sing is p o int e d ( ausal Q a me s w i t h S il luq ) , b ut i n

”
v .
3,
’
a? p
t h e up p e r ac c e n t ua t i o n it is t gg w i t h Pa t h ah b e c ause n o t i n p ause ( O rig in all y .

t h e re m a y h a v e b e e n a t h i rd ac c e n t ua t io n re q ui rin g OWE}? a n d ‘ JB , a n d t h us
A ‘
T : IY T
’

rep rese n t in g 3 a s t h e fi rst c o mma n dm e n t )

v v. 2 a nd F urt h e r t h e up p e r .

a c c e n t ua t io n u n i t e s v v 8 —1 1 i n t o o n e
p e ri o d , w h il e in v v
. t h e low e r .

a c c e n t ua t ion c o m b in e s c o m m a n d me n t s -8 i n t o o n e v erse Cf G e ig er,

. 5 . .

Ursch rift u Ubersetz ung en der B i bel, p 3 7 3 ; Jap h e t , op cit , p 1 5 8 , a nd e sp

M
. . . . . .

K J G rim m , J oh ns H op kins Univ Ciro xix ( ay ,

. . no 1 4 5 . . . .

§ 16 . Of Mqq p h
a e a nd Métheg ’
.

'

Th ese are b ot h c l ose ly c onne c t ed w it h t h e a c c ent s

Mq q ph
.

1 . a e ( nap i . e. binder) is a mall h oriz ont al

s st roke b et ween
t h e Upp er p art o f t w o w ords w h ic h so c o nnec t s t h em t h a t in resp ec t
of t one a nd o int in t h ey a re re a rded a s one, a nd t h erefore h av e
p g g
only one acc ent . Tw o , t h ree, or ev en four w ords may b e c onnec t ed
e 5; ev er Sw 5
-
in t his w ay, e g Di s m fi n x every her b, G n 1 ,
‘

? 99
'

a n,
y . .

iS fl vs Ss nx a ll tha t he ha d, Gn 2 5 5
' ' '

Ce rt ain mono syl la b ic p rep osi tio n s a nd c on ju n c tio n s, suc h as

“

be; t o,
“
IQ 6
until,
‘

53 up on,
“

Dy with ,
‘

53 ne,
“

Db; if, wh eth er, from,

”

35 lest, ar ea l most
al w ays found w it h a fo llo w ing Mq q ep h
p rov ide d t h ey h av e n o t b eco me
a ,

i nd ep e nd e n t fo rms
Mq q ep h
b y b e ing c omb i n e d w it h p re fi e s, e g yp , 13 g, i n w h ic h x . . s m
c ase a as a rul e d o e s not fo ll o w O c c asio n al l y Mq q ep ha is re p l ac e d
j ti M
.

by a c o n un c ve a c c e n t ( se e a b o v e , 5
9 u, 1 c ), a s, a c c o rd i ng to th e a sora ,

in D t 2 S 20 23
,
Je r 5
2 92 ,
4
E 0 9 in t h e c ase o f
‘

5 5
? S ; it 4 7 5 , 60 2, P r
in t h e c ase of
”
h
i,
s t h e j
ob e c t i ve p art ic l e . Long e r w o rd s a re, h o w e ve r, c on
 64 T he I ndividua l S ounds a nd Cha ra ct ers 1 6 c —f

n ec te d b y Mq q a ep h w ith a fol l ow ing mo nosyl l a b l e , e .

g . D
ygj
fl jf l tl G n
‘ i

i hj
j
Gn t w o w o rds of m ore t h an sy l l a b l e ,
a
l
' '
or o ne e .
g .

seventeen, Gn Of t h e G ree k p roc l itic s i v, in,

. ( is, c l, ( 19 , o )
2 ,
f w h ic h are a tonic,
a nd l ea n on th e fo llo w in g w ord .

C 2 . Meth eg ie
. . a mall p e rp endic ular st roke under
bridle), a s

t he c onsonant t o the le ft o f t h e v owel, indic a t es mo st freq uent ly t h e

seconda ry st ress or c ount er-t one, as o p osed t o t h e p rinc ip a l t one
p
marked b y t h e ac c e nt s. It se rv es, h o w e ver, in o t h er cases t o p o int
out t h at t h e v ow el sh ould no t b e h ast ily p assed ov er in p ronunc iat ion,
b ut sh ould be allow ed it s full sound He nc e o t h er names of eth eg
‘

M
M
.

Ga g d , i e ra ising o f t h e and v oice .

’
r ihh , i leng th ener,
'
“
a re a . e . . .

w hic h is Grea t Ga g a w it h long v o w els, o t h erw ise L it tle Gait/ d 1

'
’
.

d I t is d iv ide d i nt o : 1 T h e ligh t M éth eg Th is is sub div ide d ag ai n i nt o

‘

M
. .

( a ) t h e o r d in a ry e t h eg o f t h e c o un t e r-t o n e a s a r ule i n t h e se c o nd o e n
, ( p )
sy l lab le b e fo r e t h e t on e , e g D lNfl
( c f a l so suc h c a ses a s fiY ) b ut also
q
'
. . .
’
l 7 T 1

i n t h e t h ird w h e n t h e se c ond i s c lo se d, e. g .
( al so in suc h ca se s as

b
fi ula 1
-"
3m
, a n d w h e n t h e t h ird i s n ot suit ab le fo r i t , even in t h e fo urt h

( op e n) sy lla b l e b efo re t h e t o n e T h is et h eg may b e . M rep e a t e d in t h

p fourth
ny JW
’

b e fore t h e
’

sy l lab le t o ne , w h e n it al re ady st and s in t h e se c on d, e og i

.
g .

l
,

j
l \. f

F ina lly i t is a lw ays adde d t o t h e v ow e l of an op e n ul t i ma , w h ic h i s o i ne d

M
.

by aq q ep h t o a w o rd b e g i nn in g w it h a t o ne l ess sy l lab l e a n d so w it h ou t
Meth eg (e .
g . on th e ot h er h a nd 11191 5 2
9 9 1 1
2 ,
“ msrib) -
,
or to a

w o rd b e g in n ing w it h S wa e
b e fore t h e t o ne -syl l ab l e , e .
g .

&c th e ob e c tj
b e ing t o p rev e n t t h e Sewd from b e c om in g q ui escent
M
. .

e Th e ordina ry lig h t eth eg is o mit t e d w i t h a mov a b l e 1 cop ula tive, c on

se q ue n t ly w e d o n o t fi n d Di p & 3 21 , &c , c o n t ra ry t o b , a ; b ut
, c
( n or e v e n ”
) . .

&c , a cc or di ng t o b, 6, c f 10 g b)
M
. . . .

( b) T h e fi rm or indisp ensa b le eth eg .

(a ) W it h a ll l ong v ow e l s ( e x c e p t in
c ert a in c a se s, 1 cop ula tive, see ab o v e , ) w h ic h are fo ll ow e d b y a Sew d mobile
p re c e din g th e t o ne -sy l la b le; e. g . n o) , &c .
( B) To e mp h a siz e a

l ong v ow e l in a c l ose d sy l l a b l e i mmedia t e l y b e fo re Mq q a ep h , e g . ” T .

L D?
T? T
“

G n 425 ( no t soth -li ) h e nc e a l so w it h 8 2

d 26 ?
0
1 3 , a n 1 Jb 4 1 ( fo r a nd
“

11 135 c f. a l so
“

p Jo
h ts
i
1 5
13
, (7 ) W it h S or e, w h ic h h a s b e c ome t onel e ss
t h roug h re t ra c t ion of t h e t o n e, i n or d e r t o p rev e n t i t s b e ing p ro n o unc e d as

c h dl, e .
g . my; 3
m zPr 1 21 (no t oh ebh
) .
( 8 ) W it h all v ow els b e fo re co m
Sewd, e ( e x c ep t
'

p osit e .
g . D‘ Pll lt , 820
°
. w h e n t h e fo l l o w in g c on son an t is
2l
'

a
”

st re n g t h e ne d , e . g H ?
.
i) Is b ec a use t h e st re n g t h e n in g b y Da gel‘ e x c l ude s

th e r e t a r d i ng of th e v ow e l by Méth ég) ; so in t h e c ase s d isc usse d in 5 28 c,

w h ere a sh or t v o w e l h as t a ke n t h e p l ac e of a Hat e p h , as n e w, &c ( e ) I n t h e
‘

l
.

p re fo r m a t iv e sy l l ab l e o f a ll fo rms o f to b e, a nd fi ! to
x live, w h e n Se
wd

quiescens st a n d s un d e r th e or ll,
'
e. g . mm) m , m ( y ih - é
y ,
tilt y ) , &c
- é c f.

1
t h e so urc e o f t h is a c c o un t o f
Cf as eth ég, t h e e h a u st i v e t re a t m e nt b y M ‘

x
M M
.

’ ’
S B a er,
.
‘
et h é g S e t z ung n a c h ih r e n ii b e rl ie fe rt e n G e se t ze n, i n A
- e rx s .

A rch i v j it r die wissensch aftl E rforsch ung des A Test , H e ft i , H a l l e , 1 8 6 7 , p

. 6 . . .

a n d H e ft ii 1 8 6 8 , p 1 9 4 ff B aer a n d S t rac k, Dikduke h a -tf’a mim, p 3 0

. . . .
§§ 1 6 g—i, 1 7 a] The A ccents 65

5 63 q .
( 0 W it h th e Q me s
a of t h e p l ural fo rms of W3 h ouse ( t h us 1 7
13 11 3
bdttim, c f. 5 9 6 und e r a nd w ith h s
i 1
p rith ee ! t o g uard ag a in st t h e p ro
n unc ia t ion bettim, enna — E v e ry k ind
. of l ig h t Met h eg m a y in c er t a in

c irc u m st anc e s b e c h ange d in t o g 2 Ch &c j

a c on unc t iv e ac c e n t , e. . 13 1 1-
1 31 .

2 T h e gra ve
. M
eth eg ( Ga yd in t h e m o re li mi t e d se n se ) is e sp e c ial ly e m p l oy ed
g
in t h e fo l lo w ing c a se s in o rd er more d ist in c t ly t o e mp h asiz e a sh o rt v ow e l
a n i n it ia l S w a z (a) w it h t h e Pa t h ah of th e ar t ic le of th e pre fi x es
°
or or

3 3 5 w h e n fo ll ow e d b y S zed unde r
i
a c o n sona n t w it h o ut ‘
Da ge , e . l g . 3
1 5q
n5nn5 &c .
,
b ut not b e fo re ( b e fo re w h i c h 1 al so re mai ns w i th out Meth eg , wi h t
th e e x c ep t ion of a nd w h e n t h ey a re fol lo w e d b y Mqqep h
a , o r a c ce nt e d

w it h Pasta) , no r b efo re t h e t o ne sy l l ab l e o f a w ord , a n d n e it h e r before n or after

t h e c o mm o n M
eth eg l ike w ise n o t in w ords w h i c h a 1 e c o n ne c t e d b y a c o n
j unc t iv e ac c e nt w i t h t h e fol l o w ing w ord ( b) w it h t h e in t e rro g a t ive n w it h
Pa th a h ( e x c ep t w h en it p re c e de s
‘
D ag el forte o r t h e t on e-sy l l a b l e o f t h e w o rd) ,

aSNj W h e n a S wa f l l ow t e n a n d
h ft e t h e S wd t h e re 1 8 an u nt one d
e e
e. g . . o s a r

syl l ab l e , B ae r p l ace s t h e Meth eg t o th e rig h t of t h e Pa th ah , e. g 1 33 3 ]

. 1 G 11 2 33
7
( b ut e d . Mn a t . a n d G in sb . w it h t h e Pa t h ah S g o l o f t h e a r t i c le
or
°

b efore g ut t ural ( w h ic h c a n n ot t ake D ag e s) , g DWJ H D ‘

fi —T h e S wd
e
a e. . fl
p
Ga ya
‘

( 1
1 s e sp e c ial l y imp ort a nt i n t h e a c c e n t u atio n o f th e O N ' ”
ll , for p u1 p ose s
of mus1 eal re c it at ion it st a nds c h ie fly in w o rds w h ose p rin c ip al t o ne is
marke d by a j
dis un c t iv e w it h out a p re c e d in g c o n unc t i v e , e g r p
x 1 3j . . m) .

Th e eup h onic Ga yet , t o e n sure t h e d ist in c t p ro nunc ia t ion o f t h o se c on

3 .
b
so nant s w h ic h i n c o n se q ue n c e o f t h e l oss o f t h e t o ne , o r b e c ause t h e y c l ose a

syl l ab l e , m igh t e asil y be n e g l e c t e d, e 5.

g . 1 Gn 24 9 [T IN 13 33 9
z
(h e re to

c ases a s 5N lj fi Jb 3 3 4, &c NW
2 -
h iat u s) 2 8 , or in suc h
‘

av o id a
'
11
. 1r1 Gn 1 .

Meth eg ( esp ec iall y in t h e me nt i one d in 1 , b , a ) is a g uide t o c orre c t

ca ses Z
p ronun cia tio n , sin c e it dist ing uish e s a from 0 ( e x c e p t in t h e c a se not ed in
from i ;
5 Sm
"
$9 b) a nd l
’
e. g . 1 3t -kh ela
( sh e h as e at e n ), b ut n s
’
okh ld

( food) , sin c e th e st a n d s h e re in a t o nel e ss c l ose d sy l l a b l e

, and must
7

‘
(
°’
; t h us al so lN i t h y fe ar) , b ut i Nfl j y ir u
‘

a sh or t v o w el l ’
t h ere fore b e y -r
.
u e

( t h ey se e) , 332” ( t h e y sl ee p ) , b ut (t h e y re p eat ) Th e Je w ish

.
gram ma1 ia ns,
h ow ev e r, do n ot c on sid e r t h e sy l lab l e s l e ng t h e n e d by Met h e
g a s op e n. T h ey
reg al d the S w a as
°
q uiescent i n c ase s l ike n> 3 N
i and b el ong ing t o t h e p re
c eding v o w el B aer , Th ora t E meth , p 9 , a n d i n
,
c f.
’
. Mx er
’
s A rch iv, i .
p 60 ,
.

R em . 1,
- e m
an d e sp e c ia ll y D ikduke h a t a im, p 1 3 . .

17 . Of the Q re
e
a nd K thi bh
e
. M a sora ma rgina lis a nd
fi n a li s .

re a n d K th ib h
Q G in sb urg , I ntr 8 3 ff ]
°
On °
se e .
, p . 1 .

Th e marg in
1 . of B ib lical MS S . a nd edit ions e x hib it s v ariant s a .

of an e arly date c alled be rea d, s inc e , acco rdin

3 to
g to

1 Th e co mmon form is NBN , w it h a n a c c en t on b ot h sy l l a b l e s, i n w h ic h

T T I

c ase , a c c ord i ng to t o n e is a l w a y s t o b e p l ac e d o n t h e fo1 mer

Q imh i, t h e F or .

the a b o ve mode of wa it ing a n d p o siti on o f t h e t on e c f 3 “

I s 3 8 , Jo n I , 4 2
.

11 1 1 64
1 .

n ece ssit y of t h e p unc t uat ion ” 1? p assiv e p art ic ip le ( l egendum)

=
2
On t h e as
 66 T he I ndividua l S ounds a nd Cha ra ct ers 1 7 b —d

the op inion of the J ew ish c rit ic s, t h ey are t o b e p referr ed t o t h e

3 1 11 3 7 i . s. w h at is w ri tten i n t h e t e t , x a nd a re a c t ua lly t o b e rea d

inst ea d of it .

O n t his a c c ount the v ow el s of t h e marg inal rea d ng i (th e Q

e
r e) are

p lac ed under the c onsonant s of the t e t , x a nd in o r der t o underst a nd

b oth readin s
g p ro p erly, the v ow el s in t h e t ex t must b e ap p lied t o t he
ma rg inal reading , w h ile fo r t h e r eading of t e t e x t ( e
h t h K e
th ibh ) it s o w n

v o w els a re t o b e used Th us in e r 4 2 325 o c c urs in t he t e x t , in t h e

6
. J
marg in ”WP 1mm . R ead 13 8 w e : ( or a c c ording to J ew ish t radit ion 1315 )
in t h e t e x t , in t h e ma rg in ” DE . A mall
s c irc le or a st erisk in t h e
te t x alw ays r e fe rs t o th e marg inal rea ding .

6 2 . Words or c onsonant s w hic h are t o b e p a ssed ov er in reading ,

a nd are t h erefore left unp oint ed, are c alled

“
? gs
A )
(scrip tu m et

non leg endu m), e. g 51 nN J

Conv ersely, w ords
er DN 13 3 1 3

M
. .

no t c o nt ained in t h e t e x t b ut required b y t h e a sora a s indic at ed

( ,

b y t h e insert io n of t h eir v o w el s) , are c alled 3 11 3 N51 9 , e g 2 8 ,

”3 3
. . S
J er 3 1 S ee furt h er S t ra c k, P r oleg omena Cri tica , p 8 5 ; D ihdnlce
33
. .

h a -t ea mim, 6 2 , 6 4 ; B lau, a sorel ische Untersuchung en , p 49 E M . .

C 3 . I n t he c a se of so me v ery c o mmon words w h ich , a re a lw a ys t o be

rea d o t h erw ise t h an a c c o rding to th e K eth ibh it h as , no t b e en c on

sidered ne cessa r l c e t h e Q r é in t h e ma rg in, b ut it s v o wels are

ef
y t o
p a

simp ly at t a c h e d t o t h e w ord in t h e t e x t T h is Q rep erp et unm oc c urs in

‘
e
.

t h e Pe nt a t euc h in t (Q re U) wh e rev er N1n st ands for t h e feminine

’
N i ! e N

3 2 l), and in ( K t heib h 1111

“

, Q er e a lw a ys, e x c ept in D t
e S am t e x t x p la na t ion
( b ut t h . a l w ays h as N ul, '‘ Th e ordinary e

of t h is supp osed arch a ism, on t h e anal ogy of Greek 6 r a ts and i; r a te,

o ur child, is ina de uat e, since t h ere is no t ra ce el sew h ere of t his e ic ene
q p
use ; 3 111 for my: is ra t h er a surv iva l o f a syst e m of ort h o
g rap h y in
w hic h a final v ow el w as w rit t en defec t iv ely, as in 73 55 2; c f 2 n . .

W
°

O t h er inst a nces a re : 3
§ §hf (Q . Gn & c , see t h e L exico n
.
,

a nd B a er a nd D elit z sc h , Gen esis, p 8 4 , and b elo w , no t e t o 47 b ; .

nigh 1
- ‘
) (Q ro erl
1 (Q , 1 1N the L or d , o r aft er
) (
” 1
13 13
.
p y .

3 35 ) 13 113 ”
p ro
p erly 3 13
1
‘
Ya hw e ( c f . 1 0 2 m ,
a nd 1 3 5 q,
n o t e) on EU” , fo r ” W, ,
” W se e 9 7 d, e nd .

d 4 Th e ma soret ic ap
p a ra t us a c c o mp anyin t h e b ib l ic al t e x t is
.
g
div ided int o ( a
) M a sor a ma rgina lis c onsist ing of (a) M a sora
(mar
M M
,

g ina lis) ma gn a on t h e up p er a nd low er marg ins of S S (13 ) a sora .

(ma rg in a lis) p a rva b et ween a nd on t he rig h t a nd left of t h e c olumns ;

'

i nst e a d of
”3
p Q
e
ri, w h ic h w a s fo rme rly
mm on b ut is p rop e r l y co a p a st t e nse
= lec tum K aut zsc h , Gramm d es B ib l -A ra m , p 8 1 n ot e
( )
est , see . . . .
, .
 Of the Q rea nd K thibh 67
e ‘
1
7 ] e

(b) M a sora
fi na lis at t h e end o f the sev eral b ooks, count ing S amuel
Mi
,

K ing s, nor Prop h et s, E z ra -N eh emiah , Ch ronic les, ea ch as one

b ook . O n all t h ree v ariet ies see es Ginsb urg, I n tr od , p 4 2 3 ff , p ec ally i . .

and t he a
pp endic es c ont a ining
(p 9 3 )
8 ff t h e ma sore t ic t reat ise from

M
. .

t h e S t Pe t ersb urg . S of A D 1 0 0 9 , and (p 1 0 0 0 if ) sp ec imens of

. . . . .

t h e rll a sora p a rv a a nd magna on two ch ap t ers.

I n n e a rl y al lth e p rin t ed e d it io ns o n l y
asora fi na lis i s foun d, in dic a t ing M
t h e n um b e r o f v e rse s, t h e m idd le p o in t o f t h e b oo k , &c , a n d a sc a n t y
M
.

se le c t io n fro m t h e Th e fo l l ow in g a l p h a b e t ic a l l ist o f t e c h n ic al '

asora p a ri a .

x
e p re ssio n s ( so me o f t h e m A ram a ic ) a n d a b b re v ia t io n s, m a y su ffic e w i t h t h e
x
h e l p o f t h e l e ic o n t o e l uc id at e t h e sub e c t F urt h e r de t a ils w ill b e fou nd j .

x
in t h e ap p e nd i t o T e il e s e dit ion o f t h e H e b rew O T , p 1 2 2 2 if
’
. . . .

DJN letter . nisi , excep t .

373 793 middle .
3 DN = 3 1 D3 31D a N in t h e

formul a £1 DN N 3 wi th out A th na f
”
1 5 ’
or S op h -p asuq i . e. a lth oug h no ’
A th na h or

S op h p a suq is written .

3 w ith , b e fore n ames o f v ow e l s or a c ce n t s , a s FP

1 T3 D Qa mes with Z a qep h
V P
use d i n st e a d o f ( 5 29 i ) Pa t h a h . as a numera l = two, as in 0 13 1713 1 ‘
3 tw o
a c cen ts DJPD3 , se e DYPD
”
N J3 =
’
NDD1J3 (A rama ic ) in a not er cop h y;
l
p 1 [3
. J13 N {HD1J3 "
—N D3 D1 3 I1 N
D13
DD3
”
in oth er b ooks . 3 13 3 ( A r am . a fter .

W313 fe m . 3
1 W1J3 marked with D ages ( or leaf, p a
ge .

3 3 ”fe m . N3 1 ) ” (Ar am . s ma ll .

5111 p f
ro a ne, no sacred, 6 t .
g .
1
J3 § G n 1
9
2
b ec a use not re ferring t o God .
r an
3 Dl1 w rit t e n d efectively, '
mi tt ed
‘ ’
excep t . al so wa nting as N [1 a lep h is o .

DVDa ccent ( se e DQD in H ip h il to ch a nt an a ccent .

3 13 ” 1
sup erfl uou s .

7N3 h ere .
533 (A ra m . tota l , a s a dv . in g enera l .

’
5= [1 5 ( A ram 1
,
f1 o m nJN N5 — t h e fo rm is not fo und
non est) = e l sew h e re .

P13 1? 1 accura tely corrected .

P
N D full i . e . w r it t e n p lene . 3 DD D below
1 5
.
:

4
313 213
1 5 c) 3 51119 519 51 115111 1 5 ) 11 13 11313 sep ara ted, the n a me of ih
md N
. 1 :
e .

st rang e l y for e b e fo re (t 1 0 7 23 if ( 5
un s N3 PD th at wh ich is rea d ,

t h e name for al l th e O T sc rip t ure s

. . DYPD p art . .

IIJ fem 13 [1 J quiescent, i

'
. . e . n ot so un d e d . D VJ P concea led, i . e. onl y r e t a ine d

ort h og rap h ica l l y . a p oint . 3 1 PJp ointed .

N ”
D se e 3 [D
‘
D
‘

a q p eiov , sig n, e sp . a mnemonic word o r, fre q ue nt l y, sentence .

"
] D= D13 D tota l .
3
”
D= P1D3 HJD ( 5
3 173 3
] colu mn of a p a g e .

P1 D3 a masore t ic verse . N D3
P a sp a ce, e sp . i n t h e p h rase P1DB vXDN3
’
5
a sp a ce w i th in a verse e .
, g G. n 3 5 ; c f H G 1 at z ,
22
ona tsch rif t f ur Gesek
. . M . u. Wiss .

des Judent ums

, 8 78 , p
1 .
4 8 1 if , a n d H S t ra c k , ib id 1 8 7 9 , p 26 if . . . .

= 5j fem 3
1
P E, se e ab ov e , 0. D3 1P p r op e rl y B 3 P before .
.
1 P
’ 1D
1 3 1DPp ain ed
.
'

with Qa mes . N3 1Prea der of th e sac re d te t x .

$ 13 3 3 13 3 3
1
1
133 3 ( A r am , al l fe m . sin g .
) la rge .

u ord
( c o nsist in g of m o1 e t h a n one l e t t er) . 3 1 1 13
1 5 susp ensa
5 n,
-
1 (A ra m . tw o .
 CHAPTER I I

PE CULI AR I T I E S A N D CH A NG E S OF LE TTE R S : TH E
S Y LLAB LE A ND TH E TONE

TH E c h ang es w h ic h t ake p lac e in t h e forms of t h e various arts

p
of s
p eech , dep end p art ly on t h e p ecul iar na ture o f c ert ain c la sses
of let t ers and t he manner m w hic h t h ey af
fec t t h e format ion of

syllab le s, a rt ly on cert a in law s of t h e lang uage in re a rd t o syllab les

p g
and t h e t o ne .

19 . Cha ng es of Consona nts .

a Th e c h ang es wh ic h t a ke p lace a mong conso nant s, owin

g t o th e
format ion of w ords, inflexio n, eup h ony, or t o influenc es c onne c t ed

w it h t h e p ro g ress of t h e languag e, are c ommut a tion , assi mila tion,

j p f
r e ec t ion, a ddit ion , tr a ns osit ion , so t enin
g .

1 . Commut a tion l
may t ake p lac e b et w e en c onsonant s w h ic h are

e it h er h omorga nic or h omogeneous (c f 6 g) , . e .

g .
1533 ,
1313 t o

exa lt, ,
35
1
,
1
3 33
11
be w3ea rA ra m N25
y , 11 1 5 a nd.
W] ; t o
p to
ress,
3 29 7

a nd 3 3 9 t o c lose, a nd D5? t o esc ap e I n p roc ess of t ime, a nd .

p art ly under t h e influence of Aramaic , t h e h a rder and roug h er sounds

esp ec ially w ere c h ang ed int o t h e soft er, e. g.P }! ?
D int o PD ) to la ugh,
595 int o 515 3 t o rej ect , a nd t he sib ilant s int o t h e corr es o ndin
p g mut es
1 I nt o 3 , W int o n , 11 int o I n many cases t h ese mut es may b e
re arde d a s a re t urn to a n earlier st ag e of t h e p ro nunc iat ion
g .

Th e int erc h ang e of c onso na nt s, h o w ev er, b elong s rat h er t o t he

l ex ic o g raph ic al t reat ment of st e ms
t h an t o g rammat ica l infle xion
2
.

To t h e l a tt er b elong t h e int erc h ange (a ) o f n and D in H ithp a él

'

5 4 b ) ; ( b) 0 1 1 a nd 1 in v e rb s
p r ima e r ed f o r 1
3,
& c 5 .

b 2 . A ssimila t ion usually t a kes p lace w h en o ne c onsonant w h ich

c loses a syllable p asses ov er int o anot h er b eg innin
g t h e ne x t sylla b le,
a nd forms w it h it a st ren t h ened let t er, illustri s fo r in lustr is,
g as
fi
a ero

for a d er o, o-
f v Mq a vw for 0 1 111 1111 148 d I n Heb rew t h is occ urs,

1
C f B a rt h , E tymolog isch e F orsch ungen, Lp z
'

. . 1 8 93, p . 1 5 fi .
(
‘
L aut v e rsc h ie
b un g e n
2
S e e in t h e Lexicon, t h e p re l imina ry re marks on th e sev e ral c on so na n t s.
 70 P eculia rities a nd Cha ng es of L et t ers —o 2
, oa

68 b—h), e
g i
.n m t) fo r Di ND
. As a rule in su c h c ases ,
h ow ev er,
t h e a is or t h og rap h ic all ret a i ned, e g y . . for ” S W; Sy nc op e
o c c urs f eq uently
r c ase of n e g in t h e
for 2 3 k and ,
. .

e3 5 ) n Se a : fo
.
r Si -ea
r e 53 a)
:
.

S ync op e of N wi t h S wa o cc urs in suc h c ases a s JlNQ fo r ‘ ‘

e

10 2 m ; c es in w h ich a w olly
( cf .
) Z c O n t h e as t is h
o mitt e d a ft er t h e a rti c l e see 35 d ,
.

F i nally t h e eli si on of t and i in v erb s nt 7 5 h) is an i nst anc e of

'
,

sy nc o e — O n t h e sy nc o e o f n b etw een t w o v ow el s see 23 h

p p , .

l (0 ) At t h e end of a word (ap ocop e) e g r na me of a c it y (c f

p ,
. . . .

G i loni te ) ; l l w h ere N th ough really rej ec t ed is o rt h ograp h i cally

,
A
re t ai ne d O n t h e ap oc op e of 1 and in v erb s U J see
’
&c , .
” 24
g
'
, ,

a nd 75 a.

B ol d er c h a ng e s ( esp e c ial l y b y v iol e nt a oc o e) , t oo p

l ac e in e arlier p k p
p e ri o ds of t h e l a n g ua g e , no t ab l y k
t h e w ea en in g of t h e e minine en ing f d
at}: t o FL a, se e a , a nd 5 8o f
? 44 .

m 4 .v oi d h arsh ness in p ronunci a ti on a h elp i ng sound Alep h

To a ,

p rost h et ic wit h i t s v o
2
w e l is
p r efi x e d t o some w ords e
g, Qlfiz tf and ,
. .

c f p rost h eti c }:
a rm — A
( X 9 6 fi F h )
’
i i i
’

x s ; s
.
p r t u s
“

,
re n c e es
p r e t ,
.

occ urs p rob ab ly in sc orp ion ; c f A rab r b i rd st em s

f (
‘

as a f )
a ar a . . .

cc y DE W”
.

n 5 Tr a n
.
p
s osit io n o ur s o n l se ld om 3
in t h e g r a m mar e g “
,
. .

for 5 4 b) for t h e sake o f eup hony ; it is more frequent in

i L
t h e l exic on (W E f? la mb 2 ? and W garment ) b ut is
'

3 3 and i “ 73 N D , ,

most ly c onfined t o si b i lant s and sona nt s .

n 6 S often ing occ urs e g in 3 § l3 st a r fro m h a uha bh

. . . ha w ha bh for ,
z

kubh/ca bh ( c f S y ri a c r a ura b = r a br a b) ; ninninp hy la ct er ies for { ap h

.

tdp h fit h ; ac c ordi ng t o t h e c ommon op i ni on also in W“ man from ini

’

, ,

c f how e ver 9 6
. .

20 . Th e S t reng thening (S ha rp eni ng) o f Consona nts .

a 1 . Th e t
th eni ng of a c onsonant i ndic ated b y D agei for te is
s reng , ,

nec essa ry and essent i al ( D a gei nec essarium

)
m c onsona nt w o uld b e w rit t en twic e in succ essi on
( )
a w h en t h e sa e

in h ) ;
i J os 1
9
3
for FlnD
-
it
(as in r
Prob ab l y , h ow e v er , n wn
’

an d F1 35 a re

o nl y c l e ric al e rr o r s, as is u n d oub t e d ly fl it; Am 8 3 for Wk};

1
F re nsdo rfi , Och la W ’ och la ,
‘

f
97 , g i v es a li st o f or t y g p
-e i h t w o r s w it h f d
q
. .

uie sc e n t R
k
.

2
d
Th is a w w a r t e rm i s a t a ny ra t e a s suit a b l e as t h e n ame A lef p roth eticum
p p d
ro o se b y Ne st l e , a rg ina lien u M
a teria l ien, T iib ing e n , 1 8 9 3 , 6 7 if . M p . .

3
C f B a rt h , E tymol og isch e S tudien, L p z 1 8 9 3 ,
. 1 fi K b nigsb e rge r, in . p .
‘

Z eitsch rift / 2 wissensch aftlic h e Th eofogie, 1 8 94. 4 5 1 if p . .

 20 b, c ] T he S treng thening of Consona nts 71
i
w t hou an n ermed at e t i t i vowel or S wae
mobile ; t h us w e h a ve 33352for
1331 53 n d thani -n il a nd
’

for WE) E .

( b) in c a ses o f a ssi mi la ti on 1 9 f) e g i n ?
for g in t en b— , . . .

I n b ot h t h ese c a ses t h e D a gei is c alle d c omp ensa tiv um

’
.

W e n it is c ha ra c t eri stic o f a g ra mma t ic al fo rm, e g 1

"
h 113 ? h e ha s
()
0 . .

learned , 179
"
5h e has t a ug h t ( D a gci c ha ra c ter ist ic um
) . In a wi der sense
t h is i ncludes w h ich a c o nsona nt is sh arp ened b y D ages
t he c ases in
fort e t o p reserv e a p rec edi ng sh o rt v ow el (w h ich in an op en syllab le
,

w ould h a ve t o b e leng t h ened b y 2 6 e) e g c a mels for g md lim , . .

e'

c f. 93 66 a nd his, 9 3 pp .

Th is c o a l e sc ing of t w o c onso n a n t s as in ic a t e ab o v e oe s no t t a e l a c e I ) d d d k p
w h e n th e fi rst h a s a v o w e l or Sewa mob ile I n t h e l a tt e r c ase , ac c or i ng t o d
M d d b y Meth eg g
.

th e c o rre c t a so ra , a co mp oun Sewa sh oul d d b e use d p ,

re c e e ,
e . .

D E ”
lf!
.
& ( f g 6f ) T h i p in t in g i n t u d b f
c . c .th uffi x fl 10 ,
1 . s o s o se e o re e s
,

e.g . Gn 7 b ut t h fi t 3 h l S wa 2 th 4 wi th nd 3 e rs a s a voca
e
, o er se e se c o
,

w ul d h v D g l l n
o Al wh n th
a e f m f th t w n n nt h
a e
‘
e e . so e e or er o e o co so a s as

b n lee d y t ng t h n d b y D g l f t i t n nl y h
a re a s re l S na
e nd e a e
‘
or e
,
ca o a v e a voca
e
,
a

ny fu t h
a nt ti n i t h
r f imp ib l Th i ppl i l t
er co ra c o s e r e o re o ss e. s a e s a so o c ase s

b n m it t d ( b l w m) g 3551 ] p p ly
’
wh D g lf t h
ere a ec or e as ee o e se e e o , , e. . ro er

h l l ll
a -
Th f m 333 1: t 9
e
l .
( n t fi h
g t? )
e m ig h t bor x p l in d im p t i
“
o e e a e as e ra .

P i el 335 11 if it w imp t i n f t h m n y ll b i
‘
” t Q l th n n nt e re e ra . a e o -
co rac o o e o os a c

ro o t w ul d b t n o
g i t i i 31 1 ?
n J
e a s s ra
49 n d i n t h im p f D j j W" e as s er
23
,
a e er .
‘

J er

2 . A c onsonant is so meti mes s reng t th ened merely fo r t h e sa ke of C

( on icum , t h e st reng t h eni ng is th en
‘
eup hony D a g el en
p h ) and not so

essent a l i . Th i s cc urs
o
1

( ) w
a h en t wo w o rds
ited in p ronunci a t i on b y D a gei ar e closely un
’

forte c onj unctic um : ( 1 ) in t h e first let ter of a monosyllab le or of

a w o rd h avi n e t o ne r o c c asi o na l ly t h e c o unt er t one o n t h e first
g t h (o
) -

syllab le wh en c losely c onne ct ed wi t h t h e p re c edi ng w ord i f t h a t

2
, ,

w ord ends in a tone b ea ri ng Qa mes ( m ) wi t h S w a mobile p recedi ng -

?
e
,

or a t o ne b eari n
g fl — c alled Pf fl i e c om r essed b
-
( p ) y t h e J e wi sh ‘
. .

g ra mmari ans .

T h e t e rm m onos l l ab l e h e re y and in f ( b y 2 8 e) inc l ud e s S eg h ola t e s li k e

UDT
I J fi fth , &c
Z } .
, as w e ll as f
or ms l i k e fi B SNW ”S W, a n d ev e n [pig

1
D e p rim arum v oc a b ul o rum l i t e rar um d a g e ssa t ione , ’ i n h is
Cf B ae r,.
‘

Liber Proverbiorum, Lp z 1 8 8 0 v ii—xv ; F P ra t o rius, fib e r d e n U rs run g . . pp . . p

des D ag . f
c o nj unc t i v um , in Z A W 1 8 8 3 ,
’
. 1 7 if ( a sc rib e t o a n o r ig in a l . p . . d
a ssim ilat io n o f n o r J
) I
.

2
fib r
e ? a l o ne , a l t h o ug h h av ing t h e t one on t h e ul t ima , in va ria b l ytk a es

a“ Pa ge} f orte con j w h en w i th j

a c on un c t ive a c c e n t p d Ex -9 9

;
. rec e es, ,
1 5 , &c .
 7 2 P ec ulia rities a nd Cha ng es of L etters 20 cg

S ome l imit t h e use of th e B hiq t o t h e c l ose st

e
c onne xion of a m on os ll ab l e y
w it h a f o l l ow in g
N g a dk p h a th ‘
. H o w ev e r, i t al so a pp li es to c ases li k e R
g ngs
'

-
N u 2 26
ér nrp)
; nr
‘
:l
G n 2
23
g \.
a nd ev e n w i t h R él
‘
, n p 133
a mPr 1 5 1

WI H Gn 4 3
T

flg é HQ
'
15
. In al l t h e se e xa mp l e s t h e t one , w ere it n ot for t h e
‘Q

Mq q a ep h , w oul db e on t h e ul t ima of t h e fi rst w or d .

d R em . 1 . W h e n 31 1 th is h as Mqqép h f
a
'

a t er it , a D ag e l‘forte con j . al w a y f ll
s o ow s,

ev e n d
if t h e n e xt wor is n e it h er a m o n os ll ab l e n or h as t h e t o n e on t h e y
y
in i t ial s l l ab le t h us no t o n l i n iD sl
6
er 23 , b ut a l so in e s
-
i Nu 3 27 , y W nJ ‘ ‘
m m I
I Ch 2 In
“

N! nan G
r:
n 1 9
2
( w h e re Mqq ep h i a s re p r ese n t e d by a c on j un t i c ve

yt n
I?

I d nd
.

6 h S g h el c o in c i es w it h t h e se c o
°
ac c e nt , 9 u, c, a n d 5 b ), t e 1 ar o e

s yll ab le . On t h e orig in of D ag f conj a t er fl D ( for n . p ) wh a t

. se e 5 3 7 b, c
. f ‘

e 2 . S uc h c a ses a s m}; 11 55; E x 1 51 th e z ud nab s inT \ ?

v ar. II , R NB
Y
S
z Ar I
' '’
ver 1 .
3,

DS D AT T
v er . 1 6, do '

n ot b el ong h ere . I n t h e se t h e D agel‘ c an on l y b e i nt e n dd e

for Dag lene, . se e 21 d .

I n t h e first lett er of monosyllab le it t one

f ( ) 2 a ,
or o f a word w h t h e
on t syllab le a ft er a closely c onnect ed mit el endi ng in n or
t h e firs
‘

S uch a mil él is c alled b y t h e J ewi sh grammari ans PTO}; m "

5
‘
“ .
T

HE N c enien s e longinquo in re sp e ct of t h e t one

) ( ) .

Th e attra cti on of t h e followi ng tone syllab le b y D a gel fort e c onj is

- ‘
.

h ere al so due t o t e exi g enci es of r yt h m e g 9S 1 s

" ?
? 3
19
h h ” 68 ; , . .
’

S fll f
3 j wl fl d I 18
( so e d M an t b ut G i ns
zb ur
g a nd K itt
25
el N
9 i f)
nlvl l ; .

5me na h 3s I s 5 ; m Th e M
-
in nuns O n 1 1 3 il el ma y how e v er
14 1
.
'

, ,

also b e due t o a sub se uent ret ra cti on o f t h e t one nasbg a h6r

(
’

q 29 e
) , ,

a s in
” if
? ” ‘
hell Gn —T h e refixes 3 3 5 and 1 alone do not t ake
p , , ,

a Da g es in th i s c ase ex c ep t in al w ay s a nd S uch 3
l 19
\ , ,
’ .

form s as i
” f!
On 21
23
,
"
It ll
'

? l
xr 26
‘0
,
“
t
a? 71
23
5 “ Jb 21 and
"
v
e en ID
; c a se s wh ere t h e t o ne is t h row n b ac k (i
8
Is 5 0 . e . the
from t h e ul ti ma on t o t h e syllable w h ich ot h erwi se w ould h ave
ll etheg) are l i kewi se reg arded a s mil él O n t h e oth er h and e g
‘
J . .

d not h a ve M
.
, ,

F] m” Gn 4 not
? si n c e t h e fi rst a of W
6 E
D c ou l etheg

W h en w ords are closel y unit ed b y M

.
,

a
ggép h t h e same rules ap p ly a s
ab ov e e x c ep t t h a t in t h e first w ord M
,
et he
g in t h e sec o nda ry t o ne t akes , ,

t h e p la c e o f t h e acc ent c f "

O n I ; Né fl j gD Gn &c .
'
‘
, .

F i nally t h e D a g ei is used w h en t he a tt racted w ord does n t b eg i n

‘
,
o

with t h e p ri nci p al tone b ut with a syllab le h avi ng Metheg 39131 mg? , ,

5 a
3 52 “ x I s D E E x 20 rovi ded t h at t h e
9
Q
‘ ’
‘l 3 7 ;
’ .
p
se c o nd w ord does not b eg i n with a B a th letter c
a dh h ( h e e
g p en e e
g
my“? asGn 2 )
. .

R m S u h ase s a l D a nd 9 and m y ( o Ba
15
g
e
a?
.
l t c
Q ; 3c2
; s b ut n t s er , o

Mnt
,

ed. a .
, &c .
) xS 1 1 3 are t h ere ore a nomal ous f al so , b ec ause b eg inning wi t h
 zo h—l ] T he S tr eng thening of Consona nts 73
a B ° g adk° p h a th , 13 3 ; 5 Ex 1 5
11
(cf . h ow e v e r ab ov e , e ) ; Jos fr“ ;
l 77
il
16 J b 5 27 .
—I t is d oub f
t ul w h e t h e r w e sh o ul d i nc l u d e h e re th o se

c ases i n w h ic h Dagel‘ forte oc c urs a ft er a w or d en d ing in a t o ne l e ss e, suc h as

W? a nkW , D t s
'

15 224 ; also N G n 1 9 2, 1 S 8 19 ;
1 Gn Ex Ex 12
( )
15 Ju 18
19
,
E st 6 13
(w h e re P . H upt a re g a r d s th e Da gel ‘
as d ue t o t h e e n c l i t ic

c h arac t e r of th e 1 s) ; D131; H o 31 5
1 Je r r m1 ,
S 1 5
5
. W h en we

ex pl h
a i ne
t e D a g ed
l‘
i n t h e se e xa m l e s n o t a s c o n un c t iv e , b ut o r th O p h o n ic p j
( se e a b ov e 5 1 3 c ,
a n d D e l it z sc h ,
Psa lmen , 4t h e d o n a
) ,
w e e sp ec i a ll . y
h a d in v iew t h o se c a se s in w h ic h t h e c on so na nt w i t h D agel h a s ‘
a S wa Th e
e
.

e xt e n sion o f t h e u f Dagel t o c o nso na n t s w i t h a st ro ng v o w e l , seem s,

‘ '

se o

d
h ow e ve r , t o in ic a t e t h at t h e se a re c a se s o f t h e p1 0 ] ”f s
t
i , w h ich w as
?
req ui d b y re so me M a so re t e s b ut n ot c o nsist e nt l y in se rt e d On t h e o t h e r
.

h d th D
an , e a gel
‘
f orte in 1 a ft er a p re c e d ing 5 (it an d e v e n a t e r it f
( it is d ue t o a n at t e mp t t o p rese rv e it s c onsona nt al p o w er ; se e R en ig ,
Leh rgeb .
,
p .
54 b .

(b) Wh en
c onsona nt with S wa is st rength ened b y D ag el for te It
a
e ‘

dirimens t o make t he fi rc e more a udi b le I n almost all c ases t h e

‘
e
.

st reng th eni ng or sh a r eni ng c an b e easi ly ex p lai ne d from t h e ch ara ct er

p
of t h e p artic ular c onsonant w h ic h is a l most alw ay s a sonant si b i lant , , ,

or t h e e mp h atic
1
Qop h c f
5
Lv 2 5 D t 3 2 (for Is 3 3
.
,
32

( wh ere h ow ever , is t o b e read) ; of N a ,

Jb 1 7 Jo 1 7
.
2
,
1

( wi D) ; s 5 7 (wit ( wi ( a nd
7
t h I h Ju 1 S 1
6
t h G 11 4 9
6 104

so a l w a y s in J u 5 Ct 1 and ninpy 4 22 8
Ex ,
Dt ,

Ju 2 0 1 S 28
32
, E x 2 I s 5 8 Am 10
it 1 4 1 Pr 4 (it) ; Pr 2 7 3
,
3
,
3
,
13 25

( ) I V 3 7 J e 5 1 N eh 4 Al so with 3 H o 3 ; with 21
7 15 55 2
e
r s r ’ , , ,

I s 9 J er 4 7 ; with n 1 S I n many i nstanc es of t h i s ki nd t h e

3
,

i nfl uence of t h e follo wi ng c onsona nt is also ob servabl e .

(0) Wh en a vow el is t o b e made sp eci ally emp h a tic generally in i ,

t h e p ri nci p al p a use b y a B a g el forte afi ectnosu m in t h e follo w i ng < '

c onsonant Thus in a follow i ng sona nt J u 5 7

. Jb 2 9 ,
21

E z 2 7 (in J) ; in n I s 41
7 19
Jer 5 1 p erh ap s a lso
1
,
53
,

Jb 2 1 (mp ) 13 1
,

( )
d W h en t h e sonant s 5 D J ar e stren t h ened b
g y D a g f
el or t e
fi rma h ,
‘ ’

“ 5 “ m and in IQ
t inwm in t h e p rono uns “ 793
9 2 S g -
h c f l
'

a a so ”73 3 , , ,
a f
. ,

”Q ? whereb ?
y h ow much ? 1 0 2 h l) t o g iv e g reate r firmness , ,

to t h e p rec edi ng t one-v ow el .

3 O mi ssi on of t h e st reng th eni ng or at least t h e loss of t h e D a gei l

.
,

fort e occ urs ,

( )
a a lm ost a lw a s a t t h e end of a w ord si nc e h ere a st ren t h ened
y g ,

d
Th e o r ina r re a ing anéfl an w h ere y d "1
is W it h out Dag ci , is o nl y ih
t el l i g ib l e i f t h e 1 h as Da gel‘
.
‘
.

rea d
-
3
A lso in it 4 51 °
w n19 1 3 w it h B ee r a n d
Gi
i
nsb urg , f oll ow ing B en
Ash er, and in Pr 3 0 1 7 11 9 5
91 ( B e n N ap h t h al i f »
f ; and
 74 P eculia rit ies a nd Cha ng es o
f L ett ers 20 m—o

c onso na n t c annot ea s i ly be sounded.

‘
In suc h ca ses t he p r e c edi ng
v o w el f y leng th ened f
0

is re
q ue nt l 2 7 d), e .
g .
3“ mu ltitude ,
rom 3 J W;
DY eop le, wi t h di sti nct ive a cc ent or ft er the a rt icle Oil fro m
p a a , ,

Db l) ; b ut e .
g .
13 g a rden , 11 3 da ughter, wi t h t h e final c onsona n t
vi rtually sh arp ened O n t h e e xc ep tio ns “ 8 than (fem ) and N 13 . .

th ou fem ha st given E 2 1 6
(
33
1 0 h
) . see , .

ry fre uently in c e rt a i n c on sonant s wit h S wd mobile si nc e

( )
b V e
e q ,

t h e ab se nc e o f a st ro ng v ow e l c auses t h e st reng t h e ni ng t o b e le ss
no t ic ea b le Th i s occ urs p ri nci p al ly in t h e ca se o f 1 and (on
. a nd 1

a ft er t h e art i le see 35 b ; o n a ftce r T IP ,3 7 b) ; a nd in t h e ,

sona nt s J a nd 5 ; also in t h e si b i la nt s e sp e ci ally wh en a g uttural ,

follo ws (b ut not e I s 6 2 1 DDND a s ed M ant and Ginsb c orrec tly 9

,
‘
,
. . .

rea d w h i le B a er h as DND w i th c om ensa t o ry le n t h eni n a nd o th ers

’
, p g g ,

e v en b e wh n m fi w
’

en ap e}; G e
r
8 f as}; a q 1 K 7 28 39 24

W
; n 2 7 ; 3 o r

lPWt 1 K 1 f m W D DWH E z BD P I 1 0 4 ; D NW

m
P D 20
d D 43 18 ‘
‘ '
T ‘
s
S 9 ro ) 4 0 a n D ( ,
l

J on a nd finall y l n t h e e p atic p
3
E x 8 &c ) h 1
.
- .

O f t h e B g a dh p ha th let t ers 3 oc c urs w i t h out D a gei in ” 3 3 3 J u 8 ;

’
e e 2
,

J in Ez 1 in 1 m: Is 1 1
12
s6 , \lt 1 4 7
a 2
(not in Je r
i t it is t h e Pa rtici p le N i p b al of m: la st l y n in 31 m
‘
sup
pos ng tha ,
“

Is E x a mp les ,
D‘ Wl l] , 1“
1
( so alw a y s t h e p re fo r ma t iv e f
in t h e

} m ‘
SSp h; m;
'

imp erf . of p} nnn negr

o on as i
s nee r
11 15979 ” 3 979 & c,
I n c orre ct M SS t h e omi ssi on of t he D ages i s i ndi
,
. .

c at ed b y t h e R a he st roke 1 4) o v er t h e c o nso nant H o w ev er in

p .
,

t h ese c ase s w e must a ssume at least a vir t ua l st rengt heni ng of t h e

,

consonant ( D a gei forte imp licit um see 2 2 0 end) ’

, ,
.

()
0 I n t h e Gut t urals see 22 b , .

72 R em 1 y
Con t rar t o rul e t h e st re ng t h e n ing is om it t e (e s e c ia l l in t h e
. d p y
k
.

l a t er B oo s) , ow in g t o t h e l e ng t h e n in g o f t h e re c e ing sh o r t v ow e l , g e n era l l p d y
h q(
ir e c f mi le for m il
.ls), g 7
e h e m a es th em af ra i ,
fo r
ll’
ll l 1
H b 2 17
(
. w h e re ,
.

p m k d ‘

h o w ev e r, i t i s p e rh a p s m ore c orre c t to su pp ose , w i t h K en ig , a f or m a tion on

the a na l o g y o f v e rb s Y y, ’
an d m ore over t o rea d f fl ll ‘
l
’ ‘
w it h t h e LXX) , h ip‘ l
I s 5 0 1 1 for nip] .

0 2. Ve r y d ub t fulo a re t h e i n st a nc e s in w h ic h co mp e nsat ion fo r t h e st re ngt h en

i ng is s upp d t ose o b e ma d e b y t h e i nse rt i on of a f o l l o w in g ) . T h us for

S o i n L a t in fel ( for fell ) , g en fellis mel , mellis ; os, ossis

1
In i le ig h . . Mdd H
d
G e rma n t h e o ub lin g of c on son a nt s n e ve r t a ke s la c e a t t h e e n d of a w o r , p d
y
b ut o n l i n t h e m i l e ( a s in Ol d dd
ig h G erm a n ) , e g va l ( F al l) , g e n va lles ; H . .

swa m ( S ch wa mm &c , G r im m , D eutsch e Gra mm , 2 nd e d , i 3 8 3 .

y
. . .

2
Da ges forte is a l most a l w a s om it t e in 13 w h e n it is t h e re fi x o f t h e d p
p art ic i pl e Pi e l or P u a ] , h e nc e lb
'
10 3
4 nl lDfl wh o Ia yeth th e beams, b u t nflpD
'

l
th e roof E0 10
18
(c f .
"
S
D N B fl th e wor k ,
&c .

3
d
Ac c or in g t o some a lso i n D in me n I s b ut see B a e r on t h e p assag e .
 21 a - d] T he S t r eng thening o f Consona nts 75

f
‘
sJlllD I
.
s ‘
u lT
23
11
,
re a d ( or wimp) and for urn La re a d l b l’ l . In

Nu 1D is not insta nc e of c o mp e nsation ( see 5 6 7 0, en d )

2
? an .

f the
l
21 . The A sp ira t ion o Tenues .

Th e ha rder soun d of B g a dhep ha th let ters, i ndica ted b y a

th e six
e

D agei lene, is t o b e ‘
re arded, a cc ordi ng t o t h e g eneral a nalog
g of y
lang uag es, th e i r older and ori g i nal p ronunci a t i on from w h ich t h e
as ,

so ft e r sound was w ea kened 6 n and Th e ori g i nal h ard sound

is mai nt ai ned w h en t h e l etter is i niti a l a nd a ft er a c onso nant b ut , ,

w h en it i mmedi a t ely follo w s a vow el or S wa mobile it is so ftene d and e

y t h ei r i nfl uenc e e g N p ar a s F g ip hros 53 fee l

a s i rat ed b
p B WD ”
,
. .
, , ,

5 5 l lchol H enc e t h e E g a dh p ha th t ake D a gel lene

3 e
.
‘ g e

a t t h e b eg i nni ng of w ords : wi ou t ex c ep ti on w h en t h e b
( )
1
( )
a t h

p re c edi n
g w ord ends wi t h a v ow elless c onso nant e g 13 s}? a l h en ,
. .
'
-

a t t h e b eg i nni ng of a se c t i on
( h f ) ( f ) ( )
”
t er e or e 3? V }? e sp r t ru it-tree
,
b e
,

e g . WW W? Gn
. or a t t h e b eg i nni n
g o f a sente nc e or e v en o f ,

a mi nor divisi on o f a sent enc e aft er a di sti nctiv e acc ent 15 d

) ,

alth oug h t h e p rec edi n

g w ord may end wit h a v ow el Th e di sti nc t ive .

acc ent in suc h a c ase re v ent s t h e v ow el from i nfl uenc i ng t h e follow i ng

p
t ennis e g “ W ”Tl a nd it wa s so tha t when Ju 1 1
(
5
5
? , . . b u t {Y a l
l , ,
‘

Gn

R em . 1 . Th e v o w el l e t t ers n, 1
, 1, N, do not c l ose a C
a s suc h ,
n a t urall y
s yl l ab l e . In c l ose c o n ne x ion t h e y a re t h e re o re ol l o w e f f
b y t h e as i ra t e d p d
B ‘ gad k’ p h a th , e. g . Fl3 RYDJ, &c . d y
On t h e ot h er h a n , s l lab l e s a re c l o se b y d
th e c o n son a n t a l l an d 1
( e xc e p -
t i nn 1 p I s 3 4“
Fli 1 9W E2 D3 ”
fi ll
Mp p iq
.

l
al an d b y Fl w it h a h e nc e get h.e re i s
. D ag el len e i n D Fl’
B 1
3: a n d
‘
5
alwa y fts a er Fll l
'

z , si nc e th e Q re p em
e
etuum o f t h is w or ( 5 1 7) assumes t h e d
re a d ing 0 1 15
2. In mb e r of c ase s Dagel‘ lene is inse r te , al t h ough a v ow el re c e e s i n ( l
a nu d p d
c l ose c o nne xio n Th is a l mo st al w a s o c c u r s w it h t h e re fi xes 3 a nd 3 i n t h e
. y p
co mb ina t io n s 3 3 D3 5 3 ( i . e . w h en a B ‘ g a dk‘p h a th w it h S‘ w a p rec ed es th e
sa me o r a in d re d a sp i ra t e) k a nd ( se e B ae r, L Psa lmorum,
. 1 880 , p .
9 2,
2
on

o f. e S 25 1 , Is Jb 2
J3 is u n ce rt a in ;
2
t
i .
g . 1
¢ 34 ,
1 9 13 13 a nd

33 ac c o r di ng t o D av i d Q imh i d n o ot ta k e D ag e s, nor J? 33 a nd D: ac c or d
i ng t o t h e D ikduke h a t mim p 3
e
a , . 0. S o me t imes t h B ga dk p h a th le t t e rs, e v e n
e a ‘

w it h a full vo w e l , ta k D gib f
e a e e ore p
a s ira nt ( a nd e v e n b e o re n i n r f
i te/ p ; m
1 K c f. t h e i nst anc e s me nt ione d a b ov e , 5 20 e ( m t l y t nu b fos N) e es e o re .

In a ll t h ese c a se s th e o b ec tj is t o rev e n t t oop g t n

re a um ul t i n
a f ac c a o o
as pi ra t e s. T h e L XX, on th e o t h e r h a n , a l mo st a d lw y ap nt t h 3 nd
s re re se e a

1
Cf D e l it zsc h , Z tsch r f luth Th eol
. . . . . u K irch e, 1
. 8 78 , 5 8 5 ff p . .

p p
,

2
A l so L Provei b ior um, 1 8 8 0 , P ra e f ix ; and Dikcluke h a -l‘ a mi m,
. . .
30 ( in
Konig s L h g b p
.

Ge rma n
'

in e r e . i .
, .
 7 6 P eculia rities a nd Cha ng es o f L etters 2 1 e, f , 2 2 a —c

3 ,
ev en at t h e b eg in ning of a s yll b l a e, b y x and (p XepmSB, Xa Aba i oz, ‘

&c — Th e
. f ms 3 3 3 3 (a ft er
or 1
1373Wl ) I
'

s and 53 53 ( afte r 1111 5 63 ) J e r 20

°

are d ub l y
o an om al o us .

6
( 2 w ords a fter g zed quiescens i s at t h e
I n t h e mi ddle of
a
, . .

b eg i nni ng o f a syllab le i mmedi a t ely aft er a v owelless c o nsona nt ,

‘

DP e h a ve killed ; b ut a ft er S w d mobile
y p ( h )
3
e g S31. ir d e h ea ls D Q P y ,
e
,

e g Sm r h (h h ) 2she wa s hea ry
e
.
p
. a ea l t o u 717 3 , .

9 1) 3 Wl n d imil
O n 11 31 f
f 1

W h e t h e r S é wd b e
m ’ 1 i a s

v oc a l an d c o n se
ar or s, see

qu y
0 .

f ll
e nt l c a uses t h e a sp i1 a t i on o f a o ow
i ng tennis, e d p nd e s p
u o n t h e o rig in o f t h e p a rt ic ul ar orm f I t is al most
y
.

a l w a s v oc a l

( a ) W h e n it h as arisen from t h e we a k ening of a st rong v ow el , e g 13 1 3 . .

y ( 3 ) f m F
l ; 3 p ( n ot b ec ause o1 ig in al ly ma la hke,
t 1 3 3 l 1 ' ' ‘

p ur su e e n o r o l
b ut 1 3 513 fro m t h e groun d form ma lk .

( b ) W i t h t h e 3 o f t h e p rono mina l suffixe s of t h e 2nd p e rs F] D3 .

sin c e 8 w a m ob il e is c h ara c t erist ic of t h e se forms se e 5 5 8 f ; 5

.

°
( 9 1 b) .

R em . F orm s l i k e
' '
5
1 ll l- W th ou
7
( fe m ) . h a st sent, in w h ic h w e d p t
sh oul ex ec

a n as pi ra t e d h ft a er t he v ow el , cf . 3 11 3 Ex 1 8 9 , h av e a rise n f m 11 0 5
ro
? 3 11 1

&c Pat h ah
. b e i ng h e re si mp l y a h e l ingp v ow e l h a s n o in ue fl n
ce on t he
t enuis ; c f . 28 e .

22 . P eculia rities of t h e Guttura ls .

a Th e four gutt urals n, n, v, N , in c onse quenc e o f t h ei r p ec ul i ar

p ronunci ati on, h a v e sp e ci al ch ara ct eri sti c s, b ut N, as t h e w eakest of

th ese sounds, and so met i mes ( w h i c h el se w h e re a s one of t h e
al so 11
h arder g ut t urals is t h e o
p p osite of N) di ffer in sev eral re sp ect s from
,

t h e st ronge r n a nd n .

b 1 . Th e y do i c in c onseq uenc e of
not ad mit of D ag el ‘
for te , s n e,

a g ra dual w eakeni ng o f t h e ronunci a t i on see b elo w

p ( not e t h e ,

st reng t h eni ng of t h e g ut turals w as h ardly audi b le t o t h e M asoret es .

B ut a disti ncti on must b e draw n b et w een (a ) t h e c omp let e omi ssi on

o f t h e st re n t h eni n
g g a nd ( )
b t h e mere e ch o o f it c omm on l
,
y c a l led ,

ha lf doub l i ng b ut b etter virtua l st reng th en i ng

, ,
.

c I n t he former c a se t he sh ort vow el b efore t h e g uttural w o uld stand

,

in an op en sy ll ab le and must acc ordi ng ly b e leng t h ened o r modi fie d

,
?

1
Th e e xc e pt i on s PS Tl J‘
'
J 03 1 5
33
( se e Minh a l sh a y, o n t h is p a ssag e , 2
) K 1 4
7
,

a nd J os 1
56
p
5 m ay e rh a s b e d ue t o t h e c h a rac t e r o f t h e ?p p .

Cf term a n d t h e F re nc h terre, t h e G e rma n R olls and t h e F re n c h réle ;

.

G er ma n d rollig a nd F re nc h dréle T h e o m issio n o f t h e st re ng t h e n in g sh ow s a .

de t e ri o ra t i o n o f t h e l an ua e
g g A ra b ic st i l l a m it s o f t h e st re ng th e nm g of
. d
gut t ural s in all c a ses .
 78 P ec ulia rities a nd Cha ng es qf L et t ers 22 g
—o

fi nal it nec essar ily t akes Mp piq) a ,

b ut e .
g .
”B “
,
&c .
, i c
s n e h ere t h e
ra
p i dly u tt er ed a is no l ong e r h eard .

g I fo r t ch , &c , i n so me S w iss ia l e c t s of G erma n , is a nal og ous ; a furtive

“
ch d
y
.

Pa th a h is h e re i nv o l un t ar il in t ru e b e o re t h e ee g ut t ura l soun In dd f d p d .

A rab ic t h e sa me m ay b e h e a r in suc h w o r s a s mesia h, a l t h o ug h i t is n o t d d .

p
e x re sse i n w rit in g d
Th e L XX ( a nd Je ro m e , c f Z A W iv 7 9 ) w rit e 6 , some
. . . .

t im e s a , in st ea o ffurtive Pa th a h, e g 1 3 3 N a e
, yld’
l:
'
I e bbo éa ( a lso Ia bbo zi) . .
’
.

ll R em . 1 . T h e g utt ural may a l so h a v e an i n ue nc e U p on t h e following v ow e l , fl

e sp e c ia l l y f
in S e g h o l a t e o rms, 0 g lg; ( no t na ér) a youth , 9 3 ( not p b él) dee . .
“ '

5 ‘
d .

nl y fink
Th e o e xc e p ti o n s are
,
0 13 3
,
13 11 3
3 2 . W h e re in t h e p re se nt f or m of th e l a n g uag e
5, w h e t h er o rig inal o r an
a t t e n ua t e df ro m P a th ah, w oul d st a n d f
b e ore o r a t e r a gut t ura l in t h e fi rst f
s yll ab le of a w or d , a S eg h ol as b e in g b e t w e en a a n d t i s re ue nt l use f q y d
i nst e a d ,
e. g . W3 11 1 (
a l so WJ Q J) ,
13 13 1 3 3 S J, 11 131, &c
,
.

[C On t h e o t h e r h an d , th e s lig h t e r a n d sh ar p er fl ireq is re t a in e d ev en un d er

g ut t ura l s w h e n t h e f ol l o w ing c o nsona n t is sh ar p e ne d b y D a gei forte, e. g .

553 1
,
” JD, b ut w h e n t h is sh ar p e n i ng is re m ov ed , S e
g h ol is a g ain ap t to

pp th n st r
ll i
l y]
l l c on st r.
fim l
'
a e a r, e .
g . a c on Jnl .

I 3 . I nst ead of si mp le S wd e
mobile t h e g utt urals t ake
,
with o ut
xc p ti S t ed a W B
if
a c omp ound Q ES , l ” 42
3 &c
‘

e e on e.
, g .
, , .

m 4 . Wh en a gut t ural wi t h quiescen t S a/ d e

h ap p ens t o c lo se a s yll a ble

in t h e w ord t he st rong ly close d syllab le ( w ith qu iescent

mi ddle of a ,

S wd) may remai n ; nec essari ly so with n v a nd n at t h e end of t h e

e
, ,

t o nefsyllab le e g 8 0 5W131331 b ut also befo e t h e t one ( see ex amp les

,
. .
, ,
r

unde r i) ev en with S , .

B ut in t h e sy l lab le b efore t h e t one and furth er b a ck t h e c lose d ,

sy lla ble is g enera lly o p ene d arti fic i a lly b y a Ha tep h (as b ei ng sui t ed

t o t h e g utt ural ) t aki ng t h e p lac e of t h e quiescen t S wa a nd in

.

e
,

p artic ul a r t h a t Ha tep h w h ic h rep eats t h e sound o f t h e p rec e di ng

vow el e g JWQ Z(also DWH ) PIE!"
,
.
(al so P.
lfl
) W i;p (
l a 5 l6 for
I
‘ j
l
°

B ut w h en ow i ng t o a flex ional c h ang e t h e strong v ow el follow i ng t h e

, ,

Ha tep h is w eakened i nt o S w a mobile t h en i nst ead of t h e Ha tep h

e
,

it s full v ow el is w rit t en e g “ Dia l 15339 (fro m

“
373 3 21 . .
,
,

Th e ori g i nal fo rms a cc ordi ng t o 2 8 0 w ere a m dh u n e r mu

‘ '
e e
y , , , ,

h H e nc e “ 13 V a re rea lly o nl y di f
fe rent ort h ograph i c ”
p d l ha e
& c. .
,

forms of 11 13 11; &c and w ould b e b ett er t ransc ri b ed b y y a m dhd & c .

,
‘
a e
,
.

n Rem 1 On t h e use o f sim le o r c o m oun S° w a i n g ut t ura l v erb s, se e

. . p p d
f ur t h e r 6 2—6 5
kd
.

0 p
2 R e s e c t i n g t h e c h oic e b e t w e e n t h e t h r ee Ha tep h s, it may h e re ma r e
y
.

( a ) Fl, n, 31 at t h e b e g inning of a s l l a b l e p re e r b ut S re ers e g f p f . .

“
1113 1 1 a ss, fi n to kill , 3b S to sa y ; w h e n fa rt h e r f
ro m t h e t on e yll s ab l e ,

h ow e v e r, t h e even
‘

un de r S c h a ng e s i n t o t h e l ig h t er e. g .
J
SS (p oe t ic

SS ) to 33 5DS 53 S
°

fo r b ut 0 1
S to you, b ut t o ne less
”

on ac c ount
‘

, to eat,
‘
 22
p
-
s, 2 3 a, b] P eculia rities f
o the G ut tura ls 79
ofMq q ep h ) a . Cf 5 2 7 w
. . Th e 1 st p e rs. si ng . im p f er . P 1 el re gul a r l yh as

Lik w i e se is na t u ral l yf o un d un d er N in c ase s w h e re t h e Ha tep h a r is s e

fr om a w e a ke n ing of a n o r ig in a l d ( e. g .
’j S lion , g roun df - or m ’
a ry , a n d
)
i f t h e re b e a w ea k e n ing of a n o rig in al u (
e. g . US a fleet, ’
g
y a filzctzon
’ ’

, c f.

93
( b) I n t h e m idd l e o f a w or d a ft e r a l ong v ow el , a Ha tep h -Pa th a h t a es t h e )
I
k
pl simp le f wd mob ile, e g fl S p riSp n ( se e
'

of a
°
6 3 p ) ; b ut if a sh ort
J
‘
ac e . .

: I

y
'
7

v ow e l p d
r e c e e s, t h e c h o ic e o f t h e H a ep h is g e ne rall re gul at e
‘
d b y it, e. g .

Perf H ip h .
'
l‘ p yu ( se e a b ove , i) , I nfi n
z . p g-
j ( reg ul ar o rm .
m f Perf .

f 59 93 ) vme J b 6
’

H op h .
'
lDlh l
‘

( r eg ul ar or m b ut cf .
22
64 a ) .

5 wh i ch in so und a p p rox i mat es t o t h e gutturals 6 g )

Th e 1
q
.
, ,

sh a res wi t h t h e gutt ural s p rop e r t h e ir fi rst a nd t o a c ert ai n e x t ent ,

th ei r sec ond p eculi arity v iz , ,

.

(a ) Th e ex c lusi on o f t h e st reng t heni ng i nst ead of w h ic h t he p re ,

c edi ng vow el is almost alway s leng th ened e g Tl? h e ha s blessed for ,

. .

b irra hh T1 ? to bless fo r ba rr éhh

,
.

re fe renc e fo r d as rec edi n v o w el , e g R1 31 a nd he r

( )
b T h e p ap g . . sa w

( from 19 1 b o t h for
3
a m ed ba ck, and for “ 9 1
3
“

a nd h e t a nd

he c a used t o t ur n ba ck .

Th e e xc e pti ons to a a re nap morrcith

‘

,
Pr 11 3 ; kh ocw ith
‘

a nd forrEkh , 8
Ez 16
4
( c f. Pr Ct 5 ; 2
mppnn 1 S 16 ; 0 13 .
“

q 1 S 10
24
,
1 7
25
,

2 K6 32
; ann flan Ju
‘ 4
20 3 ( c f. g 20 h) t
h } at 1 S 2 3 29
,
2 S 1 816 a l so o n a c c o u n t

1
2 0 22,
of ’
) Pr Ch of
' '

p ll l an d l lS
‘
a c c o un t
'

20 c , 1 5 ,
2 on

( 5 zo f ) S 1 5 6, Je r 3 9 1 2, E h 3 1 3 , P r
1 J b 39 9, E z 9 6 . A kin d o f v ir t ual

st re n g t h e n i n g ( a t e r t
? for 77 ) i s o u n
9 f f d in
a p I m
s 14
9
. I n S a ma rit a n an d

A rab ic t h is st re ng t h e n ing h as b ee n re t a in e d th ro ug h out , a n d t h e L XX w rit e

e g Zé fifi
. . a fo r e m

23 . Th e F eebleness o f th e Gut tu r a ls N a nd n .

1 . Th e N, c y audi b le guttural b reath i ng as a rule a

a ligh t and sc ar el ,

ent i rely lo se s it s sl i h t c onsonant al o w r w h ene v er i t st a nds w it h ou t

g p e

a v ow e l at t h e e nd o f a sy lla ble I t t h e n remai ns (li ke t h e German .

h in r oh g eh na h te) merely as a si g n o f t h e p re c edi ng l ong v ow e l e g

f
, , ,
. .

si n N57: w in b ut w h e n a sy llab le is adde d w i t h a n i nt roduct ory

g , (
vow el a c c ordi ng t o b b elo w w e h a ve e g 955 3 2
,
3 Jé lfl ‘ si nc e t h e S
f , , . .
”
,
’ l
,

th en st ands at t h e b eg i nni ng o f t h e syllab le not 9mm 3 5m ,

”
,

N35? v n in n i i arly
( cf h o w e e r 74 ) a .
, ( fo r gsz ,
S m l ,

in ca se s li ke N ST NW" NW & c a nd e v e n in NWW N55 see

.

E ] 1 9 l
) ,
( ,
.
, ,

ab ov e h e N o nly ret ai ns a n o rt h og ra p h i c si g ni fica nc e

22 e
) t , , .

2 O n t h e o t h er h a nd S is in g e neral re t ai ned as a st rong c o n 6

.
,

sonant w h ene v er i t b eg i ns a sy lla b le lQ N 30 29

5 or w h en it is
' ‘
e g , . .
-
,

p rot ec t ed b
y a H tp
a e h a ft e r a sh o rt sy ll abl e e g 53
95 2
2 an d fin a lly ,
. .
, ,
 80 P eculiarities a nd Cha ng es of L etter s 23 c — f

wh en i t st a nds in a closed syllab le with quiesc ent S w d a fter a pre e

c edi ng Svghbl or P a tha h e g TB S ” na dcir milfl ya dlmil

’ '
’ ‘ ’
. .
, , , .

E ven in suc h c ases t h e c onsona nt al p ow er of N may b e enti rely lo st v iz , .

c ( )
a w h e n it w ould st and wi t h a long v ow e l in t h e mi ddle o f

a w or d a ft er S wd mobile Th e lo ng v owel is t h en occ asi onally

.
e
.

th row n b ac k i nt o t h e p lace of t h e S wot a nd t h e a is only ret ai ned

i g-
,

i m h ea ds
orth og ra p h ic ally a s a n i ndic a ti on of t h e et y molog y e g D v
'

'
. .
, , ,

0 315n two hundred (for m ath ay im HS S

( or r d iim)
) E?
6
f e’
,
E 2 25 for
e’
,

ty ; DS ZIlB N eh 6 Dl ND Jb 3 1 7 , D I1 4 for DHS D ; WIN?

l
8
ab ii
l
fo r
}
MS ?
o

for Is 1 0
33
; 13 a ‘
b t
ht , m 1 S for 13
‘

q ( 7 4 h ,
a nd cf.

75
”3:1 l
w y Nu ro m l N l ;
J ’
fso al a s FIRE D or “ W
'
SW !
1 K M i 1 &c for fl imy] S ometi mes a sti ll more violent sup
5
, .
, s
.

ressi on of t h e R o c c urs a t t h e b eg i nni ng o f a sy llab le w h ic h t h e n

p ,

c auses a furth er change in t he p rec edi ng sy llab le e g w ork , . .

as in t h e B ab y loni an p unctua t ion) or 53 1 9 93; s kin? )

( f 39 ,

ha nd, g round form sim dl

’
or t he le t f .

(l Wh en it
( )
b i g inally closed a syllab le In t h ese c ases R is
or .

g enera lly (b y 22 m
) p ronounc ed wit h a H t ep h or Th e a ,

re c ed i n h o rt vow el is h ow e ver sometimes le n th ened a nd r et a i ns

p g s g , ,

t h e followi ng it only orth og rap h ic ally e g Nu 1 for ( of , . . .

and WIN? Jo 2 for mm fil m sfor nfk; D UDS Jfor D Ufgfé;l J

Ju ”
6 “
’ ’ '

b ut t h e c o nt racti on do es not t ake pla c e in Is Th e sh ort

v ow el is ret a i ned alth ough t h e consona ntal p o w er of x is enti rely lost
, ,

in 2 5 m & c ( see
”
1 0 2 m) T13 31 I s 4 1
.
T1 8
3 1 E z 2 8 fo r ’ ’Q S
l S L; ,
25
,
16

39
c f. Dt I K 1 1 ,
Is
6 I nst e a d of t h is S w h ic h h a s l ost it s c onsonan t al v a l ue , one of th e v ow e l

l e t t e rs 1 an d is o ft en w ritt e n ac c o r ding t o t h e n a t ur e of th e so un d , th e
f or me r w it h 6 a nd t h e l a t t e r w it h é a nd i, e. g D .
‘fi b ufi a lo fo r DS J
‘

,
At t h e
e nd o f th e w or d n a l so is w rit te n for S ,
nSp j he fi lls for S E iI b
D; 8 21 (see
b e l ow , I) .

f 3 . Wh en N is onl yp
ved orth ogra ph ic ally or as an i ndicat i on
re ser

et y molog y q i e sc ent
) it is some t i mes enti rely dropp ed (c f
of the ( u , .

1 9 1c), e .g.
"
0g: Jb 1
21
for ‘
Dxl ;
fi ”
11 59 Jb 3 2
18
for DS ’
SQ T ; ”
DEE
D Nu n “
;
"ll “ 2 S .
20
9
; Je r 8 11
for mm ; 2 S b ut lr
x
i3 p mG 11 2 5
“
fo r DDlS ‘ ;
E QW JS
3 1”39
for I S for
”
58 W;
7
D l-'‘
al
(l,
'

22
22
for D'DS) ; 29
Jb 2 2 for fi m
l ; 1 Ch 1 1
39

WT? WU? K
'

f a nd so 3 S Ch 38
fo r f; ”
N llSlf 25
'
or 1 1 2 2 1 9
mart -5
l

K e
th ibh fo r 1
( of. Is 717 0
9 Jb 29
6
fo r fl t fi lfl
j .
‘
I n “ 55?

J q y p ti
‘

In NJHJ 1 8 un ue st ionab l on of N 13) for R HJS

a c orru
J
er
.
 82 P eculia ri ties an d Cha ng es of L et ters 23 1, 24 a, b

l Rem . In c o n nex ion w it h 6 a n d e, a n w h ic h on l ym k ar s th e v ow e l e n d ing

is o c ca si on a ll y c h ang e d i nt o 1 or Ho a nd w it h
a ny v o w e l i n t o S i n t h e l a te r or A ra ma ic o rt h og ra ph y , b ut es p e c ia ll y w it h
a, e g . . Ngw sleep ,
t
i 1 2
7
’
for S WJ Je r 23
39
for R WJ , 85 0 . T h us i t i s
e vi d ent t h at fi na l Fl as a v o w e l
,
l e t t er h as o nly a n o rt h og ra ph i c al im p ort a nc e .

24 . Cha ng es o
f th e Wea k Lett ers 1 a nd

P h il i
, Di e A pp i
u ss p rach e der se m i t K o ns ona n ten l und ( me nt i on e a b ov e, 5 b,
'
. d
no t e a t h or o ug h i n v e st ig a t i o n o f t h e i r h o ne t ic va l ue a s c o nso n a nt al , i e p
y
. .

n o n -s l la b ic , v o w e l -so un s, no t d
a la t al or l ab ial ri c a t i ve s p
c f a l so E S iev e rs, f
M
. .

etrisch e S tu ien, i 15 d . .

a l c onsonant s so w eak and app roach so nea rly t o t he

and l are, a s , ,

c orresp ondi ng v owels u and i tha t under certai n c onditi ons t h ey very ,

rea di ly mer e i nt o t h em Th i s fa ct is esp e ci ally i mp o rt ant in t he

g .

fo rmati on of t h ose w eak stems in w h ich a l or occ urs as one of t h e ,

t h ree radic al c onsonant s 6 9 iii 8 5 , ,

1 Th e c ases in w h ic h 1 a nd
. lose t h ei r c o nsonanta l p ow er i e , . .

merg e i nt o a v ow el b elong almost e x c lusively t o t h e middle and e nd

,

of w ords ; at t h e b eg i nni ng th ey rema i n a s c o nsonant s

‘
.

Th e i nstanc es may b e c la ssi fied unde r t w o h eads

6 (a ) Wh en e it h er l or with quiescent S w d stands a t t h e end o f ' e

a sy ll ab le i mmedi ately a ft er a h omog eneous v ow el

(u or i) I t th en .

merg e s in t he h omogeneous v ow el or more a cc urat ely it a ssumes it s ,

vo wel ch aracter (1 as u as i) and is t h en c ontrac ted w ith t he

-
, ,

rec edi n v w l i n t n e v o w e l n e c essari ly lon b u t i m t ly

p g o e o o g s os

3m
, ,

reta i ned o rth o ra h ica lly a s a i c en t v w t

g p (q u e s
) o e l l e t er T h u s ?! .

"
for huwl a b ; l P for yiy qa s so also at t h e end of t h e w ord e g 13 9
‘ ’ "
, , . .

a H ebrew ro erl y m an g y ; WK J b 4 1
p p fe p l (a n d t
) }
for any ( c f m
. .
,

ild } 1 S 2 O t h r h a nd i f t h e
18
! 5 K bl
. l bh ) n t h e o e
e
p re l .
,

c eding vow el b e h et erogeneous i and a re ret a i ned a s full consonant s

1! t he month o M
,

( on t h e
p ro nu n c i a t i o n se e 8 m ) e g q u ie t f ay ,
. .
, ,

lil na tion “ 53 revea led B ut wit h a p rec e di ng d t he l a nd are most ly

‘
,
.
l

c ontracted i nto 6 a nd 25 ( see b elow f ) and at th e end of a w ord t h ey , ,

a re some ti mes rej ected (see b elo w ,

Comp let e sy nc op e of 1 b e fo re i occ urs in S isla nd for IS ; 1! ruins ” ” ”

for 12; " ”

Jb f b r ni n I f “
cf ’ ’
'
1 wa terin l l u 13
37
'
s
g or g or .

8 4 c e 9 3 r] “
, ,

1
Or as c on so n a n t a l
( t h e n t ra nsc rib e
v o w e ls by se e ab ov e , ) a nd a re d
P H p
a u t , Ph i l i
. pp
i, a nd o t h e rs, a s u i o l l o w ing t h e rac t ic e of I n dog e rma nic f p
ph ilo l og ist s ’l fo r j a nd, a l o ne is a st a n ing e xc e t io n, se e
. 26 a nd 5 1 0 4 c d p . I .

On ” = i at
n
t h e b e g i n in g o f a w or , c f 5 4 7 b , n ot e d . . d
A c c o r ing t o 1 9 a , e nd,
initia l ] i n H
eb re w a lm ost a l w a s b e c o me s 1 ; a l w a y y s i n v e rb s o rig in all
’
YD , y
5 69 a . A p a rt f ro m a fe w p p
ro er na me s, i n it ia l 1 o c c urs o n l y in 1
1 h oo k ,
' '
l Jl
c h ild Gn 2 S6 23 K th ibh
e
[e lse w h e re a nd th e d oub t ulf "
l n Pr
 24 c —g ] Cha ng es o
f t he Ww k 1 an d 83

Thusi ni t i al a ft er an t h e p refi es 3 l 3 5 w h ic h x w ould th en be C

p ronounc ed wi t h i ( see )
2 8 a , a nd l so l most al w a a a y s a ft er 73
( see
102 b
) c oal e sc es wi t h , t h e i t o i, e g . J uda h
.
77
1 mm in (for
ar nb: or J uda h 711 1;
a nd J uda h, e; as t he N i le, nj n f from t he

h dnd s o f .

( b) Wh enwith out a vowel w ould st and at t h e end o f t h e ( l

1 a nd 1

w ord after quiescent S w a th ey are eith er w h olly rej ect ed and only e
,

o rth og ra h i ca lly re la c ed b “ 3 5 from bihh w

p p y Tl ( g
e y a s ell as t h e . .
,

reg ula rl
y formed 9 ? w e e in
p g ; c f 93 x ) o r b e c ”
o me a g ai n v o w el .

l et t e r s I n t h e la t t er c ase b ec ome s a h omog eneous H ireq a nd al so

.
1
,

att ra c t s t o it self t h e t one w h i lst t h e rec edi ng v ow el b ec omes S a d

e -
p ,

(e g . from p irg p rop erly p a ry) ; l is chang ed somet i mes i nto

.
,
'

a t onele ss u e l fl li from t uhw

( g )
‘
. . .

y
R e m I n S r iac , w h e re t h e w e a le t t e rs mo re rea d il b e c o me v o w e l
. k y sou n d s, (3
a sim l e i m a
y stpa n e v e n a t t h e b e g i n n i ng o f w or d
s in st e a o f l or d d Th e
LXX a l so , in a cc 0 1 da n ce w i t h t h is, w r it e
’
I ovba fo r mi n 1
,
’

1 e a aa fo r pnyw

Il e n c e m a y b e e xp l ai ne d
t h e S yria c usa ge i n H e b re w of d 1 a w in g b ac k th e

v ow e l i t o t h e p re c e d ing c on son a n t , w h ic h ro p p ly h er a d a si m le p c oca l S u d,

e

e. (
g . a c c or d ing t o th e re a d ing of B e n -Na h t al i p 1
) Je r for “ 55“ (5 0
B ee r) , ilfi n‘ D E 0 13
for jl ln D , c f. al so th e mp l es i n 5 20
'

h , not e
‘
‘
2 e xa 2 e ve n

b
’l
n i Jb ‘ 2
29 1 ( in so me e d it i on s ) for i n“ b . A c c o r in g t o d Q imh i (se e 47 b)

5a». w as p ro n o un c e d as iq tbl, a nd t h e re fo re th e w t p e r s. w as p o in t e d 5b ? S
to a v oi c o n usio n d f . In fact t h e B ab l o n ia n y p un c t ua t io n a l w a y s h as i for d
in t h e l st e rs p .

2 . Wi t h reg a 1 d t o th e c hoi e ofc t h e lo ng v ow el in w h ich 1 , and 1

f
q u es e ai c ft e
ch vocal i zat ion and r su rules c ontracti on t h e followi ng ,

may b e la i d dow n
( )
a W it h a s h ort h omogeneous v o w el 1 a nd are c ont ract e d i nt o t h e l

c orresp ondi ng long v owel (it or i) see ab ove b , ,

.

W it sh ort a t h ey form t h e di p h th o ng s 6 a nd 6 a ccordi ng t o

( )
b h
from m f
ll
r om
2
l T il & c
”
7 a e g ,
. .
/ .

R em . j f
T h e re e c t io n o f t h e h a l v ow el s } a nd 1 ( se e ab ov e , b ) oc c urs e s e c ia l ly p
at t h e d f
e n d o f w o r s a t e r a h e t e r og e n e o u s v ow e l ( a) , i f a c c or in g t o t h e d
nat ure of t h e f
o rm t h e c o n t rac t io n a p e a rs im o ssi b l e S o e s e c ia ll in p p . p y
1 d
A c c o r in g t o A b ul w al id, B en -N a h t ali p re g ar d d th
e e Yo h in d a ll suc h c a se s

as a v ow e l le t t e r .

2
I n st an c e s in w h ic h no c ont rac t ion ta k p es l ac e a f
t er it a re , DJD p
’ ‘ ‘
1 Ch 1 22 ,

DT D S H o 7 ‘ 12
( b ut c f. 70 b) m
11 l
x 5 Q re t h e l oc at iv es nn a
9 e i
fib f
‘
lkfi
’

&c — O n t h e
. fi x ”D"
suf fo r j
‘
_ se e 5 91 l .
— S om e t im e s b o t h for ms a1 o

f und
o
,
a s 11 53) a nd nbi y ; c f. ”1
3 living , c onst r. st at e m . A na l og ous is t h e

c ont rac t ion o f mm(g a ro un df

~
or m ma wt) d ea th , c o nst 1 . nll3 ;
3
1 g ( g roun d fo 1 m

])
“
a yn
[ a in eye, c o n st r.
1 y .
 84 P eculiarities a nd Cha ng es Qf L ett ers 25 a - c

v e rb s m5 , 9 .
g . or ig in all y '
ngg, sinc e it a ft er th e j
re ec t io n of th e
st a n d s in an o p en s y ll ab l e , a n d c o n se qu e nt l y mu t s b e l e n g th e n e dt o a . Th e
“
a ! is sim l py a n o rt h o g ra ph i c sig n o f t h e l ong vo w el . So a l so min fo ial w} r a

p f p of m
l
On th e o rig in of Pi f DE and a rt .
a ,
see 5 75 e ; on as er .
p ee 5 7 2 b , s

a nd g; on
"
IS ”
, &c .
,
f ro m "
5
1 1, see 5 69 b .
— Ou th e w ea k e nin g o h an d i t o N,
see 5 93 a
c.

25 . Un cha ngea ble Vow els .

a What v ow el s in H eb rew are unch ang eab le i ,

. e . are not li ab le t o
a tt enua ti on o ée wa m i c ti engt h eni ng t
( t ) o d fi a o n l , , ,
or sh or eni ng , c a n

b e known wi th c erta i nt y only from t h e nat ure of t h e grammat ic al

forms a nd in so me c ases b y comp ari son with A rab ic (cf 1 m) Th i s
, . .

h olds g ood esp ec ially of t h e essentia lly lo ng vow els i e t hose long b y , . .

na ture or contra c t ion a s di st i ng ui sh ed from t h ose w h i c h a re only,

leng th ene d rhy thmica lly i e on a ccount of t h e sp eci al law s w h ich , . .

in H eb re w reg ul at e t h e t one and t h e format i on of syllab les Th e .

l atter w h en a c h a ng e takes p la c e in t h e p ositi on of t h e t o ne or in

,

t h e divi si on of sy l lab les readily b ec ome sh ort agai n or are reduc ed t o , ,

a mere v oca l g ted

a
.

b 1 The essent ially long and c onsequently as a rule (but c f 2 6 p

.
,
.
,

2 7 n o) unc h ang eable v o w el s of t h e second a nd third c l ass i 3 it 6

, , , , , , ,

c an o ft en b e re c og ni z e d b y means o f t h e v ow el l et t ers w h ic h a c com

p a ny t h e m i l
); e g T l
?
" h e does w ell p a la c e 533 3 ,
. .
, ,

boundary Sip voice Th e defec t ive w ri t i ng

,
8 i) is 1 nde ed c ommon
.

e noug h e g a nd 3 19; fo r 3 19 3; 53 } fo r 5p for ElP b ut th i s

1 1 1 '
. ,
, ,

is merely an orth og rap h ic lic ence a nd h as no i nfl uenc e on t h e q uantity

of t h e v ow el ; t h e 12 in 53 5 1 s j ust as nec essari ly long a s in 513 5 ,

A s an e xce pti on , a me rel y t o ne -l ong v ow e l of b o t h t h e se c lasses is some t imes

w rit t e n fully , e. g .
m
Sli ? ) for 519 93 .

C 2 Th e
. essen ti ally or nat urally long a ( Qa mes imp ure) unl ess it ha s ,
2

b ecome 6 (c f .
9 ha s a s a rul e in H eb re w no rep resen a t tive a mong
t he conso nant s W h i le in Arab ic it is regula rly indicated b y it ; o n t he
,

few i nst a nc es of th i s ki nd in H eb rew c f 9 b 23 g Th e na t urally ,

.
, .

long (2 and t h e me rely t o ne-long a th erefo re c an o nly b e di st i ng ui sh ed

b y an a c c urate know ledg e o f t h e forms .

1 Th e A rab ic , i n su c h c ase s, o ft en w rit e s e t ym ol og ic a ll y 5g b ut p

1
,
r onounces

gala . S o t h e L XX we 2 1 r d, V ul g . S ina ; c f. N e st le , Z A W . 1 90 5, p .
3 62 f
.

B ut e ve n i n A ra b ic S 52) is w ri t t e n for 1 52) a nd p ro n ou n c e d sa la.

By voca les imp ura e t h e ol d

g ra mma ria ns m ea nt
er v o w els p ro p e rl yf o l l ow e d
by a v ow e l l e t t er . T h us 3 11 3 k°
th db h w as reg ar e d d as m e re l y by a l ic e nc e
for J NHD, &c .
 86 P eculia r ities a nd Cha ng es of L etters
e sp e ci a lly common in an op en syllab le b efore the tone ( pret onic v owel) ,

DnS 0 13 55 ) 3 55 1
e .
g .
5 9 1

S h ort v ow e l s y
i n op en s l la b l e s o c c ur

f
‘

‘ (a ) In app are n t l yd y
iss l l ab ic w or s d f or me d by me ans of a p
h e l in g v o w el

fro m mo n y ll
os a b l e s, a s 50 5 b k mi roo ,
h ouse, let h im increase, f ro m na hl,

ba yt, y irb c f. a l so D‘ L th e en d ing of th e du al B ut se e 2 8 e.

g ( b) I n t h e v e rb a l suffi x o f th e I st p e rs . si ng .
(1 ; me) , e .
g S P (A b
.
'
J I
Q ra .

q ataldni) . T h e unc om mon for m ’

3_ , h ow ev e r ( G n c f. 5 9f ) p th t, r ov e s a

t h e t o n e b e ar in g Pa th a h p du
ro c es a sh ar p e n in g o f f
t h e o l l o w ing son a n t , a n d
t h us v i r t ual l st a n s i n a y d c l ose d ylls a b le . e v e n w h e n t h e N un is n o t e x re ssl p y
w r it t e n w it h D a g es
’
. In c ase s li k e ”31 1181 (5 10 2 m) Pa th a h i s 1 e t a ine d in t h e
c o un t e r-t o n e a ft er t h e N h a s b e c o me q ui e sc e n t .
-
ll ( 0) S o me t im es b e fo 1 e ( 5 90 c) , e g nae is towa rds th e
t h e t o ne le ss n_
7
loca l . .

wilderness onl y h ow ev e 1 , i n t h e c onst r st a t e ( 1 K

.

, s1 nc e t h e t o ne l e ss .

suffix n_ d oe s n o t a ffe c t t h e c h arac t e r o f t h e form ( e spe c ia ll y w h e n ra p id ly

p ron o u nc e d I n c l ose c onnexio n ) o t h e rw ise i t i s

pp d
.

I n a l l t h ese c a se s t h e sh ort v o w e l is a l so su ort e b y t h e t o ne , e ith e r t h e

p p
r in c i al t o ne o f t h e w or , or ( a s in h ) b y t h e d se c o n d y ar t o ne in t h e c o n st r
M
.

st o r b y t h e c o unt e r-t o ne w i t h eth eg, as i n a b ov e , g; o f. th e e ffe c t o f

the a rsis o n the sh ort v o w e l in c l a ssic a l p roso dy .

(d ) I n the co mb ina t io n s e g 11 511 h is boy, $ 9 55 1

h e w ill b in d 15y5
,
h is deed. In al l t h e se c a se s th e s yll a b le w as at fi rst real ly
c l ose d nd,
a i t w as onl y
w h e n t h e g ut t ural t o o k a H a tep h t h a t it b ec a m e 1n

c o nse qu n e ce o p e n ( b ut c f e g ab s“
. a nd ab s
. .

p Th e sa me v o w e l se qu n e ce

a rise s w h e re v e r a p p
re o sit io n 3 3 5 or 1 CO p ul at ive is p re fi xe dt o an

i ni t ia l sy l lab l e w h ic h h a s a H a tep h , sin c e th e f

or mer th e n ta k es th e v ow e l

i n t h e o t h e r S e m it ic l a ng ua g es, e xc e t o f c ourse i n t h e c a se o f na tura lly l o n g p

v o w els T h e a b o v e e xa m l e s a re
. ro n oun c e p
in A rab ic bikd, t ala, inab
‘
p d .

A l t h o ugh i t is c e rt a in t h ere o re t h a t i n e b re w a l so , - f
a t a n e a rl ie r e rio , H p d
sh ort v o w e l s w e re p ro n o u n c e d
in o e n s l l a b l e s, i t ma y sti ll b e o ub t e p y d d
w h et h er t h e re se n t p p
ro n u nc ia t io n is d ue merely t o a n a r t i fi c ial p l ac t ic e
f ol low e d
i n t h e sol e m n r e c i t a t io n o f t h e O T t e x t O n t h is h ot h e sis w e yp
dy y
. . .

sh o ul d p
h a v e st il l t o e x l a in , e g t h e un oub t e l v e l o l d l e n g t h e n in g of t d ‘

y
. .

a nd u i n a n o p e n s ll a b le i n t o e a n d o
y
.

1
p
T h a t t h e se re t o nic v ow e l s a re re a l l long is sh ow n b y B roc ke l ma n n , Z A .

f
x iv 3 4 3 f , ro m t h e t ra nsc ri t io n of
. . e b re w p
ro p e r n a me s in t h e N e st o ria n H p
(S y ria c ) pun ro m t h e
c t ua t io n ,
g a nd
A ra b ic e. . He f
d f
'

r e g a r s t h e ir l e ng t h e n in g in t h e sy lla b l e b e o re t h e t o n e a s a me a ns a d o p t e d

b y th e M
aso re t e s t o p re se r ve t h e ro nu n c ia t io n o f t h e t ra it io n a l v o w e l s p d .

T h is e xp la na t io n o f t h e p re t on ic v o u e l s a s d ue t o a re c a ut ion aog a in st t h e ir p
d p y
isa p e a rin g, i s c e rt a in l 1 ig h t a s t o wh e t h e i t h e re c a ut ion c a n b e asc r ib e p d
to th e M
a so re t e s se e t h e re v i o us n o t e p
F o1 t h e p re o n ic v o w e l t h e A ra b ic t
y py
.
,
re g u l a rl h a s a sh o r t v ow e l (la h um, ya um, &c t h e A ra ma ic si m l a v oc a l q .

S ’ wd ( 1171 5 DRP’ 5199 32 5) a nd e v e n in Heb re w w h e n t h e t one is t h ,

i ow n

fo r wal d t he p re t o n ic v o w e l a l m ost a l w ay s b e c o me s S n d se e 5 2 7 It w o ul d
e

k
.
, ,

h o w e v e r, b e 1 nc 0 1 re c t to a ssu me fro m t h is t h a t t h e p i o t o n ic v ow e l h as t a en

h
t e l a c epo f ‘
y
f wd o nl o n ac c oun t of t h e fo l lo w ing t o n e-s lla b le I t a l w a s y y
y
.

. f
n ise s ro m a n o rig ina l sh o r t v o w e l sinc e suc h a v o w e l is m ost l l e n g t h e ne d
y
,

p f
i n a n o e n s l l a b l e b e 0 1 e t h e t o ne , b ut w h e n t h e t o n e is mo v e fo r “ ard it d
b e c o me s S wci
e
.
 26 k—p ] S ylla blej b rnza tion, its I nfluence on Vowels 8 7

c o nt a in e in t h e d
a t ep h ( see 102 H g d nd a 104 d) To t h e
. sa me c at e g o r y
b e lo n g a l so t h e c ase s w h e re t h ese p p it i
re os o ns w it h H ire q st a n d be f o re a

c o nso na nt w it h sim l e 8 w a m o b ile ,

°
p e g
"
ln
“
13 1 3 , & c
k 1mm
. . .
,

( ) e In f or ms l i y ha
e a -e- z qa (t h e y a re st ro ng , ) 25
1 3
1 9
‘

p aal kh a
f'
( t h y In?
d d)ee . Th e se a ga in a r e c ase s o f th e sub se qu nt p ning f e o e o c l ose d yl l s ab les

( h e nc e ,
g ip e. . m: al so oc c ur s ) is p p l y p azkha f g
ro er
' e
c . e ne ra l ly 5 22 m,
e nd, a nd 5 2 8 c .

S uc h c a se s as WI ND ,
D'lfllS (5 1 1?
: a 6 7 w) d o n o t c o me u n e r t h is d 1
h ea d ,
sinc e th e y al l h av e a i n a v i rt ua l l y sh a r p e ne d yl l s ab l e ; no r d oe s th e
to ne -b e a r in g S e
g h ol in suffi xe s ( e .
g . n o r S eg h ol for it b e fo re a gut t ural
w it h Qa mes 22 c ) . On ffl tfi
D’ Z an d se e 59v .

4 i ndep endent syllab les with a firm v ow el w h ich h ave b een m

. Th e
de sc ri b ed ab o ve a re freq uent ly p rec ede d b y a si ng le c onsonant wi t h
,

v oc al é wa si mple or c omp ound S uch a c o nsona nt with voc a l é wa

e
, .
e

n ev er h as t h e value o f an i ndep endent sy l lab le b ut rat h er a tt a c h es ,

i tsel f so c losely to t h e followi ng syllab le t h at it fo rms p rac ti c ally one

sy ll b le w i t h it 11 5 c h eek l i ; sic kness ( Hi ;
( ) ( ) il ]
”
h
’
e
a e g , y . .

ru dhil
fi
Th i s c onc erns e sp ec i ally t h e p refix es 1 3 3 5
. S ee 1 0 2 .
. .

Th e § e
wa mobile is no d oub t in a ll suc h c a se s w ea k e ne df m ro a n o rig in al ll .

ful l v ow e l k
(e ) .
g i b
. h wsP A ‘ r ab . ya t
’ l

i ,
fl; A rab . bi et, &c
‘

. f m th i
ro s, o e v e r,

it n cat b i f d th t th M t
no g d d it
e f mi g k in d f p
n e rre a e a so re e s re ar e as or n a o o en

sy ll b l f t h i w u l d b
a e, m d i t ly pp d t t h i fund m nt l
or s o e ev en o re re c o ose o e r a e a
l w ( i th t
a l ng
v z w l h ul d t d i n p n y ll b l ) t h n t h
a a o vo e s o s an n a e a e , a a re e

f Mt h g w it h § w a i n p i l
. o s
e x pti n
ce it d b j k E n th u
o s c e a ov e , — °
s ec a

f f u h i w n th p t f th M t
. ve e se o e e
c ases
( 5 6f ) i n p se e 1 s o roo o s c a v e o e ar o e a so re e s.

5 . Closed s yll b les

wi t h one c onsonant wh en w i th out t h e 0
a end ng i ,

t one nec essar ,

i ly ha
v e slzor l v o w el s w h eth er a t t h e b e i nni ng or at t h e
g
‘

e nd of w o rds e g u een llBW fl un dersta ndin1

ne w w isdom
q , g . .
, , ,

5
” 9 1 a n d he t urned ba ck D
EE} DP“ (w a yyd qém) , , 1 1
.

A tone-bea r i ng c losed sy l lab le may h av e eith er a long or sh ort v ow el 1)

’

b ut i f t h e la tt er it mus t a s a rule b e eit h er Pa t h ah or S g hél , Th e e .

2

tone b eari ng closed p enulti ma admit s of t h e long vow els only t he t one
-
, ,

long d E 6 not t h e lo ng e st i 6 6 o f t h e sh ort vow els only a e not

”

, , , , , , , , ,

i ii 6 (b ut on and ii see m asc I mp er f

, ,
E 2
9 Th us ( g rd
p l , . .
.

Hiph ) b ut ”955 913 3 rd p l fem and 10 3?1 ( 2nd p l masc I mp era t Q al)
. . .
, . . .

<

b ut “ JD ? fem .

pt i ( w h e re fat is re q uire d b y th e c h arac t e r

1
In e xce ons suc h a s G n 49 5
of f
t h e orm, al t h oug h t h e c l o se d y ll b l h l t t h t n w i ng t t h
M
s a e as os e o e o o
M
e
follo w m g d t g u d g in t w r ng p un i t i n
,
.

aq q e p h ) , e t h e g is use o ar a a s a o ro n c a o
Si mi l a rl y
e is so me t ime s re t a in e b e d f Mq q p h g DWG ; yr G n ore a e ,
e . .
'
11 2
13 “

215 .

n l y in t h p t i l Dtjt Di} in ; b ut t h
2
S ee 9 e, f. i oc c u th u
rs s o e ar c es ese

d t n l b y f ll w ing Mq q p h Cf l o
,

y ( it?
,

usuall alw a y s ) are nd re e re o e e ss a o o a e . . a s

s c u h f m or s as 5 26 r a nd 5 7 5 q .
 88 P eculia rities a nd Cha ng es Qf L et ters —c

6 A c losed sy llables are t h e sha rp ened i e th ose

ci al ki nd of
q sp e . .
.
,

wh i ch end in t h e same ( streng t h ened) c onsonant wit h wh ich t h e fol

lowi ng sy llab le b eg i ns e g E ” DS
im 552 hut lb If wi t h o ut th e
, . .
’
- .

t o ne t h ey h av e li ke t h e rest sh or t v ow el s ; b ut i f b eari ng t h e t one

, , , , ,

ei t h er sh ort v o wels as or l ong a s HQ

Q , ,

On t h e o mission o f t h e st re ngt h e n ing o f a c onson ant a t th e e nd of a w or d ,

see 5 20 l
.

7
’
7 . Syllab les c onsonants occ ur only a t t h e end of
e nd ng i with two
words and h a ve most naturally sh ort v owels list-19 aria; b ut some
, , ,

ti mes S ere a s H 31 1 or II olem

T 2 ,
D W P5 19 57-
Cf ho w ever
, ,
10 i , . .
, ,
.

Usually t he h a rsh ness o f p ronunci ati on is a voi ded b y t h e use of a

h elp i ng v ow el 28 e
) .

27 . The Cha ng e f
o the Vowels, esp ec ia lly as rega rds

Qua ntity .

a Th e c h anges in sound th rough wh i c h t h e Heb rew l ang uage p assed ,

b efore it assumed th e fo rm in wh ic h we know it from t h e M asoret ic

t e x t o f t h e O T (see 2 lo
) h
. a v e es eci a lly af
.
p f e ct e d
, it s v ow el sy st em .

A p reci se know ledg e of th ese v o w el ch ang es w h ic h is i ndi sp ensab le ,

for t h e u nderstandi ng of mo st of t h e p resent forms of t h e language is ,

der iv ed p artly from t h e p h enomena w h ich t h e l anguag e it sel f p resents

in t h e law s of deriv atio n and inflexio n p art ly fro m t h e c omp ari son of ,

t h e ki ndred di alec t s p ri nci p ally t h e Ar ab ic , B y t h ese t w o methods .

,

w e a rr iv e at t h e followi ng fa ct s a s reg ards Heb re w

b I Th at in an op en syllab le t h e languag e h as frequently retai ned
.

only a h al f Vow el (g wd mobile) w h ere th ere ori gi nally stood a full

- e
,

sh ort v ow el e g -form a aldt

(g d ) (g round
'
ro u
, n. .
g a w a gg on ,

form 151 2 A rab u a tti ld

( A rab l d ) 9 :( j q )
’

t d .
,
. .

c 2 T h a.t v ow el s o r i gi n a lly sh o rt h a v e in t h e t o n e-syl lab le a s also ,

in t h e op en sy llab le p rec edi ng it b een g enerally ch ang ed i nt o t h e ,

c orresp ondi ng t one-long vowels a i nto a i i nt o 6 71 i nto 6 (see 9 , , , ,

a— e k r) ,
I f h ow ev er t h e t one be sh i ft ed or w eakened t h ese t one
,
.
, , ,

long v ow els mo st ly revert t o t h ei r orig i nal sh ort ne ss or oc c a si onall y , , ,

a re sti ll furth er sh o rt ened or reduc ed t o mere S wa mobile or finally

'
e
, , , ,

a re e nti rel y l ost t h ro ugh a c h ang e in t h e divi si on of sy lla bles ; e g

"
1199 . .

Arab mdtdr) r a in w h en in c lose dep endenc e o n a follow i ng g eni i ve

( .
,
t
in t he c onstruc t st a te) b ec omes flp tP; 3 213( Arab dqib) heel dual 0 33 92
'
.
, ,

dual c onstr uc t ( w ith a t t enuati on o f t h e o ri g i nal 6 o f t h e first syllab le .

155 i}? Arab

to i) [on t h e 3 20 h
] ( A ra b ii l
) p l (
‘

1 se e , y gd t ur .
,
. .

i t c c m t i EDD c f m
)
”
y d q t ii l zl F o r n s an e
.s o f o
p l e e l os s as n 9 3 ,
. .
 9 0 P eculia rities a nd Chang es of L et t ers 2 k
7 o
-

di vi si on o f sylla bles, ven b e ent i rely

be w eake ned t o S w d mobile le
,
or e

lost so t h a t it s p lac e is t a ken b y t he me re sy llab le-di v i de r (f u d

,
e

t c W m
’

q u ie sc e n s
) E x a m p l e s o f t h e fi rs a s e are D n a m e l fi l } b ut
.
p , ,
.
,

p l? my na me DDli- JW their na mes l; ? wo rd c onst r

” ‘ '

,
” P3 5
3 , , .

r i h teo usness c o nst r st T12 1 3 ; an e x am le o f t h e sec ond c ase is ” T B

g , p . .
,

b lessing c o nst r st “ 31 3
,
Wh et h er t h e vowel is re tai ned or b e c omes
. . .

S wa ( 03 D? b ut OW fi t? ) a nd wh i c h of t h e t w o di sap p ears in t wo
e
,
“
,

c onse c ut ive sy lla b l es dep ends up o n t h e c h ara c t er of t h e for m in,

u e st i o n I n g eneral t h e r ule is t h a t only t hose v ow el s w h ic h stand

q .

in a n op en sy llab le can b e c ome S wd e

.

Th us t h e c h ang e i nt o i re d t ake s p la c e in t
e

It e a a nd e o f t h e fi rst sy lla b l e esp e ci ally i n t h e inflex ion

( a
) T h ,

5 1h 3 55 hea r t
1
<

g 2
"
o f nouns e 1 13 word l D f m 11 911 1 ‘
u r 1
;g t
.
re
, p . . a e ,
.
,
.
,

59 5 my hea rt ; b ut also in t h e v erb 3 19913 she will return p lur

1
, ,
.

fl éi tfifl and so a lw ays w h en t h e ori i nally sh ort vo w el o f t h e refix es

‘
g , g , p
o f t h e I mp er fe ct c omes t o st a nd in a n op en sy lla ble w h i c h is no t

re t onic O n t h e o t h er h a nd an d le ng t h ened from it b e fore t h e to ne

p .
,

is re t ai ned in t h e P erfect consecu tive of Q al ev en in t h e sec onda ry

t one e g ,
. cf 49 i
. . .

l (b) Th e sh ort o r merely t one-long vow els a e o of t h e ulti ma, , , , ,

esp ec i a l ly in v erb al forms e g 59 2 fem shag gag le ; P EP} $ b g

1 ,
. .
, .
,

yqi t l d ;
e
b ut n o t e a l so i’lD
P S P PPW N & c a cc ordi n t o
g 4 7 m a nd o
‘
,
.
, .

T he h el p i ng v o w el s a re eit her enti rel y o mit t ed e g 353 k ng (gro und

i

, . .

form ma t/c) my king ; or under th e i nfl ue nc e of a g utt ural a re

, , ,

195 bo
"
w eakened t o Ha t e p h e g y in g ; h is b o
y If t h e t o ne remai ns
,
. .
,
.

unmo v ed t h e v ow el also is re t a i ned not wi t h st andi ng t h e le ng th eni ng

, ,

o f t h e w ord e g 151s p a usal for m for 15IQP

.

‘
, . . e .

m Wh e re t h e t one move s forw a rd t wo p lac es th e former of th e t w o ,

v ow els o f a di ssyllab ic w ord may b e sh o1 t ened a nd t h e sec ond ,

c hang ed i nt o S wd Of 19 3 w ord ; in t h e p lur e

. wi t h h ea vy
.
"
.

suf fix (c f 2 8 at) their w or ds O n t h e a t t enuation of t h e d t o

. .

i, see fu r th er, 8 , t .

Rem .
'

1 . An 6 a rising f ro m aw a n, o r by a n ob sc ur in g of d (see 9 b) ,
so m e t ime s b ec ome s a, w h e n t h e t o n e IS move d f o r w ar d , e .
g . Dip) , £ 11151 ”

( se e d
Pa ra ig m Perf N ip h . . of N P) ; fl igh t, fe m . nénn, w it h suffix, ‘ 51Jp 0

Th e no t u n c o mm o n use of 1 in a sh a r p e ne d y ll s ab l e , as ” P111 3 Ez ( fbr

”
91 733 1 c f. a l so the e xa p
m le s in 5 9 o) , is t o b e reg a r e as a n ort h og ra h ic dd p
l ic e nc e , a l t h oug h so me t im e s in suc h c a se s a m ay re a l l h a v e b e e n in t e n e y dd
b y t h e K e th ibh .

0 Of t h e v ow e l s o f t h e U-c l ass, it an d t o n e-l o ng 6 st a n d in a t o ne -b e ari ng

 27 19- 3 ] Cha ng e qf Vowels , as re
g ar s d Q ua ntity 9 1

d fin
c lose al s yll ab l e , and 6 in a t onel ess y ll
s ab l e , e . g p: h e
. w im
ll a rise
,

DP: j u i ss v e , let him arise, DP") ’ a nd he a rose. Th e o nl y

in st a n c e o f a i n a n
y
Y

ul t i ma w h ic h h as l ost t h e t o ne is 0 5 1 E x 1 62° ( se e 5 6 7 n) . S im ila rl , of

v ow e l s o f t h e I -c l a ss, é, i, a n d e st a n d in a t o n e -b e a rin g c l ose d fin yl l

al s ab le ,

a nd e in a t o ne l e ss s yll a b l e, e .
g.D‘
P: h e will ra ise
, DP: let h im ra ise, S
DP} a nd he
y in
.

ra ised . Th e on l st a n c e of i in a n ul t ima w h ic h h a s l ost t h e t o n e is

f lin
Ju ( se e 5 6 7 p ) .

2. I n th e pl ac e of a Pa th a h w e no t i n f q u nt ly find (
re e a c c or d ing to g 9f) p
a S eg h él ( é, é) as a mo d i fi c a t io n of a

(a ) In a c l o se d ante p e n ul t i ma , e. g . in t h e p p n m mp g; ro er a es a nd

w h e re L XX AB: t inl y t h d i ng cf U l me r,
’
”
33 , w h ic h i s c er a b tt e e e r re a , .

p d p nul t im
.

D ie se mit E igenna men, 1 1 2 in l Pfin‘ b ut

.
90 1 , .
; or a c o se g e a, e. .
,

al so DD 1
'
’
your h an d ,
fo r ya dekh ém . In all t h ese c a se
s the c h a ra c t e r o f th e

s urro un d ing c o nson a nt s ( se e 5 6 q ) h as n o d oub t h ad an fl

in ue nc e .

(b) R eg ularl y g uttural wi th Q a mes or H a tep h Qa mes,

b efo re a
q
wh ere t h e st reng th eni ng h as b ee n dro
pp e d, p ro vi ded t h a t a le ng t h en

ing of t he P a tha h i nt o Qa mes b e no t nec essa r , e g l PN his brothers,

‘
y . .

fo r
’
a kaw WPP fa lse for ha hd i ,
PPP
g overnor, c onst r . st .
”35 DUB

( ith tic le
‘
P t he th e DPJP ‘ N u
coa l ; P living w ar ,
P for ) P ; 2 &c .
,

y b e fore
'

a nd a lw a P a nd D‘ v he mon th s 35 h
so s P as zj P
P t , see .

B e fore P a nd 1} S g h fil g enerall
e
c y y st a nds onl y in t h e se ond s l la b le
b e fore t h e t one e g P PPPthe mounta ins; P e g u ilt ; i mme di a t ely
PP
’
, . t h .

b e fore t h e t one P a tha h is leng t h ened i nt o a (p re t oni c ) Q a mes e g ,

. .

PPP D P ; b ut c f also “ P9 P Nu 8 7 B e fore t h e w eak c onsona nt s

P
,
. .

s a nd 1 ( c f 22 c g
) t h e leng t h eni n
.
g o f t h e P a th a k i nt o Q mes
, ,
a

a lmost al wa y s t akes
p la c e e
g PP P t he
f t h er
p l n iasn w
i t h ? th e ,
. . a ,
.
v lv ’

hea d p l ,
E xc ep ti ons P2P t ow a rds t he mou nta in Gn 1 4
. in , ,

t h e t o ne-sy lla ble fo r h arra ; l PE P (p m ) f O P as ‘

PP r n a e o r n .
,

a form of t h e i nt errog a tiv e P P on PD for PP (PD )

( ) see 1 00 n ; , ,

37 e f F i,
na ll y 515-
9
2
.
8 Ex
3 3 a l so c om e s
p a
,
r t l y under th i s h ea d in
,
3
,

conseq uenc e o f t h e loss of t h e strengt h eni ng for PP P‘IE a nd P K RIP , ,

‘

E z ekiel for 5sa0 3= 5s m God st r eng thens

g .

( )
e As d
a mo ifi c at ion o f t h e o rig inal P a th ah i n t h e fi rst c l ass o f t h e seg h o l a t e 7
.

forms 9 3 y) , w h e n a h e l in g v o w e l 2 8 e) i s i n se rt e p
a t e r t h e se c o n d f d
c o nso n a nt df
Th us t h e g ro un - o rm h a lb ( dog ) , a t e r re c e iv ing a h e l ing S eg h él ,
. f p
is m o ifi e d d int o 3 55 ( a l so in m od e rn A rab ic ronou nc e d ya rh ( month ) ,p
w it h h e l in g
a a ,
p P th a h m m . T h e sa me p h e n o me no n a p p e a rs a l so in t h e
fo rma t io n o f v e rb s, i n c a se s l i k PJ (j i e ’ uss v e o f t h e H ip h il
‘
of f ig ) ,
w it h
a h e l p ing S ‘ g h el, fo r yag l
y mm n i d yll
.

3 T h e a t t e nuat io n o f a to s v er co o n a t o ne l e ss c l o se i i s a b le . 3
y d y
.

( a ) I n a fi rml c lose s l la b l e, fi t; h is mea sure, for fi t; ( in a sh a r p e ne d

s yll ab l e ) ; $ 5
1 1 5 ” I h a re b egotten th ee, f ro m thi
”
s: w it h th e suffi x
“

j c f. LV 1

E 2 3 8 23 , a nd 5 44 d . Es p e c ia l l yi s t h is t h e c ase in a l arg e nu mb e r o f seg h ola tes

1
S o t h e LXX w rit e ma xm sa for pi rates ,
 9 2 P ec ulia rities a nd
f
Ch a ng es o L ett ers 2
7 w, 2 8 a
t -

f ro m th e g ro u nd f or m ga ll, w h e n co mb ined w it h si n gul a r suffixes, e . g .

~ I?
V
my rig h teousness, for sa doi.

t ( b) I n a l o ose l y -c o se l d sy l la b l e , i . e. o ne fol l ow e d b y an a s ira te d B eg ad kep h a th , p

as your bl ood, fo r a nd so c o mm o n l y
in t h e s t cons tr p lm o f . . .

se gh lat f o es ro m th e g roun d-fo1 m qa tl, e . g .

“ 133 f ro m "
133 (g r ound f or m bag el)
a g a rment . most
t h is kind t h e a t te nuat io n is e asi l i nt e l li i le
In c a se s o f y gb
fro m t h e n a t u re o f t h e surr oundin c o nson an t s I t 1 8 ev ide n t ro m a c o m g f
p
.

a r iso n o f t h e d ial e c t s, t h a t t h e a t t e n ua t io n w a s c o n sist e n t l c arrie d o ut i n y

a ve r y g
l a r e num e r o f noun and v er b
o rms 1 n H e re w a s w il l b e sh ow n 1 11 bf '

b
p p p
t h e ro e r l ac e s 1 .
,

u 4 S gh 61 i i . d d it i n t e
a r se s, n a o o t h e c ase s men t io ned i n o and p , a l so f ro m
th w k ing f f t h fi n l
e ea en o a; o
“

e a b
sy l l a le in t h e i so l a t e d c ase s fo r a!
"
1

in S 8 5 4 8 d ) 11
t 2 15 see , 20 ‘ I s 5 9 5 , Pr 24“
( se e 5 4 8 1) fo r e x mpl
a e s of

L t i f m in n
oc a 59 1 ve or s see 0 e nd .

I) 5 Am n g t h
. o e H tp a e h -so un ds is sh o rt e r a nd g
l i h t er t h a n 7 1
a nd c on

se qu n t l y t h
e e vo w el g rou p 1 s sh o rt e r t h an e . g .
D1 1N E dam,
'

b ut ’ D"1§
(Edomite) ,
sh orte n e d a t th e b g inning b
e ec a u se t h e t one is t h row n
f o rw a rd , max ( 0 0 0 0 0
”
méth ) truth , 115113 15 h is tr uth ; 13 53 3 .
h id den, p l D3 .
33} ?
b ut y new"; b ut
f 5 63 1 3 a l so c o nv e rse l c 1

w 6 T t h h pt
T ‘
f

n. w l h ng o b l ng l t ly t h di i mil ti n f w l
e c a er o vo e c a es e o s as e ss a o o vo e s,
i th h ng
. e f n
. w l i nt e c n th ant i l y h t g n u in
e o d to e vo e o a o er e re e e ro e eo s, or e1 o

p nt t w imil
1 e ve l ly l t d w l f m f l l w in g n
o s n th in
a r, o 1 c o se re a e vo e s, ro o o o e a o er

th m w d” H n
e 11515 f
sa 1 2 16 ( unl
e
) or C f l . f m n
a
r ; e ce or 1 ess . . a so ro

f m W111 ; ,1D 11 f m 1113 ; 1113 3 f m

ro f m t m 3 131 ; ’ 1 ro 2 ro ro s e

m t p b b ly l 115 fi p nng W isp p up in f 3 Bp 5 68 n t

" 1 o ’ ’ ’
‘

os ro a a so s orc e, or see 0, o e .
,

On th e p p ro e r name s R111
: a nd w h ic h w e re fo xmerly . e xp l a ined in t h e

sa m e w ay, see n o w Prat orius, Z D MG . 1 90 5 , p .

34 1 f .

§ 28 . Th e R ise o f New Vow els a nd S yl la bles .

a 1 . A cco rding to c onsonant with g wa 26 m a h al f syl lab l

- e, i. e. a e

mob ile (always weakened from a sh ort vo we l) c a n only o cc u in c lose ,

r

dep endenc e o n a full syllab le I f anoth er ha lf syllab le w ith simple .

-

g w a fol low t he fi st t akes a full sh ort vowel aga in

e s, T his v owel r .
’

is lmo t lw a ys Hireq
a I n most c ases it is p b ab ly an a tt enua t ion
s a . ro

o f an orig inal d and ne v er amere h elp ing v o we l I n some inst a nc es

,
.

a na log y ma y h v e led t o t h e c h o ic e of t h e 1 Thu acc ording t o

a . s,

10 d t h p r fi x es 3 3 5 b efore a c onsonant w ith é w d mobile

2 , e e , ,
e

b e me 3co3 5 e g 3 3 3 3 3 3 "3 3 5 b efo re

, ; ,
t hey are po inted a s
, . .
”
,
”
,

in 3 3 1 3 3 (f m bi y h d d a a cc ording t o § 2 4 c) ; so t oo w it h d
ro
e
,

co ul ti e
p e g 3 3 13
a
3 f r
”1
v a t t e
,
nu t e d f o m .
”
2 T h e
. fi rst h al f
1
,
o a r .

1 An a l og o u s t o t h is a t t e nua t ion o f d t o 1 i s t h e L at ta ngo, . a ttingo ; la xus,

p rolixas ; to t h e t ra n sit ion o f d t o 5 (se e a o v e , a ) , t h e L a t b . ca rp o, dece rp o ;
sp a rgo, consp erg o.

D ie N ominal bzldung in: den semit Sp r ,

Cf B a rt h xi ulle r, Theol
’

p x x A M .

p b p
. . . .
,
.

S tud u K rit , 1 8 9 2 , 1 7 7 f , a n d N e st l e , i id ,
.
573 f
Ex p bf p
. . . . . . .

3
c e i
t 1 a nd, w h c h e ne rall e c om e s 1 e o re a s m
i l e S °
wa, c f 5 1 0 4 g yb .
 94 P ec ulia rities a nd Ch a ng es of L et ters 28
f , 2
9 a- d

S g /ail b ut w it h media l
a
, or final g ut t urals a P a tha h a nd a t er 1 ,
l
f
e a nd he revea led, fo r w ig l 3 3 : l et it mu lt i l , for
a .
g .
ag p y g
; f 35 f
"

57 i oli ness, g round- o rm m

'

irb ; 2 h udi brook g ro und- na hl

y q , or

for W1 3 3 thou h ast sent ; 11 7

3 ho use, gro und- fo r m bay t . Th e se

h e lp i ng v o w els a re , tly like fu t iv

h owev er, t o b e reg arde d a s e xa c r e

P a tha h 2 2 f g) ; th y do no t alte t h m n yll b ic c h a ct of

,
e r e o os a ar er

f i md th ey di ap p ea r b efore formativ e sufiixes e g 3 3 2my

"
t he or ms ,
s ,
. .

holiness, 711 3
37 h ome-wa rd .

f 5 . O n t he rise of a full v ow e l in p la c e of a si mp le S wae

'

, under t h e

influenc e of t h e p a use, see 2 9 m ; on init ial for N , see 23 h .

29 . The Ton e, i ts Cha nges a nd the P a use .

a 1 . The p rinc ip al tone res s, a t cc ording t o th e M a sore tic ac cen t uation

(cf .
5 c
) ,
as a rule on t h e final sylla b le, e .
g . 315 3 ,
“
1 3 3 ,
Has 0 1 33 1
3 ,

0 155D H
{ y — in t h e last fiv e ex amples on t h e f
m a t iv e a dditions
or

t o t he t m L e s f equent ly it rest s on t h e
s e . s r p e nul tima as ni 7 1
3;
1
,

night ” 3 1 3
3 2 3 113 3 1 b ut a losed p e nult ima an only h av e t he t on e c c
, ,

if t h e ul tima is Op en (e g 3 33 3 3 33 3: whil st a c lose d ul t ima . .

,
1 .

c an as a rule only b e w it h out t h e t one if t h e p enult ima is op en e g , . .

5
0 2 1, DE I ; S see al so b elo w , e.

b A kind of count e tone r- or se onda ry c t

s ress, pp osed t o t h e
as o

p i
rn c ip al t one , is marke d b y Mth ge e 1 6 Words w hic h a re c losely
unit ed b y M
a qq ep h w it h t h e , following w ord 1 6 a) c an at t he mos t
h a ve only a se o nda ry c t one .

0 2 . t one of a w o d how e er f equently sh ifts it s p lac e

The orig inal r ,
v ,
r

in c onse quenc e eith er of c hanges in t h e wo d its l f o of it l se r e ,

r s c o

c nnexion w ith oth er w o ds I f t h e word i inc e sed a t t h end t h

o r . s r a e , e

t one i mov ed fo w d (de c endit) one or t w o p l c es c ding t o t h

s r ar s a ac or e

leng t h of t h e addit ion e g 133 w ord p l ur 3 13 3 ;

5 " 1
o u w ord ; r
y ,
. .
,
. s

135 3 w it h Wou
3 1P h oly th ing p lur 0 3 3 2; U3Q I? w it h suffi x 1 3 15 1
' ’

,
w c on
.
1
,

sec ut ive 153 O n t he c onseq uent v ow l h ange s see 2 7 d i—m

3
19 1 . e -c , , .

d 3 On t h e t h er hand t h o ig inal t one is sh ift ed f m t h e ult im

. o ,
e r ro a

t o t h e p enul t ima (a s nd it ) ce

1 On t h e a pp a re nt e x pti
ce o ns N3 3 , &c .
,
o f. 5 22 e ; ot h e r i nst a nc e s in w h ic h
Nh as e n t ire l yl o st i t s c o n so na nt a l va l ue , a nd is o n l y re t a i n e d o rt h o g ph i
ra c a ll y ,

b
.

a re any ) sin &j

, g va lley ( a l so 1
g) , N13 va nity (J 1
5
31
K eth ib h
2
f
I n t h is o r m ( 5 65 g ) t h e D agcé lene re ma i n s i n t h e fi na l Taw, a l t h o ug h
a v o w e l p re c e d e s, i n o rd e r t o p o in t o ut t h a t t h e h e l i ng Pa th a h is n o t t o b e p
re g ard e d a s a re a l l y f
ul l v o w e l , b u t me re l a s a n o rt h o rap h ic i n d ic a t io n o f y g
a ve r y
sl ig h t so un d, t o e n su re t h e c orrec t ro n unc ia t io n A n a na l o ous c a se p . g
is g ihad f
ro m H IH ( 5 7 5 r)
'
.
§ 2 9 e,
f] T he Tone its Cha ng es a nd the P a use
, 95

( )
a I n many forms of t h e I mp er fec t , under t h e i nflu nce of a p e re

x ) he will
”
g “
9 a nd
17
fi ed d consec ut ive
(1 see
§ 49 c- e , e. g . sa y ,

he sa id 31 5: h e w ill g o ,
a nd he wen t . Cf . a l so 5 mp f
1 n on t he i .

N ip h al,
'

a nd 65 9 , e nd, o n t h e mp f P el on i . i ‘
t h ese fo r ms in Pa use ,
w h en t h e 1 c ong ee . do es no t t ake effec t , see b el ow , 17 .

( )
b F or rhy t h mi c a l rea sons ( a s oft en in o t h er lang uages), wh e n ( 3
a monosyllable , or a w ord w t h t h e t one i on t h e fi rst syllab l e , follow s
a w ord w th t h e t one i on t h e ult im a, in o rder to av o id t he c o nc u renc e r
of l l
t w o t one -s
y a b les h s r h yt h m c al ret ra c t on o f t h e t one, h ow ev e r
.
‘
T i i i
(
'
liniS Jib -recedin , a s it is c alled b y t h e
j g ew sh g ra mma r ans , is o nly
) J i i
ad mi ssi b le ac c o r di ng p to a,t h at t h e p enult ma , w h ch
ab ov e, rov id ed i i
now r ecei ves t he t o ne , is a n op en syllab le (w t h a lo ng v o w el ; b ut i
see g ), w h lst t h e i i i
ult ma, w h c h l o ses t h e t o ne , must b e e t h er a n op en i
syl la b le w t h a l o ng i v ow el , e g . .
N P
E,
'

G11 1
5
,
27
25
,
Ex 1 6 29
, i
sx

Dn 1 1
13
, or a S593 ?
c losed sylla b le w t h i a sh o rt v o wel , e .
g DD .

Gn Jb 3 2 2 Th e gra t e suffix es D}
3
13 DE L lQ are e x c ep t i ons
29 2

Mo r eov r a fai r numb er of i nstanc es oc cur

, .
, , ,

as t h ey never l ose t h e t one . e

in w h i h t h e ab ov e c ondi t i ons are fulfilled b ut t h e t one is not ret r ac t ed

c

a nd b efo re N ; of Q imhi M
, ,

e g e sp w i t h ”1U
. . . ihhlol ed R i t t enb erg
,
.
, ,
.

L k b li ne 1
( y c p 4 , 3 if .
, .

A lt h ough S ere can remai n in a closed ult i ma wh i ch h as lost th e t one it f ,

is p erh ap s not t o b e reg arded in t h i s case (see 8 b) as a long v o w el At

“

a ny rat e it t h en al wa s h a in e t e d i t i o n a r et rdi ng M etheg no

y c orr c s a s, , ,

do ub t in o rder t o p revent it s b ei ng p ronounc ed as S gh ol e g {

BW ES T "
e
. .
,

Nu cf N u 1 7 Ju 2 0 I s 66 Jer 2 3 E z 2 2 $ 3 7 7 a nd e ven wi t h
.
23
,
2
,
3
,
29
,
25
, ,

a fol low i n q i
gf i 26
u t iv P th a h P 1 1 r& c a l th oug h
e t h ere s n o
a u e st o n r , .
,

h ere of t w o suc cessi v e t one syll b le I n ot h er c ases t h e sh o r t eni ng -

a s.

i nt o g gh il does take p l c e e g Elf? DS who smit th the a n il I s 4 1

e ‘
r lfi a
7
,
. . e v , ,

fo r Q 5“ 7 7 W N i b 1 K 1 6 — Th e ret r ac t i on of t h e t ne ev e n o c urs 24
o c
5 .

wh en a h al f syll ab le w i t h a g w a mob i le p reced

- t h o r i g i nal t one e
es e
.
syll ab le e g is
<

and freq ue nt l ;
"
“ Dbi l Gn 133 8 ’
fl) ” DD ‘
,
. .
y 4 2 ,

1
E v en H r r
e b e w p ose p o c e e ds , ac c o d i ng t o t h e a c c e nt ua t io n , in a r
i nd o f r k
iamb ic h y t h m r T
h a t t h is w a s in t e n d e d b y t h e ma ing o f t h e t o ne , c a n b e rk
M
.

r
se e n f om t h e use o f e t h e g —Jos W ij nk oo p in D arch e h a nnesig a h sive leges dc . .

a ccentus H ebra ica e lingua e ascensi one, n dg B a t 1 8 8 1 , e nde av o u s t o e p la in , L . . r x

o n e up h o n ic a nd sy nt ac t ic a l g oun ds t h e n um e ou s c a se s i n w h ic h t h e usua l
,
r r
r t ra t i n
e c o of t h e t o ne doe s n ot oc c u , e . r g .
fltvfi I s 4 57 , w h e r e th e j
o b ec t

p r b b ly i
o t o av o id a
a ind o f h ia t us ; b ut c f a l so A m
s k
P rat o rius, Ueb e r
H
.

den rackweich A ccent im H ebr , a ll e , 1 8 9 7 , h a s ful ly d isc usse d t h e na soy a hor

’

H
. . .

3
Th e e a d ing [3 2( so r
e ve n O it ius a n d
p a h n ) E
23
2 1 67 fo r
D W}—? is ig h t l y
‘
r
r r rr r r T w
el
o

de sc ib e d b y B a e a s e o t u p is — h a t a n u nc h a ng e ab l e v o ‘
l n a c lo se d
’
.

fi na l sy l la b l e c a n no t l ose t h e t o n e is sh o w n b y Prat ori us f om t h e d up l ic a t io n r

o f t h e acce n t see a b ov e , 5 z z f
( ) .
 9 6 Peculiarities a nd Cha ng es of L etters 29 g k
-

}
w,
3 1
5
3
; 1 6 Is 1 4 as al so wh en t h e t one-syllab le of t h e second word
is p r ec eded b y a h alf yllab le, e g -s . .
p a fit/f : f Gn 1 ( on t h e D ag .
f .
,
of .

)
zo f ; 1 5 nD
I
7
G n 1 5 (c f 20
§ .

A rding t t h ab v
cco o e o e, r
i t must b e e g a de d as a nomal o us w h en t h e r a so a M r
th r w b k t h t on f a c l o se d ul t ima up o n a vi tua lly sh a p e n e d sv l l ab l e r
o s ac e e o
r
w it h h rt v w l ga s o o e , e. .
L3 1 0 3 1 1 0 5, S
1 0 1 a ; in
<

J b c f Lv .

H o335 P0 35 G n wh e r eas it r
e l se w h e e al l ow s a c l ose d p e nul t ima
t b
o r t h t one nly w h
ea
’

e o ent h e ul t ima is o p e n o e . S t il l m r a no mal o us is t h e

p la c i ng o f t h e t o ne o n a r
rea lly sh a p e n e d sy l l ab l e , w h e n t h e ul t ima is c l o se d,

a s in 1 DE s 53
23
‘
E
! S giv
e Jb c f al so
.
gé nr
r g;
'

n 94
O 4 , w it h Mt h e eg

of the se c o nda ry t one . We sh o ul d r e ad e it h e r 50 331 or, w i t h F ren sdo rfi ,

’

M assora Mgn
a a , p . a ft e rB o mb DEF] O th e r ab n o rm al fo rm s
-
a re 53 ’I ll
Lil E x 44 ( for simil a instanc es r se e 5 5 1 c, e n d ) and D ? sg a
3l Dt 1 0 5.

ft ( ) 0 I n p a use, see i a
v .

Th e mee t ing of t w o t o ne -syl l a b l e s ( se e e, f) is av oide d al so b y c onnec t ing

t h e w o d s w it h r M aq q ep h , i n w h ich c a se t h e fi st w o d e n t i e l y l ose s t h e t on e , r r r
e g nt 3 1
.
-
e 3 . and h e wrote th ere, m J os

i 4 . i
Ve r y mp ort ant ch a nges o f t h e t one a nd o f t h e v owels are effec t ed
b y t h e p a use B y t h s t erm is meant t h e st rong st ress la d on t he
. i i
t one-syllab le in th e last w or d of a sent ence (v e r se) or c lause I t is .

marked b y g reat dist inctive a ccent, S illuq , Athnd h, and in t h e ac

’
a

c ent ua t io n f h
o t e b ooks
"
n un, O lé w g er ed
a
15 h
) p art fr o m t h e se
'

. A
p r i nc i p al p auses
( the gr ea t p a u se
) ,
th e re a re o ft e n p a usal c h ang es (the
lesser p a use) w t h t h e l esser d st nc t v es, esp ec i i i i i a lly S g olt a , Z a gep h
e

gat n , R bh i , a
o
e a
nd e ve w t
n h i a
‘
‘
P a ij a , T p h h , Gerei, i a nd ( Pr 3 0 ) P a z er
4
.
‘

T h e ch ang es are as follow s

k ( ) Wh en t h e
a t one -syllable nat ur ally h as a sh ort v o w el , it a s a rul e

b ec o m es t o ne- on l g in p a use, e g , A , E, . . 59 2 5UP T V

‘
D1 5 , DY

i i
'
e h l
A n a wh c h h as b een mod fie d t o S g o usually b e c omes a in p a use

T r 7 17 5 2 K 1 fi
"
e .
g (g . ound f -?
llV m l ) p
i n a use
3 - or i
ga r ” i r Jer t fi 22

In m t p r ob b ly n a
os un t f a f ll w ing
c ase s, a o cc o o o o gu t t u al r or ( at th e e nd
of a se nt e nc e ) 3!
( c f. e .
g Ex. Je r 3 9 [b ut G in sb .
agn ] , R u m Ec 1 1“ [b ut
G insb . b e fo r e ) Je t
z
[see a l so 29 w] .
r

m; 0 5 W S J ? 7
1
KW ) ‘
J 7 7

r ry i rr r
.

Is Pr 25
3
, wh e e a h as muna h, a re ve e g ul a ,
b ut t h e l en g t h e n ing
he r e is p r o b ab l y o nl y to a v o id the c ac op h o ny sap h dl ’ Z
-
t I n t h e sa me w ay
Mh p
.

71
? n Ez 1
7
15
( w ith a a kh rb e fo e a nd r
{31 p E 2 3 78 (w i t h D a g a b e fo e r
2) a re to b e e xp l in d a e . T h e f ur in o t n
i
of g t f
s a 3 3 ap p r n t ly r q uir
c es ” or ”
.
a e e e

a diffe re n t e xp l n t i n a a o se e 5 32 c -T h
. th ry f Ol h u n n d t h r t h t
e eo o s a se a o e s a
t h e p h e n o me n a o f t h e p a use a re e e re o ca c o s e a o s, e du nti ly t l it urg i l n id r t i n i . .

t h a t i t is ‘ a c on ve n ie nt w a y o f d e v e l op ing t h e music a l v a l ue o f t h e fi na l
a c c e nt s b y me a n s o f fulle fo ms in l it u g ic a l e ad ing ( ie v e s, et r r
S tudien, r r S r Mr .

i . 23 6, a l so e xp l a i ns p ausa l f rm
o s l ik np e 5
§ D PT , as l at e f rm t i n
o a o s of th e
7 7 7 ,

is r
c o n t ad ic t e d b y t h e fa c t t h a t simila p h e no m e n a a re st il l r
t o b e o b se v e d i n m o d e r rn v u lg a r Ar
a b ic , w h e e t h ey c a n on ly b e a t t i b u t ed t o r r
r h y t h mic a l ea so ns o f a r r
g e ne al c h a ac t e r r .
 98 Peculia rities a nd Ch an
g es
f
o L ett ers 29 p
—w

w th B aer i and G in h e is t o b e p r efe r re d t o t h e r eadi ng of e d

Mt
. .
,

an .
, &c .

p ( )
d Co nv ersely a ll fo r ms of i mp e rfec t s c onsecut v e, i whose final
syllab le , w h en not in p a use, lo ses t h e t one a nd is p r o nounc ed w t h i
a sh ort vow e l , t ake, w h en in p a u se, t h e t one o n t h e ul t ma w t h a i i
t one long -
vow el, e DD§1 a nd he died, in p a use nD l ’
.
g . .

9 Of oth e r
t h e p a use w e h av e st il l t o m e nt ion , ( 1 ) t h e t a n sit io n o f
e ffe c t s o f r
r
a n e ( l e ng t h e n e d f o m t ) t o t h e m o e di st in c t a ( se e a b ov e l) , e g 11
,
“

3 71 fo r a r . . m
Is 1 85 ( c f. 5 67 o; 5 7 2 dd) , 5 9 1) I s
7 D I Ch 8
YN ( b e sid e 5xx see u 3 7
38
.

1
5
0 11 3 113 13 1 5 7
7
6
(S ; aar E zr mar) J r 22
e
14
“ an O b 20 ; wi n sE x 3 1
17
;
‘
WJN’1 2 S 1 21 5 ( b e low
, § 5
1 m —
) S R . . nan Gn I 7
“
; DYDD 1 S
W
"
I
“
7 1

nnsn 40
18
i9a Jb 1 3
21
,
m ost ly b e fo re li quid s or sib il a nt s (b ut a l so 21 ? !

I s 42 22
,
a nd w it h out t h e p a use fi
“
n La So a l so 71
L5
1( sh o rt e ne d fr o m 7 151 )
2 .

b e c ome s 1 n p ause 1 5 31 ; cf .
“

15 5
1 La 3 ;
2 L
1 _F1 for
, 15 J u 151 O n S eg h ol i n p a use
in st e a d of S r
e e , c f.
5 2 n, 60 d , an d e sp e c ial ly 5 75 n, on 1 1 11 1 Pr 44
1 and 7
2
.

r ( 2) Th e t r an sit io n f r o m a t o e in t h e ul t rm a ; so al w ay s i n t h e fo rmul a

5
13 1115 ( fo r WV) for eve r a nd
S (3) (a c c o rdi ng t o 5 5 4 k l e ng t h e ned
T h e p a usal Qa mes ,
f r o m o rig inal a ) in
H ithp a cl ( b ut n o t in Pt el ) fer S ere, e g 1 51111 1 J b 1 8 8 for B ut p ausal
'‘

1
. .

fo r ms l ik e 1 11 1; DDW( in t h e a bsol st m6 DDW) g o b ac k to a se c o nda ry f rm ‘

. . o

o f t h e a bs st mD DDW . .
‘

t (4 ) Th e r e st 0 1 a t i o n o f a fi n al Yodh w h ic h h as b e e n d r op p e d f r o m t h e st e m ,
t oge t h e r w it h t h e p r e c e din g v o w e l , e . g 1 1
11D
. 11
:
11 1: I s 1
2 1 2, for 1 11D 111 72 th e
1 :

l at te rw it h o ut t h e p a use I s 5 69 1 2
al so c 1 26 , f Jb
. a nd th e sa me oc c u rr e nc e
r1
e v e n i n t h e w o d b efo e t h e p a use D t 3 23 7 , I s 2 1 2 r .

r r s
0
"
u ( 5) Th e t an siti o n f o m 6 or 6 t o a in p a use as 1 ! Is if i t b e a l oc a t iv e

of D
xW a nd n o t r at h e r im p e i a t Q al o f
“
HSDW G n 4 3 14
f0 1 ”H
DW;
D 11
, .

1
W
F Dj O u 4 9 27 ; p e h a p s a n d DDW r 2 234 ,
17
G n 49 I I a l so
11 K 17
D ,
1 s 59
P D s 28 1 , ,

cf 2 K 21 h nd t h e re gul a r p u al f rm n r d in a ry
13
O n t h e ot h (
. .
r :
a ei a a s o o

imp e r fe t c rre p on d t o a p e rf
c t V D” ( se 5 4 7 h )
o s s ec e .

z) 6
( ) W h e n a P th h b t h p r d s n d fo l l ow aa ir t ual l y t r e n g t h ne d
a o ece e a s v s e

g ut t u r l t h e c nd b e om a in p u n d t h e fi rst s g h l o r d i ng t
e
a , se o c es a se, a o acc o

q mg; S im ila rl y n
,

g HN my b r th r s w h er
5 n d " np u
2 2 a c 2 7 6 , . . o e s, i a se i c ase e

n o r ig in l P th h aft r g utt ur l h as b e e n a t t enu at e d t o o ut o f p u nd

‘

a a a a e a a z a se, a

t h e n l e ng t h en e d t o e w i t h t h e t o ne ( of. 5 4 k) , D n J l ‘ b u t l n p ause
'

g el ,
. .

D t 3 23 ° Nu 8 7, 23 9, l f g h ol , in i n fi n
r
1
c f. Ez - Ou S e
gt p a u sa e e,
o r S .

i mp e ra t .
,
an d i mp e rf . of v e rb s W ssee 5 ’
, 7 5 kit .

w [O th e r in st a n c e s of t h e ful l v o w el i n l e sse rp a u se , wh e r e the v o ic e w o uld

na t u all y r r e st on t h e w o d, r a re Ou 1 5
1‘
1 1 D111 , I s
'

40
24
,
H 0 41 2, 8 7 , D n
a nd v e ry o ft e n in suc h c ase s. ]
 SE C O N D PA R T

E T YMO LOG Y ,
O R THE PA R S O F S PEE CH T

§ 30 . S tems a nd R oots ‘
: B ilitera l Trili tera l , a nd

Qua dr ilitera l .

1 . S tems in Heb rew , as in t h e o th e r S em t ii c lang uag es, h av e t h i s a

p ec ul a i rity , t h at b y far t h e maj o r i t y of t h em c ons st i of th r ee c on

sona nt s . O n t h ese t h e mea n ing essent a lly i dep e nds w h l e t h e , i va ri ous

modi ficat io ns of th e id ea a1 e e xp re sse d rat h e r by c h ang es in t h e
v ow els, e .
g.P (
D” PDV or PDlj ; t h e 3 rd p e r s . i
s ng .
p e r f doe s not . o cc ur
)
it w a s deep , PDQ deep , PD” dep th, PDll, a va lley , p la in
.

S uc h a st em .

i
may b e e th er a v e r b or a noun, and t h e lang uag e c ommo nly e h b t s x i i
b ot h t og eth er , 12 he ha s sown K il l seed D D he w a s w ise 0 0
g 1 1 , e . Q
.
, 3 ,

a w ise ma n F or p r act ca l p ur p oses, h ow ev e r , it h as l ong b een t h e

. i
c ust om t o reg a r d a s t h e st em t h e grd p ers sing P erf
Qa l (see . . .

i
s nc e it is o ne o f the s i mp le t f r m s o s of t he v erb , w t h out i any fo r ma t i ve

a dd i ti on s . N ot only are rb r efe rr ed t o t h i s

th e o t h er fo r ms of the ve

st em b ut al so t h e noun forms a nd t h e la r g e numb e r of p a rt i c les

,
-
,

der i v ed fr om nouns ; e g WP 2 he w a s h o ly
W 731 h o l in e s
.s W lWP h.oly , ,
.

S omet i mes t h e lang uag e a s w e h av e it ex h i b i t s only t h e v er b al b , ,

st em w i t h out a ny c o rr e sp ondi ng no un fo r m e g PPD t o stone P0 ; -

, . .
,

t o br a y and o n t h e o t h e r h a nd t h e noun so met imes e x i st s w i t h out ,

t h e c or r esp ondi ng v e r b e g 33 5: st on e 3 33 sou th S i nc e h ow eve r t h e

,
. .
, .
, ,

nomi na l or ve1 b al st ems w h i c h are not now found 1 n H eb r ew g ene r ally , ,

oc c ur in one or mo r e o f t h e o t h er S emi t i c di a lec t s it may b e a ssume d , ,

a s a rul e t h a t H e b r e w w h en a l i v i ng la n ua g e al so esse d t h em
, g p oss
, ,
.

Thus in A r ab i c th e v er b al st em ahi nd (to become comp a c t ha rd)

, ,
’ ‘

c orr es onds t o 13 13 a nd t h e A ra mai c v e rb n g a b t o be dry t o 3 33

( )
e
p ,

R m 1 e T h J w i h g r mmar i n
. .
e l l t h st m ( i
e s th 3 d p r sing C
a a s ca e e . e. e r e s. .

P rf Q l) WWr t H it b m u t m ry m ng C h ri t ian g r m
“

e .
1 a n oo . e ce e ca e c s o a a o s a

m ri n t ll t h t m n d it th r n nt
’

a a s dix
o ca e n s e lttt rad l in ,
a s ee c o so a s era e ra i ca es
,
nt r d i t in t i n t t h litt ml f m ti l tt On t h rr t u '

co a s c o o e erae ser es or or a re e ers. e co ec se

o f t h t rm e t e 9 roo , se e .

On t h e q u t i n d i u d h r es mp o th b ib l i g r p h y a t t h h
s sc sse d e e co a1 e e o a e ea
of 5 79
 E tymolog y , or th e P a r ts o Sp f eech 30 d- g

d 2. Ot h e rs reg a rd t h e t h re e st e m-c onso na nt s as a

in t h e sense t h at , c o n root,

side re d a s vowelless an d unp ro n ounc e ab l e , i t re p re se nt s t h e c o m m o n fou n d at io n

o f t h e v e rb a l a n d n o m in a l st e m s de v e l o p e d from i t , ust as in t h e v e g e t ab l e j
w orl d , from w h ic h t h e fi g ur e is b orrow e d, st e ms g ro w from t h e h idde n
r oo t , 9 g . .

R oot t h e inde t e rminat e idea of rul ing.

V e rb -st e m, 1 5e h e h as reigned . Noun -st e m , 1 519 king .

F or t h e h ist or ic a l in v e st ig a t ion of t h e l a ng uag e , h ow e v e r, t h is h yp o t h e sis

o f unp ro n ounc eab l e roo t s, w it h inde t e rm in at e m e a ni ng , i s fruit l e ss o re ov e r, . M
t h e t e r m root , as it i s g e n e rally u nd e rst o o d b y p h il ol og ist s, c a nno t b e a p p l ie d
t o t h e S e m it ic t ri lit e ra l st e m (see
C 3 Th e gr d sin g Pe rf Q al , w h ic h , a c c o rdi ng t o t h e ab ov e, is usual ly reg arde d,
. . .

x
b o t h l e ic og rap h ic a l l y a nd g ra m ma t ic ally , as t h e g roun d-fo rm, is g e n era lly
in H e b re w a dissy l l ab le , e. g . s9 g . Th e mon osyl l ab ic form s h av e o nl y a rise n

by c on t ra c t i o n ( ac c ord ing x
t o t h e t ra d it io na l e p l a na t ion ) fro m st e ms w h ic h
h ad a w e ak l e t t e r (1 o r for t h e ir m idd le c onso na nt , e g DE fro m qawam ; . .

or fro m st ems w h o se sec o nd a nd t h i rd c o nso na nt s a re i de n t ic al , e. g fi g an d

.

Q g ( b ut be 6 7, Th e d issy l l ab ic forms h av e t h e mse l v e s n o

‘
se e l ow ,
d oub t a ri se n , t h ro ug h a l o ss of t h e fi nal vo w e l , fro m t risy llab l e s, e. g . $n T

from qatald, it i s i n l it e rary A rab ic

’ ’

as .

m is
f 2 . Th e law of t h e t rilit eral st e so st ric t ly ob served in t h e
fo rmat ion of v erb s and nouns i n H eb re w ( a nd in t h e S e mit ic la nguages

g enerally), t h a t t h e lang uag e h a s somet ime s a dop t e d ar t ific ial met h o ds

t o p reserve at least a n ap p e ara nc e of t r ilit eralism in monosylla bic

ms 71 3 179 for t h e inf c onst r. o f v e rb s

”
cf 69 b Conv erse ly
st e , e .
g . . 1 D; .
§ .

suc h nouns as
,
3 15 f a th er , DN mother ,
71 13 brot her , w h ich w er e formerly
a ll re
g arded a s orig ina l monosyllab ic forms (n omin a p r imitiva ), may,
in some c ases a t least h av e ,
a risen from mut ilat ion of a t rilit eral st em .

g On t h e o t h er h and, a la rge numb er o f t ril it eral st e ms really p o int

to a b ilit eral b ase, w hic h may b e p rop e rly called a r oot
(r a dix

p r ima r ia , bil it t era lis) , sinc e it forms t h e st a rt ing-p oint for sev eral

t rilit eral modific a t ions o f t h e sa me fundame nt a l idea . Th oug h in

t h emselv e s unp ro nounc eable , t h ese ro ot s are
p ronounc ed w it h
usually

d b e t w ee n t h e t w o c onsona nt s, and are re resent e d in w r it ing b y t h e

p
sig n x / ,
e .
g . x/ WD as t h e root o f
'
WB W3 ,
”3 5 . Th e reduc t ion

o f a st e m t o t he underlying roo t may genera lly b e ac co mp lish ed w it h

c ert aint y w h en t h e st e m e x hib it s o ne w eak c o nsona nt w it h t wo st ron

g
ones, or w h en t h e sec ond a nd t h ird co nsona nt s a re ide nt ic a l . Th us
e .
g the
. st e ms flQ I, TI“ ’
,
N23 ,
may all b e t rac e d t o t h e idea of
“Q3 .

striking , brea king , an d the root c o mmon t o t h em a ll is ev ident ly t h e

t wo st ro ng c onsonant s T1 ( da lch
) V ery freq uent ly, h ow e v er, t h e
.

devel op ment st em is efiec t e d b y t h e a ddit ion of

'

of the r oo t int o a

C f Ph ilipp i, D e r G rund st a m m de s
1
. st a rke n V e rb ums, in M g nl
or e a ndisch e

F orsch ungen, Le ip z 1 8 7 5 , p p 6 9 - 1 0 6 . . .
 102 E tymolog y, or the P a r ts f
o Sp eech 30 l- q

me t ime s c oinc ide w it h r oo t s of a simil ar m ea ning i n th e I ndo-Ge r ma n ic

so
fa mil y o f l an g ua g e s 1 h) Of o t h e r roo t s t h e re is de fi n it e e v ide n c e t h a t
.

S e mit ic l ing uist ic c on sc iousne ss reg a rde d t h e m a s on o ma t op oet ic , w h il st t h e

I ndo -G e rman ic i nst inc t fa il s t o re c og n ize in t h e m a ny imi t a t io n o f sound .

1 ( c) S t e ms w it h t h e h a rde r , st ronge r c onsonan t s a re i n g e ne ral 6 r) t o b e

r e ga r de d a s t h e o ld e r , fr o m w h i c h a nu mb e r o f l a t e r st e ms
p r o b ab l y aro se
t h roug h soft e n in g o f t h e c o n so n an t s ; c f 115 a n d flu pm m
'

n
”
: a nd p g p
’
an d .

m
, ,

p , V5” a n d 1517, D513 Pp i a nd ar t, an d t h e a lm o st c o nsist e nt c h ang e of

'

i n it ia l 1 t o i I n ot h e r i nst anc e s, h ow ev e r, t h e h a rde r st e ms h av e o nl y b e e n

.

a d op t e d a t a l a t e r p e rio d from A ra m a ic
,
e g FW D, H e b r nu n F ina lly in . . . .

ma ny case s t h e h a rde r a n d so ft e r st e ms ma y h a v e b ee n i n use t og e t h e r from

t h e fi rst , t h us o ft e n d ist i ngu ish ing , b y a ki nd o f so un d -p a in ti ng , t h e i nt e nsive
a c t io n from t h e l e ss in t e nsiv e se e ab ov e yp to cut, in to sh ea r, &c r .

772 ,
( d) W h e n t w o c o nso na n t s a re uni t e d t o form a r oo t t h e y are usual ly e it h e r
b o t h e mp h a t ic or b ot h mid dl e -h ard o r b o t h soft , e g "
p DP, D) , U I! ne v e r . .
r , ,

23
3 , W ,
D) , DJ, TP . ‘V i t h in (t ril it e ra l ) st e ms t h e fi rst a n d se c o n d c on so n a n t s

are n e v e r i de nt ic al T h e ap p a re n t e c e p t ions a re e i t h e r d ue t o re dup lic at ion

. x
o f t h e ro ot , e g i1 7 1 ( t 4 25 I s
i ,
. Ar a b ic NWNW
.
,
or r e sult fro m o t h e r c ause s,

c f e g 11 3 3 in t h e Le ic o n
. . . x
Th e fi rst a n d t h ird c o n so na n t s are v e ry se l d om
.

iden t ic a l e x c ep t in w h at a re c a ll e d c o nc av e st e m s ( w it h m iddle 1 or

e . g.
m t; n ot e , h ow ev e r ,
T e se c on d an d t h ird c on so n ant s o n t h e ot h er h a n d are v e ry fre
h
n ), 711 3 , ar e ,
W e) , a n d on J b 3 98 0 see

55f .

q ue nt l y ide n t ic a l , se e 5
71 ( e) Th e soft e ni ng me nt ion e d u n de r l is some t ime s so g re at t h at strong
c o nso nan t s, e sp e c ia l l y i n t h e m id dl e o f t h e st e m, a c t ual l y p ass in t o v ow e l s

0
cf ,
g 9 1

( f ) S o me
o, a n d

of
51a m
th e
Lv
c ases
1 se m if it i s fo r
i n w h ic h t rili t era l st e ms c a n no t w it h c e rt a in t y b e
'

t rac e d b a c k t o a b il it e ra l roo t , may b e d ue t o a c omb in a t io n o f t w o ro o t s

a simp l e m e t h o d o f for mi ng e p ressi on s t o c o rre sp on d t o m o re c o mp l e x id ea s x .

1 ) 3 . S tems of four, o r e v en
( in t he c ase of no uns ) o f fi ve consonant s
2

a re se c ondary format ions . Th ey arise from a n e x t ension of t h e t rilit eral

st e m: ( )
a by a ddit io n o f a fo urt h st e m-c onsonant ; (b) in some c a ses

p erh a p s b y c omp osit ion a nd c ont rac t io n of t w o t ril it eral st e ms, b y

w hic h means ev en quingu ilit era ls a re p roduced S tems wh ic h have .

arisen from re dup licat ion of t h e b ilit eral ro o t , or from t h e me re re e

p
t it ion o f o ne o r t wo of t h e t h ree orig inal st e m-conso na nt s ,
e .
g . 53 52)
fro m or WDWHD from “
mo , a re usually no t reg arded a s qua dri
litera ls or quinq uelit era ls, b ut j
a s c on ug a tion a l forms so also

t h e fe w w ords w h ic h ar e forme d wit h t h e p refi x W as, fl a me

from t h e A ra maic c on ug at ion j Sap h él
‘

c o rres
p ond to ,

q R em . on ( ) a . T h e l e t t e rs r a nd l, e sp e c i al l y , are i n se rt e d b e -w e e n t h e fi rst
t
a nd se c o n d ra d ic a l s, e . g . DQ Q
I , 09 1 3 to ea t up ; DQ W S cep tre
( t h is
i nsert io n of an r is e sp e c ia l l y n
fre q ue t in A rama ic ) h ot w ind from as };

C onso n a nt s w h ic h a re n ot fou nd t og e t h e r i n roo t s a nd st e ms a re c a l l e d

1

i ncomp a tible T h ey a re c h ie fl y c o n so n a nt s b e l o n g ing t o t h e sa m e c l a ss, e g DJ

. . .
,

WD WT &c
"
r e v e rse o rde r.
P3 P3 , ,
01 ,
13 11 , H3 , ,
ll , Di, Vi, vs, ,
.
,
or in t h e .

I n H e b re w t h e y a re c o m p ara t iv e ly ra re , b ut
2
more nu me ro us in t h e oth er
S e mit ic l ang uag es, e sp e c i ally in E t h iop ic .
 30 r, s,
3 ma , b ] S t ems a nd R oots 103

to be h ot Cf A ram roll, xp a n de d from 531} (c o nj ug ation

'
. . . to e P a el ,
c o rre sp o n din g t o t h e H e b re w Pi el) I n La t i n t h e re is a
‘
. si m ila r e xp a n sio n

of fi d, scid
,
t ud, j ug i nt o fi ndo, scindo, tundo, j ung o At th e e nd o f w o rds t h e

mg
.

co mmo n est exp n a si on is b y m ea n s o f 5 a nd I , e .

g . axe, SDfl B g a rden-la nd

( fro m 5173 3 corolla (Q Dgc up )

‘
c f. 8 5 , xi .

Rem . on ( b) . F orms suc h as frog, n b g

gg mea dow -sa
'

fi ron , mp 5; sha dow r

f d th 1
w e re l on g re g ar de d a s c omp o u n d s, t h oug h t h e e p l a n a t i on o f t h e m x
M
o ea ,

a ll w as u n c e r t ain a ny w or d s o f t h is c l a ss, w h ic h e a rl ie r sc h o l a rs a t t e m t e d
.
p
x
t o e p l ain fr o m H e b re w so urc e s, h ave sin c e p ro v e d t o b e loa n-words i) , I
a nd c o nse q u e nt ly n e e d n o l on ger b e t a ke n i n t o a c c ou n t .

A sp ecial cla ss of format ions, dist inc t from t h e fully develop ed 3

4 .

st ems of t h ree or fo ur c o nsonant s, a re

( )
a t h e I n t j
er ec tion s

w h ic h , as b eing direc t imit at ions of na t ura l sounds, a re indep endent

of the ordin ary format ive l a ws ; (6) t h e P ron ouns Wh et h er t h ese .

are to be rega rde d a s t h e mut ila t e d remains of e arly dev e lo ed st ems,

p
p eriod of la ng uag e wh en t h e fo rmat ion of st ems followed
or a s relic s of a

different law s, must r emain unde cide d A t all ev ent s, t h e many .

p ec uliarit ies of t h eir forma t ion 2

q uire
re S p ec ial t reat ment 32
On t h e ot h er h a nd, most of th e p art icles ( p re o sit ions, c on
p a dv erb s,

j unct ions) seem t o h a v e arisen in H eb rew from fully develop e d st ems,

a lt h oug h in many inst anc es, in c onse q uence of e x t reme sh ort ening ,

t h e underlying st em is no long e r rec o niz ab le

g ( see 9 9 if ) .

31 . Gr a mma tica l S t ructure .

l d, D ie F orme n b il dun g sge se t z e d e s H eb r ( H ilfsb uch fur Lehrer

’
P I .
> 6 rw a ‘
.

des H el m) , B erl in , 1 8 9 7 , i s re co mmen d e d for oc c asion a l re fe re n c e .

Th e format ion of t h e p art s of sp eech from t h e st ems (derivat io n), a

1
‘

fec t ed in t w o w ays (a ) int ernally b y ch a nges

and t h eir inflex ion, a re ef

in t h e st e mit self,
p art ic ularly in it s v ow els : ( )
b x t ernally b y t h e
e

a ddit ion o f forma t ive syllab le s b efore or a ft er it . Th e e x p ression of

grammat ic al rela t ions (e g t h e c omp arat ive degree and some c ase . .

r elat ions in H eb rew

) p p
e ri h rast ic a ll b
y y mea ns of sep arat e w ords

b elong s, not t o et ymolo gy, b ut t o synt a x .

x
Th e e t ern al m et h od (b ) o f fo rm at io n, b y a fii xing forma t iv e sy l l ab le s,
w h ic h oc c ur s e g i n E g yp t ia n , a p p e a rs o n t h e w h o l e t o b e t h e mo r e a nc i e n t
b
. . .

Y e t ot h e r fa milie s o f l a n g uag e , a n d p a r t ic ul a rly t h e S e m i t ic , a t a v e ry e a rly

p e r iod h a d re c o urse a l so t o t h e i n t e rn al me t h o d, a n d d uring t h e ir y o ut h ful
v ig ou r w id e ly de v e l o p e d t h e ir p o w er o f form ing d e riv a t iv e s B ut t h e c on .

t inuo us d e c a y o f t h is p o w e r in t h e l a t e r p e rio d s of l a n g uag e m a de sy n t a c t ic a l

c irc um l oc ut io n m o re a n d m o r e n ec e ssa ry Th e sa me p r oc e ss m ay b e se e n .

a lso e g in G ree k inc l udin

.
( .
g mo de rn G re e k ) , a n d in L a t in w i t h i t s R om an ce
offsh o o t s .

1
So xp e r e ssly N o l de k e in Z A W. 1 8 9 7, p . 1 8 3 ff . b ut m ost p ro b a b l y i t is t o
be rea d mo b; d arkness fro m t h e st e m [A rab .
za lima , t o b e d a rk ] .

2
C f H upfe ld , S y st e m der sem i t isc h e n D e mo n st ra t iv b il dung , ’ in t h e
M g nt
.

Z tsch r f v o l ii p p 1 24 ii , 4 2 7 fi
'

. . d K unde des
. or e .
,
. . . .
1 04 E tymolog y, or the P arts f
o Sp eech 3: c

2 . B ot h met h ods of forma t ion e x ist t og et h er in Heb rew . Th e

int ernal mode of format ion b means of v owel c h ang es is t ol erab ly
ex t ensive (59 2 59 2 519 2; 5 ,
529 9
, ,
This is mp anied in
ac co

numero us c ases b y e x t e rnal form at ion a l so

(l EDnJ,
'
” QED 59 92
, ,

and ev en t h ese format iv e a ddit ions a g ain a re j

sub ec t t o int ernal
c h ang e , e g . . Se nna 59 99
T,
h e addit ion of format iv e syllab les o c curs,
.

in almost all lan uag e s, c h iefly i n t h e format ion of t h e

as g p ersons of
the verb , wh ere t h e meaning of t he a ffi x ed syllab les is for th e most
p art p erfect ly c lear ( see
st ill 4 4, I t is al so emp loyed t o dist in

g u ish g en de r and nu m b er in t h e v erb and noun O f case-endin s

g , on .

t h e cont rary, only scant y t races remain in Heb rew (see

 1 06 T h e P r onoun d—i
32

P h oe n ic ia n , M
oab i t e , a nd A ssy ria n , b ut i n n o o th e r o f t h e kin dre d dialec t s ; 1
from t h e l a t t e r t h e suffi es are d e riv e d x Th e 6 m ost p rob ab ly r esul t s
fro m a n o b sc uri ng of a n O l ig in a l d ( c f. A i am . NJN A ra b .
’
dna ) . T h e p a usal
fo rm ’Q Noc c urs n o t o nl y w it h s mal l d is j un c t iv e ac c e n t s, b ut e ve n w it h c on

j un c t iv e s ; so a l w ay s m ”net m as I live . a l so I s 4 91 8 w it h Mn u a h, 1 1 9
1 25
w it h

M kh er , hao w e v( w h ic h
e r ,
h a s b e e n a l t e r e d fr o m D e
hi) , and t w ic e in a l M
I n a ll t h e se c ase s t h e re is m an ife st l y a disag re eme n t b e t w e e n t h e v oc al iz a t i on
a l re a d y e st a b l ish e d a n d t h e sp e c i al l aw s reg ul a t ing t h e sy st e m o f ac c e n t ua t i on .

(l 2 Th e fo rma t io n o f t h e p l ural , i n t h is a n d t h e o t h e r p e r so n s, e h ib i t s a
. x
c e rt ain a n a l o gy w it h t h at o f t h e n oun
,
w h il e a t t h e sa me t im e ( l ike t h e
p ro n oun s o f o t h e r l a n g ua g e s) it i s c h a ra c t e riz e d b y ma ny d i ffere n c e s an d
p e c ul ia ri t ies Th e sh ort form UN H
. JN from w h ic h t h e suffi i s d e r iv e d
( ) x
o c c ur s o n l y in Je r 4 2‘5 K eth ibh . Th e form 13 0 5( cf
.
9 h ) o n l y in E x
1

N u 3 23 2, La fil i n p a use, G n 4 21 1 ; in A r ab ic nahna i s t h e r e g ul ar fo rm
l; .

I n th e Misn a
( )
iJN iJN h as a l t og e t h e r sup p l a nt e d t h e l o ng e r for ms .

T 3h e p ron oun o f t h e 1 st p e rso n o n l y 1 s, a s a rul e in l a ng uag e s, o f t h e

6 .

common gen der, b e c a use t h e

p e rso n w h o is p re se nt a n d sp e a kin g n e e ds n o
fur t h e 1 i ndic a t ion o f g e nd e r , as d oe s t h e 2n d p e rso n, w h o i s a dd re sse d ( in
G re e k, L at in, E n g l ish , &c , t h is d ist in c tion is a l so l ac king ) , a nd st ill m ore
.

t h e 3 rd p e rson w h o i s ab se n t .

II . S econd P erson .

f 4 . T h e form s o f t h e an d p e r so n FINN 1 F
g
IN, DE N , n z s, &c
T
g fi .
, a re c o n t ra c t e d

from ’
a ntd . &c . Th e kin d re d l ang uag e s h av e re t ain e d t h e n b e fo re t h e n, g
e. .

fe m p l dntum, fe m a ntunna , y e
’
A ra b DJS ,
'
’
I n S y ri ac
’
. a nta, . anti , t h o u , . . .

fe m I n W est e rn A r a ma ic
1 ’
. 11 t 2 a re w ri t t e n , b ut b o t h a re p ron oun c e d a t .

NJN i s usua l fo r b o t h g e nde rs .

i N ( w it h out n) fi ve t im es, 64 , al w ay s as K eth ibh , w i t h 711

l
g
'

j oc c urs 9 .
g .
t
i

as Q re
e
. I n t h re e p l ac e s E N ap p e a rs as a m a sc ul i ne , N u 1 1 15
, Dt 5 24
,
E z 28 14
.

It Th e fe mi nin e fo rm w as or igi na lly ”FIN a s i n S y riac , A rab ic , an d E t h iop ic

m
.

K J
‘

T h is form is foun d sev e n t ime s as

e
K th ib h ( Ju 4 3 1 23
1 6- 81, er

E2 a nd a pp ea rs a l so i n th e c o u e sp on ding p e rso n a l e n d in g o f v e rb s

c f. a l so i a s t h e e n d ing o f t h e 2n d fe m sing o f t h e i mp e ra tiv e a r d i mp e rfe c t i .

j
. .

T h e fi n a l i w as, h ow ev e r , g rad ua l ly d ro p p e d in p ro n u n c ia t i o n , ust a s in

S y 1 ia c ( se e a b ov e , f ) i t w a s e v e n t ua ll y on ly w r it t e n , no t p r o n oun ce d Th e
M
.

t h e1 e f0 1 e fi n a ll y d isap p ea re d ( c f k) , a n d h e n c e t h e a so r e t e s , e v e n in
.

t h e se se v e n p a ssag e s, h a v e p o int e d t h e w ord in t h e t e t a s ’ i N t o in dic at e x j

Q re NN ( se e Th e sam e fi nal a p p ea r s in t h e r a re ( Ar ama ic )
e
t he

fo rms o f t h e suffi x 93 5
; 58 ,

i 5 T h e p l ura l s DQ N ( w it h t h e se c on d v ow e l assim il a t e d t o t h e fe m form )

. .

a nd
g: m w i t h t h e t o n e o n t h e ul t im a, o n l y p a rt ia l l y c o rre sp on d t o t h e

me d d -fo rm s mu, fe m
’
dntum ( A ram finN,
’
’
a ssu g ro u n a ntu . a ntinnd , A rab . .

mas)
'

a nd ( A 1 a m PFJN , PNQN) Th e form ing is fo un d o n l y in

’

antzi nna . .

E z 3 43 1 ( so Q im hi e xp re ssl y , o t h e r s
m MU
s)N ( f or w h ic h so me MS S h av e

M b it fM ) i t is w rit t e n p N
'
1
I n Ph o e n ic ia n a nd oa e
( in sc r ip t i es on o a ,
l in e 1 ,

w it h out t h e fi nal 1 I n P un ic it w a s p ro n ou n c e d a nec ( Plan t Poen 5 , 1 , 8 ). .

or a nech Cf S c h i od e r , Ph onie Sp ra ch e, p 1 43
(5 , 2, . . . . I n A ssy ria n t h e
c o r re s o n din
p g form 1 3 a naku, i n o l d E gyp t ia n a nek, Cop t i c anok, nok .
 3 2 k—m] T he P er sona l P r ono un

nglflN) o nl y four t ime s, v iz . G n 3 1 6, E 2 1 3

11-
10
, 34
17
; in 1 3
20
Dij N (b e fore a D) is

ev e n use d as fe m in ine .

I II . Third P erson .

6 .
( ) a I n NH
?! and N U ( h i)
1 . an d h i) t h e N ( c orre sp o n din g to t h e
’
El if p ro 16
l onga tion i n A rab ic , cf . 23 i) m i gh t b e re g ar de d o nly a s ah
a ddit io n c l o sin g
—
— l D
t h e fi n a l l ong v ow e l , a s in N1 5 ,
N’ Qg, &c . T h e N is, h ow ev e r,

a l w ay s w ri t t e n i n t h e c a se o f t h e se p ar at e p r o ou
n n s,
’
a n d on l y a s a t o ne l e ss
suffi x 33 a ) d oe s N11 ap p e ar a s
— —
i n, w h il e N’ 11 b e c om e s 1
3 . I n A rab ic ( a s in
S y ria c ) t h e y are w ritt e n i ll an a1 n b ut p ro n oun c e d h uwd and h ig h , a nd in

V ul g a r A ra b ic ev e n h uwwa a nd h iyya Th is A r ab ic p ronun c ia t io n al o n e w o ul d .

n o t i nde e d b e d e c isiv e , si n c e t h e v o w e l c o m p l e m e n t m ig h t h a v e ar ise n fro m

t h e m ore c o n son a n t al p ro n u n c ia t io n o f t h e 1 a n d ; b ut t h e E t h iop 1 e we tu
1 ’e

= h u a -ti 1 fo r N11 " h A i -u -a fo r

N11 (
’

( ) f l t
’

, ye ti (
f
‘

= - i
hi a t ) or c a so e ssy r an y a .

Ni n’ ) ghg y j h a t t h e N _y as orig i n a l a nd i n dic a t e d an o rig ina l v o c al ic t e r m i

n at i o n of t h e t w o w o rds . A c c or d i ng t o P h il ip p i ( ZD G v iii 1 7 2 M xx . . and xx ix .

N11 ! fro m i m i S m i a -ra N11 from h a -ya

“

37 1 a ro se a p r t iv e e i t c h ,
.

( b) T h e form N1 1 a l so st a n ds in t h e c on so na n t al te x t ( K e
th ib h ) of th e l
P e n t a t e uc h 2
( w it h t h e e x c e p t io n o f e l e v e n p l a c e s) for t h e fem N1 1 . . In a ll

suc h c a se s th e M
b y t h e p u n c t uat ion Nin, h a s in dic a t e d t h e Q ré N ul
a sora ,
e ‘‘

( Q t é p erp etuum, see 5

e ’
T h e o l d e p l a n a t io n reg arde d t h is p h e nom e n o n as x
an a rc h a ism w h i c h w as i n c or re c t l y rem o v e d b y t h e a so re t e s T h is M .

assump t io n is, h o w e v e r, c l e arl

y u nt e n a b l e , if w e c o nsider ( 1 ) t h a t n o ot h e r
S e m it ic l an g ua g e i s w it h out t h e q ui t e i nd isp e n sab l e d ist in ct io n o f g e n de r i n
t h e se p ara t e p ro n ou n o f t h e 3 r d p e rs ; ( 2) t h at t h is d i st in c t io n d o e s o c c ur .

e l e v e n t i m e s in t h e Pe n t a t e u c h d G 5
8 25
N 1 3 14
1 ? a nd
a n t h a t i n n 2 0 3 u 5 N )
1

, , ,

N51 foun d c l ose t o o ne an ot h er d h e P e n t a t e u c h t h e d ist in o

a re
( )
3 t h a t o ut si e t
t io n is fou n d in t h e o ldest d oc u m e nt s, so t h a t t h e N ! c a n n o t b e re g a rde d
T
as h a v in g b ee n sub se q ue nt l y a d op t e d fro m t h e A ra maic ( 4) t h a t t h ose p a rt s
o f t h e b oo k o f J o sh ua w h ic h c ert a i nl
y fo rm e d a c on st it ue n t p art o f t h e
o rig in al so u rc e s o f t h e P e n t a t e uc h n o w n o t h in g o f t h is e p ic e n e use o f N1 1
, k
.

Co n se q u e nt ly t h e re o nl y re ma in s t h e h y p ot h e sis, t h at t h e w rit in g o f N11 ! fo r

“

N’ sl re st s on a n o r t h og ra p h ic a l p e c ulia rit y w h ic h in some re c e n sio n o f t h e

‘

x
Pe nt a t e uc h -t e t w a s a l m ost c on sist e n t l y fo l l ow e d , b ut was aft e rw ar ds v e ry
p rop e r l y re e c t e d b y t h e jaso re t e s M
T h e o r t h o g ra p h y w a s, h ow e v e r , p e c ul ia r
M
.

x
t o t h e P e n t at e uc h -t e t a lo n e , si n c e it i s u nn e c essa ry t o fo ll o w t h e a so ra i n

w rit in g our for N11 i n 1 K 1 7 1 5 , I s 3 0 3 3 , J b for N a in s 73 , B e

16
;
‘
or t
C h 29 1 6
1 T h e S a mar it a n r e c e n sio n o f t h e Pe n t a t e uc h h as t h e c o rre c t
.

form in t h e K th ibh t h ro ug h o ut
a ’
Le v y s e p l a na t ion o f t h is st ra ng e p ra c t ice x
M
.

of t h e a so re t es is e v id e n t l
y r ig h t , v iz t h a t or ig i na l l y N11 w a s w rit t e n fo r .

b o t h form s ( se e A, n ot e ) , a n d w as a l m o st e v e ry w h e re , irre sp e c t iv e o f g e n de r ,
g xp a n de d in t o u m
O n t h e w h ol e q u e st io n se e D riv e r , Levi ticus ( in H a up t s
.
’

x
"

B ibl e ), p 2 5 f I n t h e t e t D riv e r a l w ay s re a ds N11

. . .

7 . Th e p l ura l for ms 0 11
271 ( a ft e r p refi xes [1 1
it )
(1 7! a r1
9 )
e o
1 f d oan d
ub t 771 1
1 1
,

ful or ig in , b u t DD 1 1 1 h av e p rob ab ly b e e n a ssimil a t e d t o 1 5 w h ic h g oe s

9 ,
1
9 1

b ac k t o fo rm h inna I n W est e rn A ram 1113 1 inn PM H S y r h eni m

a .

( EN
) . 1
, , ,
.

1
I n t h e insc rip t ion of K ing Mes a
‘

(see 5 2 d) , l ine s 6 a n d 2 7, w e fi n d N11

E sm un
’
l in e for N1 7] , b u t i n t h e
‘
for N11 ,
a nd in t h e in sc rip t io n of aza r, 2 2,

Zenj irl i insc rip t ion s ( see 1 m) b ot h N11 an d m ( H a dad i , l

oc c ur .

2
A l so in t w el ve p l ac es i n t h e B a b y l o n ian Code x ( Prop h e t s) o f 9 1 6 A . D . cf .

B aer, E zech iel, p 1 0 8 f B uh l , Ca non a nd Text of th e 0 T

. . . .
( Edin b .
p . 2 40 .
 108 The P r onoun 3 n, o,
2 a- c
33

A rab h umu(a rc h aic form o f h um) , a nd E t h iop homu, a n 6 or s is

. .

a p p e n de d , w h ic h in H e b re w see ms t o re a
p p e ar i n t h e p oe t ic a l sufii xes ln_ ,
ip ; (5 91 I,

n In so me p assag es mgr
} st a nds for t h e fe minine ( Zc Ct 63 , R u 1 12 c f.

t h e use of th e sufiix o f t h e 3 rd m asc fo r t h e 3 rd fem , 5 . . 1 35 o and 5 1 4 5 t) .

F or t h e i t m l D K 1 3 re a
d 0 (Jb
1 Q 1
l
'
1
q u e a n o a ous Q 2 9 1

0 8
T h e p ronoun s o f t h e 3 rd p e rson
. may re fe r t o th ings as w e ll as p erso ns .

On t h eir meaning a s demonstra tives see 1 36

.

33 . P ro nomin a l S ufiia es .

B roc ke l ma nn, S emit S p rach wiss f ; Grundriss, i 3 0 6 fi

'
. .
, p . 100 . J B art h , . . .

B e it rag e z ur S uffixl eh re de s in t h e A mer Journ of S em La ng , . . .

'

1 90 1 , p 1 9 3 fi . .

Th e indep endent p rinc ip al forms of t h e p ersonal p ronoun ( t h e

1 .

se a ra te
p p r onoun) , given in t he p rec eding sec t ion, e x p ress o nly t h e
nominat iv e
‘
T h e ac c usat ive and genit iv e ar e e x p ressed b y forms,
.

usually sh ort er, j oined t o t he end of v erb s, nouns, and part icles ( ro
p
nomina l su mp ly and l from dhu
fi ccs or si fi )
i 311
( oneless
) ( )
'
s su xes e. g . t
cu m a nd eius, 5
111 1 311 9 ?1 I ha ve killed h im
( l
a so 17111 9 ?1 5 or (w it h
mlN)
‘

dh d '
c ont ract ed int o 6) t hou hast killed him ; fi iN ( a lso i

lux eius .

Th e same me th o d is e mp l oye d in al l t h e ot h er S emit ic l ang uag e s, a s w ell

a s i n t h e E gyp t ian , Pe rsia n , F in n ish , Ta rt ar , a nd ot h e rs ; i n G re e k, La t in ,
a n d Ge rma n w e fi nd o n ly sl ig h t t race s of t h e k in d, 9 g G e rma n, er g a b s fo r
'
. .

er g a b es ; G ree k, na rfip y o u for s a r i”: 3140 6 ; L a t in , eccum, eccos, &c , in Pl a ut us .

a nd Tere nce for ecce cum, ecce cos .

b 2 . Th e case whic h t h ese suffix es rep resent is

( ) W h en j oined to verb s t h e acc usa t iv e

a
( cf h owever § 1 1 7 x) , .
, , ,

e g 11 1 59
.
1 ? I have killed him
1 .
1
1
.

0 ()
b W h e n a fiix ed t o s u b st a nt iv es t h e g en it iv e
(li ke r at
-
n ip g ov
p a ter , ,

eiu s
) T h e y t h e
.n ser v e as
p o s ses siv e p r o no u n s e g 9 5(
1 a bk -i m
) y ,
. .
1 ’

a ther lDi D h is h or se wh ic h ma
f , y b e e it h er eq uu s e iu s
,
o r eq u us su u s .

d (0 ) When j oined t o p articles eit h er t h e g enit ive o r ac c usa t ive , ,

ac c ording as t h e p art ic le s orig ina lly e x pressed t h e idea of a noun

or a v e rb , e .
g .
” 13
3 ,
l it erally int erst itiwm mei, between me (
of. mea
ca usa
) ; b ut beh old me, ecce me .

3 ( )
d Wh ere ,
a c c ordin
g t o t h e I ndo -
Germanic case-syst e m t he dat ive
,

or ab lat iv e o f t h e p ronoun is required, t h e suffix es in H eb rew are

j oin ed to p rep osit ions e x p ressing t h ose c ases ( 5 sign of t h e dat iv e,
3 in, it? fro m, e .
g 55.t o him ( )
ei and to h imself (sibi ) ,
13 in
him, (usually from me .

1 On ap p are nt e xcep t i ons see 5 1 35 d .

 I I0 T he P r onoun d—
34 g , 35 a —d

d The sec ondary form ii o c c urs only in p oet ic st yl e, a nd most ly for

t he relat v e, i l ike o ur t ha t fo r w ho [ see Le x ic on, (
Like 1 WN (§
it se rv es for all nu mb ers a nd g e nders.

6 R em . 1 . T h is p ron ou n t ake s t h e art ic l e (11 10 ,

11 1 3 1 ,
ac co rding

to t h e me rul e sa j
a s a d e c t i v e s, see 1 26 u ; e .
g . 1
1 171 WN1
‘ th is ma n, b ut W1 5? ! 717 1

th is i s th e ma n .

‘ f 2. R are 1 se c o nda ry fo rms, w it h st re ng t h e ne d de mo nst ra t ive fo rc e , a re 5

11 1 1

Gn 2 4 65 , 37
19
31 91 1 f m E z 3
e 6 35
.
; a n d sh o rt e n e d 13 11 ,
so me t im e s ma sc , . as in

Ju 1 S 1 7 , 2 K 2 3 , Zc 8 16
96
,
so m e t m f
i es em ,
2 17
4
25
Dn . K c f. 1 S 1 4
1
[a nd
20 1 9 L XX; se e Co mm e nt a r ie s an d K it t e l
] .

3 T h e p e rso n a l p ro no uns o f th e 3 rd p erso n a l so o ft e n h av e de m o nst ra tive

g . a

se nse , se e g 1 3 6 .

§ 35 . Th e A r ticle .

J B a rt h , D e r h e b u d e r
. . . a ra m A rt ike l , i n
.
’
Sp ra ch wiss Untersuch . . zu m S emit .
,

Lp z 1 90 7 , p 4 7 if
. . .

a 1 . Th e a r t ic l e, w hic h is b y nat ure a kind o f demonst rat ive p ro noun,

nev er a pp ears in H eb rew as an inde p ende nt w ord, b ut a lw ays in
c l ose st c onne x ion w it h t h e w ord w hic h is defined b y it . It usually

t a kes t h e fo rm J , w it h a
"
a nd a st reng th ening of t h e ne t x conso nant ,

e .
g . WDWU th e sun ,
WNW th e river, th e L evi t es ( a cc ordin
g t o zo m
for
6 R em . W it h r eg a r d to h ‘
t e D a gei in a fte r th e art ic l e , th e rul e i s, t h a t it i s
inse rt e d w h e n a 1
. or 1! fol l ow s t h e 5
,
e. g . th e Jews, 3 1 5 1111 th e weary
1
( D JQ B
‘ ‘ L1 4
3
Q
e
re is an e x c ep t i on , ) b ut 1 iR 1 ‘
O‘ 1 S‘ 1 1 iD‘ 1 &c . D ages

forte a lso st a n d s a ft e r th e a rt ic le i n t h e p re fi x D in c e rt a in no uns a nd m th e

p art ic ip le s P M a nd Pu a t ( see 5 5 2 0) b e fore 1
1
,
17 and 1 , e x c ep t w h en t h e

g ut t ura l ( o r 1 ) h as u nd e r it a sh o rt vo w e l in a sh a rp e n e d sy l l a b l e ,
t h us
5
1 D§ 1 D1
1 Ez 22 , 1 1 vD1
1 th e ca re , D’ xfi DB 37
1
( c f. Jb 1 Ch 4 4 1 ) b ut

1 51 D 1.0
3 10
4
8
(Ec 4 15
, 2 Ch 23 12
; b e fo re 9 10 1 0 3
4
) fl PWpD
'

} I s 2 3 1 2 ; D‘ 51 D n 5
Jo s B e fore l e t te rs o t h er t h a n g ut t ural s t h is D re mains w it h o ut D ag es,
ac c o rding to 20 m .

c 2 . Wh en t h e art ic le st a nds b efo re g ut t ural , w hich (acc ording t o

a

22 b) c an no t
p rop erl y b e st reng t h ened, t h e fo llo w ing c a ses a rise,

a ccording t o t h e c h a rac t er of t h e
g ut t u (
ra l c f .
7 q)2 .

( 1 ) I n t h e c ase of t h e w e akest g ut t ural, N , a nd a lso w it h 1 22 c

a nd q) t h e st reng th ening is alt o g et h er

, o mit t ed . Co nsequent ly, t h e
P o tha h o f t h e a rt ic le ( sinc e it st a nds in a n op en sylla b le ) is a lw ays

leng t h ened t o Qa mes e .

g . the f a th er, “ 08
1 th e other , DND t he

w th e man aim a t ligh t

moth er was- 0 1 1135
, , , 5 1
1 5 th e foot ,

Wm“ th e h ea d ”W” n? the wicked , '

r T .

d So a l so mar/ p N eh 3
13
,
b e c ause sy n c o p at e d fro m 11 15 n (c f . v e rse 1 4 an d

B ae r t h e p assag e ) ; N N- ( as
DU in N u Ju 9 41
S 2 3 33 , w it h t h e R
on
1 ,
2
 35 e—l ] T h e A r ticle 1 1 1

ort h og rap h ical l y re t ain e d ) , fo r 04

Jor 4 ( cf ) D D
’ '1 “
tNB v erse 1 R 1 E 0 4
:
.

for DNQ ’
; [3
‘
n 2 Ch 22
5
5 1 ( cf
for 1 1 ’
1
. 2 K
( ) 2 I n the c a se of t he o t h er g ut t ural s eit h e r t h e v irt ual st reng t h en 6
2 2 c — es ec ial ly w it h t h e st rong e r sounds n and
ing t akes p lac e ) p
n, less oft en w it h y— or t h e st reng t h ening is w h ol ly o mit ted In .

t h e former c ase, t h e P o th a h of t h e a rt ic le rema ins, b ec au se t h e syllab le

as c losed ;
is st illga rded re in t h e sec ond c a se, t h e P a t h a h is eit h e r

modified t o 5 ? t or fully leng t h ened t o Q a mes . Th at is t o say

A . Wh en t h e g ut t ural h as a ny ot h er v ow el t h an a (T ) or b
“

f
t h en

( 1 b efore th e st rong er sounds n and n t h e art ic le reg ula rly re ma ins

D; e
g . . 1111 1 tha t ai m the mon th ,
5303 th e for c e, PDJOU the w isdom .

m n m
[
”
B efo re ri , a oc c urs o nly ( G 11 6
i 19
not 3

[ ]
not el sewh ere ; b efo re n, alw ays i n PD DD, 0 711
8
0 0 73 0
? I s 1 7 .

efore 31 t h e P a tha k i s g eneral ly l en t h e ned t o Q a mes e

( )
2 b g g ,
. .
P g
? ”

the ey e, T l) ” the c ity , t he serva nt , p lur W 131 ” D SJHP1

‘
K 32
?
. - ’
1 2 ;
ur
' ‘
r

"1 ”
al so in Gn 10
7
9 P is t h e b ett er r ea din
g . E x cep t ions a re

Ex S 5 68
Is 4 18
1 212
3 Is O Q WJ I s
‘ '
lZJ
PWK
3
2 , , 24 ,

7 17 7 7
E2 2 2 ,
Pr 2 a nd Pr 2 ,
1 S 1 6 ,
Ec 1 1 ; b ut
’
é
Gn 3 , Pr 1 0 Cf B a e r o n I s 6 26
‘
’
JL . .

B Wh en t h e gut t ural h as a
. t h en

( ) 1 immediat ely b efore a t one -b ea ring D or 33 t h e art ic le is a lw ays

71 , ot h erw ise it is 0 3 moun ta in N 1 (

'
l l e .
g. 1 1
1 the p eop le 1 1 h th e ,
in

p a use
) th e ey e, P "
T t owa rds
! t he moun ta in ; b ut ( ac c ordin
g to 22 c
)
l -
l l
‘ '

the mounta in s, m] h i t e in iqui ty .

( ) 2 b etel e D t he art ic le i s invaria b ly n W it h out reg ard t o t h e t one i

e .
g .
mm” 7
. th e wise ma n ,
JD” t he estiva l
f .

C . Wh e n the g ut t ura l h as t he a rt ic le is b efore l l

'

e .
g . lt ’

D Wj fl the months ; 11 3 1 21
’

fl 5 h (
‘
i la ces w it h out t h e a rt ic le
n t e w a ste
p D
P
11 13 1
n
27
bé h rabhoth ) E z 3 3 ,
o
EZ 3 6 35 3 8
,
c f. 2 Ch 2 7
4
b ut El b efore 11 , as

the shea ves R u

Th e g ender and nu mb er o f t h e noun h av e no influenc e on t h e fo rm

of t h e a rt ic l e .

R em . 1 . Th e orig i n al form of t h e H e b re w ( a nd t h e Ph oe nic ian) a r t ic l e

“

1
1 l
is g e n e rally c o nsid e re d t o h av e b e e n 51 , the 5 o f w h ic h
(o w in g t o t h e p roc l it ic
n a t ure o f t h e a r t ic l e ) h a s b e e n in v ariab l y a ssimil at e d t o t h e fo l l o w ing c o n
so nan t , as in fi g” fro m yilga h , 5 1 9 d Th is v ie w w as sup p ort e d b y t h e fo rm
.

of t h e A r ab ic a r t ic l e 55 ( p ro nounc e d h at b y so me mo de rn B e d uin ), t h e 5 of

w h ic h is a l so a ssi m il a t e d a t l e ast b e fo re a l l l e t t e rs l ike 3 a n d t a nd b e fo re I, n,

a s-shuo l ( B e d uin h a s-sa na ) = H eb r

’
and r, e
’
.
g . a l-Qur a n b ut . th e yea r .
 1 12 T he P r onoun 35
—0
36 711 ,

B ut B art h (A mer J ourn of S em L ang , 1 8 9 6, p 7 . fo l lo w ing H up fe ld and

. . . .

S t a d e , h a s sh o w n t h a t t h e H e b re w a rt ic l e is t o b e c o nn e c t e d ra t h e r w it h t h e
o rig i nal S e m i t ic d e mo nst rat iv e ha, ‘ c f A ra b h d ga , A ra m ha den, &c Th e
‘

. . .

x x
.

sh a rp e n in g o f t h e fo l lo w in g c on so n a nt is t o b e e
p l a in e d e ac tl y l ike t h e
sh a rp e nin g a ft er 1 c on sec ut iv e
( 49
5 c f a l so c a ses l ike 1
1 7
3-
3 ”Q , &c f .

1 , 3 .
,

5 fro m t h e c l o se c o n ne io n o f t h e h a w it h t h e fo l l ow in g w ord, a nd t h e
1 0 2 to , ) x
sh arp e n in g n e c e ssa ril y in v o lv e d t h e sh or t e ni n o f t h o w l 2
g e v e .

772 Th e A ra b ic a rt ic l e is sup p ose d t o o c c ur in t h e O l d T est a me nt in {3 1 13 5

5
1 K ( a l so [3 1 :91 a 2 Ch 27 , sanda l-wood a nd in emf
»; hail,
i ce = Wfi § ( A rab .
j ib e s 1 3
19
11-
, 3 8 22
,
b ut t h is e xp l an at ion c an h ardly b e
c orre c t . On th e ot h e r h a n d, in t h e p rop e r n ame 1 173 5 G n 1 0 26 t h e fi rst
1 5
sy ll ab l e is p rob ab l y 5 5 God, a s sug gest e d b y D H ul le r ( se e Le ic on , s v ) . . M x . .

a nd Nol d e k e , S itz ungsb er der B ert A ka d . . .

,
1 8 8 2, p . 1 1 86 . 13 11 55 Pr 3 0 3 1 , co m
mouly e xp l ain ed a s = A rab . a l—
qa u m, th e m il itia , i s al so q uit e unc e rt ain .

72 2. W h en t h e p re fi x es 5
. ’
D ( 5 1 0 2) c o me b e fore t h e art ic l e , t h e 1
1 is
e l ide d , a n d it s v ow e l is t h row n b ac k t o t h e p re fi x in t h
, e p la c e of the 8 9
11 's.

(5 1
9 k, a nd 5 23 k) , e. g . [3 15
0
- 2
7
93 in th e h ea ven for
“
[3 32 11 3 (
3152
7
so 10 Di)
r ? for

D 1
2 5 to th map le e
, [T 1 211 on th e mountains, Dl W1 l1 3 Q
in th e month s a l so in I s 4 1 2,
re a d 1 5 1 9 i n st e ad
7
of t h e imp o ssib l e 1 5 173
7 Y '
.
,
E x cep t ions t o t h is r ul e o c c ur

al most e x c l usiv e l y in t h e E
l a te r
z 4 0
25
, 47
22
B ook s
, B e
1
8 , D u 16
8 , Ne 9 ,
: h 19

1 23
3
2 Ch 1 0 7, 2 927 ; c f , h ow e ve r, 1 S 1 3
21 2 S E l se w h e re , e g
M
, .
, .

K7
.

2 12
,
th e asora re q uire s t h e e li sio n i n t h e Q re
e
A di st in c t ion in me a n ing .

is o b se rv e d b e t w ee n Di’ lj ; a b out th is time ( G n 11

39 , 1 S9 13
, &c .
) an d 13 11 ; fi rst
f
o a ll ( Gn 2 31 ,
5 A ft ert h e c o p ul a i (a nd) e l isio n of 1 do e s n o t t a ke
t h e. E

p l a ce , e. g Gy
. m
0 3 . Th e w ords
r1 §t ea rth , 1 D mounta in, JD feast,
p m
yp eo le, 1 5 b ull, al w a y s

ap p e a r a ft e r th e a r t ic l e w it h a l o n g v o w e l ( a s i n p a use) 1 11 1 Jq
r1 5 1 , , ’

K
v 7 7

151
7 ; c f. al so i
i 5
1 ark ( in t h e a b so l . st . in 2 2 Ch 2 43 , b ut t o b e

mm
so

read w it h t h e a rt ic le al w ay s ,
f l?

§ 36 . Th e R ela tive P r onou n .

T he relat iv e
p ro noun
( cf . 1 3 8 ) is usua lly t h e indeclinab le 1 19 “

(who , whic h , orig ina lly a de monst rat iv e p ron oun ; see furt h er
1 38 a nd 1 55 . I n t he lat er b ooks, esp ec ially E ccl es and t he .

la t e P sal ms, al so L am .
( 4 t im )
es , Jon . Ch ron .
(t w ic e) ,
E z ra

( o nce
) ,
— a nd al w ays in t h e Can t ic l e (c f also . Ju 7 12
,
8 96
,
2 K '
Wis
use d inst ea d ; mo re ra r ely WJ u 5 7 , Ct 1
7
(J b once Wb efor e 5
W
J u (elsewh ere b efore a gut tural ) b efore n e ve n E c 3
W ‘s
, ,
a nd

ee L e x ico n s
ac c ordin
g t o some ( e g Q imhi) al so in E c [S . .
, . v .
]
1
An fo rm h a n , p rop ose d b y U ng na d , ‘ D e r h e b r
o rig in a l i n OLZ x
M j
. .

c ol 2 1 0 f , a n d Z D G 1 9 0 8 , p 8 0 ff , is o p e n t o g rav e ob e c t io ns
M
. . . . . .

2
I n t h e L ih y a n it ic i n sc rip t io n s c o l le c t e d b y E u t in g ( e d b y D H ull e r . . .

i n E p ig ra p h isch e D enkma ler a us A ra b ien, W ie n , 1 8 8 9 ) t h e a rt ic le i s 11 , a n d a l so

i n a N o rt h A r a b ia n d ia l e c t, a c c o r d in g t o E L it t ma nn , S afa -insch rzfl en p 2, . , .

R e m , a nd p 3 4
. . .

3
Th e full form 1 WN d oes not o c c ur in Ph oe nic ia n , b ut o nl y W5

p r on ounc e d asse, esse ( al so as, es, is, ys, as ) ,

or —e sp ecial ly in t h e l at e r P unic
 CHAPTER II

TH E VE R B

38 . Genera l View .

a V erb al st e ms are eit h er orig inal or deriv ed . Th ey are usually

divided int o

( ) a Ve rb al st e ms p rop er (p ri mitive verbs

) , whic h exh ib it the st e m
with out any addit ion, e,
g . h e ha s r eign ed .

l) ()
b Ver ba l deri va t ives, i ms, derived from t h e . e . seconda ry ve rb al st e

p ure st em ( let t er a , e
) g W 1 Pto sa nc t
ity ,
W ] .
f
1 97 ? t o sa nc ti
y oneself from
.
,

W1 12to be holy Th ese are usually called c onj uga timi s

.

en omin a t ives rb s derived fro m nouns like t h e L at in

( ) (
l
c c D i e v e ,
. .

c a usari , p r a eda r i, and E ng t o skin t o st o ne) o r ev en from rt icle s .

, ,

se e d e nd eit h er in a p rimit iv e o r deriv at iv e form e g Q

( ) ,
al , . .

a nd P i el t o p it c h a t ent , from 51 1 5 tent ; W WW ?) and W 1 Wto t a ke root

7
‘ '

1
, ‘
,

and WJ Wto root out, fro m W1 Wr oot 5 2 h)

'

d x
T h is d oe s no t e cl u de t h e p ossib il it y t h at , for n ouns, from w h ic h d e nomin
a t i v e v e rb s a re d e ri v e d , t h e c o rresp o n d in g ( o r ig in a l ) v e rb a l st e m m ay st il l b e
fou n d e it h e r in H e b re w o r i n t h e d ia le c t s Th e m e a n ing , h o w e v er, is .

suf fi c ie n t t o sh ow t h a t t h e d e n o mi na t iv e s h av e c ome from t h e n oun, not

from t h e v e rb a l st e m ,
e .
g 11 99
. 5 a b rick ( v e rb al st e m 79 5' to b e wh ite) , de n omi n .

79 ? to ma ke b ricks ; 21 a fi sh (v er
b al st e m 11 1
1 to b e p rolific) , d e no m in 111 to fi sh .

1 1 71 to w inter ( fro m 1 1 71 a utumn, winter, m $11 71

st e to p luck) ;
ri p to p a ss th e

mmer (fr om rjé mmer, st em b e h ot)

i
su su
rp to .

On S e mit ic v e rb s de riv e d fro m p ar t ic l e s ’ see P H aup t in t h e A mer J ourn

. . .

f
o S em La ng . .
,
xx ii 2 5 7 if .

39 . Groun d-form a nd D er ived S tems .

B roc ke l mann, S em Sp ra ch wiss , p . . . 1 19 Grundriss, p .

50 4 ff .

Th e 3 rd sing ma sc o f t h e P erfec t in t h e fo rm of t h e p ure stem

1 . . .

ral ly re arde d, l ex ic o ra hica lly a nd g ram

( i e.i .
) g
n Q a l, see e is e ne g g p
mat ically, a s t h e g round—form of t h e v e rb 3 0 a
) g
, e 59
?
1 h e h as . .

killed, 1 3 3 he w a s h eavy , W
T P he w a s lit t le 2
. F rom t h is form t h e o t h er

Cf W J G e rb e r, D ie h ebr Verba d enom , insbes im th eol Sp ra ch gebr des A T ,

1
. . . . . . . . . .

Lp z 1 8 9 6 . .

2
Fo r t h e sake of b re v ity , h o w ev e r, t h e me an ing in H eb re w -E ng lish Le ic ons x
i s usua l ly g iv e n in t h e I nfi ni t ive, e. g . 1 19
} to lea rn, p rop e rl y he h as lea rnt .
 39 b -
e] G r oundf orm a nd D eri ved S t ems 1 I 5

p ersons of t h e P erfect are derived, and t h e P a rt icip le al so is c onnect ed

w ith it . PEP or PWQ ,

like t h e I mp erat iv e and I nfinit iv e c onst ruc t in
-form w it h
sound, may al so b e reg arded a s an a t l e r na i
t v g
e round ,

whic h t h e I mp erfect ( see 4 7 ) is connect ed .

In v e rb s Y v( i
’
. e . w it h 'l for t h e ir se c ond rad ic al ) th e st e m -form, g iv e n b o t h 6
x
in Le ic on and G ra mmar , is no t t h e grd sing m asc Pe rfe c t (c on sist ing of t w o . .

c on sona n t s) , b ut t h e fo rm w it h m e d ial 1 w h ic h a p p ea rs in t h e I mp e ra t i v e

W
,

an d I n fi n it iv e e g to return ( 3 rd p e rs p e rf D )
. . t h e sa me i s t h e c ase . .

in most st e ms w it h me dial 7
,
e. g .
7 71 t o j udge .

2F ro m t h e p ure st em,
. or Q a l, th e derivat ive st e ms are formed 0
according t o an unvarying a nalogy , in w h ich t h e idea of th e st e m
assu mes t h e most v a ried sh ades of meaning ac cording t o t h e c h anges ,

in it s form (int ensiv e, frequent at iv e p rivat ive, c ausat ive reflex iv e , , ,

rec i roc a l ; so me o f t h em w it h c o rres onding a ssiv e forms) e g

p p p ,
. .

1 79 ? t o learn W EWU to la y ; DEW to j udge

.

t o t ea c h ;
,
3 ? t o lie Z'
, ,

W
DE ? t o contend . In o t h er lang uag es suc h fo rmat io ns a re r eg arded

as new o r deriva t ive v erb s, e. g G erm . .

f a llen
(t )
o fa ll , fa llen (t o fell )
trinken (t o drink), tra nken (t o drench ) Lat . la ct ere (t o suc k, Germ .

) l aet a re (t o suc kl e, Germ ); i (t t h w ) i a cer e

’

e
'

sa ugen , . saugen a c r e o ro ,

( t o l ie dow n
) y ivoua i , y m dw . In H eb rew , h ow ev er, t h ese format ions
are inc omp arab ly more r eg ula r a nd syst e mat ic t han in G reek,
L at in, or E ng l ish ; and, sinc e t h e t ime of R euchlin, t h ey h av e usua lly
b een c alled c onj ug a tion s o f t h e p rimit iv e fo rm (among t h e J e w ish

g ra mmarians i . e .
f or ma tions, or more c o rrec t ly s ec ies
- p )
,
and are

alw ays t reat ed t og et h er in t h e g rammar and le x icon .

1

3 . Th e in t h e p rimitiv e form co nsist eit h er in int ernal ( l

c h ang es

modific at ionb y means of v ow el-c h ang e and st re ng t h ening o f t h e middle

c onsona nt $291 ; P
1 DlP, P WlP c f t o l ie, t o la
y ; t o
fa ll t o fel . ,

in t h e rep et it ion o f one or t w o of t h e st em-consonant s ( P PDP, St;

or finally in t h e int roduc t ion o f forma t ive a ddit ions w hich may
al so be acco mp anied b y int ernal c h ang e ( S WPU , ‘
Cf .
31 b .

I n A ra ma ic t h e form a t ion o f t h e c on ug a t io ns i s e ffe c t e d m o re b y forma t iv e j

add it i on s t h a n b y v o w e l -c h a ng e T h e v oc a l ic d ist inc t io n s h av e m ost l y b ec ome
.

ob sol e t e , so t h a t , e g t h e re fl e xiv e s w i t h t h e p re fi
. . 11 9 715 715 h a v e e nt ire l y x , ,

usur p e d t h e p l ac e o f t h e p a ssiv e s O n t h e o t h e r h an d , A ra b ic h a s p re se rv e d
.

g re at w e a l th in b o t h m e t h od s o f fo rmat ion , w h i l e H eb re w in t h is, as in ot h e r

resp e c t s
,
h ol ds t h e middl e p la c e 1 m) .

4 . Grammarians diffe r as t o t h e number a nd a rr a n e

g m ent of t h ese 8

g j
c on u a t ion s. Th e co mmon p ra ct ic e, h ow ev er, o f ca llin
g t h em b y t h e

T h e t e rm Conj uga tion t h us h as

1
a n e n t i re ly d ifferen t me an ing in H e b rew
and G re e k or L at in g ra mma r .
 1 16 The Ver b 3 9 f, g

ol dg rammatic al t erms, p rev ent s any misunderstanding Th e simp le .

form is c alled Q a l (52 light , b ecause it h a s no forma t iv e a ddit ions) t h e

o t h ers
( W1 2 ? h ea v
3 y b eing w eig h t ed a s it we re
, , ,
w it h t h e streng t h ening

o f consona nt s or wit h forma t iv e a ddit io ns

) t ake t h eir names from t h e

p aradig m of 595 he ha s don e, whic h w as 1

used in t h e ea rl iest J ew ish
g ra mmat ical w orks . S ev eral of t h ese h av e p assiv es wh ich are dis
t inguish ed from t h e ir ac tive s b y more o b sc ure vo w el s Th e . co mmon
c on j ug ations (including d t h e p assiv es)
Qa l an are the sev e n follow ing,
b ut very few verb s e xhib it t h em all

Active .

1 .
Q al B reeto kill .

2. N ip b al
‘
59 s; to kill onese lf (rarely p assive) .

3 . Pi el
'
t o kill many , to ma ssa cre .
4 . P u al
' ‘
MD .

H ip h il H op h al
'

kill 6
'

5 . t o ca use t o . .

7 . H ith p a él
'

to kill onese lf .
[V ery rare, Hot h p a al
’
5@EDD ] .

Th e re a re b esides sev eral less frequent c onj ug ations, some of w h ich ,

g
h o wev er, are more c ommon in t h e kindred la ng ua g es, and e v en in

H eb rew (in t h e w ea k v erb

) regula rly t ake t h e p la c e of t h e usual
j
c on ug a t ions

I n A rab ic t h e re is g reat e r v arie t y o f c o n ug at io ns, and t h e ir arra ng e ment

a j
i s more a p p rop ria t e A c c o rd ing t o t h e A rab ic e t h o d , t h e H e b re w c on m
I
.

j uga t io ns w ould st a n d t h us : Qa l 2 Pt el a n d Pu a l ; 3 Pé el a nd Poa l ( see

‘ ‘ ‘ ‘
. . .

5 5 b) ; 4 H ip h' il an d H op h a l ; 5 E ith p a el a n d H‘ othp a a l ; 6 H ith p é él ( se e

‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘
. . .

5 5 5 b) ; 7 t h a l ; 8 H tth p a él ( see 5 5 4 l) ; 9 Pt let ( see A m ore

‘
.
5 5 d) .

I
. .

sat isfac t o r y d iv isi on w oul d b e i n t o t h re e c l asses ( Th e i nt e n siv e Pi el w i t h

)
‘

t h e de riv e d a nd a n a l og ous fo rms Pu a l a n d H tthp a él ( 2 ) T h e c ausa t ive H ip h il

‘ ‘ '
.

w it h i t s p assiv e H op h a l , a nd t h e a na l ogou s forms ( fap h él an d Tlp h el) 3 ) Th e

‘ ‘ ‘
.

re fl exi v ea o r p assive N ip h a l
‘
.

1 Th is p a ra d ig m w as b o rr ow e d fro m t h e A rab ic gra mmaria n s, a nd, ac c ordin g

t o B a c h e r, p ro b ab ly fi rst a d o p t e d t h roug h out b y A b ul w ali d I t w as, h ow -
.

e v e r, un su it a b l e o n a c c o un t o f t h e g ut t ural , a nd w as, t h e re fo re , usua ll y

x
e c h an g e d in l a t er t ime s for
"
m
g , aft e r t h e e a mp l e of ose s Q imh i Th is x M .

v er b j
h as t h e a dv a nt ag e , t h a t a l l i t s c on ug a t i on s a re ac tual l y found in t h e Old
T es t am en t O n t h e ot h er h an d , it h as t h e disad v a nt a g e o f i ndist inc t ne ss i n
.

t h e p ro n u nc ia t io n o f so me o f it s forms, 9 g {TIER 0 131 4

of co mmo nly use d sinc e t h e t ime of
25 Th e p ara dig m
. .

Da nz , av oid s th is
.

( de fec t , and is
e sp e c ia l ly a dap t e d for t h e co mp arat iv e t reat me nt of t h e S e mi t ic dial ec t s,
i nasmuc h as i t is foun d w i t h sl ig h t c h ang e (A rab . a nd E t h i op .
SHP) in all of

t h e m; I t is t rue t h a t i n H e b re w i t o c c urs o nl y t h re e t ime s in Qa l , a n d e v en

t h e n on l y i n p o e t ic st y le ( it 1 391 9 , Jb 1 3 1 5 , y e t i t is w ort h re t a ining a s
a m o de l w h i c h h as b ee n sa nc t ion e d b
y usag e o re se rio us i s t h e d e fe c t , . M
t h at a nu m b e r of form s o f t h e p arad ig m of EDP l e av e t h e b eg i n n e r i n d o ub t
as t o w h e t h er n o t t h e re sh oul d b e a D a g el‘ i n t h e
or B agadkep h a th l e t t ers, and
c on seq ue n t l y as t o t h e c orrec t div ision o f t h e s ll ab l es
y .
 1 1 8 The Verb 4 t a —d
, 4 2, 43 a

41 . Va ri a tions f m t
roh e Ordi na r y F or m of th e

S trong Verb .

a Th e sa me law s which are nor mally exhib it ed in st e ms w it h st rong

h old g ood for all ot h er v erb s D evia
(unch ang eable ) c onsona nt s, .

t ions from t h e model o f t h e st rong verb are only modificat ions due t o
t h e sp ec ial c h a rac t er or w ea kness of c erta in c onsonant s, v iz .

( ) Wh en
a one o f t he ste m-consonant s (
or ra dica ls ) is gut t ural
a .

I n t h is c a se, h owever, t he v a riat ions only oc c ur in t h e voc aliz at io n

in t h e verbs
( ac c or di ng t o no t c onsona nt s. Th e guttura l
6 2—6 5 ) are, t h erefore, only a var et y of i the stron
g ver b .

6 W(b)
h en a st em-c onso nant (r a dic a l
) disa p ears b y assimilat ion
p
19 b f or w h en t h e st em orig inally consist ed of only tw o con
) -
,

sonant s ( v er bs VD WP a nd Y li as 2 933 52 Dip

, ,
66 6 7
’
, , , , ,

C () W h f t h t m ( )
-c onsonant s ra dica ls is a w eak let t er
“

c e n one o e s e .

I n t his case, t h rough ap h ae resis, elision, &c .

, of t h e w eak consonant ,

v arious imp ort ant dev iat ions from t h e reg ular form occur. Cf
.

68 ff for t hese
. verb s, such as W
21 ”
—1 "R 7 m7 ,
“ 53
7
.

d Ta king t h e ol d p aradigm as a model, it is usual , foll ow ing t h e e x amp l e

of t h e Jew ish g ramma rian s, t o c al l t h e fi rst ra dical o f a ny st e m 55, t h e sec o nd

V, a nd t h e t h ird 5 . H e nc e t h e e xp re ssi ons, verb Ws ’

for a v e rb w h ose fi rst
ra d ica l is N ( p rimae ra dica lis [se li terae] N) W}? for mediae
. ra dicalis )
’
V V for
a v e r b w h ose se c ond ra d ic al i s rep ea t ed t o form a t h i rd .

I . T h e S t r o n g V e rb .

42 .

A s t h e format ion o f t h e st rong v e rb is t h e m ode l al so for t h e w eak v erb , a

st a t e me nt o f t h e ge n e ra l fo rmat iv e l aw s sh oul d p re ce d e t h e t re at me nt o f
sp ec ia l c ases .

Pa radig m B , t og e t h er w it h t h e Tab le of t h e p e rsonal p re format iv e s and

a fi o rma t iv e s g ive n i n 40 0, o ffe rs a c o mp l e t e surv ey o f t h e n ormal form s
'

x
A fu ll e p l ana t ion o f t h e m is g iv e n i n t h e foll ow ing se c t-ions ( 55 4 3 - 5 w h e re
e ac h p o i n t is e l uc ida t e d o n it s fi rst o c c urre n c e t h us 9 g t h e i n fl e x ion o f t h e . .

P e rfe c t , t h e I mp erfec t a nd i ts mo difi c a t io ns, w il l b e fo und unde r Q al , &c .

A . TH E PUR E S T E M, on Q AL .

§ 43 . I ts F o r m and M ni ea ng .

mmon form of t h e grd sing masc of t h e P erfect Qa l is s

Th e co DP . .

w it h a ( Pa tha h) in t h e sec ond syllab le esp ec ia lly in tra nsitive v erb s

'

re is a lso a form w it h e Sere

( b ut see 4 4 c ) Th e .
( ,
orig inally i ) ,

H olem,
and anot h er w ith 6 ( o rig inal ly
)
a in t h e se c ond sylla b le, b ot h
o f w h ic h , h ow ev er , h av e al most alw ays an in tra nsit ive ‘
mea ning ,

1
B ut c f. suc h in st a n c e s Jor 4 8 5
as I n A ra b ic a l so , t ra n sit iv e v e rb s a re
.

found w it h middl e 5, c orresp ondin g t o H e b re w ve rb s w i t h e i n t h e se c on d

 § 43 b, c, 44 a
] Form a nd Mea ning of Q a l 1 19

a nd serv e to exp ress st at es and q ual it ies, e .

g.Wg? to be hea vy , M
2
to be s ma ll .

I n Parad ig m B a v e rb middle a, mid dle 6, a nd a v e rb middle 6 are

a ve rb
a cc o rd ing ly g iv e n side b se c on d e x amp l e 1 9 2 is c h o se n a s sh ow i ng ,
”

y side Th e .
3
at th e me t im e w h e n t h e Da g el lene is t o b e inse rt ed o r o mi t t e d
‘
sa .

b
,

Re m r T h e v ow el o f t h e se c ond sy lla b le is t h e p rin c ip a l v o w e l , a nd h e nc e

. .

o n i t d e p e n ds t h e d ist in c t io n b e t w een t h e t ra n sit iv e a nd i n t ra nsit iv e me a n

i ng Th e Qa mes of t h e fi rst sy l lab le is l e n g t h e n e d fro m a n orig ina l 6 ( c f
. .

A ra b ic t dld ) , b ut it c a n b e re t a in e d i n H e b r e w o n ly im me d ia t e l y b e fo re t h e
t on e , o r at t h e mo st w it h an op e n ul t ima ) i n t h e c o unt e r-t o ne w it h
( eth eg M
o t h e rw ise, l ike a ll t h e p re t on ic v ow el s ( a, s) , i t b e c om es fe
ud, e .
g D6 9
.
5? and

p lur . masc . I n t h e A ra maic dial e c t s t h e v ow e l o f t h e fi rst sy l l a b l e is a l ways

re d uc ed t o 8 °
w a, as 59 9 : He b r . 59 2 . T h e in t ra nsit iv e fo rms in A rab ic a re

qcitild, ga me ;
i n H e b rew ( a ft e r t h e r e e c t ion o f t h e fi na l v ow e l ) i b e i ng in j
th e t o ne -sy l l a b l e h a s b e e n reg ul arl y l e ng t h e n e d t o e, and a t o 6 .

2 . E x a mp les of denomina tives i n Qa l a re :

“
lg ? to cover with p itch , from
"
u
gh C

p itc h ; 11 73
7
to sa lt, fro m 5 nbb sal t ; ) ( usual ly H ip h )
was . to buy or sell corn, from
“
13 W corn ; see a b ove , g 38 c.

1
44 . F lexion o f the P erfec t o f Qal .

1 . Th e format ion
t h e p ersons of t h e Pe rfec t is effec t ed b y th e a
of

a ddit ion of cert a in forms of t h e e rso nal ronoun, a nd ma rks of t h e 3 rd

p p
fem sing and 3 rd p l (a s af orma tives) t o t h e end o f t h e verb al-st em,
. . .

w h ic h c ont ains t h e idea of a p redica t e, a nd may b e reg a rded, in

meaning if not in form, as a P ar t icip le or ver a l a d ect ive.
b j F or t h e

3 rd p ers sing ma sc P erfect, t h e p ro no minal or sub ec t idea inh erent

. . . j
in t h e finit e v erb is suffic ient : t h us, 59 2h e ha s kil led, thou ha st

ki lled( a§ _it were, killing thou, or a killer th ou), a killer w a st th an

“ 3 3 5UP
3 ; he wa s fea ring , t
a n m ye were fea ring :
- i
D E R S W”
Th e .

e ndin of the c e rt a inly c onnec t ed w it h

g 1 st p e rs. p l ur .
( 33 is al so
fi
t h e t erminat ion_o f flJO- 3 2 b, d) . Th e afiorma m mi
t i ve o f t h e we
'

mt p ers sing ( F1) is t o b e referred, b y an int erc h ange of 3 and n

M
. .

o t h at form of t h e ron oun wh ic h al so unde rl ie s

" fi
1 f g
?
t Q i I
3 p ,

I n t h e third p erson 777 c f b el ow , f ) is t h e ma rk o f

( orig inally “ ,
.
T .
.

t h e feminine, as in a g reat numb er o f nouns So c ) , a nd l is t he

t erminat ion of t h e p lural ; c f. , fo r t h e lat t er, t h e t erminat ion of

r I m e rf fi rm in A rabic
t h e 3 rd a nd a nd
p ers.
p l u p . . and 12 oft en a lso
( ii )
sy l l ab l e . H enc e P H a up t ( P roc A mer
. Or S oc , 1 8 9 4 , p c i f ) p re fers t o
. . . . . .

d ist in g uish t h e m a s rerba volunta ria ( ac t io n s w h ic h d e p e n d o n t h e w il l o f t h e

j ec t and involunta ria

g ) (ac t ions o r st at es ind ep e nden t of t h e w i ll o f t h e
su
an j e c t
1 Cf
Nel de ke , ‘ Die E nd ung e n de s P e rfe c t s ( Untersuch ungen z ur semit
M
. .

G ramm in Z D G v ol 3 8 , p 40 7 ill , a n d more fully in B eitrcige z ur sem

‘

. . . . .

S p r a ch wiss , S t ra ssb 1 9 0 4, p 1 5 if
. . . .

2
A c c ording t o N old e ke , l c , p 4 1 9 , t h e origi nal S e mit ic t e rm in at io n o f t h e
. . .

xst sing e rf w as
i left. c f t h e E t h iop ic qa ta lku, A ra b ic qa taltu . .
 1 20 T he V er b b
44 f
—

in H eb rew , al so firm (in t h e c onst ruct st at e it) as t h e p lural t ermina

t ion o f masc nouns in lit e rary Ara bic . .

b 2 . Th e c h arac t er st ic i P a lha h of the second sylla b l e b ec omes S wd

e

b efore ma t iv e b eg inning w it h
'

a n a fio r a v o w el, wh ere it woul d oth erw ise

st and in an O
p en syllab le ( as
3 |
7 ,
sfi
i l
,
b ut in p ause c
e) ni .

B efore ma t ive b eg in ning c onsonant t h e P a th a h remains,

'

a n afior w ith a

w h et h er in t h e t o ne- sylla b le 5
(3 2
3 9
3 ,
1 5
3 2
9 E
2
fi ?n
,
"l
1 , in p a use
&c .
) or befor e it . I n t h e lat t er c a se, h ow ev er, t h e Q a mes of t h e
first syllabl e, b eing long er p ret o nic v ow el, b ec omes v ocal Sew d ;
'

no a as

Dé n $
59 9 ; c f 2
-

7i a nd 43 b O n th e r et ent io n o f it with
Mh g
.
, .

et e of th e count er-t one in t h e P erf . c onsec ut ive, c f. 49 i .

C R em V erb s middle e in H e b rew ( as i n E t h iop ic , b ut not i n A rab ic or

. r.
A ra maic ) g e n e rall y c h a ng e t h e E -soun d in t h e i r infl e xion in t o Pa th ah ( freq ue nt ly
so e v en i n t h e 3 rd sing m asc T h is t e n d e nc y t o assim il a t e t o t h e m ore
. .

c omm o n v e rb s mid d le a m ay a l so b e e p l a in e d from t h e l aw s o f v oc a l iz a t io n x

of t h e t o n e -b earing c l ose d p e n ul t ima, w h ic h d o e s n o t re a dily a d m it o f Sere,
a n d n e v e r o f Hireq , o f w h ic h t h e $ ere i s a l e ng t h e n ing
-
(c f 26 p ) O n t h e . .

o t h er h a n d , Sere i s re t a in e d in a n op en sy l l ab l e ; reg ul a rl y so i n t h e w e ak

st e ms "
by ) 74 b efore su fii xe s 5 9 i) , an d i n t h e p ausa l fo rms of th e

st r ong st e m in a n op en t on e -s y l lab l e , e .
g . it c le aveth , Jb 2 1
°
9 ( n ot
W l) ,
IT -
7 7 7
c f. 2 S 1 23 , Jb 4 1 1 5 ; ev e n ( c o n t ra ry to 29 q ) in a closed p a usa l syl lab l e ,

e. g .
79 91 , Dt 3 31 2 ( out of p ause p ig , Is b ut 51 2
2 I s 3 3
9
,
&c .
, a c c or ding

to 5 29 q
(l
.

2. In so me w e ak st em s middle a , t h e Pa th a h under t h e se c o n d rad ic al so me

t ime s, in a c l ose d t on e l ess sy l l a b l e, b ec omes a n d, in o ne e x a mp l e ,
Th us fr om W1 ) : ” Elf T} /
3 a nd thou sh alt p ossess i t, D t Dt 1
9; 1

DEW?
) Dt 4 1
,
a nd fre q ue nt ly ; fro m
"
5:
1 to b ring f orth , to beget ; T1 1 5
5 l
” i 27 l

( : Nu
cf 1 1 1 2, Jer 2 27 , from w
as Ml a from 515 i? SNW
I h ave a sked h im, 1 S 1 20
( Ju a nd t h re etimes nnSgw I
. .
S 12
13
,
25
5
,
Jb 9
21 2 .

Q imhi al ready sugg e st s th e e xp l anat i o n, t h at t h e i (e) of t h ese form s of

5S ?
"

a nd W? is t h e o rig in al v ow el , sin c e a l on g w it h a nd W1; a re al so found

Styli? and W1 ; ( see t h e Le ic on) x . Th e p o ssib ilit y of x

t h is e p l ana t ion c a nnot

b e de nie d ( e sp e c ial ly in t h e c ase of Wj z s '

,
ee 69 s ) t h e i in t h ese form s
mig h t , h ow e v e r, e q ual l y w e ll h a v e a rise n from an at t e nuat io n of d ( 5 2 7 s),
suc h a s must i n a ny c ase b e assu me d in t h e ot h e r inst an c e s ore ov er, i t i s . M
w o r t h y of n o t ic e t h at in a l l t h e a b ov e c ases t h e i i s fa v oure d b y t h e c h arac t e r
o f t h e fo l l ow in g c onson a n t ( a sib il a n t o r d e n t al ) , a nd in m ost o f t h e m al so b y

t h e t e n d e nc y t o w ard s a ssimil at io n o f t h e v o w e l s (c f 5 5 4 k and 64 f ) .

e 3 . I n v erb s middle 6, t h e H m iel

s re t a ine d i n t h e t on e -sy ll ab l e , e. g . th ou

didst tremble ; in p a use for th ey were a ble ; b ut i n a t on e l e ss c l ose d

syl l a b l e th e o r ig in al sh ort v ow e l ap p ears i n t h e fo rm of a Qa mes h a ir/ p k ;

i
‘
l
h im, it °
1 0 ”) ( 4 9 h ) th en sh a lt th an be
'
i l I h a ve p reva iled a g a inst 1 3 se e

h;
” v;
v

a ble, Ex in a t onel ess op e n syll ab le i t b ec ome s v oc al S eu d, e.

g
. a
3 D‘s .

1:
f R are r fo rm s 1 a re : S ing .
3 rd f m in n
e .
? ( as in A rab ic , E t h iop ic , and

.
1 M a ny of t h ese forms, w h ich are unc o mmon in H eb rew , are usual in t h e
1 22 The Ver b 44 n, o, 45 a

p lur b y t h e te rm inat io n
. as i n B ib l ic al A ramaic . Nolde ke ( Z DMG .
38
[ 2 4 11 9 p 4 ) 5
818 1 1 re fe rre d d o ub t ful l y t o t h e t e t ual re a di n g s i n D t 2 1 7
Jo s 1 1
5 , x
M
.
,
1 8
1 -1 1
o r 2 1
J w h e re t h e a so ra un ifor ml y i nse rt s t h e t e rmin a t io n 12
I
, , ,
a nd t o G n 4 8 1 0 in t h e S a ma rit a n P e n ta t e uc h , G n 4 22, S 15 35
, Ne h
9 4 , f I 1 8
I n h is B eitrdge z ur sem S p rach wiss , p 1 9 , h o w e v e r, h e o b se rv e s t h at t h e c o n
. . .

st ruc t io n o f a fe m p l ura l w it h t h e 3 rd sin g fe m is n o t un e a m p le d , a nd al so x

M
. . .

t h a t 11 is o ft e n foun d a s a m ist ake fo r 1 O n t h e o t h e r h a nd ay e r L a mb ert .

( Une serie dc
’

Q ere
’

ketib, P a ris, 1 8 9 1 , p 6 if ) e p l a ins a l l t h ese K ° t h ib h , a s w e l l

. . x
J 2
6 a nd ( a g a in st N olde ke ) 1 K 2 249 ( w h e re 11 is un d ou b t e dl
as st 73 , e r 5 0
y
t h e a rt ic l e b e l on g ing t o t h e n e t w ord ) , Jb 1 61 6 ( w h ere t h e ma sc x .
1
955 re q uire s t h e
marg in al rea d ing , a l so ) J er 4 8 41
, Ez 2
26 , 1 A 6 8 14
, a
s r e main s o f t h e 3 rd fem .

p lur . in T! T h e form w a s a b a n do ne d as b e i ng i ndistin g uish ab l e fro m t h e

7

( la t e r) form of t h e grd fem sing .

, b ut t e nde d t o b e re t ain e d in t h e p e rfec t of

v erb s Wsas run K

’
,
e
th ibh six t ime s in t h e a b ov e e x amp l e s.

fiorma t ive s t h e forms

‘

5 . Th e a 11
1 -
. ,
1) are gen era l ly t o ne l ess, and

w it h t h e se in fie xion s a re c o n se q uent l y Mil et ( 13 551 12

‘

, w ith a ll the oth er

a fform at iv e s t h ey a re Milw
Th e p la c e of t h e t o ne m ay, h ow ev e r , b e
‘

( 5 1 5 c)
‘

sh ift e d : ( a ) b y t h e p a use —v , w h e ne v e r a v ow e l w h ic h h as b ec ome

2
9 i )
v o c a l S w a unde r t h e sec o n d st em-c on so na nt is rest o re d b y t h e p a use ; as
e

557 1)7 fo r 11 19 1
11 7 1 5 2(1 121 11 f 1 or a nd 1 5592fo 195 12 r for (b) in

c e rt ai n c ase s a ft e r wdw consecutive o f t h e Perfect ( se e 49 h )

’

a fl o rmat iv e
‘

6 Co nt ra c t ion
. of a fi nal 11 w it h t h e 11 of th e oc c u rs e . g . in

H ag 25 , &c Is 1 4 20
&c in t h e Perf Po el ; D t 4 25
of
‘
cf in t h e H ip h il
‘
.
. .
, .
,

11 1 W; I s
‘

&c in t h e H ip h il of nnr Cont rac t io n of a fi nal J w it h t h e

‘
.
, e .

ma t iv e 1J oc c urs in 1313 G n 3 41 3 ; in N ip h E zr 97 , c f 2 Ch i n H ip h
;
'

a fi or . . .

Ch 2 91 9 w it h t h e a fi o rm a t ive T1 i n t h e I mp erfect Qa l E z 1 723 1 23 ,

‘

P f el
2
; 7
w h e re w it h B ae r a nd G insb urg 11 51 113 is t o b e rea d, a c c o rding to o t h e rs
9
r i
egn ( cf . in Polel n
giipn E 2 b ut c e rt ainl y no t fi
gh t; w it h t h e M an t ua

cd , Op it ius and Hah w i t h i t h I m t H i h G 93

I 9
. n ; 11
3 n e p era p n 4 , s 3 2 . . .

45 . Th e I nfinitive .

F P . rat o rius,
‘
Ueb e r de n sog . I nf . ab so l . des in Z D MG . 1 90 2
, p 5 46 fi
. .

1 . T he I nfinit ive is rep resent ed in H eb rew b y t wo forms, a short er

a nd a lo nger ; b o t h are , h owev e r, st ric t ly sp ea king , indep endent nouns

( verba l su sta n tives b ) . Th e sh ort er form, the I nfinit ive construct

( in Q al
i
7 3 9} so met imes incorrec t ly is used in v ery various w ays, so me
t imes ia conne x ion w it h p ronominal suffix es , or g overning a sub st a nt ive

in t h e g enit ive, or w it h an ac cusat iv e of t h e obj ec t so met imes

in c onne x ion w it h p rep osit ions (519 31 5 t o hi ll, 1 4 f
) I ,
and so met imes
in dep endence upon sub st a nt iv es a s g enit iv e, or up on v erb s as ac cu
sat iv e o f t h e ob j ec t . On t he o t h er h and, t h e use o f t h e long er form,
t h e I nfin it ive a bsolu te
( in Q al 5113 21 , so met imes also 519 2
1 ,
ob sc ured fro m
o rig ina l t dt), is rest ric t e d t o t h ose c ases in w h ich it emp ha siz es
1
Cf t h e . a nal ogo us fo rms o f t h e noun, 5 9 3 t .
§ 45 f ]
b -
The I nfinitiv 1 23

t he ab st rac t v erb al idea, wit h out reg ard t o t he j

sub ect or ob ect of j the
act ion. most frequent ly a s a n
It st ands adverb ial a cc usat iv e w ith
fi nit e v erb of t h e same st em —
)
l
a 1 1 3 h a .

Th e fle x ib il it y a nd versat il it y o f t h e I nfin . c onst r a nd . the r ig idit y b

and infle xib il it y of t h e I nfin . ab sol . are reflec t ed in t h eir v oc aliz at io n.

Th e lat t er h as unc h ang eable v ow els, w h ile t h e o of t h e I uh n . const r.

may b e lost . F or PDP accordi ng

, to § 8 4a e, oe
g s b ac k t o t h e g round
form gulul .

O th e r forms o f t h e I nfin . c onst r. Q al of the st ro ng v e rb a re

( ) a PDP ,
e. g 33 W
. to lie, G n 34
7 °
s aw to sink, E 0 1 24 esp e c ia l l y w it h v e rb s

w h ic h h av e a i n t h e sec on d sy ll a b le o f t h e I mp e rf : h e n c e so me t ime s a l so .

w i t h t h o se , w h ose se c o n d or t h ird radic a l i s a g ut t u ra l ( fre q ue n t l y b e side s t h e

ordinary fo rm ) A l l th e e a mp le s ( e c ep t
. x
se e a b ov e ) oc c ur i n t h e x
c l osest c o n n e xi on w it h t h e fol l o wing w o rd , or w it h suflixe s ( see 5 6 1 c) . In
Br . 2 1 33 th e M asora see ms t o t reat HDES (v erse 20 , in p ause PODS) as a n

I nfi nit iv e = fl 3 D 5 p rob a b ly “ PD ? sh oul d be read .

( b) nSnp a n d, a t t e nuat e d from it , nSnp ; m ) an d nSnp

inor ( w h ic h a re d
SDP an d PDP m ost ly fr
.

fe minin e forms ’ of , om int ra nsi t iv e ve1 b s, a n d so me

t ime s foun d a l ong w it h fo rms h av ing n o fe min ine e nd ing in use ) , e. g .

5 to love m e to h a te ; 71 5 1 5 o ft e n i n D t to
‘

Di it/ 5 to b e guilty L v
p
3
g , 3 , ,
.
,

fear mtg; to b e old mp g to meet (in t Ps 1 9 k) N E WSto lie down Lv ,

nnwnb o anoint E x 2 9 ; nymSt was £nn5 ( a lso a sub st

‘

t 29 h,
E x 3 0
18
& c n ~
1 o , , . .

‘
unclea nness l ike “ ND ) to b e unclea n Lv FD I ) to ap p roach E x 3 62
P
‘

D , , , ,

of Lv 1 24 5 D t 1 1 22 I s 3 0 1 9 E z H ag a l so nI pm to b e fa r ofl E z
’

.
, , , ,
T T ; IT

HP DH to p ity E 1 6 ; c
z
5
f H o 7
,
4 O n t h e o t h e r h a n d i
.n PP D H G n 1 9
.
16
t h e ,

origin a l h as b e en modi fi e d t o e; of
a I s 8 1 1 &c .
, .

c) I n t h e A ra ma ic m anne r ( P D t f l A ab ma qtal) t h ere o c c ur as 6

( D
P b u c a so r . .

I nfi n Qal : Q lP lt/ D to send E st 9 1 9 ; xiPD to ca ll and ”DD to dep a t Nu (Dt

'
r

M
,
.
,

“ PD to la ke 2 Ch 1 9 7 &c R ; to carry N 11,

&c ( c f e v e n mar/ 19 5
, .
, . .

E 2 1 7 9) al so w it h a fe minine e ndi ng nSyr g to go up E zr & c c f fo r t hese ,

. .

for ms ( alm ost a l l v ery l a t e ) R ysse l, De E loh ietae Penta teuch icz sermone, p 5 0 , a nd
’

S t ra c k o n N u

55
-
'
nDD P i n 11 123 G n au x na
'

5 33
( d) ; p rob ab ly al so E
’s
Nu
:
e
1 1 1 4 / 1 11 x 3 , 35
1

2 . A kind of Gerun d formed b y t h e I nfin c onstr w it h t h e p rep o

1s . .

f
5 DPPa d znter czendum, 55 3 5 a d ca dendum see
.

as P
sit ion
fi ( )
'

28 a .

1 Th e t e rms a bsolute a nd construct a re o f c our se no t t o b e u nd e rst o o d a s

imp l y i ng t h a t t h e I n fi n . c onst r. P
DPf or ms t h e constru ct sta te ( se e 8 9) of th e

I nfi n ab so ] (P
g ro un d form ga ga l)l I n t h e P ara d ig ms t h e I nf constr , as . . .

t h e p rinc ip a l form , i s p l ac e d b efo re t h e o th e r, unde r t h e n am e of I n fi n it iv e

simp ly

M
.

g t o t h e re m ark o f E l ias Le v it a o n Q imh i s

3 A c c ordi n
ikh lol, e d R it t e nb ,
’
. .

1 4 11 , t h e se fe min ine foi ms oc c ur al most e c l usive l y in c o n ne xion w it h t h e x

p re p osi tion 5 .
 1 24 T h e Ver b 45 g , 46 a—d

i
Th e b le ndi ng of t h e ) w it h t h e I nfi n constr. i nt o a sing l e g ra mma t ic al form
g
.

ngwS G n
.

ms t o b e in dic at e d b y t h e fi rmly
'

se e c l ose d sy ll ab l e , c f .
7
34 ;
50 1 1 8 13
,
w it h D agei lene in t h e D = lin p 6l ‘ ~
h e n ce , a l so liq -te
l, &c ; b ut .
55 33
ra P S3
l 103 11 3 5 S
0

binep h ol, Jb 4 13
; PDQ; 2 34
. E x c e p t ion s NDY N u 423 , 8 24 ;
Jer 1 10 7 28
w s 47
J 4
D )S J 19
& 14
1 5 Ch 10
18 ,3 1 ; a e,r O D er 1 1 c
p 37 ; P 1
1 1 2 34 , .
,

a c c ordin g t o so m e also N u 2 1 1 a nd 2 Ch 2 8 1 0 ( B ae r W29 5) ; o n

t h e o t h e r h a nd {DUB G n 3 522 ; 1 3 13 Je r 1 7 2 F or t h e mea ning l e ss wi‘ fi fl s
'
'

E z r 1 0 1 6 read WWW5 .

§ 46 . The Imp era tive .

a 1 . The g round-forms of t h e I mp erat ive , PE P (p rop e rly g tul e

,
wh ich
is for an orig ina l ge m) , and 59 ? ( see b e lo w , t he sa me in p ro
nunc iat io n as t h e fo rms of th e I nfin . co nst r. a re al so t h e b a sis
for t h e forma t io n of t h e I mp erfec t Th ey r ep re sent the sec ond

p erson, a nd h av e b o t h fem . a nd
p l ur forms .Th e t h ird p erson is .

supp l ied b y t h e I mp erfe c t in t he J ussiv e 10 9 b

) a nd ev en th e se c ond

p erson must a lw a ys be e xp ressed by th e Ju ssiv e , if it b e used w it h a

PDPB PS ne o cczda s ( not PDP PS) T he p assive s h ave no

'

neg at iv e, e
‘ ‘

g . . .

I mp e rat iv e, b ut it N ip h al a nd H it h p a el 2
in t h e fle x ives,
‘ ‘

oc c urs re as .

I) 2 . T h e Afforma t ives of t h e an d sing . fem p lu r ma sc

. a nd t he z ud . .

a nd fem . a re ident ical in eve ry c a se w it h t h ose of t he I mpe rfec t 4 7 c) .

I n t he me w ay, t h e I mp erat ive of t h e z ud sing ma sc , in common

sa . .

w ith t h e I mp erfec t admit s of t h e leng t h ening b y t h e n p a ra o icum

g g
, 7

48 as, o n t he ot h er h a nd, t h ere a re c ert ain sh ort e ned forms o f

t h is p erson anal o ous

g to t h e Ju ssive 48 .

c R em . 1 . I nstead of t h e form PEP (some t ime s also p lene , e .

g .
“
liDfi E c 1 21 3 ;
é
b efore Mqq p h SDP w ith
a e
'
za
Qa meg Z tup h ) , t h ose v e rb s w h ic h h av e an a in t h e
fi nal sy ll ab le of t he I mp erf .
(i .
e . e sp e c ia l l
y v e rb s m iddle e) mak e t h eir
I mp e ra t iv e
down ! i n p a use J s-l?f
of t h e fo rm
'
.

8 35 41-9 1
PDP
.
,
e .
g . W215 dress ! ( Pe rf 19 .

n a nd fil ? )
l
) lie
33V

d a. Th e fi rst s y llab l e o f t h e
p l ur m asc a re usual l y t o b e sing . fe m . a nd . .

p ro n oun c e d w i t h é‘
wd mobile (qu
e
ll , ga
e
la, a n d so w er}
e, &c , w i t h out D a l‘
g lene,
e .

a nd e v e n E D
D w it h Mth g e e ,
Ex 1 221 ; b ut cf . Jet an d w it h th e
sa me p h one t ic co mb ina t ion ”Elf/ [l I s 4 72 se e a n alo g ous case s i n 5 9 3 m) l e ss
freq ue n t l y w e fi n d an 6 in st ead of t h e t, e. g .
P D D rule, J 11 d

Ez 33 3
9 Je r 21 2 ( c f.
0
5 7 7 :
I s 4427 on ‘
o DP I S
D 28
3
Q
‘
ré, ”
Pig-
Tor .

( cf . 1 K Th is 6 a rise s ( see a b ov e , a ) from a sing ul ar g round

see 10 h .

fo rm gut-il l , not fr om a re t rac t ion o f t h e o rig in a l 11 o f t h e se c o n d sy l lab le .

W e must ab and on t h e v i ew t h a t t h e form s w it h i in t h e fi rst sy llab l e (c f al so .

1Th e I nfi n a bsol , l ike t h e G reek I n fi n , is al so so me t ime s use d for t h e

. . .

I mp e ra t ive ( 5 1 1 3 b b) Cf in g e ne ra l , K oc h , D er semitisch e I nf ( S c h a fi h ause n ,

'

. . .

1 8 7 4)
2 I n Ho h
p a l a n I mp e ra t i
‘
ve i s fo un d o nl y t w ic e
( E z 3 219
, Je r a nd .

x
c l ose ly ap p ro imat i ng in m e a nin g t o t h e refl e i ve x .
 1 26 Th e Ver b 47 b —d

st e m-form w as not al w ays suffic ient to e x p ress at th e sa me t ime

difference s b ot h of gender a nd numb er, t h e dist inc t ion h ad t o b e
"

furt h er indicat ed, in several sp ec ial a

fi ma tzves
‘

by Of t h e
’

cases, or . .

t ab le , 40 c.

b 2 . Th e de rivat ion and meaning b ot h of t h e p reformat ives and th e

,

mat ives in most

'

a flo r , c a n st ill , c a se s, be reco
gn iz ed .

I n t he fi rst
p er s. PDPQ} , p l ur . P
EP} ,
N is rob abl
p y c onnec t ed wit h
“
m , a nd 3 w it h W13 5 h ere no . indica t ion g ender or numb er__by
of

a sp ecial en
ding w as nec essary . As re ards t h e v ocaliz a t io
g the n
,
Ara b ic p o int s to t h e g round forms dq yd l and ndq tul t h e t of t h e w t
’ ’
-

lur is t h erefore , as in t h e oth er reformat iv es, at t enua t ed from a

p , .
p .

Th e & ghol of t h e rst sing is p rob ab ly t o b e e x p lained b y t h e p re .

ference o f t h e s fo r t his so und ( c f 2 2 0 , b ut also 5 1 p ) ac co rding .

to Q imhi , it arises from an endeav our to av oid the si milarit y of sound

b et w een PDPN (whic h is t he B ab yl onian p unct uat ion) and P

EP}, w h ich,
acc ordin t h is v iew , was likew ise p ronounc ed i pal
'

}
g to
c Th e reforma t ive n of the sec ond ersons DPB round- or f m
p p , g
t dgtul, & c .
) is, w it h out doub t , connec t ed w it h t h e n of P138 ,
DP S . &c .
,

fi m zve L of t h e and fem

'

and th e w it h t he t of t h e
’

a t a or ,
.
f

o rig inal fe minine form lf m

( )
f
lg see h fi
'

3 2 Th e a or a tive i o f t h e 2 nd .

masc p lur HP DPH in it s more com le t e form, ll see m is t h e si n of

'

(
.
p .
) g ,

t h e p lural, as in t h e grd p ers , . and also in t h e Perfe c t 44 a

) . In
t h e I mp erfec t , h ow ev er, it is re st ric t ed in b ot h p e rsons t o t he
masculine mat iv e
'

wh ile t h e afior ( J)
2
,
”3 also of t h e grd a nd 2 n d p lur .

fem is p rob ab ly
. c onnec t ed wit h 9 2
” eae and “ 5
218 v0 .
9

d Th e p reformat iv e s of t h e t hird p e rsons in t h e masc . P P , g round

E }

form y dgtul, p lur l P DPZ , g ro u nd-form

y dgpuld n in t h e fem . . PEPE ,

p l ur .
P
QPBPD
) h ave no t yet met w it h a ny sat isfa c t o ry -
e x p la na t ion
.
.

With mig h t most ob viously b e —comp are d t h e or ig ina l femin

in
'

11 e
~ A

1 Cf I n fav our o f t h e a b ov e v iew o f Q imh i m ay b e urg e d t h e

. 24 e .

p h o ne t ic o r t h o g p y Wt: (
ra h i n P r 1 8 24 i tt) , 2 S 1 4
19
( unle ss, w it h Pe rl e s, Di s W m
is to b e re ad , ) Mi for u
an d "
p t 1 Ch for 'w
21 3
_j ( as v e rse
'

A lso
namn Mi 6 11
i s p rob ab l y fo r ’
PPP ly} w
f
as I s 1 0 1 2 fo r 7 1
3 33
; 1 73 a
5 I s 5 1 19

ms
,

wer ew a
is for n we »
? S im il a rl y ,
3
for 31195 a n d c o n v e rse l y e» s )
33 ; .

I S 1 4
49
i s p r ob ab ly for PW} ; or
m e; in
or 2 S 238 S W"is ,
a c c ord ing to

t h e LX X ,
a n e rror for nwnw ~ = ngj i r
is ,
I n A ssy rian a l so th e si mp l e i

c or re sp o n ds t o t h e H e b re w a s t h e p re form a t iv e o f t h e I mp f Q a l . .

2
T h is is al so t h e p rop e r g e nd e r o f t h e p l ura l sy l la b l e a, fin I n H e b re w , .

i nd e e d, it i s use d in t h e 3 r d p l ur Perfect fo r b o t h g e nde rs, b ut in t h e k in d re d .

l a ng uag e s e v e n t h e re on l y for t h e m a sc uline , e g in S y ria c g t u aa m

' ' ‘
e e
a l , q g , . .

w t h t h e e m n ne f rm g t n W e st ern A ram gau ze, fe m q ta ld in A rab

'
e
i f i i o
e
dlén ,
i . . .

t dlu, fem t a lnd, E t h t dlfi, t dlci

'

. . .
§ 47 e- lr
] T he I mp erfec t a nd its I n
fl ewion 1 27

ending Il of no uns, and of t h e grd fem sing. p erfect F or t h e

'
. .

mat iv es i ( P) d ne, see

'

afior an c.

3 . Th e c h a rac t erist ic v ow el of th e second s llab le

y b ec o mes f i
le d 6
b efore t one-b earing mat iv es
'

a flor w hic h b egin w it h a v ow el, b ut is

ret a ined
( b e ing in t he t one-sylla ble) b efore t h e t oneless afiormat iv e
'

m
as

ng . Th us : ore inset trues b ut in a use ” 5 951

, , ( p ,
h en 5 w
R em 1 Th e 6 of t h e se c ond syll a b l e (a s in t h e i nf c o nst r a nd
. .

b e ing l e ng t h e ne d fr om a n orig ina l it in t h e t one -sy l l ab le , is o n l y t o n e -l ong

. .

f
( 5 g r) H e nc e it fo l l ow s t h a t : ( a ) it is in c orre c t l y , a l t h oug h so me w h a t
M
.

fre q ue nt ly , w rit t e n p lene ; ( b) b e fo re aq qep h t h e sh ort v o w e l a p p e a rs as

Q mes ha tup h ,
a e. g . D WE ’
JI ID’ ] a nd h e wrote th ere, J os 832 ( b ut c f. a l so Ex

Jos () c i t b ec ome s f wd b e fore t h e t one -b earing

‘
a ffo r mat iv e s a nd i
( see ab ov e , e b ut Je rome st il l h ea rd e. g i ez
. buleni fo r ’
3 3 1‘ 5 c f. ZA W iv . .

Q uit e ano mal ous a re t h e t h re e x a mp l e es w h ic h , in st e ad o f a sh o rt e ning to

g
g zed xh ib it D ! “ 3 39 W E x
"
a
,
e a l o ng it u ” imm e dia t e ly b e fore t h e p rin c ip al

p a use,b ut a c c ord ing t o Q imh i ( e d R ittenb p 1 8 h ) ,e d

. . . . ag a inst

th e ot h e r e d it io n s, w it h t h e t o n e o n t h e ul t ima ; l i ke w ise m
g nangp tés i '

me:31 ( in p rin c ip al
‘
3
Ru 28 ; na /
p ause) Pr I n t h e fi rst t w o c a se s p e rh a p s
ani éw: a n d
’

( fo r &c .
) are int e nde d, i n v irt ue o f a re t r o g r e ssi v e

effe c t o f t h e
p au e s i n Pr 1 43 Dfi Dl -
l is t o b e re ad, w it h A ug ust Mll u er .

2. Th e 6 of th e sec o n d sy l l ab l e is t o b e fo un d al m ost e x c l usiv e l y w it h t ran si ll

t i ve v e rb s middle a, l ike 59 2 . I nt ra nsit iv es middle a an d e al most al w a y s t a ke

d (Pa th a lz) i n t h e imp f , e g

rm 3 3 W, 3 3 2» to lie down (7 79 5
1
. . .
1 , VI) ? to couch ,
1' 3
'
r ,

7 73 5” to lea rn is al so ori g in a ll y i nt ran sit iv e to a ccusto m onesel f) ; 53 2 ,

to become grea t (b ut of.

D?) an d
[D W imp e rf .
73 W
} to dwell an d to inh a b it, 53 2
imp e rf . 53 ” t o with er) al so from v e rb s middle 6, as
{ earto be sma ll, t h e i mp e rf .

h as t h e fo rm
S ome t ime s b ot h forms oc c ur t og e t h e r ; t h ose w it h 6 h av ing a t ran sit iv e , Z
and t h ose w it h a a n i n t ra nsit iv e me a nin g , e
g fli p? h e cuts ofi , ng pj h e is cut
“ ’

. .

fi
o , i . e. is sh ort ; W5!) imp f 6, to . overco me, E x 1 7 13 im pf d, to be
. overco me, J b 1 4 1 0 .

M ore ra re l y b ot h forms a re use d w it h ou t an y d ist in c t ion, e .

g .
QW
’ an d
at
?

h e b ites,
ran; an d
f an: h e is inclined ( b ut o nl y t h e l a t t er w it h a t ra n si t iv e
mean ing = he O n t h e a of t h e imp f of v e rb s m iddl e a n d
bends, i n J b .

t h i rd g ut t ural , c f 5 64 b ; 5 6 5 b I n some v erb s fi rst g ut t ura l 6 3 n) ,

m
. .

l ? (5
l” "’
D ( 5 9 b) ,
6 a n d N D ( 5 68 c) , an d in
”
for yinten fr om 713 ; to give,
inst e a d o f d o r 6 a mo v a b l e Sere ( o r ig ina l ly i ) is foun d in t h e sec ond sy l l ab l e .

A t rac e of t h e se i -imp e rfe c t s 2 i n t h e ord ina ry st ro ng v e rb is p rob a b l y t o b e

found in 1375 l 2 K7 8
,
sin c e
)tDD o t h e r w ise on ly oc c urs in Q al . We c al l t h e se
t h ree fo rms of t h e imp e rfe c t a ft e r t h e ir c h a rac t e rist ic v ow el imp f . o, im p f . a,

imp f e . .

3 . F o r t h e gr d sing. fm e . SEPT“ ( .
= tig B ae r re q uires in 1 S 9
25 ° W35 1?! [3
( b ut re ad w it h ed . WE B ) . Fo r t h e 2nd sing . fem . t h e fo r m

T h is at is, h o w e v e r, b y n o me a n s re st r ic te d t o i n t ra nsit iv e strong v e rb s ;

1

ap art fr o m v e rb s t h ird
g ut t ura l ( 5 65 b ), it i s t o b e fo und in VB a nd , a nd WW
in many v e rb s N” D a nd W 5 69
2 Cf B art h
, D a s i
.
-I m p e rfek t i m N o rd se m it isc h e n,
’
ZD G 1 8 8 9 , p 1 7 7 if M . . .
 1 28 The Ver b 4 7 l, m

5199 3
1 1 i s fo un d i n I s
9
57 , Je r
5
3 , E2 22
4
,
2 3 3 9, in e v ery c ase a ft e r th e regul ar

fo rm ; b ut of a l so E z 2 61 4 I n Is . . w h e re t h e z ud fem p re c e de s a n d

mi M ti
2
fol l ow s, p ro b ab l y Ra la n — F or t h e
’
33 to b e r ead w it h
pyg s ar for
g
grd p lur .
f m nQSiSPIEI w e fi nd i n
e . J er 49
11
, in p ause angin
a ( for ngg énn) , an d

t h ric e ( as i f t o d ist ingu ish it fro m t h e 2n d p e rs .

) t h e form ” 5153
2 1
” w it h th e

p re fo rma t iv e (a s a l w ay s in W e st e rn A ra m .
,
A rab , E t h .
, and in

bépmpp me
‘
22
G n 30 33 , S Dn 8 On t h e o t h er h an d , n in
1 .

g .
a e a rs so c ase s

to b e i nc orre c t ly use d eve n for t h e fe m . of the gd r p e rs . or m asc of

for t h e .

the an d p e rs. sing . as ngnSW n J u 5 9 6 ( w h ere , h o w e v e r , f

p e rh ap s ngrlS n is t o W
be rea d , a n d ) Ob “ , for 2 n d sing ma sc , ac c o rding t o Ol sh a use n
. . a cdrrup t ion
nfi W mm a
<
" 3
of l ; in P r 8 3 for 71 11 rea d i n Jb 3 9 23 ; i n E x 1 1 0 rea d
i
: lf 3 3 s

— I n I s 2 71 1 , 2 8 3 , as al so in J b 1 1 6 if w e re ad
w i t h t h e S amarit an 7 ( .

w it h L XX fo r t h e z ud finlpn) , i t is e q ual ly p ossib l e t o e x p l a in t h e

l

form as a p l ural T h is sma l l numb e r of e x a mp l e s h ar dly ust ifi e s ou r fi ndi ng

. j
i n t h e a b ov e -me n t io ne d p a ssag e s t h e re ma in s of a n e mp h at ic form of t h e
I mp f , a nal og ous t o t h e A rab M
. od us ener icus I w it h t h e t e r min a t io n dnnd
g ,
.
.

F or anw e fre q ue nt ly fi nd , e sp e c ia l ly in t h e Pe nt at euc h a n d most l y

a ft e r wd
,
w
consecutive sim l
p y 7 na, e g O u 1 9
3 3 13 6
, 37 ,
1 9 1 20 N u
7 Ex 1 18-
, 5 , ,
. .

WJSIf
j
’

E2 65 5 ; in A rab A c c ording t o E l ia s L e v i t a
1 . a l w ays né .
J E l

) is t h e only ex amp le
O

( 2 S 1 3
18
of t h is kin d i n t h e st r on g v erb . Th e fo rm
iagnl (so also Q imh i a nd e d
nr r . M ant . b ut B aer, G insb n fiag
g . m) f mnziam or

th ey w ere h igh , E z is irreg ul ar, w it h i nse r te d a ft ert h e ma nner of

v erb s a nd V 1}, 67 d a c c or d ing t o Ol sh ause n it is a n e rr or c a use d

5 72 i
b y th e fol l o w ing fo rm .

m I nst ead of t h e p lural forms in 3 t here are , esp ec ially in t h e older

4 .

b oo s ov er 3 0 0 forms wit h t h e fuller ending P (w it h Nun p a rag ogi

k ,
1

cu m) ,
alw a ys b earing t h e t o ne ; cf . 29 m a nd 44 l on it s ret ent ion
b efore suffi x es, see § 60 e; also defe c t iv ely Ex 21
13
,
22
8
,
&c . T h is
usual ly exp resse s ma rked e mp h asis ,
a nd c onseq uent ly o cc urs most
co mmonly at t he end o f sent e nc es ( in t h e p rinc ip a l p a use) , in w hic h

case al so t he (p ausa l ) v ow el of t h e sec ond syllab l e is g en erally ret a ined .

Th us t h ere arise full-so unding forms such as PP S

P they c ollect i
”
,
f

they t r emble, h ear, D t cf Ex

“
Ex 1 5 y e sh a ll .

w it h Zaq ep h q ato n, A t h nah , and S illuq ; J 05 24

15
, w it h S egol t a ; I s 1 3
8

5
a nd w it h Zaq ep h qa ton, 1 7 w it h At h nah a nd S illuq , 4 1 a ft er

waw c on sce. With out t h e p a use g

, e . .
4 x 1 1
2
TW P P3 1 7 3,
cf .
4
3
Ga
,

I 8 251 29 3 0 n
. . .

, 44
1
,
N 11 3 2 , Jos 4 23 s
( s
nsgj s
) ; Is 8
12
, I S 9 13
,
Ru 2 9
( 3
4 9
1 3 3

a nd J u 1 1
18
a ft er w dw con sce .

S om e o f t h e se e x a mp l e s may b e p a rt l y due t o e up h o n ic re a so n s, e g c e rt a inl y .

N
.

Ex N u 1 629 , 1 S 91 3 , 1 R 9 3, a nd o ft e n , to a v o id a h iat us b e fore or

I t w as, h o w e v e r , t h e p a use e sp e c ial ly w h ic h e x e rt e d a n infl ue n c e o n t h e

r e st o rat ion o f t h is ol d e r a n d ful l e r t e rm ina t io n
(o f . 1 5 9 0, n o t e ) , as i s ma n i
e-
fe st from i Wi i 1 1 11 w 5; ma y become
'

I s 261 1 : ’ ”
ir th ey see not ; th ey see a nd
A?

1
[See d e t a ils in F B b t tc h er, Leh rb . .
, 5 9 30 ; a nd c f. D riv e r on 1 S
 1.

30 T he Ver b 48 c-f
ju ssiv e , ( ) d ou b l e ydqtul
e n e rg e t ic m o odco f t h e im fa
p , ydq tuldnnd a nd
- ‘ '
.

ydq tdldn , i n p au se ydqtula, t h e l ast fo rm t h us c orresp ondi ng t o t h e H eb re w

c o h o r t a t iv e .

C 3 . Th e c h a rac t erist ic o f the c oh or t at iv e form is an d affi x ed

t o t he I st
p ers. sing . or pl ur .
, e. g .
” D
PQ ? from PDPE
S ‘
. It o c c urs in
al most a ll co n j ug at ions a nd c lasses of the st ron
g a nd w eak v erb

( x c ept
e o f c ourse in t h e p assiv es) , and t h is final 717 h as t h e t one
wh erev e r t h e affor mat iv es l a nd w ould h av e it A s b e fore t h ese .

ending s, so a l so b efo re t h e PT coh ort at ive , the mov ab le v ow el of t he

last syllab le o f th e v erb al form b ec o mes S wd
e
, e .
g in.
Q a l flfiD § W
I w ill observe, in Pi el
‘

P
P R? ! let us brea h a sunder, i t on i Wtf
(of
25
Is 1 8 4
Q e
ré . al so Ezr 8 ,
see 10 h ; w ith t h e K thibh of e

t h ese p assag es, co mp are t h e a na log ous c a ses w er

e“
, &c .
, 47 g .
— On
t h e ot h er h and, anin t h e final syllab le is re tained
unch ang eab l e v ow el

as t one-v ow el b e fore t h e FLT , as (e g ) in H ip h 711 1 518 I will p ra ise . . . .

In p a use
( a s b e fo re 12 a nd i ) ,
t h e v o w el w h ic h b e c ame Se
w d is re st ored

as t one-v ow el t h us for t h e c oh ort at ive “ PD WN t h e p a usal form is

m DWN u
' ‘

21 26
p cf . Gn 1 8 ,
Is 4 1 .

d Th e c h ang e o f 11
7
.
in t o t h e ob t u se 71 see ms to oc c ur in 1 S 28
15
,
unl ess, .

w i t h N est le , w e to me c onfl a t e read ing , {P -lPR a nd nj ptt l ; and

a re assu a
)
Wg } f
. l

w it h t h e 3 rd p e rs . 20 4, in a syl l ab l e sh a rp e n e d by a fol l o w ing a e orte

c f simil ar c ase s o f th e c h a ng e o f n_ i nt o t h e n_ a nd
'

conj unct . . o b t use in l

in 7 3 d, 8 0 i , 9 0 i . I n it 20 4, h o w e v er, nS fi i — w it h W suflix — is p rob ab ly

i nt e nd e d . found w ith t h e 3 rd p er s in I s 5 1 9 (t w ice ) ;
A n FL c o h ort . is a l so .
?
E2 2 a nd ag a in i n v e rse 1 6 a c c ording t o t h e Q ré, b ut in b o t h t h ese c ases
e

w it h o ut a ny e ffe c t o n t h e mea n ing P rob a b ly a no t h e r in st a nc e o c c urs .

in Jb 1 1 1 7 , alt h o ug h ng iz a mig h t a l so, w it h Q imh i b e re g a rde d a s 2 nd

t h e re ,

m a sc . F or t h e d oub ly i rre g ul a r fo rm nnxii p D t 3 3 1 6 ( e x p l aine d b y Ol sh ause n

and K o n ig as a sc ri b al error, d ue t o a c o nfusio n w i t h 1 1N13 11 in ve rse read
' '

6
71 1 5
2 3
1 . F or 31111 13 11 3 Jb 22
21 t h e n o un fifl tf ll n th ine increa se, migh t h e
M
1

me an t , b ut t h e a so ra h as e v id e n t l y i nt e n d e d an imp e rfe c t w it h t h e e n d ing

a th , in st ea d of 11
T
b e fore t h e suf
fi x ,
on th e a n al o g y o f t h e 3 rd sin g . fem .

p e rfe c t , see 59 a ; o n ”11 x3 1 “ 1 S 25

34
, see 76 h .

3 Th e coh or t a t ive e x presses t h e direc t io n of t h e w il l t o an ac t ion and

t h us denot e s esp ec ia lly f-enc ouragement

sel (in th e 1 st p lur . an

e xh ort at ion to ot h er s at t h e sa me t ime) a ,

re solut ion o r a w ish , as

an O t a t ive, & c see 1 0 8

p .
,
.

Th e g eneral ch a ract erist ic of t h e j ussive form of t h e imp erfec t

fi s
4 .

rap idit y o f p ro nunc ia t io n, comb ined w it h a t endenc y t o ret rac t

1
Pro b a b l y t h is a g oe s b ac k t o t h e sy ll a b l e a n, w h ic h in A rab ic ( see a b ov e ,
R e m t o b ) is use d fo r t h e forma t io n o f t h e ‘ e ne rg e t ic mood , a nd in H e b rew
m
.

( see t h e foot not e t o 5 5 8 i) oft en sta nds b efore su xes .

§ 8 —i
4 g ] S hor t ening a nd L eng thening of I mp erfect 1 3 1

th e t o ne from t h e final syllab le, in order b y t h a t means t o e x p ress

t h e urg enc y o f t h e c ommand in t h e v ery first syllab le This .

t endenc y h as, in c ert ain forms, ev en c a used a mat erial sh o rt ening of

t h e t erminat ion of t h e w ord, so t h at t h e e x p re ssion of the co mmand
a
p p ears t o b e c onc ent rat ed on a single syllab le I n o th er c ases, .

h o wever, t h e j ussiv e is simp ly marked b y a sh ort ening of t h e v o w e l of

t he seco nd s llable ,
y w it h out it s losing t h e t o ne, a nd very freq uent ly

( see ab ov e, b) t h e na t ure o f t h e form does not ad mit of any a l t erat io n .

I t is not imp ossib le, h owe ver, t h a t ev e n in suc h cases th e j ussiv e

in t h e l iv ing lang uag e w a s dist ing uish ed from t h e indic at iv e b y a

c h an e in t h e
g p lac e o f t h e t one .

In th e st ro n
g v erb j
t h e ussiv e differs in form fro m t h e indic at iv e g
o nly in H ip h il (j uss PQ PZ,
ind P ’‘
WPI), a nd simila rly in t h e w eak v erb
. .
,

w h erev er t h e imp erfec t indic at iv e h as i in t h e sec ond syllab le , e g . .

from 11 W: imp f H ip h T W j uss W

P D I” from 11173 , and a lso

mm
. . .
,

in Q a l of t h e v er bs W a nd
1" 7
3, as 11 13 ; ind .
; 53
2 ind P3
1; ,
.
1
in all

g j
c on u a t io ns of v erb s N 5, so t h at t h e j
re ec tion
p ) ( a oc op e o f t h e ending

in Q al a nd H ip h .
g ives rise to monosyllab ic forms, w it h or

w it h out a h elp ing v o w el under t h e sec ond ra dic al , e . g .

Q a l ind “ W, .
P
j uss . Pf"; H ip h ind . .
“ P
93 j uss,
. Pl l ; a nd in t h e P i él
‘

from t h e

( p oc op at ed imp er fect s) B ut al mo st a ll t h e p lural 1

indie . c alled a .

forms of t he j ussive c oinc ide w it h t h o se o f t h e indic at iv e, e x cep t t h at

t h e ussiv ej e x c lude s t h e fuller e nding ll . N eit h er do t h e fo r ms o f t h e
z ud sin
g . fem , . as
’
PWPB ‘
,
”
13475 1 m
3 P ,
“
,
&c .
,
admit o f a ny c h a ng e il l
j
t h e ussiv e , nor fo rms, w h et h e r sing ular o r p lural, t o w h ic h suffix es
a ny

a re a t t ac h e d, e
g
”
311 73 11 as ind
1 1 ‘s
er 3 8 , a s ussiv e
. . er 4 1
8
. J j J .

Th e meaning of t h e ussiv e is similar t o t h a t of t h e c oh ort a t ive , It j

x
e cep t t h at in t h e j ussi e t h e c o mmand o r w ish is limit ed al most v

e x c lusiv el
y t o t h e z ud o r 3 rd p er s O n sp ec ia l uses of t h e j ussive .
,

eg in h yp ot h et ical sent enc e s (e ve n in t he 1 st

. . se e 1 09 h .

5 T h e imp e ra t iv e , in ac co rdanc e w it h it s ot h e r p oint s o f co nne x ion

. i
wit h t h e imp erfec t in for m and meaning , admit s o f a similar lengt h ening

( y
b P_ Arab imp er en erg icu s, w it h t h e e nding -dn nd o r -dn , in p ause
. .

T h us in Q a l of t h e st rong verb , t h e le ng t h e ned

-d
) a nd sh ort e ning .

f m of
or
“
113 Wg u ard is W WW ?
him d, e
-r c f.
‘
PP g li
W i t e
, 4 6 d ) ; 3 12, ” 3 113
Jer 39 W” 23 Wli
,
e dow n ; WW ”PO Whea r, in lesse r p ause “WS W
1
p l ur d o w e fi n d
O nl y i n l st . a fe w sh o rt e n e d fo rm s, as WNW) 1 S

p aral le l w it h c o h o r t a t iv es ; a n d I s 4 1 23 K eth .

2
On t h e re a d i ng 7 (i i d méra , ac c o rd ing t o t h e Je w ish g ram marian s) ,
1
i . e.

M i
‘

re q u ire d b y th e a so rz i n it 8 6 , l 1 9
2 1 07
l
(c f a s
. o I s 3 8 19
, an d
’
gi 4: se e

59 v ; on 713 1 0 5 , Ju 98 K eth , se e 5 46 e .

K 2
 1 32 T he Ver b 48 k, a

'
23
Dn 9 in N iph al Gn 2 1 Cf , h ow ever, also sel l , . .

O n 2 5 , not w it h st anding t h e imp f W3 79? “ a ll J b 3 3 (cf

31 5
er . . J
but imp f . c ol lect , N u 1
16
(f
’
or OS c f 6 3 l a nd t h e
p l ura l I .

ma sc film ;
b ut a nd
1 dz 1 4 1 B art h (see ab ov e § 4 7 i
.
“ 83 3
.
,

s in t h ese forms a t ra c e of old imp erfec t s in i c f

no t e
) fi nd 6 3 n , . .

a so I mp erat
(
7
O n t h e ot h er h and ‘l 6 9
f
19
l 3,
2? L v 9 , b ut .

imp f . Wit h out n we h a v e t h e form i sg o, N u 2 3 , Ju 1 9 ,

,
13 ‘s

2 Ch Th e form SDP in p a use b ecomes fi rs )

t, t h e f o rm B e ?
r
b ecomes 599 e g W? D t 3 3 B ut also w it h out t h e p ause w e find
5

5
7 5 ”
7
23
,
. . .

mat h J u 9 8 K ath and new q, 2 62 Iran, on wh ic h see 4 6 e On

. .

t he ot h e r h and ”
131 m
o i
t s i
F f mf mI s 3 2 f
,
i
,
“
a re to be e x plained a s
ara maiz ing forms of t h e 2 nd p lur fe m ; . . also for “ W” v. I 1 rea d

and for v . 1 2 rea d 31

259 .

h n 5,
”
imp erat iv e is found
'

Th e sh ort ened only in v erb s g in Pi él

‘
e. .

55 from “ 552 . Th e sh ade of meaning c onv eyed by the imp erat ives
w it h FL ,
is not a lways so p erc ep t ib l e a s in the c oh ort at iv e fo rms of t h e
imp erfec t, b ut t h e long er form is freq uent ly emp h at ic , e. g DiPrise u
.
p ,

up ! I” gi ve, na n g ive up !

I R em . Th e form fl y”! fo r n j
g ,
b e st at t e st e d i n Pr 24“ ( w h e re i t i s t a ke n

b y th e M a so ra as imp e ra t n o t as in fi n .
, m
y!) i s e v ide n tl y d ue t o t h e in fl ue nc e
of n w h ic h fol l ow s it i n c l ose c onne x io n ( so S t rac k, on t h e a nal ogy of
th e
J b 3 1 2) for ot h e r e x amp le s of th is ch a nge of a t o S ° gh ol , se e ab ov e, under (1 ,
7 3 d a n d 5 8 0 i O n t h e o t h e r h an d it is d oub t ful w h e t h e r 713 1 J 9 (fro m
29
, . u ,

is i nt e nd e d for a nd n o t r at h er for t h e c o mm on for m o f t h e

im pe ra t iv e Pi él I n fav our of t h e fo rme r e xp lan

it may b e urg e d at ion

t h a t t h e imp era t iv e as); ( fro m foll ow s imme dia t e l y a ft e r in fav our o f

t h e l at t e r, t h a t t h e e n ding mr g , w i t h imp era t iv es of v e rb s n 5, is n ot found
”

e l sew h e re , and al so t h at h ere no gut t ura l fol l ow s Pr

( as in

§ 49 . Th e P erfect a nd I mp erfect w ith d Consecutive .

(l 1 . Th e use o f t h e t wo t ense-forms, as is sh own mo re fully in t h e

S ynt a x 10 6, 1 0 7, of. ab ov e, 4 7 , not e on a ) ,
is b y no means
rest ric t ed t o t he e x p ression of t h e p ast or fut ure . O ne of t h e most
st riking
p ec ul iarit ies in t h e H eb re w co nsecu tion of t enses is th e

p h enomenon t h a t , in re
p rese nt ing a series of p ast ev ent s, o nly t h e first

1
T h e o t h e r S em it ic l an g uag e s do n o t e h ib it t h is p ec ul iar it y , e c e p t ing x x
t h e Ph o e nic ia n, t h e m o st c l ose l y re l a t e d t o H e b re w , a n d o f c o urse t h e
M oa b it ish d ia l e c t o f t h e M
éfa i n sc r ip t io n , w h ic h is p ra c t ic a ll y i d e n t ic a l w it h
‘

O l d H e b re w I t a l so a p p e ars i n t h e i n sc rip t io n of 1 3 ! o f H a m at h ( c f
I
. .

N ol de ke , ZA 3 7 9 ) w h e re w e fi n d "1 ” NWN lu my
’

90 8 , p
'

1 a nd ted up h a nd,
M
. .

‘
JJX a nd h e a nswered me aft e r a p e rfe c t
, of n a rrat i on.
 1 34 T he V er b 49 e- h

E
OP, w ith w aw con sce .
DE ! S a nd he arose 67 n a nd 90, 68 01, 6 9 P,
71, 72 t and c m. 73 e
)
c I n t h e fi rst p ers sing alone t h e ret rac t ion o f th e t one and even t he
. .

reduc in
g o f t h e l ong vo w el in t h e final syllabl e
(12 t o 6, i t o E and th en

M
,

t o oa nd e) are not usual , to t he

2
least ac c ording a soret ic p unc t ua t ion,
’

at

in verb s n 5 occ urs more (

”
an d th e ap o cop e rarely e .
g . al w ays DlP‘
S
g or

UP? “ a merely or t h og rap hic difference) a nd I a r ose ; H ip h .

wpm .
1
l

|Y

l i D i m l ing t h e p ronunc iat ion w a ciqem,

( b l DR1
’
ut g e ne ra y w r t t e n p y
a s DP Nl im lies 5 1 15 and I sa w , more fre uent l t h a n
“1
" .
p . r 39 q y ,

mfg
u

, 75 t . O n t h e o t h er h and, t h e form wit h final Tl I S oft en used in

the 1 st .

p ers . b ot h sing . a nd p l ur .
, esp ec ially in t h e lat er b ooks, e .
g .

flD SWtj l a nd I sent, Gm3 2 , 4 I 6

Nu 8 19
( ” w in as in Ju IS 2
28
,

a n d o ft en,
p rob a b ly a so r t o f c o mp e nsa t ion for t h e lost J) Ju
3 5
1 2 ,
2 S 22
24
,
f 3
if
6
, 7 , 90
10
,
” 9
55
, Jb 1
1 5 th
,
1 9
20
,
EZ 7 28
,
8 25
, 9
3
,

N eh 7 s“ f
'

&c — S omet imes in wi t h a c ert a in

5 as
'

.
,

W
, ,

e mp h a sis of e x p ression ,
and p rob ab ly oft en, as in Ju 1 0 12
,
”
Q lm ’

b efo re N , for eup h onic reasons . I n Is 8 2

”T ll iy ,
may hav e b een
o rig inally int ended in dz 7 3
16 ’ nm and in Jb 30 26 ”
N1 In E2 3 3
read

7
359 541 or 5 51
74 3 1
1
.

f
. T h is -'I is in me aning a st re n g t h e n e d waw cop ula tive, a nd resemb l e s i n p ro
n unc ia t ion t h e form w h i c h is re t a in e d i n A rab ic a s t h e o r din ary c op u l a ( wd) 3 .

x
Th e c l ose c on n e io n o f t h is wet wit h t h e fo l lo w i ng c o nso na nt , c ause d t h e l a t t e r
i n H e b re w t o t a ke D ag e s, e sp e c ia lly a s a c oul d n o t h a v e b e e n r e t ai ne d in a n
O p e n sy lla b l e . Cf “ Q 3 , 717 3
.
, 9 mg? ( for w h e re t h e p re p osit io n s 3 a nd
i
t
,

a nd t h e p art ic l e 3 , a re c l o sely c o nn ec t e d w it h HQ in t h e sa me w ay (é10 2 k ) .

g Th e re t ra c t io n of t h e t one a l so o c c urs in suc h c o mb in at ions ,

j
as i n T17
9 ( for
5
717
9 5 5 — T h e id e n t it y o f ma ny consecutive
10 2 ussiv e s o f t h e form s w it h
j
sam e c on ug at io n m ust n o t m isl e ad us i nt o sup p o si n g a n i n t i m a t e re l a t i o n
b e t w e e n t h e m oo d s I n t h e c o n se c ut iv e form s t h e sh o r t e n ing o f t h e v o w e l
.

( a nd t h e re t ra c t io n o f t h e t o n e ) se e ms rat h e r t o b e oc c asion e d sol e l y b y t h e

st re ng t h e n i ng o f t h e p re fo rm at iv e sy l l a b l e , w h il e in t h e j ussi v es t h e sh o rt e n

i ng ( a n d re t rac t io n ) b e l o ng s t o t h e c h ara c t e r of t h e fo rm .

It 3 . Th e c ount erp art of w aw c onsec ut ive o f t h e imp erfec t is wd w

c onsecut ive of t h e p erfec t , b y means of w hic h p erfec t s a re l
p a c ed as

Th e p l ura l fo rm s in It a l so o c c u r l e ss fre q ue n t l y
1 a ft e r waw consecutive ; cf , .

h ow ev e r , pan g} Ju 1 1 1 9 , A m 63 , E 2 4 49, D t Th e z ud fe m . sing . in

n e v e r oc c urs a ft e r waw consecutive.
ih .

3
I n th e rat p l ur $ 9 N eh 4 i s th e o n ly i nst a nc e in w h ic h t h e v ow e l
2
.
23 1

re m a ins un re d uc e d ( c f. nl WJl , i . e. D
l l, 4
’
K ‘ th ; .
Q ré DWQI)
‘
. On th e
t re a t me n t of t h e t o n e i n t h e i m p e rfe c t , i mp e ra t i ve , and i n fi n it iv e N ip h
‘
a l, se e

5 5! n .

3
I n usa g e t h e H e b re w waw d oe s d ut y fo r t h e A ra b ic fé ( waw ap odoszs
‘

,
see

1 4 3 d) a s w e l l a s wd .
§ 49 m]
i- P erf . a nd I mp erf with . Waw Consecutive 1 35
the sequel s in t h e fut ure t o p rec eding a c t io ns or ev e nt s reg arde d as
inc omp let e a t t h e t ime o f s ea kin , and t h ere fo re in t h e im erfec t
p g p ,

imp e rat iv e, p a rt ic ip le Th is w ciw is in for m a n o rdina ry

'

o r e v en . w aw
c op u la t ive, a nd t h e re fore sh ares it s v a r io us v o c a l iz at io n as 2 K
and e. g . a ft e r a n imp erfec t , & c .
,
a nd so i t h app ens z a nd zt

w ill hap p en . I t h as, h ow ev er, t h e e ffe c t , i n c e rt a in 1 e rb al fo rms, of

sh ift n i g t h e t one from t he p enult ima g enera lly o n t o t h e ult ima e g , , . .

I w en t, c onsec ut ive fo rm ( 5 a nd I w il l g o
”5
3 3
u 1 , w h e re it is m ,
J
c o-ordina t ed w it h a not h er p erfiect consecutive, w h ic h a
g ain is t h e c on

sec ut ive to an imp era tive . S ee furt h er on t h is usag e in 1 1 2.

x
A s i nn u merab l e e a mp l es sh o w , t h e Qa mes o f t h e fi rst sy ll ab l e is re t a ine d
i n t h e st ro n g p e rf c o n se c Q al , a s fo r m e rl y b e fore t h e t o n e , so n o w in t h e
M
. .

se c o n d a ry t o n e , a n d t h e re fo re n e c e ssa ri l y t a ke s eth eg O n t h e ot h e r h a n d , .

t h e 6 o f t h e se c o n d sy l la b l e i n v e rb s middle 6 up o n l o sing t h e t o n e ne c e ssaril y

b e c ome s 0, e g 11 3 l7 1: E x
.
1 ’
5 T
1

Th e sh i ft in g fo rw a rd of t h e t on e a ft e r t h e wow consecutive o f t h e p erfect is, [0

h o w ev e r, n ot c on sist e nt l y c arrie d ou t . I t is o mit t ed— ( a ) a l w ay s i n t h e

g 1JDW 1 G D 3 4 H ip h il b e fore t h e a fi orm a t ive s

16
( b) reg u l a rl y i n
‘ '
‘
1 st p ers p l . .
,
e. .

n_T a nd 1 see 53 r ; an d ( c) in m a ny c ases in v e rb s {V b and "

V
’

s ,
al most
al way s in t h e l at si ng . o f Ws( Je r
’
a nd in W si f ’
th e v ow e l of th e
2 nd sy l l a b l e is i, E x 1 7
6
,
4-
26 5
fl“
,
J u 6 25 , &c .
, e x cep t in Qal
( o nl y Lv 24 5 ,

b e fore N) and th e 2n d sing . ma sc . of H ip h il -forms b e fore N, N u 20 3 , D t

‘
20
13
,

1 S 1 5
3
, 2 K 1 3
17 si m il arl y in Pi é l b e fore 16, E x ‘
Je r 2 74 . On t h e ot h e r

h a nd t h e t o ne is ge ne ral l y mov ed for w a rd if t h e se c o n d sy l l ab l e h as é ( in

s
W G n 7 & , W Ex
'
2 10
c i n ’
. s Je t b ut cf a l so 11 1 0 1 1 Lv 1
9
14 33

and fre q ue n t l y , al w ay s b e fore t h e c o un t e r-t o n e , Jo 4 21 , 111 W it h a in

t h e p e nul t im a t h e fo rm is nN J1 I s W 14
‘
a nd p rob ab l y al so
{ m
amJe r 3
12
,

1 S w it h l it t l e T u
102 na, a p ost p osit iv e ac c e n t
N
.

B ut b e fore a fo ll o w i ng t h e ult ima m ost ly b e ars t h e t o n e on p h o ne t ic l

g rounds, e .
g .
SR fiN3 1 Ou E x 3 1 3 , Zc 61 0 ( b y t h e sid e o f 7 1x51 ), &c (c f , .

h ow ev er, ma m b e fo re be, O n 1 7
19
Jer 7 27
E2 36 29
)
“

M mam Ju 6
t 16
c f.

m
, , , ,

( but a l so net 1 11 1 13 1 Lv L ke w i se , b e fore n, A

5
E x 25 11
v 8 9, a nd v,
“

, 4
e g Gn 2 7 1 2, Lv 26
25
( cf h ow e v e r, 1 1
59 'D W
N P1 , E Z 3 8 21
) o n v e rb s WV
k
.
, ,
. .

se e 5 67 a n d ee.

( d) Th e t o n e al w ay s kee p s i t s p l ac e w h e n su c h a p e r fe c t st a nd s in p a use, 7Il

e .
g R Q
.D 1 D t 6 11
, W 111
5
; n 13 1
fi
u
<1
t :
I s 1
g
4
4 , u 4
9
J so m e t i me s e v e n i n t h e l e sse r

p ause , as Dt 228 , Ez S 2 98 ( w h e re se e D riv e i ) , w it h Z a qep h qa ton a nd

fre q ue n t l y a l so imme d iat e l y b efore a t o ne -sy l l a b le (a c c o rd ing t o 5 29 e) , a s i n
F1 : nng W1 D t
‘
E 2 1 41 3 , 1 722, A m -b ut al so an
gj D t 21
11
,
2 3
14
mm
9
2 K8
2 1 , I
46

Th e irre gul ar it y i n t h e t o ne o f t h e se p e rfe c t s m a nife st ly

1
r esul t s from
fol low ing c onflic t ing t h e orie s, n ot t h a t of B e n A sh e r a l on e .
 I 36 T h e Ver b 5 0 a —
f

50 . Th e P a rtic ip le .

P d EI from it s form
’

a 1 .
Q al h as b ot h a n ac t ive p art ic ip le, c a l edl
'
a nd a p assiv e, F d dl
Pa m
i s g e n e ral ly re g a rde d as a surv iv al o f a p assiv e o f Q al , w h ic h st il l
x
e i st s t h ro ug h o u t i n A rab ic , b ut h as b e e n l ost in H e b re w ( see , h ow ev e r , 5 2 e) ,
just a s in A ra ma ic t h e p a ssi v e s o f P i el a n d H ip h il a r e l o st , e c e p t i n t h e
‘ ‘
x
p a r t ic ip l e s B ut i nst a n c e s o f t h e fo rm quttdl ar e b e t t e r r e g a rd e d a s re m na n t s
.

of t h e p a ssiv e p ar tic ip l e Q al (see 52 so t h at m ust b e c o n si de re d as

a n o rig i nal ve rb al no un cf . B ar t h , N omina lbildung, p . 1 7 3 if .

b 2 . I n t h e int ransit iv e v erb s mid . e a nd mid . o, t h e form of t he

p a r t ic i
p le a c t ive of Q al coinc ides in for m w ith t h e 3 rd sing of t he .

W l rom {W W131 (only orthograp h ically diffe rent

p erfe c t , 9 . g { 2 p g
.s ee in f 2 ,

from t h e p erf 15 t h e format ion t h e p a rt ic ip l e in

of
)f
2 ea ring c f.
'

.
;
N ip h a l, On t he ot h er h and, t h e a it ic ip le of v erb s mid a
‘

51 a .
p .

t akes t he for m sDP (so e ven from t h e t ra nsit ive KJ Wt o h a te , p art . 3 2W) .

Th e 6 of t h ese forms h a s arisen t h rough a n o b sc uring of t h e d, a nd is

t herefore unc h ang eab le, cf .
9 g . Th e for m 519 1? (w it h a c h an ea ble
g
Q a mes in b ot h syllab les) w hich w ould ,
c o rres ond
p t o t h e fo rms {W
2
a nd 15 Th e fo rmat ion
2 i l i f 8 4“ f of the
'

s o n y n us e as,
a noun c ,
. .

art ic i i H h d H h f
a él follow s a dif e rent met h od
‘

p p l e n P eel,
i
p i l, an it p .

c 3 . Part ic ip l es form t h eir femin ine ( 5 3 19 or 31 56” and t h eir p lural 1?

like ot h er nouns 80 e, 84 “
r , s,

(l R em . 1 . F r om t h e ab ov e it fol l o w s, t h a t t h e d of t h e fo r m W
{ 1 i s l e ng t h ened
from d, a n d c on se q ue n t ly c h a ngeab l e (e .
g .
fem n .
n ) a nd t h at t h e 6 of Se p o n
th e h a n d is ob sc u re d from a n un c h a nge ab le d 1 I n A rab ic t h e v e rb al
ot h er
j
.

a d e c t iv e o f t h e fo rm t il c or re sp o n d s t o t h e fo rm t él, a n d t h e p art t il t o .

gays I n b o t h c ase s, t h e re fo r e , t h e e o f t h e se c o n d sy l l a b l e is l e n g t h e n e d fro m i,

.

a nd i s c o n se q ue nt ly c h a ng e ab l e (e g 5m
) p lu r
“
13 ? c o nst r pl
m
. . . . .
,

6 3
1
19113 t
i 1 65 , in st e a d t h e fo rm got el, is an a no al y ; i t i s p o ssib le ,
of ho w
ev e r
,
t h at ( i n c o rre c t l y w rit t e n ful ly i s in t e n de d c f 3 1 g b 2
) ( . K or

imp E ip h zl of T h e fo rm ‘ 14
1
5
ev e n t h e f in I s
er ect
3 19 .
qp 29 , 3 8 ap p ea rs to
st a n d for qg
‘
,
m ost p rob a b l y t h e
b ut M aso ra h e re ( a s c e r t a i nl y i n F11 D1’ B e
int e n ds t h e grd sin g i mp erf H ip h . . .
,
for w h ic h t h e b e t t e r fo rm w oul d b e
F 9 1” ;
1 5 3 1N
1 I Ch b e ing a p rop er na me a nd a fo re ig n w or d , n e e d n ot

be c o n side re d — fi g ht w it h d i n t h e
( c onst r . st a t e of se c o nd sy l l ab l e
,

oc c ur s in D t ( c f. m ore ov e r, 5 65 d) . On I s 4 1 7 ( fo r n§1n) , see

A fo rm l ike t h e p a ss p t c p Pd ul, b ut n ot t o b e c o n fuse d w it h it , is
2. . .

so me t i me s fo un d fro m in tra nsitive verb s, t o d e n o t e a n i n h e re n t q u a l i t

y, e g .

m
.

31 g f a ithf ;
u l 1J$
t d esp era te,
e r i
’s
5 , & c W
; ( 1113 ? tr ust ul
f , I s 2 63
t
, s 1 1 2 7 J
D1XV .

strong ;
'
11D Wd runken, I s 5 1 21 an d ev e n from t rans it i ve v e r b s, M
{ 1 15 h a ndling ,
C t 3 5 ; fi 13 min dful, gt knowing, I s 5 3 3 ; c f. 8 4“ m
1 917 1 .

1
Th e c o n st r . st . DI
S; in t h e fo rm ul a mm DR) ,
the word ( p rop e rly the
th e L ord, &c” is
.

whisp ering ) of a l w ay s w r it t e n d e fe c t ive l y .

3
Cf V oll ers, ‘
Da s l - a r t iz i ium ’ in Z A 23
.
Q at i p p ,
. 1
90 3 , p 3 1 . .
 1 38 T he Ver b [§ 51 f —Ic

sel f , e .
g . 551 W) to a sk (
so mething) f or on esel f (1 S N eh of.

(
o n o neself
)
'
iip a i bi d t unic
’
a roi‘
i
ore r o rro , ev i o a a ai
X dwa , t o p ut
ir
‘
a .

f
l

(d ) In c onse q ue nc e of a loo seness o f t h ough t at a n ea rly

p eriod o f
t h e la ng uage, N ip b mes finally in many rep resent t h e
'
a l co c a ses to
1
p a ssive o f Q a l, e g . . bea r, N ip h t o be bo rn ; “ 22 to bury, N ip h
to . .

t o be bur ied . In c a ses w h ere Qa l is int ransit iv e in meaning or is not ,

"
N ip h a l app ears also a s t h e p assive of P i él a nd H ip h il ,
'

used,
'
13 ?
e. g .

'

be in h on our, Pi el to honour , N ip h to be h onoured (a s w ell a s Pu a l

'
to .

"
ID? Pi el t o c oncea l , H ip h N ip h p assiv e o f eit h er
'
. to destroy , . .

coinc ide in mea ning w it h Q a l ( fi m

l
In suc h N ip h al may ag a in
‘
c ase s

Q al a nd N ip h to be ill) . a nd ev en t a ke a n a c c usat iv e .

g
E x a mp l e s o f d e nom ina t iv e s a re,
“
13 11 to be born ma le, E x 3 4 ( from 121;
a
19 "

b ut p r ob a b l y sh o uld h ere b e re a d ) ; 3 3 53 cord a tum fi ,

eri Jb 1 1 1 2 from
(
cor
) ; d o ub t l e ss al so 711 3 3 to ob ta in ch ildren, G n 1 62, 3 0 3 .

e o ld e r g ra mm a ria n s w e re dec i de dl y w ro ng i n re p re se n t i ng N ip h a l si mp l y
I h
‘

t T
a s t h e p a ssive o f Qa l for N ip h a l h as (as t h e fre q uen t use o f it s im p e ra t sh ow s) ,
‘
.

i n n o re sp e c t t h e c h ara c t e r of t h e o t h e r p a ssiv e s a n d in A rab ic a sp e c ial

j
c o n uga t io n ( inqatdtd ) c orre sp o n ds t o i t w i t h a
'

p a ssi v e o f it s o w n o re o v e r, . M
t h e forms me n t io ne d in 5 5 2 9 p o i n t t o a d i ffe re n t l y fo rme d p assiv e o f Qa l .

Th e fo rm 1 3
1 ) I s 59 51 3
,
La is no t t o b e re g arded as a p assiv e of N ip h al,
'

b ut w it h R enig and Ch e y n e as a forma mixta , i n t h e se nse t h at t h e p u n c t uat ors

i nt e n de d t omb ine t w o op t io nal rea d ing s,
co p e rf N ip h. .
,
an d p e rf .

P u al [c f al so W rig h t , Comp a r Gra mm , p A l t h o ug h t h e p a ssiv e use of

'
. . . .

N ip b a l w as i nt rod uc e d a t a n e a rl y p e riod , a n d b e c a me t ol e rab l y c ommon , it

‘

i s n e ve r t h e le ss q uit e se c o n d ary t o t h e re fl e i v e use x .

2 R em . I . Th e infi n . a bsol . 5119 91 is c onn e c t e d in form w it h t h e p e rfe c t , t o

w h ic h i t b e a rs t h e sa me re l a t io h as him; t o $9
9 in t h e 6 in t h e se c o nd

sy l l a b l e b e ing o b sc ure d fro m a n o rig ina l d . E x a mp l es a re ,

flb b fi G n
Uh? ) Ju 518 W) I S 20 6-2
8
,
al l in c o nn e x ion w ith t h e p e rfec t .

[3 E x a mp l es o f t h e fo rm bean ( in c onn x ion w it h imp e f e r ec t s ) a re , {i117} Je r

32
4
; 73
{
1 mLv 7
18
; o nc e Wfij N E 1 4 wh p e h ap th e
z
3
,
e re , r s, su b se q ue n t Wj j x
h as l e d t o t h e sub st i t ut ion of N for 71 — . M ore o v e r , t h e fo rm SQ QU is n ot

i nfre q ue nt l y use d al so for t h e in fin . ab so l .

,
2
e .
g . Ex 2 23 , N u 1 53 1 , D t 4 26, 1 K
20 3 9 . On t h e ot h e r h a n d, sh o ul d si mp l y b e r ea d for t h e w h ol l y

mal ( c o mm only e x p la ine d a s b e ing i nt ended t o c o rre sp on d

a b n or 3
0
1 68
i n so u nd w it h t he sub se q ue nt qam, b ut p rob a b l y a forma ni ixt a mb ining
’

co

t h e re a din g s 311 3 71 3 a n d

C f H a l fma n n , B eitra ge z ur S ynta x der h ebraisch en Sp rac h e, 1 S t uc k , W i tt e n b ,

1
. . .

1 8 8 8 , 2 S t 1 8 9 2 ( G y mn —Pro g ra mm ) , st a t ist ic s o f t h e N ip b a l ( P u al , H op h a l ,
‘ ‘ ‘
. . .

a nd q at u l ) fo rm s at d iffere n t p e r io ds of t h e l a ng uag e , for t h e p u rp ose o f

asc e r t a in ing t h e m e an i ng o f N ip h a n d i t s re l a t io n t o t h e p assiv e t h e se le c t io n .

o f p e rio d s is, h ow ev er, v e ry q ue st i onab l e fro m t h e s t a n dp o in t o f l i t e rary

c ri t i c ism .

2 B ut l ike
,
only in c onne ion w it h imp e rfe c t s, e c e p t
1

er B a rt h x x J
i s t h e re fore rig h t in de sc rib i ng ( Nomina lb ildung , p 7 4 ) b ot h fo rm s a s l at e r
.

a na l og o u s for m a t ion s to the o r ig i na l S e m it ic int e n de d

( in addit io n

to ass imil at e t h e infini t iv e t o t h e imp erfe c t w h ic h it st re ngt h e ns .

 N ip h a l
’

51 l—p , 5 2 a ] 1 39
E l isio n of th e fl
a!
“
a ft e r p re p osi t io ns is re q uire d b y th e M aso ra i n
'

15W33 Pr 1
24 7
1
( for 11 1 3
1 E2 26
15
a nd 5 3 73
11 1 L a 21 1 a l so i n v e rb s Ws ’
Ex 10
3

3°
34 , D t 3 1 11
,
Is 1 1 1 21
i n v e rb s Jb 33 I t i s, h ow
x
e v e r, e t re me l y d o ub t ful w h e t h e r t h e i fi n Qa l o f t h e K th ib h
n
e
. is n o t ra t h e i
i n t e n de d i n a l l t h e se e a mp l e s ; i t c e i t a i nly is so in La of x 613 .

2 . I nst e a d of th e S ore in t h e ul t i ma o f t h e i m p e rfe c t , Pa th a h o ft e n oc c urs

i n p a use , e. g .
5 73" 1"1 1 O h
l ‘
l
21
8
; cf . Ex 3 1 17, 2 S 1 21 5
( w it h fi n a l W) ,
1 7
13
( w it h
p) ; Jo n ( w i th 73 ) se e 5 29 g . I n th e 2n d a nd 3 rd p l ur fe m Pa tha h p re . .

d omina t e s, “ 31 3 11 I s 65 17 ere o c c u rs o n l y i n nnp Ru 1 13, from

e .
g .

1 ; S p
a nd h e n c e, w ith l oss of t h e d o ub lin g , for 713 31711 .
cf . ev e n me an I s 60 1 .

ddii d 3 mi a
‘

W it h N un p a ra gog icum ( se e 5 4 7 m) in t h e 2n rd p l ur . z sc . re fo un d ,

1n 1, 111 DW
m
{11 3 5
L 17 21
1 173 r 11 3 &c in p ause b ut Jb (cf
1 ‘
1:1 , &c
1
'
1 24
.
, 9

3 . W h en t h e i mp erfe c t , t h e i n fi n it iv e ( i n e) , o r t h e imp e rat iv e is fo l l ow e d n

in c l o se x
c o nn e io n b y a m on os ll a b l e o r b
y , y a w o r d w it h t h e t o n e o n t h e fi rst

sy l l a b l e , t h e t o n e i s, as a r ule
( b ut c f. Wx p3 N 1
’ 1 Gn sh ift e d b a c k fro m
t h e ul tima t o t h e p e nul t ima , w h il e t h e ul t ima, w h ic h t h us l ose s t h e t o n e ,

t ake s S g hol inst ead e

of S ore e. g . HE! 5W E1 Ez 3s ; 11
ls
“

1
111 71 1 G n 2 5 21 in t h e

imp e ra t iv e, 1 3
’ —
So al w ay s
“

15
“
173
W( '
1 sin c e
“

15 c ount s as one sy l l a b l e ) Gm

24 6, &c c f. 1 S 2
a nd ev e n w it h Pa th a h i n t h e ul t ima , rWN 3 1 711 Jb 81
19
1 1

( b ut c f .
SN
DW
‘ "
1111 3 1 2
3
S A l t h o ug h in isol at ed c a se s ( e g Gn . . E zr

w
8 23 ) t h e t o ne i s n o t t h ro n b a c k , i n sp it e o f a t o n e -sy l l ab l e fo l l o w ing , t h e
re t rac t io n h a s b e c o me usual i n c e r t a in fo rm s
, e
ve n w h e n t h e n e t w o rd x
b eg ins w i th a t o n e l e ss sy l l ab l e ; e sp e c ia l l y a ft e r l consec. , e .
g .
'
1N
W1 ’ G n 71 3 ;

01 5
1 1
1
Nu 211 a nd fre q ue nt l y, 1 73 8 1 1 2 53 ; a n d al w ay s so in t h e imp e ra t i ve

2
1 15115511 E x 23 21 , Jb 3 611 , an d
( b e fo re Mt h e e g of th e c o un t e r-t on e ) Dt 24
11
2 K6 ’

O n t h e a v o id a n c e forms in t h e i mp e ra t iv e (A m 21 1 w it h S illuq, Z c
of p ausa l
a n d i m p e rfec t ( P r 24
11 4
2 w it h A th nah) , &c se e 2
9 o, a nd no t e on t h e .

ot h e r h a nd , a l w ay s 73 1 1 13 73 5 81 0
9 5 5 .

I n t h e imp era tive, 123 W ,

f0 1 13 3
? fl , w it h t h e j
re e c t ion of t h e i n i t ia l 11 0
o c c urs in I s 4 3 9 and m Joel 41 1 in p a use ( c f. 11 J 5 J or 50
5
) b ut 1 11 t h e se

e x a mp le s e it h e r t h e rea ding o r the e xp l a n a t io n is doub t ful . Th e 2 nd sing .

imp e ra t of VB WJ is a l w ay s ( w ith p arag og icum)

1
5 1173 191
1 swea r me,
“
. to

Gn 2 1
19
3
81 0 .
( s al o 1 11 G n 4 73 1 ,
1 15
1 73 2 I S

4 . F or t h e 1 st sing . of t h e imp erfec t, t h e form 513 121: 4 is as fre q ue nt as 513 1-111 1) ,

W l 1N I W G 11 2 1 1 4 ; c f 1 62,
.

3
o , E2 14
“
sh a ll b e inquired S I w ill
“
e .
g f ; QD swea r, .

-
Nu 23 1 5 , E2 3
20 6, a n d so a l w ay s in t h e c oh o rt a t iv e , e .
g . m e ,91 s I w ill a veng e
f

me, I s cf . 1 S 1 27 , E2 261 , a nd in t h e i mp f N ip h o f ( 5 69 t) Th e
. . .

B ab yl o nia n p unc t ua t ion ad mi t s o n ly i un d er t h e p r e format i v e o f t h e 1 st

p erso n .

‘
52 . P l at ’
a nd Pu al .

Th e cha ra cteristic o f t h is conj uga t io n co nsist s in t he st reng t h e ning a

l .

of t h e middle ra dica l F rom t h e simp le st e m qa ta l (c f 4 3 b) t h e . .

form 519P (cf . t h e Arab ic c on j . 11. t t a lcl ) w ould nat urally

‘

follo w as
 1 40 T i mVerb 52 b

t h e p erfec t of th e a ct ive Th e P a tha h of t h e first syl lab le is,

h ow eve r, w ith o ne e c ep t ion x ( see m) ,
al ways at t enua t e d t o i in t h e

p f
er ec t . In the se c ond syllab le, d h as b een ret ained in t h e ma j orit y of
c ases, so t h at t h e c on j ugat ion sh ould more c orrec tly b e called P i a l ; ‘

b ut
al so is a t t enua t ed t o i w h ic h is t h e n re gula rly
1
v ery freq uent ly t h is at ,

leng t h ened t o 6, under t h e influenc e of t h e t one . Cf in A ram

. . 51912;
b ut in B ib lic al Arama ic al most a l w ays O n t h e t h ree c a ses in
w hich a b e fo re final h as p a ssed int o S g htiZ, see b elow , 1 i
'
a 1 or D .

m er ec t , t h ere arise fo rms like

“

H enc e for t h e , gr d sin

g a sc
p f . .
13 15,

&c — B efore afiormat iv es b e g inning w it h a c on

'
1 39
1 ,
.

sona nt , ho w ever, a is alw ays re t a ine d, t h us 1351 9 , 5 559

13 3 1 , &c .

I n t h e infinit ives (
a bsal . 519 12,
ob scured from qa ttal const r .

imp erfect imp era t ive and p a rt ici le 519 213 t h e ori inal
p ( ) g
(1 of t h e first sylla b le re ap p ea rs t h ro ugh out . Th e v oc al $ 4
e of t he

mat ive s is w eakened fro m

p refo r a sh ort v ow el ; c f. th e Arab ic
imperfec t yit t til p art ic ip le mi t t t il
‘

.
,

b Th e p assive ( P u a l) is dist inguish e d b y t h e ob sc ure v ow el it , or

‘

v ery ra rely 6, in t h e first syllab l e, a nd a ( in p a use a) alw ays in t he

“

seco nd . I n Arab ic , a lso , t h e p a ssives a re formed t h roug h out w it h 11

in t h e first syl l a b le. Th e infiexio n of b o t h t h ese con ug at ions j is
a na lo g ous t o t h at of Qa l .

C Re m Th e p re fo rmat iv e 1 , w h ic h i n t h e re ma in in g c on ugat ions al so is

. 1.
3 j
x
t h e p r e fi of t h e p a rt ic ip l e , i s p r o b a b l y c on n e c t e d w it h t h e i n t e r rog a t iv e o r
i n de fi n it e ( c f 5 3 7 ) p ro no un 1 73 guts ? q uicunq ue ( fe m i e n eut e r, 11 7 ) c f 5 8 5 e
. . . .
3 . .

d T h e Dag e s forte, w h ic h a cc or din g t o t h e a b ov e is c h ara c t e rist ic of t h e

2.
‘’

w h o l e o f Pl el a nd P u a l, is o fte n o m i t t e d ( in dep e n de nt l y o f v e rb s middle g uttura l,

‘ ‘

6
5 4 )w e
( 1 h n t h e m id d l e ra d ic a l h as j e
wel u nde r it ( c f g 20 m) , e g 11 1 . . . 510 f r o

E 2 1 71 7 ; 111
Q W
3 2 Ch 1 5 1 5 ( b ut in t h e imp erative a l w ay s 12 933
1
a nd so al w ay s in p ra ise . Th e v oc al c h arac t e r o f th e S wcie
un de r

t h e litera d a gessanda is so me t ime s in suc h c ase s (a cc ord ing to 5 10 h) e xp re ssl y

e mp h asiz e d b y it s t ak ing t h e fo rm of a Ht a ep h, as in Gn 2 23 , w it h

o w i ng t o t h e i n fl ue n c e of t h e p re c ed ing a , c f. 15175 for 15173

'’ , &c ; G n 91 4 , J u
.

lrz l
'

I n t h e imp erfect a nd p a rti cip le t h e Sewa un d e r t h e p re fo rma tive s ( Ha tep h

Pa th a li u nd e r N
in t h e I st sing imp erfect) se rv e s at t h e sam e t ime a s a c h ar ac t e r
.

ist ic of
b o t h c on ug at ions ( j G n 26 1 41

8 3 A c c o rd in g t o t h e c o n v i nc ing
. sugg e stio n B ot t c h e r 2
of ( A usfii h rlich es
Leh rbuch , 90 4 if a n d 5 ma ny . sup p o se d p e rfe c t s of P u a l
‘
a re in re al it y

1 S o in al l v e rb s w h ic h e nd i n N i m, a n d i n a l mo st a l l w h ic h e n d i n La med
‘

( O l sh p . . B art h i s p rob ab l y r ig h t in sup p osi ng ( Z D G 1 8 9 4 , p 1 if ) M . . .

t h a t t h e v o w e l s o f t h e st re ng t h e n e d p e rfe c t s h av e b e en i n fl ue n c e d b y t h e

2
As My a or L a mb e rt
t h e sa me v i e w w as a l re a d y e p re ssed b y I b n
o b se rv es, x
é a nah (se e ab o v e , 3 d ) i n t h e K itab el-luma , p 1 6 1 Cf e sp ec ial l y B a rt h , ‘
. . .

D as p a ssiv e Q a l un d se in e Pa r t i c i ie n ’ in t h e F estsch rift z um Jub ilaum H ild es '

p ,
h eimer ( B e rl in , p 1 4 5 ff . .
 1 42 T he Verb 52 in

721! t o ga ther t he c louds t og ether WSWt o divide in three p a r ts (from ,

or t o do a t hing for t he th ird t ime fro m

( p rob ab ly also
t o sp eak, fro m 13 ? a w ord O r again t h e denominat iv e may e x p ress
“

.
,

t aking a w ay, inJuring , & c .

,
the o b ec t j de no t ed b y t h e noun (p r iva t ive
P i EI, cf ki n behea d, bone ), e g WW ) , from W ?) t o
f

. o ur t o s , to to . .

ro ot out , t o extirp a te, 3 2! p ro p . to i the t a il h enc e t o rou t

t he rea r of a n army, t o a t ta ck it ; to ra vish t he hea r t ; to

re move t he a sh es iya
(h ), to f ree fro m sin ( RDU
) ,
Dé’ l} t o brea k a ny

o ne s
’
bones ( OX? cf , . in t h e sa me sense , from mi) ; F
199 t o lap the

boug hs, I s 1 0
33
(fro m Will? a boug h) . Some w ords are c learly denomina
t iv es, a lt h oug h t h e nou n from w hic h t h ey a re derived is no longer
e
g . . 5129 t o stone, t o p elt with st ones (also used in t h is sense in
Q a l) move ro m
,
a nd t o re stones
( f a field), t o clea r a w a y stones ; c f our .

to st o ne, use d al so in t h e sense o f t a king out th e st on es from fruit .

Th e mea ning of t h e p a ssiv e ( al

) follow s nat urally from t h e
‘
P u

ab ov e, e . g WP; Pi el
.
‘
t o seek, P u al
‘
to be sough t .

Z I n Pi el t h e l it e ral ,
‘
c o n c re t e m e an ing of the v e rb h as so m e t ime s b e e n
re t a ine d , Qa l h a s ac q uired a fi g urat ive se nse , e g fl SB Pi é l to uncover ,
w h en
‘
. .

Q al to revea l al so to emigra te, i e t o ma ke t h e l a nd b are

, . . .

[6 Al so w it h an int ra nsit i ve se n se Pi eI oc c urs a s a n i nt e nsive form b ut only ‘

,

g nnn
56
i n p oe t ic l a ng uag e , Pi l J 09
‘
e . . in é to b e b ro ken in p ieces, e r 5 1 ; 7 to
tremb le, I s 5 1 1 3 , P r 71 1 to be drunken, I s 3 4 5 -7 ; [b lip to befew, E c 1 23 ] b ut
3
in I s 4 8 , 3
in st ea d 60 1 1 of t h e Pi é l
‘
of ms t h e N ip b
'
al is c e r t ainl y to b e rea d,

w it h Ch ey n e .

l R em I (more
fre q ue n t ) form o f t h e p e rfec t w it h Poth a h in t h e sec on d
Th e
M
. .

) a nd i n t h e m id d le of
15 9
sy l la b l e a p p e a rs e sp e c ia l l y b e fo re a qqep h ( E c 9 ,
1 2

se n t e n c e s i n c o n t i nuo us d isc o u rse , b ut a t t h e e n d o f t h e se n t e n c e ( in p a use)

t h e fo rm w it h S ere is m o re c o m m on . Cf .
51 3 I s 49 21
w it h b y Jc s E st 3 1
5
D 73 E 2 3 3 5 w it h E 0 91 5 ;
yg p 2 w i t h
rxp t
g 1 2 9
4
; b ut Q ame s n e ve r K
a p p e a rs i n t h is p a u sa l form Th e 3 rd sing fem in p a use is a l w a y s o f t h e fo rm .
'

. .

'
ngfi
sp, e x c ep t nxi p Mi 17 t h e gr d p l ur . al w ay s a s th e zud an d mi sing.

an d rst p lur . o f c o urse a s B BQ} j ( n b

b u t a l w ay s
sp
r an d
,
”
It
5§ nd 0 3 3
'

l3 t 3
| I n t h e 3 rd sing . p erf to sp eak, fi g ; to p ardon, a
. t o u ash

S
'

cloth es (3 al so 03 Gn t a ke seg h ez b ut b ec o me in p a use , D51; ( 2 19

25
)
t h e p a usa l fo rm o f 15 ; d oe s no t
“
o c c ur.

Pa th a h i n t h e fi rst sy l l ab l e ( as in A ram a ic an d A rab ic ) o c c urs on ly o n c e ,

j ma de me forget, mp h a size more

’

Gn 4 1 51, ’
gp he to e c l e a rl y t h e p l ay on th e
n a me
'

ntggp ,

7 1, I n t h e imp erfect ( an d j ussive u

2 infi nitive, a nd imp era tive P i el ( a s al so J ‘

M
.

in H i thp a el ) t h e S ere i n t h e fi n a l syl la b l e , w h e n fo ll ow e d b y a qqep h , is

'

usua l ly sh o r te ne d i n t o S g h ol, e
iswQQ ‘ he seeks for h imself, I S
'

e .
g .

sa nct ify unto me, E x 1 3 2 . Pa usa l- or f ms w it h S gh él i n st ead

‘
of Sere, as n
a?
Dt CD3 5 H o 2° ( c f E x 3 2
.
6 in t h e i n fi n it iv e
,
and Gn 21
9 i n t h e p art ic ip l e ) ,
ow e t h e ir o rig in t o so me p a rt ic ul ar sc h oo l o f a so re t e s, a n d a re w ro n g l y M
a c c e p t e d b y B ae r ; c f t h e a n a l o g o us c a se s i n § 7 5 n a n d h h
. I f t h e fi na l .

syl l a b l e o f t h e imp erfec t Pi él h a s Pa t h ah (b e fo re a g ut t ural o r i t re ma ins

‘
 P 2 3 1 a nd P u a l
( '

5 2 o—s
] 1 43

ev en i n p a use ; c f 5 29 3 a nd 6 5 e I n t h e I st sing imp e rfe c t t h e e-sound

. . .

o c c urs in t w o w o rd s for Ha tep h -Pa tha k, u nd er t h e p refo rm a t iv e N ; nil-g

; l
Lv 26
33
,
E z 5 1 2, 1 2“ an d Zc 7“ ( in ac c orda nc e w it h 5 23 h ) . B e fore
-
.

t h e full p lura l e nd ing

I! ( see § m) t h e Sere i s ret a in e d in p a use, e g . .
3313 1 73
36 5 8
2
(b ut G 3
n 2 20 of. a K6 19
, Dt 1 23 ; so b e fore S illuq it 5 8 3 , Jb 1 2 11

5 ngbs gn
‘

and e v e n b e fore Z a qep h qa ton D t 75 . I nst e ad of 71 5

3 ?l forms l ike

3 , 3 , in b ot h c a se s b e fore a sib ilant a nd in p a use

19 13
a re al so g I sfo un d ,
1 e. . .

3 5 5 oc c urs as t h e 2nd sing imp e ra t iv e (p r ob ab l y a n int e n t io nal

10
Al so 0 .

imit at io n o f t h e so und o f t e p rec e ding

h d 31 ( f b h ) E 17
a n or qa rra 2 37 2 .

Th e infinite a bsolute of Pi el h as some t ime s t h e sp ec ial form g iv e n in 0

‘

3 .

t h p a rad ig m, e g WE: ca stiga ndo, it 1 1 8 1 3 ; of E x 2 1 1 9, 1

e . . 1 10
9 ( fro m a v e rb . K
”
N 7 ) it 4 0
2
( from a v erb W ) ; b ut muc h m ore fre q ue nt l y t h e form of t h e 6
i nfi nitive ( 5t ) is use d i nst ea d Th e l at t e r h a s al so , in e x c ep t ional
cons truct .

c ase s, t h e fo rm S i “ SW
.

i h t t h p f ), i C h 8 8
‘

hp ( w t ( i a t e nu a e d t o i a s in t e er ect e g n 1 . .

p e r h a p s a l so ( i f n o t a su b st a n t iv e ) ts?
i J er 44
21 and for t h e sa ke o f asso na nc e
“

ev en for infi ni tive a bsolute in 2 S 1 21 4 ( 73 n On t h e ot h e r h a nd, 0 5W

Dt 3 2 35
and
“
13 1 .
J er 5
1 3 ar
e b e tter re ga rde d a s sub st a nt iv e s, w h il e W3 ”! E x 628 ,
ni
.

N u 3 1 , D t 41 5 ( in eac h c a se a ft e r Dl Z
l) , H o
‘ 1” ( a ft e r acin) , in al l o f w h ic h
l

p l ac e s it is c‘ o nside re d b y K onig (a ft e r Q imh i) t o b e infinitive construct, is r e al l y

p e r fe c t o f Pi el .

T h e in fi n it iv e c onst ruc t Pi el , w i t h t h e fem e nding (c f 4 5 d ) , o c c urs in

p
. .

mmL v 26
18
i1 1 3 } if! 1 47
1 w it h n of t h e fem b efore a . suf x
fi ? [lj lg’ ly E z 1 65 2 .

On t h e ve r b al n oun s aft e r form of t h e A ram in f Pa 8 4” e

‘
th e il
'

. . se e .

I nst e ad of th e ab n or mal fi g p b (so B aer, I s 6 ) 9

p t cp Pi e l ,
‘
re ad
’
Dfi b
fj
’
2 as

Mnt
.

w it h e d. a . a nd G in sb urg .

4 I n Pu al 5 is so m e t ime s foun d inst e ad o f it i n t h e init ial sy ll ab l e , e . g

‘
. .

£33 13 7; dyed red, E x 2 5 5 , &c , Na 24 , of 3 7 l fl fi ; E z 1 64, x A c c ord in g

/z . .
‘
. t
to B a in ans
’
er s rea ding a l so 6 24 , a n d so a l so B e n Ase r, b ut B e n N a p h t al i
mean I t . is me rel y a n ort h og rap h ic l ic e nc e w h en it is w ri tt e n ful l y , e g . .

7 5” J u 1 8 29
.

5 . A s infi nitive a bsolute o f P u a l

‘
w e fi nd 3 53 G n 4 0 1 5 — No inst a nc e . of t h e inf . r
constr. oc c u rs in t h e st rong v e rb i n P u al
‘
fr
om Ws ’
w it h suffi x iniag t i 1 3 21 .

6 A fe w
. e x a mp l e s o c c ur o f t h e p a rticip le P u a l wi t h out t h e p re fo rma t iv e ( p
.
'

), S .
'

e . g. 53 5 E x { an ( for Ju 1 3 ;
8
mpg 2 K ‘
21 0 ; m y}: I s 5 41 1 Th ese

m
.

p a rticip les are d ist in g uish e d fro t h e p erfect ( asin N ip h a l ) b ‘

yt h e a o f t h e fi na l
syll ab l e . x
F o r o t h e r e amp l es, see I s 3 0 24, E c 91 2 ( w h ere a c c ording to

5 so n, st a nd s for ’
l z
’ f
ig b ) b ut , ac c or di ng to th e M asora , not Ez 17
2 6 , si nc e

H >S fig as Mil el c a n o n l y bet h e p erfect . Th e j

re e c tion o f t h e p m ay b e fa v oure d
by a ninit ial D ,
as in I s 1 8 2-7 ( b u t a l so Pr 25 1 9 ( w h ere , h o w ev e r, rea d

5
31 3 1173 ) so al so in t h e p ar t ic ip l e Pi el
'
fix 7
27
, 9
2
(al w ay s a ft e r Us ,
b ut c f.

al s o13 ”; n Je r 1 3
10
,
w h e re , h ow e v e r, is t o b e rea d, w it h
B roc ke l man n , Gr undriss, p 2 64 f ) a nd "inn Zp I s 8 1 -8 No t ic e ,
-
. .

h ow e v e r, B a rt h s sug g e st ion ( N omina lb ildung, p 2 7 3 ) t h at , a s t h e ac t ive o f

’
.

forms l ike 5
23 o nl y oc c urs i n Qa l, t h e y a re p e rfe c t p a rt ic ip l e s o f form e r
p a ssives of Q al ( see e) , a nd i n Je r p erfe c t p art ic ip l es o f Pi el — O n
‘
1 .

2
93 1 g E 2 45 , se e 5 65 d .
 I 44 53 «H

H ip h il Hop h a i
‘ ‘

§ 53 . a nd .

'

a 1 . Th e c h aract erist ic o f t he ac t iv e
(H ip h il ) is a p refixed D
(
on it s
o r ig in see 55 )
i in t h e p erfec t (
D w it h t h e at at t enuat ed t o i, as in

w h ic h forms a c l o sed syllab le wit h t h e first c onsonan

'
P i él) , t of t h e
st e m . Th e second syllab l e o f t h e p erfec t h ad also o rigina lly a n a;
of. t h e Arab ic c on j . Iv .
’
a qtald, and in Heb rew t h e ret urn of t he
P a th a k in t h e p ers z ud a nd rst
&c Aft er t h e att enuat ion of . .

t h is a t o i , it o ug h t b y rule t o h av e b een leng t hened t o e in t h e t o ne

syllab le, a s in Ara maic 5D P $ b eside Stops in B iblic al Ara maic I nst ead .

of t h is, h o wev er, it is al w ays re

p lac ed in t h e st rong verb b y i, ‘ ”
T ,

b ut so me t imes writ t en defec t ively c f.

9 g S imila rly in t h e .

infinit ive c onst ruc t a nd in t h e imp erfect and p art ic ip le

a nd w h ic h are sync o
p a t ed fro m a nd5 I9QDD ; ‘
23 k.

Th e c orres ondin Arab ic fo rms ( j il a nd muqtil) p oint to

‘

p g u g t an

o riginal i in t h e sec ond syllab le of g ular t h ese forms . I n Heb rew t h e re

l eng t h ening o f t h is i t o 2 ap p ears in t h e st ro ng v erb at l east in t h e

j ussive and in t h e imp erfect consecutive (see n), as also in t h e imp era t ive
of t he a nd sin .
g masc .
( see m) on “ 35 0
2 2 5 ,
” 5
2 5 233
3
c f. 26
p . O n t he
ret urn of t he o rig inal o
r in th e secon d syllab le of t h e Imp era t .
,
J ussive,
&c under t h e g utt ural , c f § 6 5 f
influenc e of a . .

b I n t h e p a ssive (H op h a l) t h e p refor mat iv e is p ronounc ed w it h a n

'

ob sc ure v o wel
,
w h ilst t h e se c o nd syll a b l e h as a ( p ause d ), a s it s
in

c h a ra c t e rist ic , t h us z— P erf . or SEW

: ( syncop at ed
-
from S ig ) o r 5c P a r t 59 9; or ( rom
) b ut t h e
g
c a f pear
s ;

infinit ive a bsolute h as t h e form519 W

.

Th us t h e c h a rac t e ri st ic s o f t h e n p re fo rma t ive in t h e

b o th j
c on ug at ion s a re

p erfec t, imp era tive, a n d infi nitive ; in t h e imp erfect a nd p a rticip le H ip h il, P a t h ah
‘

un de r t h e p re for mat iv e s, in t h e H op h a l 6 o r a
‘
.

C 2 . T h e mea ning of n more frequent ly

H ip h il is p rimarily,
‘
a nd eve

H
‘
t h an in P i el 5 g)
2 , c a u sa t iv e o f Q a l, e g N § z g f
t o o or th , ip h t o . . .

br ing forth , t o lea d fort h , t o dra w for th W ? t o be holy H ip h t o sa nct ify ,

. .

U nder t h e ( as in P i él) t h e decla ra tive sense

‘

c a u sa t iv e is a l so inc l uded ,

e .
g . PW TJ t o p r onounce j ust ; F ill?
‘
! to ma ke on e a n evil doer (to p ro
n ounce
) guilty ; of. wpv in H ip h il
‘

p ,
I f
'

,
Jb to r ep resen t a s erverse .

Q al has already a t ransit iv e meaning , H ip h il t h en t akes t wo acc usa t ives

‘

( see 1 7 cc
) I I
n so me v erb s, P i él a nd H ip h il occ ur side b y side in
.
' ‘

me
‘
H ip h il , p erdidit l
'

the sa sense , e .
g .
“g t
i p eri it , Pi é l and a s a ru e,

1
Th is i ma y h av e b ee n t ra nsfe rre d o r ig inal l y fro m t h e imp e rfe c t s o f v e rb s
1
”
v, as a c o nv e n i e n t m e a n s o f d ist in c t io n b e t w e e n t h e i nd ic a t ive a n d u ssive, j
t o t h e imp erfect o f t h e st ro ng v e rb a nd a ft e r w a rds t o t h e w h ol e of H ip h il
‘
so
S t ade , Ph il ip p i, Prae t ori us, Z A W . 1 8 8 3, p 5 2 f . .
 1 46 T he Verb 53 h -m

Of a d iffe re n t kind are t h e denomina tives fro m : m: ( sca rc e l y to p rick up th e

ears, b ut ) to a ct with th e ea rs, to h ea r ; c f. to move th e tong ue, to sla nder

,
a nd

t h e G erma n ( t o ma ke
) fusseln naseln, sch wa nz eln ; 1 3 ? to sell corn ;
a ug eln
‘
e y es , ,

DDWto set out ea rly ( t o l oa d t h e b ac k [of t h e c a me l , &c ] op p ose d t o J ’ j

yfl .
,

ll 3 Th e mea ning of H Op hfa l is

.
p rima rily t h at of a p a ssi ve o f
H ip h il e g W (b ) somet imes
'

p r,oiec i t ,
. o .
”
p roiec t us est ;

equiyalent t o a p a ssive of Qa t, a s UP ; to avenge, H oph t o be a veng ed .

(b ut see b e lo w , u ) .

l R e m r Th e i o f t h e grd sing ma se p e rf H ip h i l remain s, w it h out e c e p t ion ,

. . . . . x
i n t h e grd fe m ( in t h e t on e -sy l l ab l e ) Th at i t w as, h o w e v e r, o nl y l e ng t h en e d
. .

fr om a sh or t v o we l , a nd c o n seq ue n t l y is c h a ng e ab l e , is p rov e d b y t h e forms

o f t h e i mp era tive a n d imp erfect w h ere e ( or , u nde r t h e in fl ue n c e o f g ut t ural s, a
)
t a k e s i t s p l ac e I n a n op e n sy l l a b l e t h e i is re t a ine d a l mo st t h roug h out ;
.

o nl y i n v e ry isol a t e d i nst a n c e s h a s i t b e e n w e aken e d t o f ted ( se e n a n d o)

e
.

k 2 T h e infi nitive a b solute c o mm onl y h as Sere w it h o ut Yodh , e g i

. U u 1 73 . . J
l e ss fre q ue nt l y i t t akes e. g . A m 98 ; of . Dt 1 5
14
,
I s 594 , Jer 3 1 5 ,
23 3 2, 44 , Jb 35
34 ,
25
E c 1 0
10
W it h N ihst e a d of , n ( p rob ab l y a mere sc rib al

e rr o r, n o t a n A r a m a ism) w e fi n d D’ Q WB er 2 5
3
J . R are e x c e p t ion s, w h ere t h e
w it h S ere st a nd s for t h e infi nitiveconstruct, are , e .
g D t
.
3 2 3 S am
( i
ngnn; . S
r e ad
p e rh a p s B r nn) , Je r 4 41 9 -25 , P r 2 5 2, Jb 1 3 3
y o n t h e o t h er h an d,fo r

i ?
flt/ 3] D t 2 61 2 ( w hich l ooks l ike an infi nit iv e H ip h 1 1 w i t h e l isio n of t h e n,

ltj ynb)
.

for fl i th e rig h t re a d ing is simp l y sin c e e l se w h e re t h e P i el al on e

'

oc c urs w
it h th e mean ing to tith e ; fo r 1p
“
Neh 10
39
p e rh ap s t h e in f Q a l .

(fi r
/ pg ) w as in t e nde d, as in I S 8 1 5 -1 7 ( = to take th e t ith e) . A t t h e same t ime it
i s d ou b t ful w h e t h e r t h e p rese n t p u nc t uat io n doe s n o t a rise fr om a c onfl at ion
o f t w o diffe re n t re ad in gs, t h e Q al a n d t h e Pi é l
'
.

1 I nst ea d of th e or d in a ry form of t h e infi nitive construct 5p m t h e form sipptj

l

so me t im e s oc c ur s, e .
g .
"‘
l p zftj to destroy, Ut y
1’ 4
, 28 4 8 ; cf : Lv 1 4
46
, Jos 1 1 34 ,

J er 50
34
, 5 1 33
a nd nirpn fo r Lv 1 443 fro m mpg; sc arc e l y , h ow e v er ,
L v 73 5 ( 5 5 5 l) , 2
se e 1 S 2 21 1 K 1 1 16
(a ft er an d in t h e p assag e s
so e x p l a ine d b y K b n ig (i . 2 7 6 ) w h ere WWW?) ap p ear s a ft e r p re p osit io n s 1 ;

[C f. D r iv e r o n D t 3 3 , 4 1 5 , 7 24 ,
W i t h a in t h e se c o nd sy l l a b l e t h ere oc c urs
11 E z
[3 9 1 3 32 2 1 29 (c f . th e
WYDH —I n t h e A ra m ma n ner myp v nSi
’

sub st a nt iv a l i nfi n . 1 S . s foun d
i n E 2 24 26 ( as a c onst ruc t fo rm) fo r t h e infi ni tive H ip h i l ( c f . t h e infi nitive
H i thp a el, D n
‘
On t h e e l isi o n o f t h e n a ft er p re fi e s, see q x .

771 3 I n t h e imp era tive t h e i is re t aine d t h ro ug h out i n t h e op en sy l l ab l e,

.

a cc o rding t o i , and c o n se q ue n t l y al so b e fo re sufii xe s ( see § 6 1 g ) a n d

FL
T
, p a ra gog ic, e .
g.ng i
ppg a ttend to, N
; n
gp in (it
‘ 1 1 8 25 , as in ed . M a nt . , J a b l. ,

B a e r, n o t N m
; i fi l? H -
l as G in sb . a nd K it t e l w it h t h e t o ne at th e e nd o nl y

5
“ 9 3 3 3 i b id v . 25 On t h e ot h e r h a n d, i n t h e 2 n d si ng. ma sc t h e o rig in al i
.

m
.

Ara b i c m an d b e c o me s S eg h él
’
a ke fa t,
'

(of ) i s l e n g t h e n e d
a qtil t o e e g e g

gm
.
, . .

b e fo re a qqep h M
,
e g re
-
p g b “
21 — h
T e f or m
. . for J . ap p ears

a n o ma l o usly a fe w t im e s 1
it 9 4 , I s 9
43 , J e r 1 7
13
69 v a nd 5 7 2 y) ;
e l se w h e re t h e M
a sora h a s p re fe rre d t h e p un c t ua t ion
‘
DPT
J, e g 2 S . . K8 6
; cf .

1 4 2 — I n L a 5 1 np ’ f
5
.
e
m
1 5 r e q u ire d b y t h e Q re fo r nu n ,

1
A s t o t h e d oub t ful ne ss, on g e n era l g roun ds, of t h is form o f t h e I nf H ip h .
,
se e R ob e r t son S mit h in t h e Journ of Ph ilol , xv i p 7 2 f . . . .
 H ip h il a nd H ep h d l
' ‘
n—p ]
-
53 1 47
I n t h e imp erfect H ip h t l t h e sh orter form w it h Sere p rev a il s for t h e ussiv e 7 b
4 . j
in t h e 3 rd masc and fem a nd 2nd ma sc sing , e g . ma ke not grea t, . . . . .

Ob 12
; p : let H im cumt fi (l
o ! 1 24
ev e n in c o rrec t l "
y h s
a ! E x 1 3
9 a nd
‘

Ec c f . al so
“

b y: Ex 2 24 , w h e re t h e ju ssi v e for m is t o b e e xp l a in e d

Jb
° '

ac c o rdi n g to 5 109 h, a nd ang

el 39
23
b e fore t h e p rin c ip a l p ause S im ilarl y , .

$3 3 31 iid
'

a ft e r 1 c on sec . , e .
g . a He divided, G n 1 4 O n t h e o t h e r h an d, i i s
.

al mo st al w ay s re t a ine d in th e wt si ng , e .
'

.
g . Am 2
9
( b ut g en e ra l l y
w it h out E 2 3 923
fla p s c f 5 4 9 s a nd I, b ut a l so 5 7 2 a a ;
;
5
, as 7 4 .

in I st p l ur . on ly i n
N e h 43 in t h e grd sing (It 1 0 5 23 W it h it i n t h e p r in c ip a l . .

p ause
'
ini m R u 21 4, a n d in t h e l esse r p ause , G n 49 4 ; b e fo re a sib il ant ( see
29 q) W5 1 Ju 6
1 19
; i n t h e l esser p a use F 5
19 ) La 3
5
. B e fo re Mqq p h a e t h e S ere
b ec ome s S egh él, e .
g . Ju I n t h e p lu ral ag ai n , a n d b e fore sufiixe s,
‘

i re mains in t h e fo l S t Qlj
‘ ‘

,
ev en in t h e ju ssiv e a n d a ft e r 1 c on

se c ut iv e , e . l ’f ’)
g p nfl Ju 1 8 22
Th e o nl y e x ce p t io n s, w h ere t h e i i s w e a ke n e d

M
. .

to feu d, a re Je r 92 ; 7 3 1 3) r S 1 4
22
,
1
3 ,
2 1 Ch 10
2
; may; J e r 1 11
5
;
nj sim Ne h 13
if i t is H ip h il of wa s b ut p rob a b ly ni gg i s t o b e re a d a s
‘
1 3 , ,
fi ,

Jb
.

in 7 2 ; p e rh ap s a l so 1
9
3
( a cc ordi ng t o o t h ers, i mp erfect Qa l) Th e .

sa me w e ake n ing oc c urs a l so i n t h e im p e rfe c t i n gr d a nd z ud ma sc sin g

I I
. .

b e fore su f
fi x e s, S 1 7 25 , K 2 0 3 3 , it a n d in J b u n l e ss t h e fo rm b e
3 29331, sin c e t h e H ip h il i s n o t fo un d
‘ '
P i el 5 e l sew h ere . I t is h ard l y lik e l y
x
t h at i n t h e se i so l a t e d e am p l es w e h av e a t rac e o f t h e g roun d-form, yaq til, o r
a n Ar a mai sm M
o r e p r o b ab ly t h e y a re d ue p a rt ly t o a m isu n d e rst a n d in g of
.

t h e de fe c t ive w rit ing , w h ic h is fo un d , b y a p urel y or t h og rap h ic l ic e n c e , in

numerous ot h e r c ases ( ev e n in grd sing . D
if g: Is an d p art ly ar e int e nde d ,
as forma e mixta e, t o c omb in e t h e form s o Qa l a n d H ip h til I n st ea d o f t h e
M
.

fi rm l y c lo se d sy l l ab le , t h e asora re q uire s in G n 1 1 1 NW IQ , w it h e up h oni c

‘

G a ya (se e 16 h)
‘
.

5 I n t h e p artic ip le, xvii: t o b e t race ab le t o t h e g ro un d-fo rm , 0 7

. 1 35 a p p e ars

ma qtil ; y e t t h e S e re m ay al so p o ssi b l y b e e p la ine d b y t h e re t rac t ion o f t h e x

t o ne Th e . M i
a so ra a p p ears t o re q uire t h e w e a ke n ing o f t h e v ow e l t o Sf ted

( se e ab ov e , n
) S in D‘ D HD Z c 3 7 ( p rob ab l y , h ow e v er, D'p j np
i sh o ul d be r e ad ) ,

fj p J r 2g,
a l so in D p ill ‘ e
8
2 Ch 2 8 23 ( b ut as Dp re ce de s, a n d a c c ord ingl y

d it t g a p h ym y w e l l h a
o r
p l ac e , t h e p a r t ic ip l e Q a l is p rob ab ly t o b e
a ve ta ke n
rea d i n b ot h p l ac e s ; t h e re a din g o f t h e t e t i s
‘

p e rh ap s a g a in i n t e nd e d t o x
co mb in e Qa l a n d H ip h il, se e ab ov e , n , a nd in t h e Qe ré n
) fi n
y n
‘
C h 1 5
24
&c I .

( w h e re t h e K e
th ibh D‘fi YYfl D i s b e t t e r ) — T h e fe m is ord inarily p o in t e d as . .

71
‘

l Nu 51 5 , Lv 1 4
21
in p ause 11 5p Pr 1 9
14
.

6 . I n t h e p erfect t h e re oc c ur o c c a si o n a ll y suc h forms as QJQ SQ U I S 25 7; p

of. G n 4 1 28 , 2 K 7 1 11
, Je r 2
9
1
, Mi 6 3
,
Jb 1 67 ; w it h t h e o rig in al d n th e
i fi rst
syl l a b l e s
hn
i -
m
3 N a 3
— I n_
5
. I h ave st a ined, I s 63 3 , N st a n d s a t th e

b eg inning i nst e a
d of Fl , c f ab ov e ,
. k, on O l
a f/8 . On t h e ot h e r h a nd , ini iis m
'

1
Mt os
p rob ab l y , h ow e v e r, i ns
t} ; (p erfec t P i el) i s t o b e rea d , a nd t h e to: i s
onl y in d ic a t ion o f t h e c h a ng e o f t h e p erfect i n t o t h e i mp erfect, a s a l so
an
.

p re vi ousl y , b y a c h a ng e o f p un c t ua t i o n , DDfl N) a n d il l ( in ste a d O f a nd

‘

1 1) are ma de fut ure in st e a d of p ast

3
Je w ish e e g esis a p p l ie d t h eseEd om . x
o ra c l e s t o t h e R om a n (i . e. Ch rist ia n ) e mp ire . So G . M o o re in Th eol Litera tur
.

z eitun
g, i 8 8 7, c o l . 2 9 2.
 1 48 The Ver b 53 q
-u

Is 1 96 9 ) 1 s a me re erro r of t h e
( see a b ov e , sc rib e , w h o h a d t h e A rama ic form
in mind a nd c orre c t e d i t b y p re fi xin g 71
q 7 I n t h e imp erfect
. a nd p a rticip le t h e c h arac t e rist ic 71 is reg ul arly e l ide d

a ft e r t h e p re forma t ive s, t h us 5 7
73 97 51 3 973 ; b ut it is ret ain ed 11 t h e infiniti 1 ve

a ft e r p p
r e o si t io n s,
e g
7
73 3 71 . . 5 5 . T h e ex c ep t io ns ar in t h e imp e f c t 17 01777
1 e r e ,
7

H e will sa ve for 177 71717 1 S 1 7

47
, 1 1 66 ( in p ause) ; 711 111 7 H e will p ra ise fo r 7 71 17

N eh 1 1 17 , r 28 7 ,
t 45
13
( of . t h e p rop er n ame 5 3 1717 I er 3
37 , fo r w h i c h 3 8 1
5317

[and 7
1 [1 5 5 71 7 ( 5
7 7
70 d) I s Je r 94, 1 71 71 71 Jb 5 1 3
9
] an d

nrrn np Ez 4 622 °
i n t h e infi ni tive ( w h e re , h ow ev er, as in N ip h
‘
a l, 5 1 l, t h e
i nfi nitive Q al i s g enerall y to b e re a d ) 1 71 0 5 I s 29 15
for 1 7 71 D7_
1 5 ; 53 35 a nd 71 13 3 5 7

N u 5 233 1 7 3 1 5
7 2 S 1 9
19 °

77 7 5 15 J e r 37
12
; 777
1
3 7
1 E c 5
5
? 73 55 ( d oub l y a nomal ous

for 77 3 r1 ) D n 1 1 3 5 s5 a a 2 67
; as 1 s 288
; mfi m k 1 5
I s 23 1 ; 71 73 ) _1 Am 8
1 ‘

( c e r t a in l y c o rrup ) ;
t 1 7 3 for 1 7 1
17 17 3 7 3
90 b
( ut in th e city i s p rob ab l y me an t ) ;

an ? Jer 3 97 ( 2 Ch mg sIa s 3
8
, ¢ 7 8 17
; D71 1 m5 Ex 1 371 5 ( ; 11 1 1 ; see ,

h ow eve r , 20 it ) I s 3 3 1 ; 73 3 71 71 35 D t 1 33 : of fur t h e r, fro m

. v er b s Ws N u ’
,

Je r 2 7 20 ; on D t 26 12
a nd Ne h 10 39
,
see a b ov e, k ; for 71 777D
‘ '
S7 Pr 3 1 3 rea d 71 171 73 5
’
or 71171 73 73 5,

7 8 . W ith r e g ard t o t h e t o n e it is t o b e ob se r v e d t h at t h e a fi or
‘

ma t iv e s 1
a nd 71_ _ i n H ip h i l h av e not t h e t one , e v e n i n t h e p erfect w it h wa w consecutive
‘

(ex c e p t in E x 2 6
33
b e fo re 77, Lv 1 5 29 b efore N, t o av oi d a h ia t us) ; b ut t h e

p l ural e n ding ( 5 47 )
71 msee a l w a y s h a s t h e t o n e ,
e g 7131 31
7 D t 1 17 . . .

3 9 . Th e p a ssiv e ( H op h al ) h as it in st e a d o f Q ames h at up h 1 n t h e fi rst syl lab le

‘

in t h e st rong v e rb l e ss fre q ue nt l y i n t h e p e rfec t an d i nfi nit i v e , b ut

g e ne ra l ly i n t h e p a rt ic ip le , t h ro ug h t h e infl ue n c e of t h e i n it ial 73 ( b ut c f.

m Pr 3 3 W7 E z 3 23 ° 1 3 3 W71 1 573 1
'

nnr e. g .
3 1 ( b esid e 1 impf .
,

q fi w h
' '

p a rt . er
g a ) s e n E z 1 64 i(b eside an r
n t h en I s
e p art ie 1 41 7 , .

H op h w ith out e l ision of t h e 77 : 71 1173 37 D E z 4622 ; on t h e ot h er h a nd,

.

1
al w ay s h av e it ( in a sh a rp e ne d sy ll ab l e ) : 1 3
"
v e rb s
7 D 71 ( c f 5 9 n) . .

t 1 0 Th e infinitive a bsolute h as 1 n H op h d l ( as i n H ip h i l) S ere i n t h e last sy l lab le ,

e. g . 571 7171 an d ” SD“ Ez 1 1 h Jos 9 . A n infi nitive constr uct d oes n ot
oc c ur in t h e st ron g v erb .

I t . W it h
t o t h e imp era tive Hop h al, se e ab ov e , 5 4 6 a , n o t e
re ga rd
'
.

1d 1 2 A c c o rding t o B ott c h e r ( A usfu

. h rlickes Leh rbuch , 5 9 0 6) a n d B a rt h (see
ab o v e , 5 5 2 e) a numb e r o f sup p ose d i mp e r fe c t s H o p h a l a re , in fa c t , i m p e rfec t s
'

o f t h e p a ssiv e o f Old A s i n t h e c ase o f t h e p erfe c t s p a ssiv e o f Q al ( se e ab ov e ,

.

5 5 2 e) t h e q ue stion is a g a in o f v erb s o f w h ic h n e it h e r t h e c orresp onding

c ausa t iv e ( i 9 h e re t h e H ip h i l ) , n o r t h e o t h er t e nse o f t h e sa m e c o n ug at io n
. .
‘
j
(i h e re t h e p erfec t H op h al ) is foun d w it h D3 7 ( f D33 7
c f. yuqtdlu
'
. e .
,
so or as

i mp e rfe c t Q al in A rab ic ) an d
771 7 ,
fr om [37
2
3 an d
71
71 ; 71 3
7
7
from h e (c f ? .

5 66 a) ; 1 N17 Nu 2 2° from 1 1 1+ 7717

from
7371 ; 1 12 17 H o 1 0 14 ( c f. I s 3 3 1 ) from

B art h ad d s the v e rb s
V D: c an E z from r
e m; Le v 1 135 fro m

the v erb s 17
3 71 7
Jb 19
23
fro
m ppn ; 71 3
‘
&c fro m 71 71 3 ; t h e
. ve rb

V ” : 221 17 fro m 70 11 ; t h e v e rb s 5 7117 31

11 7
71 79 17 from 5 71 7
1 2 7 ‘
a nd

71 7
W . On § 73 f ~ I n p o int of fac t i t w oul d b e v e ry st r a ng e,

of t h e se fr eq ue nt l y use d v erb s,
e sp e c ia lly in t h e c a se o f
771 1 and
3
713
7 ,
t h at
 1 5 0 T he Ver b g4 f k .

«
fl eet to b e of a c ertai n ch aracter . E g . . to make onesel fg rea t ,

t o a ct p r ou dl
y 03 mm
"to h
s ow onese lf w ise , cr a t y f t o p ret end

to be i ll ; to ma ke ,
i . e . to f ei
gn on ese lf r ic h ; Nu
to ma ke on esel f a p rin ce IS to a ct in a n excited ma nner
Th e meani ng of Hithp a él meti mes coi nci des
'
like a ro het ,
p p to ra v e . so

wit h th a t of Q a l b ot h , f or ms b ei ng in use t o g e t h er ,
e .
g . 53 15 to mourn ,

in Q al o nl y in p etic style
in H it hp a él in p rose o O n t h e a cc usat ive ,
'

a ft er H it h p a é l reg arded a s a t ransi t iv e v erb ), se e

(
‘
I 1 7 w .

f ( )
b I t e xp re sses r ec i roca l a c t i on, l i ke N ip h a l,
p 5 1 d, e g fl m n fl
‘
. .

t o look up on one a not her , G 11 4 2 ‘

cf i 4 1 . f
8
; b ut

() 0 ft en i ndic a t es
I t more o an a c t i on less di rect l y a ffe cting the
s ub j ect and desc i b s it as p erfo
,
r e r med with reg a rd t o or for o nesel f,
in
o ne s
’
ci al i nt erest (of Nip h a l
o w n sp e .
5 1 e)
‘
H it h p a el in such
, .
‘

c a ses readi l y t akes an acc usative e g , . E x 3 2 and Sig

.
3
m a Ex 3 3 6

r om onese f ;
"
7 ewu it si bi v estem , ” 13 537 0 salvit sibi
t o t ea r
1 f l 0
( ) 3
(vincula ) ; Jc s to t a ke ( so mething ) a s one s p r ov isi on ;
’
w ith out
an a ccusa tive ,
t o w a lk a bou t for onese
lf (a mbula re) sibi

inter cede e (see D elit z sch Is 15

) “ 90 7 0 t o dra w line for onesel f
'

r on 1
3 a ,

Job 1 3
27
; on Is 1 4
2
, see 5 7, no e t .

g dy
( ) O nl it p a ssiv e e g 55 0 seldo
1311 N T m is
J Pr 3 1 she sha ll be , . .
‘ 3°

p W
ra ised ; ” B T - f g
fl t o be or ott en E c w h ere t h e refl ex ive sense (to ,

b ring oneself into oblivion ) h a s a lt og eth er di sapp ea red Cf N i p b al

‘
. .
,

§ 5 rf .

[1 Th e p assi ve f
or m H othp a ‘
al is f oun d onl y in t h e fe w foll o w in g e xa mp les
d wvn ( for
'

1»: p to be defi led , D t 24 4 ; infi nitive D213 ? ! to be wash e , Lv 1 3

55 56
; nn
ngtej nn, t h e n; b e ing t re a t e d as i f i t w e re t h e
'

a fi or m a t i ve of t h e fem .
plu r.
)
i t is made fa t, I s 34 6 O n “ P95 3 : see I
5 . .

l D e no min a t iv e s w it h a re fl e
xiv e m ea n ing a re
"
In nn to
‘
e mb ra ce Ju d a is m,
fr m o
( nj l m) J ud ah ; to p rovision onese lf fora j ourney, f ro m NT };
p rovision for a j ourney ( see 7 2 m) .

If Rem I
A s i n P i el, so i n H ithp a el, t h e e r e c t v e r
. .
'
re ue nt l
( in ste ms
‘
p f yf q y
d
e n in g in J P 73
, , ,
D ) h as re t a in e t h e o r i ina l Pa th a h i n t h e fi n al s l l a b l e
g d y
d yf
( w h ile i n t h e o r ina r o rm i t is a t t en ua t e , a s in Pi el, t o i a n t h e n l e ng t h d ‘ ’

d
e ne d
t o e) , e g D t 421 , &c ; of 2 Ch
. . 1 5 8 ; w it h l consecutive I s 8 21 ; . .

so al so i n t h e i m e rfe c t a nd im e ra t iv e e
, g 0 p
3 33
0 1 1 E c c f D t 9
8 -1 3
,
p . . . IS
2 S K 1 1 9
. Is 55 , 2
50 5 5 ; P 10 3 1) I K 90 E st 2 “

pagans )
?
S I 1 3
12
.
— Ia Lv 1 1 44 , 20 7 a n d E z 3 8 23 , 7? t ake s t h e p l a c e o f a in t h e
fi n a l s l l ab l ey of th e st e m be f or e W c f
(
.

4 4 ), an d in t h e l a st assa g e b e o re
. d p f
5 . I n t h e p erfect, imp erfect ( w it h t h e e xc e on o f E 0 p ti a nd imp era tive of

H ith p a el ( a s w e l l as o f H ithp é el, H ithp a lel, H ithp a lp el, 55 ) t h e

‘ ‘ ‘
o rig i na l a al w a y s

Q mey, E 2 7 27 ;
1
r e t urn s i n p a use a s a e. g . 0
5 93 ; Jb 1 88 ;
311
2 5 11 ” 38
3)
$
4l i Jo s 3 5 ; of . Jb 3 3 5 a nd 74 b .
— Th e t a l so a
a pp ea rs be f o re

th e full e r en d ing ii in t h e pl u ral of t h e im p f e r ec t

( of. § 4 7 m) in 4: 1 29 , Jb
 H ithp a é l
‘

54 l, 5 5 a, b]

—Li ke t h e Pi el
'
m bnpn 52 n ) ,
for ms oc cur in H ithp a el l i k e 5
11 33 11 11 111
Zc 6 cf A m 8
7
d 1 n H i thp o el , Je r 4
3
A m
13 13
w i t h i n La 4 1 nl y
‘

,
a n so .
9 , 9 ; 2 o .

I n t h e A ra ma ic man n er a n infi nitive H ithp a el 11 11 3 11 11 11 oc c urs in D n 1 1 23 ( c f

'
.

t h e H ip h il in f
‘
. minor/ n in E x
2. A s in st a nc e s o f t h e re exivefl PB PHH (c onn d w it h P t) ec t e t c a fe w re fl ex iv e 1
f or ms o f t h e v e rb WP? ( to examine) l p b b ly t b
a re a so k ro a o e 1 ec on e d. I nst e a d
of a Pa th a h i n a sh a r e ne p d yl l s ab l e a ft t h fi t d i l t h
er e rs ra ca , e se ta k e Qa mes in
an o p y llen s a b le , e . g . Ju 20 1
° 17
,
imp erfect WPB H ‘ 20 1 5
,
Th e c orre

Sp o n d ing p assive f or m t wpsn

l l
’
l
n al so o c c urs
t
fo ll l t i me s, Nu 1
47
,
K 20
27
.

d ing t f
S

A c c or o ot h e rs, t h ese or ms a re ra t h e r re fl e xiv es o f Qa l, in t h e se nse o f

to present onese lf for review, to b e reviewe d ,

li k e t h e A rama ic
’
I thp e el
‘

( W est e rn
A rama ic 513 mm S y , sm jp and t h e E th iop ic t qa t l
r. a
e
a, A rab .
’
iq ta ta la , t h e
l ast w ith t h e e a e t a l w ay s p l ac d ft r t h e fi st a d ic al ( of ab o
1 r ve , b ) ; b ut t h e a re y
y p
.

d
more c orre c t l e x l ain e , w i t h K onig , a s H ithp a el or ms, t h e o u b l ing o f t h e f d
P y
b e i ng a b n o rma l l omi t t e — S uc h a re e xiv e o f Qa l, w it h t h e n t ra ns o se , d . fl p d
oc c urs in nnnSn ( o n th e a n al og y of O T
. . H e b re w to be p ro no u n c e d 13 1113 5111)
i n t h e i n sc ri t io n p of th e M b it k i
oa e ng Mt e a , w it h t h e m e a n i n g of t h e O T . .

13 11 53 to fi g ht, to wage war : see t h e in sc ri t io n, l in e s 1 1 , 1 5 , p

‘
N ip h al 1 9, a nd 32
in t h e fi rst t w o l ac es i n t h e imp erfect w it h waw consecutive Dfl13 5§ l
p i n line
'

19

i n th e infi nitive w it h sufli x, "

gSna in h is fig h ting against
3 nb nr m e.

55 . Less Common Conj uga tions .

Of t he less c ommon with a c onj ug at i ons 3 9 g) so me may b e c la ssed

P i él ot h ers with H ip h il To t h e for mer b el ong t h ose w h ich a r i se
' '
.
,

from t he leng th eni ng of t h e v ow el or t h e rep etiti on of one or ev en

t wo radic als in fa ct from an i nt ernal mo di fic a ti o n o r de v elop ment of
, ,

t h e st em ; t o t h e la tter b el o ng th ose w h ich a re formed b y p re fixing a

c onsonant li ke t h e n of H ip h il Amongst t h e c onj ug ati ons a nalog ous
,
‘
.

t o P i él are i nc luded t h e p a ssiv e fo rms di st i ng ui sh ed b y th e i r v o w els as

‘

well as t h e reflexives wi t h t h e p refix on t h e a nalo y of H ith a él

g p
'
.

Th e follo wi ng c onj ug a ti ons are rela t ed t o P i él as rega rds t h ei r 6

‘

inflexion and p artly in th ei r meani ng

1 P el S nip p si P l Snip re fl xi H ithp el P p iPlfllj p ond ing

‘
‘
. 0 , as ve oa , e ve o , c o rre s

t oth A b i c onj u
e t ala pra q i tila
c nd onj v1 . fl xi tat ala ;
1. ,
a ss . t ,
a c . . re e ve

imp f t Sb iP’ p
er ec ti ip l SDiP D i mp f t p ,i S p & H n it pp
n iarw c e er ec ass ve c. e ce a ea rs
,

t h a t i n H e b 1 e w t h e o o f t h e fi rst s ll a b l e is in a l l t h e o rms ob sc u re
‘

ro m 07 y f df
y
,
p
w h il e t h e assiv e o rm i s ist in uish e si m l b
g p f '

d
y t h e a so un i n t h e se c on d d d
y
s l la b l e I n t h e st ro ng v e rb t h ese c o n ug a t io n s a re ra t h e r ra1 e
. E xa m l e s j ’
p
p artic ip le ”
DEW/ D mine a d t ersa ry , wh o woul d conten d with me, Jb 9 15
;
1
3? e
( d e nominat ive fro m 1i th e tong ue) sla n dering (a s if intent on inj ur i ng with th e
tongue) d 10 1
15
K th e
.
( Th e Q ré
‘f
re qui re s
”
Jig 5
/ D m lol ni e ‘
a s Na 1 3 m ll ‘

'

th ey h a ve p oure d out, gt 7 7
13
( i f no t ra t h e r Pu at)
‘
I h a ve ap p ointed, 1 S 213

( unl e ss
‘
flin
lflx
t
‘
sh oul d be re a d) ; '
lyb ‘ H 0 wh ? ) o
to ta k e root, p assive
 1 52 T he Ver b —
55 f c

W1 12) , d n min
e o a tive f ro m W1 ? ) root ( b ut to root out
); i n H it h p o (3 1 1 mm? !
m5
<

th ey sh a ll be moved, J er 25
16 im p f 46 ; f m
er .
8
ro a v e rb
‘
l W/ I s 1 013 . Th e
b l y f m mi t mb ining d ing
p artic ip le
71 131: I s 5 25 is p ro b a a or a x a co th e re a s
11 1313
a nd
l Jlj 13
t§

C Po c l p p ro er
( a s d ist ing uish e d f j ug ti n f b
ro m th e c orre s o n p d ing c on a o so v er s

11W 5 6 7 l a nd 72 m w h i h t k t h pl
,
f thc di y u t i a e e ace o e or nar ca sa ve

F t el l e xp re sse s a n a im o r e n d u t p f m th ti eav o p i l ly w it h
r o e r or e ac on , es e c a

h ost ile i nt e nt , a n d 1 s h e n c e c a ll d b y E w l d t h t m e p i g m ( Zi l
,
a ,
e s e ex re ss n ai e

st a mm) , en ea vour ( S uc h e s a d t mm ) tt h ( A g ifl t m m) f th
or a x mp l ac n r
’

s-s a c . e e a es

g iv e n ab ove f ro m Jb 9
15
, t
s d 111 S 8 Q e ( p b b l y f FWD
1 0 1 5 , an “ f 1 1
9 e
r ro a or c .

52 s ; 55f : see ki ng to cast a n evil eye ) .

W it h 5p ip is qu d il it l b y t h in t i n f
c o n ne c t e d th f e or ma t io n of a r e ra s e se r o o

nt b t w
a c o n so n a n th fi t nd e d di l 3 p ee e rs a se c o n ra ca s 0 ,

d P lél g
2. l l y w ith t h
a 7
tt
e n e ra u t d t i = Pi l l Pi l l PPD nd e a a en a e o e
1
a a

PPP;
tJ t h e i n t h fi l yel l b l l i f m e n d
na t h i g is fr m a e a so a r se s ro i, a s a a n o a

p i P l l PSD P fl xi H i h p l l PSDPfl l l l ik t h A b i
ass v e u a
‘
re e j ug t i
ve t a
'
é
‘

, e e ra c c on a on s

x i q l ll i
1
’
dx iqtdlld t h f m u d fp m n t t h l t t
a
‘

c an 1
’ f id nt l
e or er se o er a ne e a er o ac c e a

f [M
. .
, ,

h ng ing
or c d it i n g f l u
a c on S W t ob t t
s, e . l l
J1
l11 t b g . o co o rs c . o e a res ,
l
o e reen,

p i 5513 111 t b with d l l f t h m f und ly i t h p f t d w it h

a ss v e o e ere , a o e o on n e er ec an

n o p d i g Q l f m (F t h b b u f m 3 1111 3 11
c orre s on n a or . d or e ar ar o s or 1 re a

3 3
1
1 11 1 3 ; f P P EJ J E 8 w h
ori h h m if t l y i z 2 n l y f m
13
,
fu i c as an es a r se n o ro c on s on

w ith t h f ll w i g 5511 e do o Th f m
n m mm ,
in
re a b e se or s a re o re c o on v er s

VV wh ’
t h y t k t h pl
,
e re f Pi l nd E t ikp
e a l ( 5 7 m)
e Cf l
e 5 7 5 hi
ace o c a a e 2 . . a so t.

6 3 . P Q PPQ w i t h p t i t i f t h l t t w d i l u d f m re e on o e as o ra c a s, se o ov e

t d i q ui k u t q i kly t p lp it t
"
m t e n s re
p ea e i ; g 111 1 l n t g b c s c c e ss o n e. o o a ou u c ,
o a a e

( f th h
o t) t 3 8 e f m llj D t g b t ; p i 1 13 ml! t b i n f m
ea r i 11
,
ro
'
o o a ou a ss v e
“

o e a er ent ,

to b e h ea ted, to b e red , Jb 1 6 16
,
La 2
11
. P 1 o b ab l y t h is i s a l so th e e xp l a n a t io n

1 2i (d m f m fl1 ¥13 f trump et, b ut o n ly i n t h e p a rticip le, “

of Ch
l
°

e no . ro a 1 1 5
&c K ih .
e
.
) fo r 1 8 1 3 11 ,
by a bso rp t i on of t h e fi rst
'

1 , l eng t h e n ing of a in t h e
Op en s yll ab le, a n d s ub se qu e nt o b sc ur ing o f a to 6 . On th e ot h e 1 h an d ,
fo r

t h e me a n ing l e ss 15 1 13 l H o 41 8 ( w h ic h c ou l d o nl yb e r e e rre f
dt o t h is c on

ju at io n if i t st oo df or 5
1 331 3 ) re a d 13 1g a nd f0 1 t h e e qu ll y m a e a n ing l e ss
g
11 5 5 ll
1 1 d 11 EJ I n b t h t h
1 /
45
3 r
ea ib l ‘ ‘
p h y) h
. o e se c a se s a se 1 a e rro r (d itt g o ra as

b n p p t u t d by t h p un t u t i n w h i h d id n t
ee er e a e nt u t lt th e c a o c o ve re o a er e

y
,

K th ie
bh O n t h m p l m n t f P l l i n t h f e m t i
e n f n u n of 5 48 5 n e o
C
a
‘
a e or a o o o s, c .

ly
. .

Cl l t d t th i f mi
o se re a e o s or s

4 P ilp el ( p . Potp l) w it h t ngt h n i g f t h t w

ass. nt i l
a d i l in
,
a s re e n o e o e sse a ra ca s

t m it ? 1 $1 nd
”
5 1 51 t ll f m S i =Pa P) ; fl i 555111 1 t e. o ro ro re ex ve
s e s g .
, o

ro ll c d w ; one f m 513 p i PEP o nE; f l NnR D ( B nd ro ,

a ss ve c . a so so ae 1 a

G in b ft Q imh i ; t h NDRD) I 4 nd w it h in b t h y ll b l
s . a er o e rs s 1
13
, a a o s a es

in fl u n f 1 1 P1P f m 11P N u 4 ( f h w 17
'
th in t h
' ' '

o w ing t o e e ce o ro 2 o o eve 1 , e

p ll l p g J 48 lPlP ) n awgw I
’

d I in t h p 45
s 2 25 , 11
‘
ti ip l
'
a ra e a ssa e, er 7 t a e ar c e , s 1 o

h dg in
e t e th m k
,
ac c P b b ly t
. o th i f m l
o e rs b l ng a e ro a o s or a so e o s

WSQS t h m nd d d i ng f J b 3 9 in t d f t h imp ib l 111511 l

T
,
e e e e re a o
3°
s ea o e o ss e 1 a so

1 Cf . W o lfe n soh n , ‘
Th e Pi le l in
‘
H e b re w ,
’
A mer J ourn . .
f
o Or S tu ies, xxv ii
. d
P 30 3 fi
1 .
1 54 T he V er b 55

( ) a On th e a n al ogy o f Pi el ‘
0 9 1 3 , imp erfect ” P
Q D D ‘ h e doth E '
ra vage it, t
a 80"
fro m mp g , of. DH
t
'
.
s
Passiv e W5 0 1 to grow f h res a g ain, Jb 3 3 25 .P articip le

girt , cloth ed ( cf . A ra ma ic 5 33 to b ind) I Ch ,

i s
”
. I t is us ual a l so to
i nc l ud e a mong t h e qu a d ril i t e ral s w e
i n Jb 26 9
, as a p eifect of A ra ma ic f
or m
w it h Pa th a h n ot a t t e nua t e d I t i s more c orre c t l , h o w e v e r, reg a r e , w it h
. y dd
D e l it zsc h , as t h e infi nitive a bsolute o f a P ‘
f
i lel o rm a t i o n, ro m W} ? to sp rea d out
,
f
w it h eu ph o n ic c h a n e o f g t h e fi rst i
? to W an d t h
, e se c o nd to 1 . M ore o v e r ,

the re a d i ng fW lB
'
a l so is ver y w ell a t t e st e d , and is ad o pt ed by B ae r in th e
te t x of Job c f. th e Rem . on p .
48 of h is e d it ion .

( 6) On t h e a na l og y of Sg p ip fl by y ncope h erein a nd b own

H ip h il
‘
: t
,
s r

to turn to th e left de n o m ( from barely) Gn &c On w im c f 5 5 3 p

.

p . . .

C S T R ON G VE B B W I TH PR ON OMI NA L S ur r rxns
‘
‘

. .

Th e a cc us tivea t h e p ersonal p ronoun, dep endi ng on an a ive

of ct
v e rb ,
2
may b e ex p ressed
( )
1 b y a sep a ra t e word, ” if t h e a usa ive cc t
i g n (b efo re a suffix m il k w i th t h e p minal finie 59 1?
s 5 , ) rono sufiix , e .
g .

he ha s killed h im ; or ( ) 2 mere suffi x

by a ,
or $9? he ha s killed
h im . Th e l a tt er is t h e usual met h o d a nd we a re h ere con

ce rne d w ith it al o ne .
3
N eit h er of th ese me th ods h o wev er, is ,
e m
p loyed w h e n t h e a cc us t ive a of t h e p ronoun is r eflexive . I n t h at c ase
a refle x iv e v erb is used, v iz . N ip b a l or H it h p a é l
‘

51
‘
a nd

W3 90?) he ctified himself, not W P, wh ic h c ould onl

l y m an he
l
’
e. g . sa n e

c ified him
sa n t .
‘

Tw o p o int s must b e sp e c ially c onsidered h ere : t he form of t h e

suffix it sel f and the fo m wh ich t h e ve b t akes w h en sufiixes
r r

a re added t o it 59

1
Th i s su bj e c t of b
t h e v e r al sufii xe s i s t rea t ed h e re in c o n n e ion w it h t h e
‘

x
st ro ng v e rb , in orde r t h a t b
o t h t h e or ms o f t h e su ffi e s a n d t h e g e n eral la w s f x
w h ic h re g ula t e t h e ir u n io n w i t h v e r b al o rms m a y b e c l e a rl se e n Th e f y
x
.

rul e s w h ic h re la t e t o t h e u nio n o f t h e suffi es w it h w e a k v e r s w il l b e iv e n b g

un der t h e se v era l c l asse s o f t h o se v e r s b .

2
An a c c usa t iv e suf
fi x o c c urs w it h N zp h
‘ '
al in 10
9
3
(si nc e is use d i n
th e se n se o f to a tta c k) ,
a nd ac c ord in g to so me , i n I s 4 4 21
; w it h Hithp a el ‘
Is 14
2

( 5mm t o a pp ro p riat e som e b od y to onesel f as a p ossession) ; c f. a b ove , 5 4 f, an d

5 1 1 7 w .

3
On t h e c ase s w h e re 11 3 is n ec e ssar y , see 5 x1 7 e.
4
Th e e x pti
ce ons i n Je r 7 1 9 , E z 3 42-94 0 are o nl a are nt y pp I n a l l t h e se
p
.

inst a nc es t h e sh a r a n t it h e sis b
e t w ee n DE R ( th emselves) a n d a not h e r o j e c t b
c o ul d o nl y b xp e e resse d by re t a inin g th me v e rb a lso i n
e sa Ex 5 19
[3 l a ft er

a n a c t iv e ver b se rv e s to e m ph asiz e th e ide a of th emselves .

§ 58 a d] T he P r onomina l S ufiia es
’
(
f th e Ver b 1 55

58 . The P r onomi na l S ufi a es of th e Ver b .

Cf t h e st at ist ic s c o ll e c t e d by H . P e t ri , D as Verb um mit S ufiixen im H eb r , .

p L ip ig P
.

art ii, i n t h e D JWN

’
W D ’
NQ J, e z ,
1 8 90 W D ie h l , Da s ronomen p ers
. . .

su fi
'

des Heb r Gi e ssen , 1 895 J B art h ,

‘
'

g
B e i t ra e z ur S ufiixl e h re de s
x p 5f
. .
,
. .

A JS L v ii 20 . B roc ke l ma nn , S emit S p ra ch wiss, i .

p
. .

f
.

1 59 . Grundriss, . 63 8 fi .

1 Th e p ronomina l sufi xes a p p ende d t o t h e v erb ex p ress

. th e a

a cc t
usa iv e of t h e p er sona l p ron oun h ey are t h e ollow ing . T f
B .

To a form ending in To a form in th e P rf e . To a form i n th e I mp erf .

a Vowel . ending in a Consona nt . ending in a Consonan t .

S ing . 1 . co m .
“
9
( p a use
ia
l?
me .

2. m .
i
l 7
L? ( p
ia a u se ’
I al so "
l—r ) t hee .

rarel
y1 ,

3 m . .
i a_

f .

Plur . L oo m .

2 . m . D: you (c os) .

3 m . . an; n an n? (f om
r an

p oe t . it ) ; in j if) ;
f .
L .
i f
I

2 . Th t t h a ese suffi x es a re c onnect ed with c or esp onding forms 1)

th e r

f
o the p ersona l p r ono un
3 ) 2 is for t h e most p art self ev ident a nd -
,

only a few of th em q ui re re el uc ida t io n .

Th e su fi f xe s
”J
,
ll
,
in T1
( a nd i l , wh en a long v ow el in an op en C
syllable
p re e c de s) nev er h ave t h e tone ,
whi h c a lw a ys res s o n t t h e p re
c eding sy llab le on the o th er ha nd ,
13 3 a nd D“ a l ways t ake t h e to ne .

I n t h e 3 rd p ers masc i n b y c ont ra ction o f a a r . . a nd a ft e t h e (1

j
re ect ion of t h e w eak n re q uent ly
g ives rise t o 6
)
2 3 h , ordina rily f
writt en i, muc h l ess re uent ly 5 ( see c
7 ) I n t h e
f em in ine ,
t h e f q .

suf
fi x 3 should
7 b e p ro no unc ed w ith a p rec e ding a ( c f b elow , f, not e) , .

as 71 or D o n t h e a nal o y o f dh d ;
g in st ea d of D j h ow ev er, it
was si mp ly p ronounc ed “
T , wi h t he t re e j ct ion of t h e fi nal v o w el ,

A c cor d in g t o D ieh l ( see a b ov e ) ,

p . 6 1 , D; o c c ur s o nl y o n ce w ith th e
p f t (
e r ec 59 ) , 7 t im e s w
se eit h t h e i m e rfe c t b u t n
e e v e r i n p re -e il ic p x
p g
,
assa es
,
w h e re a s t h e ac c us DDHN o c c urs 4 0 t im e s i n Je r a nd 3 6 t i me s . .

E y
i n zek — D§ l o c c urs o nl o n ce a s a t erb a l suffi ( D t 3 2 25 , un l ess, w it h K a h a n,
. x
I nfinitire u Pa rtic ip ien
,
. p 3,
. B1Q ’ f
S Q S rom S ? is t o b e re ad ) , w h il e t h e M f or ms
[D ( 272d pl .
) a nd
i a nd n ( 3rd f p l ) , a d de d
{ Q im h i,
.n e v e r occ ur by .
 1 56 1 726 Ver b 58 e—g

a nd wi h t Mpp iq a , sin e c t h e n is c o nsonantal ; b ut t h e weakemng t o

7L
,
is a lso
b e lo w, 9 f o und , se e .

3 3 T he ra riety of t h e suffix- o rms is occ asioned c h iefly b y t h e act

. f f
t h at th e y a re mo dified di ferent ly a cc or ding t o t h e o rm a nd t e nse of t h e f f
v e rb t o w h ich th ey a re a ttac h e d . Fo r al mo st ev ery suf
fi x t h ree forms
m a
y be dist ing uish ed '

( ) g w ith a c onso nant as 3 1 i nl L

( only a fter i)
'
O n e b e innin 1
'

a
g
-
, , , ,

il l
, (
0
) ,
71 D &c hese a re . T a tt c h e d t o v e b a l
a r forms w hich end wi h t
a vo wel, e .
g .
95
"
n ; iP
ifl ’ TT Q P, for wh ich b
y a b sorp t ion of th e n we

l
a so g et WR SQ P, p ro noun e d e ‘
g ta l tiu ; c cf 8 . m .

f ()
b A se o nd a nd hird w it h w h a c t t are c alled co nnecting vo wels
‘

”
9 use d w it h ve rb al f
or ms ending wi h t a cons o na n t (for
e x ce
p ti ons, see 59 g a nd 60 ) T hci nn c t ing
. w l i s co e r
vo e s a w it h

t he f
ms of t he p erfe c t, e g
or , . .
“
? SQ
P 5
33 1
P (
9 P D Q P n flP Q P th
I ,
o , e ordinary

fo rm of t h e g rd ma sc p erf w ith t he x c f b elow g ) ; and . . 2 nd fe m . suffi ,

.
,

e (less fre q uent l

y a ) w it h t h e for ms o f t h e impe rfec t and imp erat ive e g ,
. .

WSK P DPDP; l so w it h t h e infinit iv e and p a rt ic iple s wh en t he se do

T
Q ,
a ,

not t ake no un suffix s (c f 6 1 a and h) Th e fo rm 1 al so b elo ngs t o

-
e . .

t h e suffi xe s o f t he p e fe ct sinc e it h as arisen fro m i nf (c f h o we er r , ,

.
,
v ,

60 d) Wit h a D3 t h e c onnec t ing sound is only a v ocal S wa

.
, ,
e
,

w hich h a s arisen from a n o rig inal sh or t vo wel t h us it DD e

g ,
. .

ISPP or w h e n t h e fina l c onso na nt o f t h e v erb is a g utt ura l

“

P
D U n p a use t h e o rig inal sh ort vo w el (a rea pp ears as
)
'

e g T Z I . . .
,

S g hél w ith t h e to ne i ll
e
(also O n t h e ap p ending of
‘

see

suf fi x es t o t h e fina l ll o f t h e imp e fect 4 7 m) see 60 e r

,
.

g Rem . 1 . As ra re f or m s m ay b e me n t io ne d sing . an d p e rs. masc fl ; . Gin 2

7
7 ,
1 K &c .
,
i n p a use a lso fl? ( se e b e lo w , i) ; f m
e .
“
p , ”p e
In st e a d of th e for m w h ic h is usua l ev en in t h e p f
e r e ct (6 . g . Ju
Ez f m I s 60
9
(
7[__ as ma sc D t 617
, 2 8 45
I
oc c u rs as
, s 3 0
19
, 55
5
a l w ay s i n
e . .

M
T

p a us e); w i t h una h I s J e r 2 3
37 —
I n t h e 3 rd m a s c fl N u 2 3
3 ; . . Ex
i n t h e gra fem n_ w it h o ut H ap p ig ( c f 5 9 1 e ) 3
2 , Je r 44
.
19
.
; A m 1 11
, w it
h . Ex
We kp
h a v e e t t h e te r m connecting v o w e l , a l t h o u h i t is ra t h e r a sup e rfic ial
1 g
p
d e sc ri t io n , a n d m o re o v e r t h e se v o w e ls a re o f va rio us o rig in T h e c on ne c t ive
p b by k
.

a i s m o st ro a l t h e re m a ins o f t h e o l d v e r a l te rm in a t i on , l i e t h e t in b
th e 2n d p e rs .
f m e . sin g . ani h p fip . Ob se rv e e. g . t h e He b re w for m ‘
q td l a ni in
-

c onne xi
w it h t h e on
e
A b
ra ic qa ta la -ui, c o n t ra st e d w it h H e re w g tala t-n i a nd b
A ra b ic qa ta la t-u i K c n ig ac c o rd ing l p re e rs t h e e p re ssio n ‘ v o c a lic e n d in
. y f x g
o f t h e st e m , i n st e a d o f
’
‘
c o n ne c t ing sy l l a b l e
’
T h e c o n ne c t ive e, 3 , as
M p f f
.

P rat ori us ( ZD G 5 5 , 26 7 ft ) a n d B art h ( ib id 20 5 ) s h o w b y re e re nc e t o

p f
. . . . .

the S y ria c c o nne c t iv e a t i n t h e im er of the st ro n g v e rb , is o rig ina l l y du e

"
.

t o th e a na l o gy of ver s V b ) f rom meha ini) , in w h ic h t h e fi nal é

wl pf
.

w as use d as a c o nne c t ing vo e fi rst o f t h e i mp e ra t , t h e n o f t h e im .

f p pl
.

( be side s ma n y or ms w i t h a, 5 60 d ), and of t h e i nfi n . a nd art ic i e.

 1 58 T he Ver b 5 8 k, z 59 , a, b

( (
” ‘3 _
rst
p er s . L .
.
ev en i n p ause, Jb for !)

(Jer
2“
z ud p ers in p ause 13
' '

. l 22

different ,
“3
(I s 1 0
24
, Pr 2
11
in p a use) .

3 rd p ers .
33
(fo r fm e .
” L
3 for

[ p
w t ers
p lur 13 . .
( for 333 see t he R e m ]

I n t he o t h er p e rsons N fin e nerg e tic does not o cc ur .

If: R em Th e unc ont ra c t e d o rms w it h Nun are rare , a nd o c c ur onl in oe t ic

. f y p
or e l e v at e d st l e ( y Ex
1 5 2, D t 3 21 0 b is] , Jer 22,
[ 5 the a r e n e ve r o un d y f
in t h e 3 rd fem sing a n d 1 st p lur On t h e ot h er h an d, t h e c o n t ra c t e d orms f
byf q p x p
. . .

a re t ol era l r e ue n t , e v e n i n ro se A n e a m l e o f 35 a s 1 st p lur oc c urs . .

p in Jb 3 1 1 5 [b ut re ad JJ_
e rh a p s a n d c f 5 7 2 cc] , h ardl in H 0 1 25 ; c f . y .

J
i j
J b-
‘
eh old u s G n 16
44 , 5 0
13
N u 1 4
4°
for nan (inst e ad o f JJJH se e 5 20 m)
M
.
, ,

I nE z 41 2 t h e aso ra re ui res q m m
u , w i t h out D ageé in t h e Nun
Th
.

I at th f m w it h N
e or gi m in t e n de d t o g iv e reat er e m h asis
s un ener cu are g p
t o t h e ver a or b lf m
i s se e n ro f m th i p
e r s e c ia l re q ue n c 1 n p a use a rt ro m f y Ap f
x
.

b
t h e ve r , h o w e v e r , N un energ icum o c c urs a l so i n t h e u n ion of suffi es w it h
c e rt a in p a r t ic l es 1 0 0 o)

T f p
.

h i s N un i s re q ue n t in W e st ern rama ic I n ra ic t h e c orres on d in A A b g

f
.

o rm s a re t h e t w o energetic moods ( se e 5 4 8 b ) e nd in i n a n a nd a nna , w h ic h g

a re use d i n c o n ne i o n w it h suf fi e s (e a
y q tu la n x
-
k a o r y q
a tu la nna -ka
) as Wel l x g
m
. .

a s w it h out t h e .

59 . The P erfect w ith P ronomi na l S ufi xes .

a 1 . Th e en ding s (f a or ma tives) f
of t h e p er f ct cc
e o asionally v ary

so mewh at f ro m th e ordinary f or m w h en , connected t

w i h p ronominal
su ffix es ; v iz .

( ) I nat h e g rd sin
g .
f m t h e orig inal
e . feminin e e ndin
g 117 or 7L ;
is
used for n

( )
b I n t h e 2nd sing . ma sc b esides 13 . w e find n, to wh i h t h e c con

nec t ing v ow el is direc ly t a ttac h ed ,

b ut t h e only c lea r instanc es of t h is
a re w it h J ‘

(c ) I n t he 2 nd sing .
fe m .
”Fl
, the orig inal f
or m of Fl , a
p p ears ; cf .

, 3 f
‘
E D PP ,
2 , 44 g . T hi f s or m can b e dist inguish ed fro m the
rst p ers only b y t h e . c on e t xt .

2 nd
p lur ma s .
. c .
in for DPI xamp les are N u 2 0 2 1
Th e o nly e
5
,

Z0 7 5
. Th e fem lB SlQPnev er . occ urs w it h suffi x es p rob ab ly it h ad t h e

sa me for m as the masc ul ine .

1 W e e x h ib it first t h e forms of t h e p er f ct Hip h il

e
‘

,
a s used in c on

nex ion w i x es sinc e h ere no furth er ch anges t ake

th suf
fi , p lac e in t h e
st em it sel f e x c ep t a s r eg rds t h e t o ne
, (see c ) a .

1
O n lJ= JJ_ Nu 2 3 1 3 , se e 5 67 o.

2 O n t h e a asan ori gin a l e le ment of th e v er a lb f or m, see

5 8 f, n o t e .
 59 c— f] T h e P erfect with P r onomina l S n mes

P lura l .

3 . c P .
J JP PD

2. m .

1 . c . 1 . c .

Th e b e g i nn e r sh oul d fi rst p rac tise c o n ne c t ing th e suffi x es w it h t h e se H ip h zl

for ms and t h e n g o on t o un it e t h e m t o t h e P rf e ect Qa l ( se e d) .

2 . Th e a ddi t ion of t h e suffix g ener ally c a uses t one to b e th ow n 0

th e r

f orward t ow a ds t h e end of t h e w ord sinc e it

r ,
would oth erwise f ll a ,

in some c ases o n t h e ant e p enul tima ; w ith t h e

,
- he vy suffi x es ( ee )
a s e

t h e t one is ev en t ransferred t o t h e suffi x it sel f Considerat ions e f .

tone esp ec ially in t h e Pe f ct Qa l occ asion c ertain v ow el ch nges

,
r e ,
a

( )
a t h e
Qa m s of t h e fi st sy ll ab l e n
e o l o ng r st anding befo e t h e t one
r ,
e r
,

always b ec omes v o al $ 10 4 ; e orig inal P tha h of t h e s c ond

( )
6 h 6
t c a e

syll b le w h ic h in t h e g d sin m a nd gr d r h ad b ec ome fi wd

e
a , g f p l u r . e . .
,

rea ea s b efore t h e suffi x n d i n n e n s ll a b l e b e for e t h e t one is

pp r a a O p y , , ,

leng th ened t o Q a mes; similarly orig ina l i (as in t h e g d sing ma sc r . .

wi thout a suffi x ) is l eng th ened t o e e g 7 6 1 S 1 8

7 22
3 5 Pr 1 9 ,
. .
, .

The forms of t h e p e fect of Q al c onseq uently ap p ear a s follo ws r

3 m . . 5I9 P 3 . c 359P .

3 .
f .
“ 59 ? see 9)
2. m .
( P
” Q P see
, h)

( S P see h)
” D ,

1 . c .
"
B Q PP 1 . c .

Th e t h ese forms w ith all t h e suffi x es is sh own in

c onnex ion of

P a digm C
ar I t will b e seen t h e e al so h ow t h e Se e in t h e Pe fect
. r ,
r r

P el c h nges somet imes int o S g hol and somet imes int o oc a l f d

‘
e e
i a ,
v te .

R m e Th .uffix1 . f th ud n d g d p
e s plu D; nd
es o in th y 8
e z a r e r s. r. a s ce e

e nd in n n nt
a co nd l lw y h
so th t n
a a di t ing ui h d
a so a h y a s av e e o e , a re s s e as eav

suffi x ( ufiix g i ) f m t h
es s at whi hrav a l l d l ig h t uffix
ro C mp e re s c a re c a e s e s. o are

n n xi n p n ding f min in f m ;g nd it !)
,

th e co f th e
( nd f t h
o o e se a o e c orre s o e e or s a

w i th t h n un 9 e W it h p f t DD l n
o ,
1 . u it 8 Th f m P a JP
L er ec a o e oc c rs , 1 1 25 . e or

w h i h i u u ll y g i n th nn ti f m f t h g d in g m b f
m d by n l g y n d i w it h ut x mp l in t h O T
c s s a ve as e co ec ve or o e r s . a sc . e o re

DD nd I; ia nl y f s o or e a a o , a s o e a e e . .

Q P ( p i l l y in
2 I n t h g d ing m
. e
S
JH I r s b
. 5 in t h
asc. t ng b es e c a v er s 1
”
e s ro v er

nl y i n J i n Pi él) i m t ly 20 1 5 t d t lP ding t 3 k;
‘
o er nt QP
I s os co rac e o ,
ac c or o 2

ud in g m Jnl lt Pt lfl StQP — A uffix f t h t in g

f
'

l ik w i e in t h se e z s . asc . o . s a s o e l e s .

w it h t h 3 d ing m s p f Q l f b 5
' '

l t im
;
” ”
J u oc c rs se v e ra es n t e r s . a c. er . a o ver s 1 ,
o

nly in p u
J J b b w i t h 5 22 e
( 8 P 8 i
as '
w t h D ) t n ’
o J
Qt
a ;se J
P i u i n 1 1 r ,
ev e a co
 1 60 T he Verb —
5 9 g i 60 , a

j un c t iv e a c c en t , ’ ‘
as J t h I h 19
30 ;
1J
;
J1 1 S 28 1
5
( w h ere , h ow e ver, t h e re adin g
DJ}! i s al so f und)
o . W it h a sh a r p e ne d J .
1
JJ3 G n 3 0 5 , 1
J1 DJ

g 3 . Th e grd sing fem . . nP (

DP z TI D
PP h as th e t w o f ld p ul i it y t h
o ec ar at (a) the
e nd in g a th a l w a y t k th s a es e t on e ,1 a nd c o n se q u nt l y j i d t t h
e is o ne o o se sufii xe s
'

w h ic h f or m a y ll bl f t h m l
s a e o e se ve s ( J P an, 1
” 1 JJ) ,
,
w it h o ut a c o n n ec t ing

v o w e l , c o nt ra r y t t h g n l ul o e e e ra r e, 5 8 f ; ( b ) b e fore
t h e o t h e r suffi e s t h e x
c on ne c t i ng vo w l i in d d m p l y
e s ee e o e d, b u t t h e t o n e i s d ra w n ac t o th e b k
p enultima , so th t th ya p n un e are ro o c e d w i t h sh or t e n e d v o w e l s, v i z .

D e . she loves th ee, R u c f. Is sh e h as stolen them,

Gn 3 1 37
; 0 111 i it b urns them, I s 4 7 14
Jo s 87 F or 111 ;
“
, t
i :
4 .

&c .
, in p 1
a use Jl 1_
'
is f und J
o , er
4 , an d
"
[n Ct 8 5 a n d a l so w i t h out
t h e p a use f0 1 t h e sa ke o f the a ssonanc e
v n,
i g b sh e wa s in trava il with th ee, i id b .

Th e for m WP
DP ( e . g . Ru h as a rise n, g
t h ro u h t h e l o ss of th e n and t h e
c on se qu e n t sh a i p e ning of t h e l1
'

( as i n 1J_ a nd for a m and

c f. 5 5 8 i), f ro m th e for m Jull lP

DP,
‘ ‘
w h ic h
'

1 8 a l so f und
o eve n in p a use
-
( a 13 m m:
1 S 1 8 28 e l sew h e re it t akes i n p a use t h e for m JPUDD D I s 591 6 )
I T :O Y
'
so PPSDP
f ro m JPSDP cf . 1 34 , S Je r 24 R u °
49 , Is
3 i n p ause E 2 1 15
4 , a l w a s, on
17 y
the a ut h o rit y o f Q im h i, w i t h out app iq i n t h e 1 w h ic h is c o nse uent l M q y
al w a y s a me re v o w e l -l e t te r .

[i 4 . In th e and si ng . ma sc t h e . for m HSDP is m ost l y use d, and t h e suffi es x

h av e , t h e re f n nn
o re , o co e c t in g v ow e l , e . g . JJHN P JJnnJTth ou h ast ca st us 017,

th ou h ast bro k n u d wn t
e s o , a
60 3 ; b ut w it h t h e su d . of
’

t he 1 st sin g . th e for m
SDP is use d e g JnfiPtJ 1 3 91 ; in p ause h ow eve r w it h Ga m e g
’ JD
, . .
J
, ,
es, . .

J P
' H
w 2 2
2
; J u 1 °
( w it h Za qep h q t n) ; b ut c f also 7 17 w it h a o .
3

Mer h b a —I n t h e zud si ng fem

‘
. i s a l so w rit t e n de fe c t i ve l y ” i ’
Jj D J 1 S
. 1 9
17
.
,
'

Ju 1 1 3 5, Je r Ct 4 c c a sion a l l O
t h e sufiix is a
. e n de d t o t h e o rdinar y pp y
for mn v iz . W
JJl PW l th ou ( fem ) dost a dj ure us, Ct 5 , os
' 9
J 21 7 2° c f Jer 2 27 ,
. .

a nd , quit e a bn or mall y , w it h S ere JJn fi

' '
m thou (f m )
e didst let us down , Jos 21 3 ,

w h e re w ould b e e xp ec t e d . In Is 8 1 1 ’
JJEN 1 s
'
p b bly
ro a int en d e d as

an imp erfect .

Z 5 . In v er s b middle ( see a b ov e c) , e g
e, th e e re m ains eve n bf e ore sufli xe s , . .

75 ;m g D t 1 5
16
, 1 n n 5 n u 1 S Jb 3 7
74 F ro m a v e r b middl e 6 .

t h ere oc c urs JJHSPJ I h ave p rei a iled aga inst h im, 1; from w it h 0 instead
o f o in a sy l l a b l e w h ic h h a s l ost t h e t one
( 5 44 e) .

60 . I mp erfect w ith P ronomina l S u

f
ms of t h e imp erfec t Q al wh ic h h a ve no a flormat ives, t he
I n t h e se or ,
'

sim le S wd mobile
le
vow el o of t h e se c ond s llable most l b e c omes
y y ( p ) ,

some t imes t rinc i a l J

3 33
; h u s in t h e a u se Nu 3 I s 27 er 3 1
7 p p p , ,

Ez 3 5 6
, Ho b efore t h e p rinc ip al p a use, w 1 1 9
33
; be f
ore a se ondary c
p a use, E z 1
7
23
e v en f
be o re a c onj unc t iv e acc ent J as 2 3 B f e ,
5
. e or

1
ante C t 8 5 is an e x pt i
ce o n DD w ul d p b b l y
. on h h th t n ro a ev e e re av e e o e

(i s
se e e ) b ut n o e x mpla e of
th e k ind u in t h O T I n I 5 th imp f t
oc c rs e s 1
2
e er ec
x
. .

use d i n st e ad of th e p erfect w i t h a suf

fi .
 1 62 T ll c V e7 b ‘ ‘

60 g , It 6 I a—c ,

r e t a in e d in t h e t o ne -s y l l ab l e ; an a n al og o u s c a se in H ip h il is
‘

T I } D t 3 T
2 7

L e ss fre q ue nt l y g ere is t o H ireq , g DDX

5
sh a rp e ne d e. E NN Jb
. 1 6 cf Ex
, .

Is i 21
2
I 1 2 34 1
a nd p ro b ab l y a l so i n Qa l k
‘
P l l 5 , it 3 0 , 3 7 ,
5 ; n o é ,
s 2 so 1 45 ,
flDD
I S 1 5 6 ; c f 5 68 h . .

5 I n H ip h il t h e i re ma i ns, e g 10 1 (aft e r
1
Jb waw i t is
‘

g . . . consecutive

o ft e n w ri t t e n d e fe c t iv e l y , e . g. W
D B S’ l G n 3 21 a n d o ft e n ) ; b ut c f. ab ov e , f
S
,

F o rms l ike n fir/ pr

'

25
D t 3 27 enr ich est i t, t
g j .

H
th ou i 1 1
7 ,
are r a re .

Cf 53 n
. .

It 6 . I nst e ad of th e su f
fi x t h e grd p l ur fe m
of . . th e t h e 3 rd p l ur
suf
fi x of .

masc ( D) is affi x e d t o t h e
. a ffo r ma t iv e l , t o av oid a c on fusi o n w it h t h e p e rsonal

e n d ing 4
7; c f. NSD’ ) G n
DH ( p rev io usly al so w it h a p e r f ENDE D)
. GB

w
'

( w h e re ww o c c urs im m e d iat e ly
13 “ 20
33 ,
Ex 2 a ft e r );
-
,
1 s 61 0 (W h e re
a l so OH‘ JB is for a n egle ct of g e n de r w h ic h c an o n l y be e xp l a in e d by

5 1 35 )
o .
- ; For
H T “ Zc 1 1 5 re ad p e rh ap s (3?
l w ith ML . a mb e rt .

61 . I nfi ni tive, I mp er a tive a nd P a rti cip le w ith P r on omi na l

S ufiia es '
.

a 1 . Th e infinit ive con struc t of a n a c t iv e verb may b e c onst rued w it h

a c c usa t iv e , and t h erefore a lso t ake a v er ba l s ufiix i the
'

an can ,
. e .

a cc usa t ive o f t h e p ersona l p rono un Th e o nly undoub t ed inst anc es of .

the kind h ow ev er , in t h e O T a re infinit iv es w ith t h e v erb a l sufli x

, . .

of t he I st p ers . sing .
,
e .
g .
35 3 1
”
? t o inqu ir e o f me, J er 37
7
. As a rule

t h e infinit iv e ( a s a n o un
) t akes n oun -suffi xes
( in t h e g en it ive w h ic h ,

may b e e it h er j
sub ect iv e or ob ec t iv e, c f. j II 5 c), e g my p a ssing
. .

by E SL
: h is
5 a and e r ei nin , see
g g 1 1 . Th e infinit iv e Qa l, t h en,
usually h as t h e form gotl, ret a ining t h e o rig ina l sh or t v ow el under t h e

first radic al (o n t h e p rob ab le g ro und-for m grant, see 46 a) Th e .

r esul t ing sylla b le as a ru e l allow s a fol lo w ing B eg a dkep h a t h t o h e

g , J er
s
p ira nt , g 1
e.3 7 3 0 in h is wr itin
3 .
45
‘
c f , h o w eve r, Gn 1 9 2‘

M
.

59 32( so ed a nt ; o t h e rs lDJJ E x
.
) .b efore 1 a nd
”
313
53 I Ch
”
7

"
DlL a l so t h e syl lab l e is c o mp le t e ly c losed, e g 19 0 13 3 E x 2 LV 2
'

. .

(b ut in p ause Gn unless t h e v ow el b e ret a ined in t h e

seco nd syl lab le ; see 01. W ith t h e fo rm

g eneral ly, c omp are t h e
\
55 31
c losely a llied nouns of the form 5DP ( b efore a suffi x 55 12 o r

§ 84 §
“
a ; 9 se
b Rem . r. Th e i nfi n . o f v e rb s w h ic h h av e 6 i n t h e l a st sy ll ab l e o f t h e imp erfect
ofQa l, so me t ime s t a ke s t h e form qitl b e fore sufli xe s, hp Ex 2 18 ; B
'

;
e .
g .

pb
A m 2 ( b ut
6 Ex 155 3 2 1
10
( b ut 155 ; S IS lJDW S Zc 3
1
,
‘
l ’
p
’

n
.

L v 2 6 26
E 2 3 0 1 3 &c
, A c c or d i g t o B a rt h ( se e a b ov e , 5 4 7 i w it h t h e n ote)
.

t h e se fo r ms w i t h i i n t h e fi rst sy l l ab l e p oin t t o forme r i-im p e rfe c t s .

C In fi n i i
t v s o
e f t he o m L
f r
-
gp B
4 5 c ) i n v e rb s mid d l e or t h i rd g ut t ura l ( b ut
c f. a l so ng nwG n 1 9 3 3 -3 5 — e l se w h e re a nd 9) b e fo re
53 3 2 su f
fi x e s so me t ime s
t a ke t h e fo rm q a tl , as tsp; Jon ( a nd, w it h t h e sy l l ab l e l oose l y c l ose d .
§ 6r d- g ] I nfinitive with P r onomina l S uf imes -
1 63
Mg ? Ju m
"
ay; a nd 2
129 1 Ez 2 so me t ime s q itl, w it h t h e a a t t e nua te d

to

m
i ,
esp e c ially

— Cont ra ry
i nv erb s t h ird g ut t ural ;
Ch
as
a m en, DI EQ /
,
(
19 39
,
V ina,
me t ime s
g;
t o 5 58 f “ a nd
al ( 1 (E x a re so

n
e

fo u d w it h t h e infi nitive in st ea d of an d 33 O n 'Dfi fi my following it 3 8 21

( b ut e
Q re c f. th e a n al og o us e x a mp l es in 5 46 e.

2. W it h t he suf
fi x a es a nd DD c o n t rar y to th e a nal ogy o f th e c orre

sp on d in g no un s, forms o c c ur l ike a 9§5 th y ea ti ng , Gn Gn 35 ;

u s w it h 6 sh o e sa me wa a
h 11 i
T pi } ( o t e rs
T 19 3 0 O b , r t e ne d in t h y s i n t h e . .

imp erfect, see 60 B ut t h e an a l ogy o f t h e no uns is fol l ow e d i n suc h fo rms as

.

0 3n. y ou r h a rv estin g L v 1
9
9 , (w it h re t e nt io n o f t h e orig inal it ) , and
,

m
Ge s? ( re ad moosekh ém) your desp ising , I s 3 0 1 2 c f D t 20 2 o n
’
G n 3 22° .

( for se e 5 7 4 h — Ve ry un usua l ar e t h e in fi n it iv e su f .fi xes of th e an d sing .

masc w i t h J energicum ( o n t h e a n al og y o f suffix es w it h t h e imp e rfe c t , 5 8 i ) ,

.

as
32 13 : Dt cf . Jb 33 32
, a ll in p rin c ip al p ause .

E x a mp le s of t h e i nfi nitive N ip h
‘
al w it h suffi x e s a re , ”1 3 23 E x (
3

[3 1 a
'

B I: 28
20
( in p ause, “I D /9 71
S 7
v e rse 24 ) ib p g a u
p 37
33
; Ez 21
29

D t 723 I n t h e infi nitive of Pi él ( a s a l so in t h e imp erfect , se e 60 f ) t h e e b e fore

.

[ m e
E a nd w it h a sh arp e ning
'

fi b ka, e g
''
t h e su l 3 9 e c o
. es
v s y x . .

to i 03 W ? Is 15
( 5 6o f ) I n t h e infi n itive P é él, DDDg/ fi ( w it h
‘

) 1 see .

? oc c urs a

for e o r i) A m b ut p rob ab ly w it h W ellh ause n ,

is t h e r ig h t re adi ng ;
the c orre c t ion D h as c re p t in t o t h e t e t x a l o ng side o f t h e corrigendu mW .

5
.

2 . Th e lea ding form of t h e imp era t ive Q al b efore su fi xes

( 2)
13 is f
due p rob ab ly (see 4 6 d) t o t h e r et en t io n of t h e or iginal sh or t v ow el
of t h e first syllab le gr ound-form qu n t h e imp era tive also 0 is
"

( tu l ) I .

foll ow ed b y D a g ei lene, e g kothb/zém ( not kbthbém), & c ‘ ‘

DD” ?
’

not . . .

As in t h e imp erfect 6 0 d) a nd infi n it ive ( see ab ov e, c ) , so al so in t he

imp era t ive, suffi x es are found unit e d t o t he st em by a n a -sound e ,
g .

Is 30 8
c f. 2 S 1 2
28
.
— Th e forms ”
StQP "
.
SDP , ,
w h ic h a re not

e xh ib it e d in Paradig m C, undergo no c h ang e . I nst ea d of “3 55 9 , th e

masc form (il P) is used as in t h e imp erfect
.
,
.

I n v erb s w h ich form t h e imp era t ive w it h a l ike nit? ( t o wh ic h c lass

,
g
b elong e s ecia l ly v erb s
p middle a nd t hird gu t tur a l, 64 and t h is
a ret a ins it s p lac e w h en p ronominal suffi x e s a re added, b ut , since it
t h en st a nds in an Op en syll ab le, is, as a mat t er of c ourse l engt h ened .

t o Qa mes (j ust a s in imp erfec ts Q a l in a , 6 0 c) e g send me, ,

. .

Is 6 8
i
‘ ’ 26
9 ’J
f ? e 50fli 15
$3 7 5 9? Gn 23
8
I n Am c airn
( so ed

Mt
. .
, , ,

B aer, C imsb B i g?
an inst e ad of the o rdinary rea ding
) is t o b e
x p lained w ith M
.
.
, ,

arg olis AJS L xix, 4 5 iii from an ori inal

e , , .
p ,
.
g
as nm — m A m 9 from orig inal
w 4
iDnAJ l-m — I n t h e im erat ive Hi h il,
' '

A1 1 ''I i
.
p p
t h e form use d in con unc t ion j w it h suffi x es is not t h e 2 nd sing . ma sc .

M 13 0 “ fla w V m
.

Ji b ? 61 ” 86
3
l d reni r e q u i re d b y th e in l (
” e
3 5“ a ‘’ 1 3 ’ 119
V g
'’
l l

Is 36 “
Ob b el o ng s t o t h e d isp ut e d disc usse d in 5 9
cf . a nd
T1 192 c ase s

a nd 5 48 i n ot e .
 1 64 The Ver b 6 1 h , 62

55 121 b ut 5 Q EB (w ith
’
i on a c c ount of t he op en syll ab le, c f § 6 o g ),
Ml
.
,

°
e .
g .
p resent it , a 1

ll 3 Like t h e infi nit iv es, t h e p art ic ip l es c a n a l so b e unit e d w it h

.
e it h er

v e rb a l or noun-suffix es ; se e 1 1 6f I n b ot h c ases t h e v o w el . of t he
sve d b efore t h e
ie
p a rt ic i
p l es i s sh or t e n e d or b ec o me s suf
fi x , as in t h e
ms, fro m t h e form BOP: lfl fi
'

c o rre s on ding noun-for e g &c

p . .
, .

b ut b e fore S w a mobile fl a
e
il & c or w i t h t h e orig inal i , } E x , 3 s
3 ‘

1 m ( i i i f m i h h ing imp erfect Ga l

2°
&c .
,
5
} 2 K 2 2 co inc d ng n or w t t e I st s .
,

1 S cf 6 8 h ) w it h a middle g ut tura l wit h a th ird

w
.

q J
"
g ut t ura l, Is b ut e, li er 2 8
16
,
cf . 6 5 cl . Th e form
B Q EQ ,
w it h suffi x 55 9 9;
”
b efo re s
ie
ve d so met imes like Is
so met imes like Dfi DB N? In Is 4 7 10
is irreg ular
for 35 ” ”
inst ead of t h e meaning less
"
31 520 “ 5 J er 1 5
2 2 1°
rea d 34
”
559 0 7153
A l so unusual (see a b o v e , at ) w it h p a rt i c ip l e s a re t h e su fii xe s of t h e an d sing .

m asc w i t h J energicum,
. as Jb 5 1 ; o f D t 8 5 , 1 21 43 3
. .

62 . Ver bs w ith Gu ttur a ls .

man n,
‘

B ro c ke l Grundriss, p .
58 4 fi .

Verb s wh ic h h av e a
g ut t ural fo r o ne of t h e t h ree radica ls differ
in t h eir inflexion from t h e ordin a ry st ro ng v erb , a c c ording t o t he

g ener al rule s in 22 T hese differe nc es do no t a ffec t t h e

. c o nso nant al

a rt of t h e st em, a nd it is, t h e re fo re , mo re c orrec t t o re

g a rd t h e
p
g ut t ural v erb s a s a sub division o f t h e st rong v erb . At t h e most , o nly
t h e e nt ire o mission of t h e st re ng t h ening i n some of t he v erb s middle
e im er ec t N i h a l of v erb s fir st gu t tura l
( i h p f w e ll
‘

g u ttur a l n t as
p as
)
c a n b e re arded as a rea l w ea kne ss
g 6 3 h ,
6 4 e) O n t h e o t h er .

h and, some o rig inal el eme nt s h av e b een p reserv e d in g ut t ural st ems,

w h ic h h av e deg ene rat e d in t h e ordina ry st rong v erb ; g t h e a of t h e
e. .

init ial syllab le in t he imp erfec t Q a l, in a

‘
as ,
w h ic h e lse wh ere i s
a t t e nua t ed to i , 5b E§ — I a g ut t ura l
. v erb s N a nd n a re only t a ken
into c o ns ide rat io n w h en t h ey a re a c t ua l c o nsona nt s, a nd not v o w el

le t t ers like th e N in so me v e rb s Ns
’
in a fe w W1) 7 3 g),
an d in mo st {V 5 In a ll t h e se c a ses, h o wev er, t h e N w a s at

least o rig inall

y a full c o nso na nt , w h ile t h e n in v erb s Wswas ’
nev er

an
yt h ing b ut a v o wel let t er , cf 75 Th e rea lly c onsonant a l n at
M
. .

t he end o f t he w ord is marked b y i — V erb s c o nt a inin a 1 '

a
pp g g .

a lso, a c c ordin 2 2 g , r , sha re so me of t h e p ec ul ia ri t ie s of t h e

g to
g ut t ural ve rb s . F or more c onv enient t rea t ment , t he c a se s w ill b e
d ist ing uish ed, ac c ordin
g as_t h e ut t ura l is t h e first sec o nd, or t hird
g ,

ra dic a l .
(Cf . t h e Para dig ms D , E , F , in w h ic h only t h ose c on ug a t ionsj
are o mitt ed which a re wh olly re
g ular ) .
 1 66 T he V er b 63 f- i

w it h orig ina l i in t h e fi rst a nd d in t h e sec o nd s lla b le, 67 n , a nd

y
a so l t o t h e imp erfec t s of v erb s J 72 h b ut c f also.
WB N J
,
'
lDNJ
,

an d l m ; in l l iip h
‘ ’ J '

.
,
e .
g .
TED
'
l JDJ Am 6 6
,
&c . in H ip h .
T DD? ) D ‘
Sl’ij
2 K4 &c . . so met imes
b ‘ wn in i m
(d) follo wed y H t ep h S g h6l,
b a - e
e. g .
P-l ” t o
.
l i
‘
fin l l ,
WJ H ip h il ; W22 Nip h a l '

Qa l ; TD
p er ec t f 3
, .

f Re m . W it h
t o t h e a b ov e e amp l e s t h e fol l ow i ng p oi nt s m a y a l so
re g a rd x
he n o t e d ( 1 ) T h e fo rms w it h a fi rmly close d sy l la b le ( c al le d t h e h ard c om
.

b in a t io n) f1 e q ue nt ly o c c ur i n t h e sa me v e rb w it h forms c o n t ain ing a l oose l y

c l ose d syl l a b l e ( t h e so ft c o mb ina t io n) ( 2 ) I n t h e w t sing imp erfect Qa l t h e . .

p r efo r m a t ive s ni v aria b l y t a k e s S e

gh él , w h e t h e r i n a fi r mly or l o o sel y c l ose d
sy l l ab l e , e . WJ DN ( w i th th e c oh S ), W
mt a t i ve HWDHK DHQ ( i n In
g .
S
must
0 0 0 0 0

17
Jb 3 2 un q ue st io n ab l y b e H ip h il, sin c e e l se w h e re t h e p o int ing
v
‘
{1
is a l w ay s
'
ps Coh o rt a t i ve s l ike 11 3? i G n 2 7
41
and $ 1 11 3 Jb 1 66, a re

e xp l b y t h e ne t re m a rk
a in e d x
( 3) T e sh ift ing o f t h e t one t ow ard°s t h e e nd . h
fre q ue n t ly c a uses t h e P a lh a h of t h e p re forma t iv e t o c h a ng e i n t o S gh ol, a nd
v ic e v e rsa , e
g D }
iIt ) b u t 7111 3
. 1 d sin
.
g fem ; H D Q
W
J b ut J
D D S H
.
; l JD
p w . .
S
'

D
b ut w i t h waw consecutive lfl Dl ,
&c . so fi Dll ’ l G n 8 3
'

th e p l ur . of wp nn, cf .

lly of t he
8
G 11 1 1 a nd t h us ge n e ra a c h a nge st rong er H a tep h -8 6 9 71 61 g roup
int o t h e l ig h t er H a tep h -Pa th a h g ro up t ake s p l ace w h e ne v e r t h e t on e
is mov e d o ne p l ace t o w a rd t h e end (c f 5 27 v). .

g 3 . Wh en in fo rms l ike “ Dill , 179 23

"
, the vo wel of t h e final syllab le

b ec omes S wa 1 n c o nseq uenc e mat iv e

'

a ddit ion of an afior

le
a voc a l of the

( J
,
J
,
n or suf
fi x ,
t he co mp ound g zed of t h e g ut t ural I S ch ang ed
a

r l lDyl g a a —
"
int o t h e corre sp onding sh ort v o w el, e. g IDS!
.
” p
lu ( m -clh u
.
‘ e

as a n equivalent for y a -me-dh u) m y; she is forsa ken B ut e v e n in .

t h ese forms t h e h ard c omb inat ion fre ent ly o c curs, e g 353 11 h
“

q u t eJ . .

t a ke a s a
p ledg e ( c f. 1 n the sing . al so s l fll
l
‘
"
Pln (alS O
’
.
W
I ill
s)
.

t hey Cf m in general,
and, 2 2 m, 28 c
"
a re str on .
g . .

/t I n t h e infinitive, imp era t ive, a nd imp erfec t N ip h a l , w h ere t he

'
4 .

first ra dic al sh ould b y rule b e st reng t h ened ( P

DQ?) t h e st re ng t h en
ing is al ways omit t ed, a nd t h e v o w el of t h e p refor mat ive lengt h ened
"
t o Sere ; a amed , — or 7 l
3‘
?
‘
ID J fo r C F E
Q‘ y & c f 22 c 1 , ! x 25 . . .

( a c c ording t o D illmann, t o p revent t h e p ronunciat ion D l i , w hich WH

t he L XX and S amarit an follow ) read 17 a

R EMA K R S.

I . On Qa l .

i 1_ construct a nd imp era tive Ht

”
. In v erb s N D t h e infi nitive t a ke a ep h -S eg h ol in
t h e fi rst sy l l a b l e
( ac c o rd ing to ), l
l t‘t gird th ou, Jb 3 8 3 , Dlj fi
l love th en,
‘

5 22 o e .
g .

Jb 1
9
7
( so e ve n th e Mnt u a a ed .
) is al t oge t h e r ab n orma l re ad DJVN
w ith B ae r, G insb .
 63 k m] ~
Verbs First G uttura l 1 67

H o 3 1 , l DN seiz e th ou, E x 44 ( on JDN b a ke ye, E x 1 623 , se e § 7 6 d) ; SDD to ea t ;

i n fi n it iv e w i t h a p re fi x 1hs 5 S B S bs hara I s yu m B e 38 S o m e t ime s,

h o w e v er . H a tep h -Pa th a h is foun d as w el l , e .

g . infi nitive l llli
'
'
1 K 63 ; WND 53 15 3
N 11 26 1 0 ( b e fo re a suffi x 1 53 1s n
ap s 3 3 53 1:
1 mans s6 1 d) ;

E2 25
8
it 10 2
5
, Pr Jb 3 41 8 , al w a ys in c l ose c on n e xi on w it h t h e

fo ll o w in g w ord . W it h a fi rml y c l o se d sy ll a b le a ft e r 5 c f. Dl DD S Is 30 2
;
'
lDD fi
J os 22
f
( on Is c f b
§ 8 4 n)
.
, DlDD S I s 3 0 1 4, H ag 1
2 6 ; D W D) E x 3 1 4 , &c ; .

1 111 5 S 2 1 8 3 Qere, b ut a l so 1 19 3 1 Ch 1 5
26
.

J
D SIDD Ju 9 9
'
11 13
is a l t og e t h e r an o ma l o us, a nd o n l y a fe w a u t h o ri t ie s g iv e
M
0

J
D SIDD'

(H ip h il ), a dop t ed by o o re i n H a up t
’
s B i b le . A c c o rd ing t o Q im hi ,

O lsh ause n , a nd o th e rs, th e M aso ra in t e n d e d a p erfect H op h al w it h sy nc o p e o f

t h e p re fo rmat iv e a fte r th e D in t e 1 ro g a t iv e = JD 1-DDD , Q

5
: 7 .
. l’
or (a c c o rd ing to
O lsh a use n ) w it h t h e mission B ut sinc e t h e H ip h il
‘
o of t h e D int e rrog a t iv e .

a nd H op h al o f PlDn'
o w h e i e o c c u1 , i t is d iffic ul t t o b e lie v e t h a t suc h w as t h e

i n t e n t io n of th e M a so ra . We sh oul d e xp ec t t h e p erfect Qa l, JD
SIDD'
B ut t h e

Qa mes unde r t h e D fa l l ing b e t w e e n t h e t on e a n d c o un t e r-t on e w a s n a t u 1 a l ly

,

le ss e mp h asize d t h a n in J
D
z s ,
w it h out t h e D in t e rrog a t iv e . C onse q ue n t l y
it w a s w e a ke ne d , n o t t o si mp l e S ewa , b ut to m o rd e 1 to re p re se n t th e
so un d o f t h e Qa mes ( l ike w ise p ro n ounc e d a s d) a t l e a st i n a sh o r t e n e d fo r m .

Th e S eg h ol o f t h e n in t e rrog a t i v e is e p l a in e d , i n a ny c a se , fro m 5 1 0 0 n ( c f x .

the si m il a r p oin t ing o f t h e a r t ic l e , e . g in D

.
J
WWDD § 3 5 k) . F or t h e a c c usa

t ive a ft e r D
j D , inst e ad of t h e usua l 1 ,
D Jb 3
17 a ffords suffic ie nt e v id e nc e .

A lso in t h e ot h el forms of t h e imp era tive t h e gut t ura l n o t i n fre q ue n t ly ]

infl ue n c e s t h e v o w e l , c ausing a i
c h a ng e o f i ( o n t h s i cf 5 48 )
i i n t o se
g h ol, e g . . .

D
DD D g a th er th ou, N u 11
16
;
'
l lD
'

ly set in order , Jb 3 3 5 '

J
E W D strip ff,
o I s 47
2
( on
t h is i rreg ul a r D ages c f 5 4 6 d) , e sp e c ial l y w h e n t h e se c o n d. rad ic a l is a l so a

g u t t u1 a l ,
e g lJ DN A m 15
5 , f 3
i 1 24
; c f Z c 8 19
l
; l D\ C t 2
15
, . cf . a l so in v e rb s

W s i n}
’
sing ye, Nu z i l 7 , i,b 1 47
7
( co m p a re d w i t h up a nswer ye, 1 S 1 23 ) a nd

J
S
& Jo is — . Pa th a h oc c u rs P
in JD DD h old h im in p led ge, Pr 20 1 5, an d p ro b a b ly
a lso in it 9 1 4 p a usa l fo rm for nj 21
2
J
( JJJ ) -A s a c f. t h e p tur Je r ) w e fi nd
D .

D( .

in I s 4 427 J c f. t h e imp erf Dj D J re p e a t e d i n t h e fo rm of a

D (
D D .
) w it h t h e 6
l l a tep h Qa mes . F or ot h e1 e x a mp l e s o f t h is kin d , se e 10 h a nd 46 e .

T h e p 1 o n unc ia t io n ( m e n t io n e d a b ov e , N o 2) o f t h e
2 .
. i mp e r fe c t s i n a w i t h 716
S ’ gh ol und e r t h e p re fo rmat iv e in a fi rm ly c l o se d sy l l a b le ( e g . . PJlD J
B EJDJ)
reg u l a rl y
g ive s w a y t o t h e so ft c o mb in a t io n in v e 1 b s w h ic h a m at t h e sa me

nt h tro i
"

Ex E v en i ng e s v ei b Dj n
fl is fo i nd a l o ng w it h Pl DJ
Cf . a l so

5
E2 23 ; JDPl
J
Gn 8
27 6 ( so B e n A sh e r ; b ut B e n -N a p h t a l i ’
Dy l ) i
,

DPS DD) N e h 9 22, a n d so a l w ay s i n t h e imp erfect Qa l of llll w it h suffi x

'
e s, G 11

49
25
,
&c Pr is t o b e e xp l a i ne d from t h e e n de a v o u r to a v o id t oo

g 1 e a t a n ac c um ul a t io n o f sh ort so und s b y t h e i nse rt io n o f a l o ng v o w e l , b ut

it is a q ue st ion w h e t h e r w e sh o uld n o t sim l w it h H a up t i n
p y r e ad 23 3 1 s
h is B ib le , Proverbs, p 3 4, . c f. th e a nal og o us i nstanc es unde r 11, a nd
 1 68 T h e V er b [1 63
suc h WDD , 3 3 1 , 5 9 3 —O u ''
DDJ i 33
for J
(a c c ord ing
n o u ns a s t
.
v
lj t 94 T DD to

Q imh i a nd o th e rs , r a t h e r Pu a l) c f. 5 60 b
‘

, .

n ODD: 5 8 5
a nd my: to dea l sub iilly , 1 S 23 3 3, Pr 1 5
3
,
19
33
,
ma y b e e xp l a i ne d

w it h B a rth (Z D MG 8 8 9 , p 1 7 9 ) a s i i mp e rfe c t s ( se e ab ov e ,
. 1 .
—
4 7 , t h e l at te r
i )
fo r t h e p u rp o se o f d ist i nc t io n fro m t h e c a usa t i v e D J
8 4 —
I n st e a d o f t h e
i t
a 3
u n int e ll ig ib le fo rm
lS
DP "
:
DJl
17
( so e d. Mnt a .
, B ae r a nd G in sb . as in 243 ) 1 Ch 23

and W 1 248 ( p a rt l y a na l og ous t o 0 1 3 1111 5 60 b) t h e Q al opSnn is t o b e r ea d

T h e form 311 11 10 7 3 w h ic h i s, ac c o rd i ng t o Q imhi ( in M
7 1?

ih hlol ; b ut in h is

Le x ic o n h e e x pl a ins i t a s H ithp a el ) , a c o mp osi te fo 1 m o f Qa l ( D D IJ) and Pi e!

‘ ‘

T l b d d d m l l (c
( DD
) l f f 6
J ”
t t P D?
fl
‘ '
c a n o n y e u n ,
e 1 s o o a s a e v e o p e n o
4 h o n .

a nd 69 x o n zlfi DD E x 9 3 3 1t P a t h ah h a s t a ke n th e p l a c e o f H a tep h
'

Pa th a h, b ut a s a m e re h e lp i ng -1 o w e l ( a s i n 1:1 5 2 8 e n o t e 2) a n d w it h ou t
p ,

p re v e n t i ng t h e c l osi ng o f t h e sy l l a b l e I t is m uc h si mp l e r , h ow e v e r, t o t ake .

i t a s a forma mixta , c om b i n in g t h e re a d ing s D ’ W

l J ( imp f Q al ) and D ( i mp f
‘
’ I lJ . .

P1 el ) .

II On H ip h i l H op h
‘
. a nd a l.

0 3 . Th e ab o ve - me nt ion e d ( f, 3 ) c h a ng e of to o c c urs in t h e

p erfect H ip h il, e sp e c ial l y w h en uaw consecutive p re c e des, and th e t o n e i s in

z
- us
zl
—z
Nu 3 3 8 13 19 J
D Dy b ut l JVDl Je r 14
E2 20 3 7 i n t h e 3 rd
'
JD
D
'

, 7 ; ,
2 1
5 ,
ev en sing .

z
3 —
11 i
t 77 Ou t h e . c on t ra ry o c c urs i n st e ad of in t h e imp era tive
I I ip h il, Je r 4 9 3 -3 ° i n t h e infinitive Je r 3 1 3 3 Th e p re form a t iv e
‘
a nd . of DD}! i n
H 1p h i l a lw a ys t a ke s a i n a c l ose d sy l l a b l e Ex 8 4 $ 1a al so
‘
1
v e rse 5 lJDyts
v e rse 2 5 a n d Jb 2 23 7 .

I n t h e p erfect H 1p h i l is me t ime s c h ang ed int o a nd in

p 4 . so

H op h a i i nt o
(c f § . 23 h) ; m aps Jos 7
7
, nS yq H b 11
5
, nSp n Ju
ly w it h
7 “
: l

6 33 , 2 Ch 20
34
,
Na 3
2 , a l w a ys b e fo re a nd hence e v i de n t t h e i n t e n t io n

o f st i e n gt h e n i n g th e c ou n t e r t o ne -sy ll a b le
( D D) or b e fore t h e g ut t ura l . On
mom s S o me t h i ng m il ar occ urs in t h e
a furt h e r c ase o f t h is ki n d
( ) T 1
ee 5 64 0 . si

fo rmat ion t h e f0 1 m qotl ; cf a nd (on 3 &c fo r

'
o f se g h o l a t e n o un s o f .
93 q , 113 1 .

8 “ — I n t h e i m e r fe c t c o n se c ut i v e 13 t h e t o ne i s t h r ow n
D l)
b ? 4 g p .

b a c k o n t o t h e fi xst sy l l a b le On t h e H op h a l .
‘
maria E x 20 3 , &c .
,
se e 5 6a b .

I II . DJD and DJD

a nd DJD to live, t h e g ut t ural h a rdly ev e r a ffe c t s

q 5 . I n th e ve rb s DJD to be,
n

a dd it i o n of p re fo xma t 1 v e s t h us imp erfect Qa l DJDJ an d DJDJ N ip h a l DJ D)

‘
th e . ;
b u t i n t h e p erfec t H ip h i l DJ DD ( z ud p lur . DDJD 1 Jos
D 21 3 , a n d e v en w it h o ut

w ozw
‘‘

consecuti i e, Ju I n it ia l D al w a y s h a s H a tep h -5 3 9 11 0 1 in st e ad o f voc a l

S p
i ca D JD
Dl D
‘J
DDlJD I S ( e x cep t “ D be th ou ! fem G n .

f m imp era tive of DJ D is D lize th ou, E 2 63 ; t h e i n fin it i v e

“
Th e zu d sing . e . 1 ,

w it h su fiix, D l
D J
D Jos 5
3
. A ft e r t h e p i e fi xe s l 3 3 5 D b o th D
a nd D 1 e t a in th e si mp le § °
wa (5 28 b) a nd t h e p refi t a ke s as x e lse w h e re

b e ?m e st ro ng c o n so n an t s w it h g‘ wa ; h e nc e i n t h e p erfect Qa l CDJJDl imp era tit e

- n1 n5 D1 D3 &c ( c f 5
J
) Th e o nly e x c e p t io n is t h e and
J
1 , 11 ,
1 infi nitize e . . .

"
si n
g ma sc . . o f t h e i p er
m a tiie a ft e r wa ; D D1 G n 2
w J
1 DJD1 G n
 I 7 0 T h e V671? 64 d- g

b ut N a nd 1) always h av e 6 in 3 rd sing — O n t h e infi nitive w it h suffi x es ,

c f. 61 b .

(l I n Pi el, P u a l, d H it p el, t h e D a gei forte b eing ina dmissib le

h ‘
' ' '

3 . an a

in t h e middle ra dic al, t h e

p r ec e ding v ow el , e sp ec ially b e fore n, n, a nd
y, nevert h eless, g eneral ly rema ins sh ort , and t h e g ut t ural is c onse

re a rded as, at least , v irtu a l l

q uent ly t o b e g y st reng t h ened, cf . 22 c ;
e .
g . P eal Pil l? J08 ‘l
, r K 1 4
10
,
JD; Ex ( c f. , h ow ev er,
T IN Gn 3 4 E x 1 5 , b t
u in t
19
h e imp fect a
er nd p a r t cip le
i 5 }
,
13
M
& c ; in v e rb s n 5, e g infinit ive Pliw, P u a l rm ( b ut c f i n“
.

” ‘

. . . .

t 36
13
fro m also t h e unusual p osit ion of t h e t one in i ‘s
Ez z l , m
a nd in t h e p erfect Hit hp a el Jb H ithp a el p erfec t a nd
‘ ‘

imp era t ive & c ; in p a use (see h

54 ) “ wn
22 . c, 2 7 q ,
2 9 v,
a
N u 8 , 2 Ch
7
Nu &c .

e Th e co mp let e o mission
quent of the st reng th ening , a nd a c onse

lengt h ening o f t h e p rec e ding v o w el , oc c urs inv aria b ly o nly w it h

'
1 ni l? E z 1 64 is a n e x c e t ion
( p ; “ 0 5 a lso o cc urs
3 ,
u e g 3 23
( in J . .

T E ) im f P l 3 B f i c c urs re ularl
‘

p a u se
p er ect u
, a 3 1 e o re it t o g y .

in t h e st ems “ 6 2 1 5x2 2 535 and in t h e H ithp a EZ o f wxn m

’

5 79 7 15- “
‘

, , , , , ,

a nd ne w) ; on t h e ot h er h and, N is v ir tua lly st reng t h ene d in t h e

p f
er ec t s “
13
1 ?
(o nc e in,
t h e im p e rfe c t J e r 2
23
9 ) t o com mi t a dult ery
, ,

to ( i
desp ise
n t h e
p a r t ici le, N u 1
p 4 , I s er 2 3 ; ac c or d ing t o
23
J 17

B a er, b ut not ed ane — . M

f o r Ginsb , ev en in t h e imp erfect xl
/ .

(
RS? t o a bh or L a 2 7 also a nd m oreov er , in
“

ll’
4x

t h e infinit ive W3 : E c acc o rding t o t h e b est readin

g O n t he
Mp p iq i
.

a n the Pu al ai m 21
Jb 3 3 ,
‘
c f. 1 4 d .

0 f R em . 1 . I n th e v e rb 5x?) to a sk, to b eg , som e fo rm s of t h e p erfect Qa l a p p ea r

t o b e b ase d up o n a se c o n da ry for m middle e, w h ic h is Sere w h e n t h e v o w e l of

th e N
st a n d s i n a n op e n sy l la b le , c f ?
) N G n J u ‘ i
J SW s 4x 1 3
37 ;
S
.

suffi x S W1
i

13
b ut in a c l ose d sy l l a b l e , e v e n w i t h ou t a , DD IS 1 2 ,
255 , Jb 2 1 29 ;
a mt35W - Ju I S 2
1 0. C f , h o w e v e r,
. si m il a r cases o f at t e n u a t ion of an

o r ig na i l a, 5 69 s, 44 d I n t h e fi rst t h re e e a mp l e s, i f
an d e sp e c i al ly . x
x
e p l a in e d o n t h a t a n a l ogy , t h e i a t t e nu at e d from it w o ul d h a v e b e e n l e ng t h e n e d
t o e ( b e fo re t h e t o n e ) ; in t h e n e t t h re e i w o ul d h av e b e e n m od ifi e d t o 6 x .

A l so in t h e H ip h il-fo r m a
'
mins
'

nI S 1
28
th e Ni s me r e ly a t t e n ua t e d fro m g ,

I n Pi el a n d H ithp a el t h e l e ng t h e n ing o f t h e v ow e l b e fore t h e g ut t u ral

' ‘ '

2.
g c a use s t h e t o ne t o b e t h ro w n b a c k u o n t h e
p p e n ul t im a , a n d c on se q uen t ly t h e
S e re o f t h e u l t im a t o b e sh or t e n e d t o S g h o
e
l T h us (a ) b e fo re m o n osy lla b l es, .

a c c o rd i n g to 5 29 e, e .
g D
. Wa > to minister th ere, D t 1 7 1 2, e ve n in t h e c a se o f

a g ut t ura l w h ic h is virtua lly st re n gt h e n e d , G n Jb 8 1 8 ( se e 5 29 g) .

( b) a ft e r

w aw consecutive, e. g . a nd h e blessed , G n 1 22 a n d fre q ue n t ly , WW) “ Y g

a nd he

d r ove out, Ex Dyg mfi] Dn 2

1
.

1
10 5 i x p la in
s e ed b y A b ul w al id as t h e grd p e rs p erfect Pu a l, b u t b y .
’

Q imh i
as a n o un .
 64 h , i, 65 a, b ] Ver bs Middl e G uttura l 1 71
ma l ie s i n t h e imp erfect Qa l p0 3 G n zu 6 [5
3 . T h e fol l ow ing a re a fe w rarer a no
:
porn, &c
6
( e lse w h e re .
,
in p a use pg
i g y
,
c f. 5 10 g ( )
c a n d 6 3 ) ; fi e.)
n l t G 11 3 2

( for
"
lo t
p
gss l
; in t h e p erfect P f el fi n:
s J u 5 99
(p e rh ap s p rima rily fo r fi g fi; t
a c co r ding t o Gn ns w ould b e
ru xp t d)
e ec e ,
a n d si m il a rly ”g np llz it 5 1 7 fo r
‘
‘

union ; in t h e imp era tive P i et c f. a b ov e , l l i he

) Ez ( ) fi
'
n t
; 52 n
n a y ,

imp era “ 6 24
an d in b ot h c a se s p rob ab ly
“
tive H ip h il pD lJ J b 1p t
‘ ‘
f 1 3 i 9 ,
i n fl ue n c ed b y t h e c l bsin g c o n so a nt , a rid b y t h e p re fe re nc e for P e th a h in
m
.

p a use ( a c c o rd ing t o i t h t h n P & b t al so

2
9 ) ;
q w o ut e p a u se
p r c u

new Jo
4 x W
'

. A s i n fi ni tive H ithp a el w i t h a s u ffi w e fi n d D fj f

l l n i E z r 8 1
‘
,
& c , w it h z .

a fi rmly c l ose d sy ll ab l e , a l so t h e p a rticip le D’ l j lj p N eh 27

64
B ae r, h o w e v e r ,
re ad s i n a l l t h e se c ase s, o n g o o d aut h o rit y ,
— Th e ui t e
q me an in gl e ss
K th ibh
e
lNWNJl E 9
re q uir e s th e e q ual ly un in t e ll ig ib l e
'
2 9 ( fo r w h ic h t h e Q re
e

fig n) e v ide n t ly co mb in e s t w o d iffe re n t re ading s, WS W

v iz . ? ) (p a rt . N ip h .
)
a nd fi N NA W
(imp erf . cf . K 6 n ig , Leh rgeb aude, i p . . 266 f — I n i nfi
.
gg g
r I s 4 41 3

( 21 18 0 1 71a ? in t h e sa m e v e rse ) an imp erfect Po él a p p e a rs t o b e in t e n de d b y

M wit h
0 0

the a so a r an irre gu la r sh or t e n in g of t h e 6 fo r "lt d? ” cf 55

. b ’
J D W>
4! 10 15 Q re;
e
on th e ot h e r h an d Q im hi, w i t h w h om D e l i t i sc h ag r e e s, e x p lains
t h e fo rm np fi
‘
Pi el, w i th i rre g ul a r for in t h e rea din g
as an as
p s
Ru c f. 10 h
Af
.

5 . ew e x a mp l es in w h ic h a
t, as middl e ra di c a l , e n t ire ly l ose s i t s
c o nsona n t a l v al ue a n d q uiesc e s i n a vow e l , w il l b e found in 73 g .

§ 65 . Ver bs Thi rd Gut tur a l, e .

g . f?
i ) to send .
1

1 . According t o 22 d, w h en t h e la st sylla bl e h as a v o wel inc om a

p at ib l
w it h t h e gut t ura l (i
e . e not an a -sound
.
) ,
t w o p ossib ilit ies p re sent
t hemselves, v iz eit h er t h e . re
g ula r v ow el rema in s, a nd t h e g ut t ural
t h en t akes fur t ive P a th a k, or P a tha k (in p ause Q a mes) ta kes it s p la c e
M
.

ore
p art ic ularl
y it is t o h e re marked t h at
'

( ) he
a T unc h ang eab le v owel s l
,
i 25 b) are al wa ys ret a ined,

even under suc h c irc umsta nc es ; h enc e s .

Q al Ui 5W p a r t, p
. a ss.

W5W, H ip h imp erf a rt . So a lso t he l ess firm

. .
p
6 in t h e inf . c onstr . ”SW is almost a l w a ys ret a ine d : cf , . h o w ev er ,
in c lo se x ion wit h a sub st ant iv e I s 5 8
c o nne ,
9
,
a nd 171? N u 20
3
. E xa mp le s
o f t h e in n itive wit h suffix es are
fi fl m fifi Gn 3 W 29 2
} Nu 3 5
11 113 5
Lv 1 8 23
,
&c .

Th e imp erfect and imp era t ive Qa l almost alw ays hav e a in t h e 6
(b)
second syllab le, some t imes, no doub t , due sim l
p y t o t he influenc e o f
t he g ut t ura l (for a t one-long 6 , o rig ina lly a ) ,
b ut so met ime s as b eing
t he o ri
g inal v ow el, t h us ”Q
‘
WY ,
WSW ,
& c ; w it h
. suf
fi x es ’
Jfi bW‘
,
”
? fiSW ,

see 60 c .

Ve rb s {V 5 in w h ic h th e
"
a ! is consona nta l o b v i o usly b e l on g a l so t o t h is c l ass;

on l y
e .
g Fig
.

; to be h ig h , 51 17
9 1 to be
3 astonish ed, Flat
? ( in H ithp a lp el) to dela y .
 1 72 T h e Ver b 65 c —h

x m 5
f
E c e p t io n s, in t h e 1 r/ cot 11 1 13 1: Je1 5 7 , K ’ th .
Q ré)
‘
; in th e
imp era tive nan G n ( n suc h c a se s a s ny DS I s W 27
4
, c f. 10 h .

c (c ) W h ei eS ere w ould b e t h e re ula r

g vo w el of t h e fi na l syl la b le,

b ot h forms ( w it h e“)
a nd a
) a re so met imes in use ; t he c h o ice of one o r
[
the o t h er 1 s de c ided b y t h e s
p ec ial c irc u mstanc e s o f t h e t one i ,
. e .

d R em . 1 . In the a b solute sta te o f t h e p a rtic ip le Qa l, P i cl an d E t ikp a él, t h e fo rm s

‘

me) ( w it h su r
f. 1 11 5s}
'

, b ut
‘
nae m
w it h sue . and
ygnein a re

sw h xi
.

use d e x c l usi v e l y ; e x c e p t in \e 1 b s it ”
e re w e fi nd , i n c l o se c o n n e o n,

n
'

a l so in
? ) 11 9 4 1
9
, 5 1 15, Je r 3 1 3 5 , ypfi I s 4 25 , vein Lv 1 17,

all w i t h t h e t o ne t h e l ast sy ll ab l e — Th e p ar t P u a l is 113 1 19 E z 45 2 ac c o r d

‘
on .

I i

i ng t o t h e b e st a u t h or it i es ( K it t e l
6 S i mil a rl y , i n t h e imp erf a nd inf N ip h a l, and i n t h e p erf i nf an d imp erf
‘
2 . . . . . .

Pi et t h e ( p r o b a b ly mo re o rig i n a l ) fo r m w it h a c o mmo n l y o c c urs i n t h e b od y

'

o f t h e se n t e n c e , a n d t h e ful l e r for m w i t h e i n p a use ( a n d e v e n w i t h t h e l e sse r

“

d ist in c t i v e s, e g w i t h Deh i 1t 8 64 in t h e imp era tive P i el ; w it h I ip hh a 1 K 1 23 2

‘
. .

in t h e infi nitive Pi él ; Je r 4 3 ‘ i mp erfec t H ithp a el ; Je r 1 66 imp erfect N ip h a l) , c f 6 g

‘
. . .

1
13 1 1 Nu
2
4
7 , w i t h p a r 63
3 ;
3 D
t
n
e v e n w it h re t rac t i o n o f t h e t o n e i n 1
t h e inf N ip h
W U Nu 3 0 3
n J 9
t w ic e , i n e ac h
'
a b s. e l se w h e re
. al VJ ( H er
7 ,

"
ypg n E z
"
c a se w i t h o ut t h e p a use ) ; UDQ H H b 9
3 , w ith 1 3 to devour

Hb N u 4 2° w it h VB; La 28 ; for infi nitive H ithp a él , c f

. Is T h e infi nitii e
a b solute P i él h a s t h e fo 1
‘
m ” SWD t K 1 1 22 ; t h e infi n itive construc t, 0 11 th e

ot h er h a n d , w h e n w it h o ut t h e p a use is a l w a ys a s 1 5W x e c ep t flSW
'

f
J Ex 104 .

11 3 7” H b RB I" 4
1
1 6 h as it , t h o ug h no t i n p a use, a n d e v en ) 2 K 1 64 , 2 Ch 28 ; b ut
a i n p a use i n t h e imp era tive N ip h
'
al man E 2 jussi ve
‘
P i el 1 0 151 1 1b
3
cf .
5 52 n . A 11 e x a m p le of d i n t h e imp era tive P i cl un d e r t h e i n fl ue n c e o f
a fi na l ‘
1 is
"
iFIB Jb 3 6 2
, i n t h e imp erfect N ip h a l 13 1 l N u
“
&c — In s
“ ‘
m . m
Jb 1 4 9 ( c f gt Pr . B ar t h ( se e a b o v e , 5 63 n ) fi nds an i-imp erfect of Qa l .

sin c e t h e in t ra n si t i v e me a nin g is o n ly fo un d in Qa l .

f 3 . In th e zu d sing . masc o f t h e i mp era tii e a nd i n t h e form s o f t h e j ussive an d

.
,

imp erfect consecutive o f H ip h i l w h ic h e nd i n g ut t ura l s, a a l one o c c urs, e . g . fi xl b '

p rosp er th ou , mgr let h im ma ke to 9 3 51

171 1 3 4 11 1 a nd h e ma de to grow ( so in H ithp a lp el

np in Ch me n de d
W
’
a ut h o ri t ie s,
‘
1 I s 35 4
i s p e rh ap s t o b e e in t o Q )
— I n t h e infi nitive a b sol ute S ere re main s, e .
g .
3
11 3 371 to ma ke h ig h ; as

infinit ive con struct ngin a l so o c c urs in c l o se c o n ne xi on (Jb on yu m

25
as i nfi nitive construct
( 1 S 2
5
“
cf .
5 53 k.

Wh e n
v

2 t h e g ut t ura l w it h quiesc ent Sf wd st a nds a t the e nd o f

g .

a sylla b le, t he o rd ina ry st ro ng fo rm re ma ins wh en not c o nne c t ed

w it h suffi x e s, g e . .
” 1 5W
‘
v ’
”
DH SW . B ut in t h e z ud sing .
f e m p erfec t.

0 9W
.

p
—
a h el ing P e th a h t akes t h e
p la c e o f t h e Sla
te d,
” J er 1 3
25
28 e
)
also I n I
3
I 4 , “ UP S i s t o b e l ead not DUPS
K , .

h Rem T h e so ft c om b in a tio n w it h c omp ound S e wd oc c u rs o nly i n t h e 1 st p lur

. .

x
p erfec t w i t h suffi e s, sin c e in t h e se fo rms t h e t o n e i s t h r o w n o n e p l ac e fa r t h e r
fo r w a rd, e g IJL W ‘
u e kn ow .th ee
.
,
HTo 8 2
( c f C m 2 629
t
, g 44
's
,
B e fore t h e .

suf x es fi a a nd DD, th e g u t t ura l must h av e e.g. 7 l

j , s
t I will send th ee,

m i; tg
“

s /1
31 G 11 27
3 1 5 J
11 82
1 3 1 , 11
1 1 1 er 1 .

On t h k w be w ea er e $ 6 ,
se e e sp ec ially 5 74 .
 I 74 T he Ver b 66 d—g

(l 2. W hen p reforma t ive, N un st ands a t

, t h rough t h e a ddit ion o f a

t h e e nd o f a syllable, it is readily assimila t ed t o t h e sec ond radic al

t h us in t h e imp erfl c t Qa l, e g $
1
1 9 5 }
for yinp el, he will fa ll ; . .

W2? for g inga i ’

for p in ten , he w ill g ive (on t h is singl e e x amp le
imp erfec t w it h h) 2
o f an ori ina l i in t h e second syllab le , o f al so in
g .

t h e p erfect N ip h a l 2? for n inga i t h rough o ut H ip h il

'

W ‘

(WQU ’
, &c .
) a nd

H ap h a l ( wh ich in t h e se v erb s al w ays h as Q ibbus, in

‘
a sh ar ened
p
s
ylla b l e,
c f 9 )
n W37
1 . .

Th e o t h er for ms are q uit e reg ula r , e g t h e p erfec t , infi nitive a ll . .

a bsolu te a nd
p a r tic ip le Qa l , all P i él, P u a l, & c
’ ‘
.

I n Paradig m H , o nly t h ose c on ugat ions are g iv en wh ic h differ j

from t h e re
g ular form .

6 Th e ch ara cteristic of t h e se v e rb s in a l l forms w it h a p re fo rma t iv e i s P age}

fo ll ow ing it in t h e se c ond ra d ic a l S uc h fo rms, h ow e v e r, a re al so fou nd i n .

c e rt a in v e rb s 1
”
B a nd e v e n in v e rb s Wit ( 5 T h e infi nitive mail a nd
t h e i mp era tive W3 , al so
“

WEI ( G n 1 9 ) 9
a nd
111, r e se mble t h e c orresp on ding forms
o f v e rb s — O n HE} 11 1 ,
5 from 11 12 to ta ke,
5 —I n
”
1 E1 ( 5 a nd 11 13 1
, 2 ,
see g .

( imp erfect N ip h al of
'
mp) ,
and in si m il a r forms o f v e rb s t h e full
w r it ing of t h e 6 in di c a t e s, as a r ul e , t h a t t h ey a re n o t to be re g arde d a s

imp er ects
f Q al o f DP) , &c — A lso .
P19 15 (t
i 1 39
8
) i s no t t o b e d e rive d fro m PD) ,
b ut st a nd s for pfi é (w i t h b a sh a rp e n in g o f th e« D as c o mp e n sa t ion for t h e l o ss
m pbl
i

of th e fro ot nd o asce , 5 9 f,
se e 1 an d K aut z sc h , Gra mm des B ib l -A ra m , . . .

5 44 S imil a rl y t h e H ip h
.
‘
il-forms 1P‘
11
j E z
9
39 , 3 1
W
W: I s an d t h e Nip b
‘
al

W
n ; 1b 7 8 21 a re mo st p rob ab l y from m 71 5W, pWJ
'

a st e n ot
Q .

Re m T h e i nst a n c e s a re c omp ara t iv el y fe w in w h ic h t h e form s ret a in

f . 1 .

t h e ir N un b e fore a fi rm c on sona n t , e g 11 9 , i m f t
"
193 1 5
( e l se w h e r e
“
J
2 p e r e c 1 e r 3 . .

32
"
1 19 3) al so fro m 13 t h e p a usal fo rm is a lwa ys 11 13 ( w it h out t h e p a use
2
Pr 20 22 ) si mi l r
1 3 a 61
a l y n I s 29 , 5 8 , V
i 8
,
6 8 3
( w h ere , h o w e v er, 1171913 is i n t ended ) , 1

1 4 0 2-
5
,
Pr Jb th e re t e nt io n o f t h e Nun is a l w ays c o nn e c t e d w ith t h e
p ause. I n N ip h
‘
al t h is n e v e r o c c urs ( e x c ep t i n t h e irre g ul ar inf 11211 0 3 . 6
A ,
( 8 3

cf .
5 51 k) , i n H ip h il
‘
and H op h
‘
a i v e ry se l do m; e. g .
3
1
1311 31 5 Ez
Ju 5 5
20 3 1 ea d 55 5 a c c ord in g t o 5 5 3 q
fo r
1 513 0 11 th e
N u 5 22 t h e h a nd r , . o r ,

th e M i n is r g u
l ly r t a ine d i n l l v e b s o f w h ic h t h e s c o n d
e ar di al is
e a r ,
e ra c

a g ut t u al e g 50 31 h e will p al t h o ug h t h e e a e ra e c a ses l ike 11 1

r s s , . .
11: ( als os e s, r r r o

11 13 1 1) h e w ill desce d, Je r n 21
13
( ev e n 11 1115 P r w i t h o ut a p p are n t re aso n

a c c e n t e d as Mil el) '

, p lur .
51
111 11 Jb 21 13
(c f § . 20 i th e M a sora, h o w e v er, p rob ab ly
5
r eg a r d s 11 13 : a nd 111 11” i mp erfect N ip h from 13 113 for D113 )
‘
N ip h al
‘
as al

h e h a s g r ieved .

g 2. Th e 5 of 11121
) t o ta ke i s t r e at e d l ike t h e Mi n o f v e rb s 1 E) 1 9 H e nc e
i mp erfec t Qa l h m , c oh or t a t iv e 20 m) 7113951 , imp era tive 11 12, i n p a use and

1
Cf . My a er La m b e rt ‘
Le fut ur q a l de s v erb e s
”
1 a, V,
B N D i n th e R EJ
” ’
.

xx
,
,
v i i. 13 6 if .

A n im p e r fe c t in
(W
i s g ive n in t h e Parad ig m, mp ly b e cause
2
a 11) 1 si i t is
th e ac t ua l form i n use in t h is v e rb .
 66 h —k, 6 7 . a
] V er bs P rima e R a dica lis Ivan 1 75
b e fore fi ixes 113 ( NJ DQ ? G n 48 9 , 5 61 g) , p aragogic fo rm 11 11 3
‘

su on se e
;
&c .
( b ut c f. a l so 113 5 E x 11 9 1
,
E 2 3 7 1 6, P r 1 K 1 7
11
, p e rh a p s a

mist a ke fo r ”
11 3 11 5 , cf . L XX and L u c ia n ) ,
infi nitive const ruct 11 1113 ( o nc e 11 13 3
2 K 1 2 , of 9
.
93 h) w ith 5 11 13 3 5; w it h su fiix ”
11 11 13 ; H op h
‘
al (cf .
,
h ow e v e r,

) imp erfect 11 2
1
”
N ip h h o w e v e r, is a l w ay s 11 1353
n —Th e me a ning l e ss
‘

5 53 u a l,

fo rm 11 3 E z 5
7 is mist ake for t h e e q ua l ly mean in g le ss Ho 1 13 re a d
1 a , a

3 . Th e v e rb
{D J to g ive, me n t io n e d ab o v e in 02, i s t h e o n ly e x a mp l e of a It
v e rb
VD w i t h imp erfect i n e fo r yinten ; 113 1
1 on ly i n Ju 65 , e l se w h e re
“
1

b e fore Mqq p h a e
“

111 ,
3 a nd a c o rre sp o n d i ng imp era tive 111 or ( ve ry
fre q ue n t l y ) a ( but in t
i 82 th e v e ry st ra ng e re a d in g a i s n o d ou b t

si mp l y me a nt b y t h e M N D J) ; b e fo re
J
aso ra to su gg e st Jr-1 M a qqep h
‘

111 , f m e
“

M
.

81 0 . ore o v e r, t h is v e ry c o mmon v e rb h as t he p e c u l ia1 it y t h a t i t s fi n a l N un,

w ea k n a sa l , m il a t e d ;
'

is a l so a ssi f0 1 QU
J
'
as a
11 1_
1
J nath a nti , o r, v e ry

fre q ue n t l y , fl l jl , w it h a k in d o f o rt h og rap h ic c o m p e n sa t io n fo i t h e
j J
assi mi
l at e d N un ( c f 4 4 g) ; N ip h a l p f
er ect Dh I-
l J L.v 2 625
,
E z r 9
7
.

I n t h e infi ni tive cons truct Qa l t h e g ro un d fo rm t int is n o t l e ng t h e ne d t o ténetk t

( as l lWJ fr om WJJ), b ut c on t r ac t e d t o tilt, w h ic h is t h e n c o ri e c t ly l e n g t h

'

e ne d to 11 11 , w i th t h e o m ission of D agel‘ forte in t h e fi n al c o nso na n t , see zo l ,

b ut W i t h suf
fi x e s ”11
11 ,
111111 &c ,
. b e fo re M qq p h a e w it h t h e p re fi x
e g .E x 21
5 , . a n d e v e n w h e n c l o se l y c o nn e c t e d b y o t h e 1 m e an s,
e g G n 1 5
7
. .

H ow e v e r, t h e st ro ng fo r m a t i on o f t h e infi nitive construct a l so o c c urs i n ,l lJ N u ‘

21
an d
11 G m 8 9
c f. 5 6 9 m , n ot e On th e ot h er h a n d , fo r 111 11 5 K 61 9
‘
20 1 3 3 ; 2 1

1 j
.

read e it h e r 111 11 5 o r si mp l y 11 15, ust as th e Q

e
re, 1 K 1 7
14
,
re q u ire s 11 11
fo r 11111 .

In o t h e r st e ms, t h e J is re t a in e d as t h e t h ird ra di c a l , e . g . DJi

W ,
”
NJ éJ , c f.

5 19 c a nd 5 44 o. On th e e n t i re l y a n o m a l o us a p h ae re sis o f th e Mi n w it h a

st ron g v ow e l i n 11 1111 ( for Q U J) 2 S 22

41
, cf . 1 9 2. — O u t h e p a ssive imp erfect
”
c f.
1
11 5 53 u .

’
67 . Verbs Vs
), e .
g . 33? to su rr ou nd .

B roc ke l man n , S emit Sp ra ch wiss

. .
, p . 1 55 Grundriss, p . 6 3 2 ff .

1 . A la rg e numb er o f S emit ic st ems h av e v e rb a l fo rms w it h o nly a

t wo radic a ls, as w el l as forms in w hic h t h e st e m h a s b een made

t rilit e ra l b y a rep et ition o f th e sec on d ra dica l, h enc e c a lled v erb s f it .

F orms w it h t w o ra dic als w ere fo r merly e x p la ined as b e ing due t o

c ont rac t ion from o rig inal fo rms w it h t h ree ra dic al s . I t is more c o rrec t

1
P . H a up t on Ju 65 in h is B ib l e , c o m p a re s t h e fo rm o f t h e A ssy r ia n
1
imp erfe c t idda n i tta n ( b e si de s i na din, i na mdin) from na ddnu = = 111
1 B ut
' ’

or .

c o ul d t h is o ne p a ssa g e b e t h e o nly t rac e l e ft in H eb re w of a n imp e rf in . a

from 9
 1 76 The Verb 67 a d

to re a rd
g t h em as rep resent ing the orig ina l st e m (w it h t w o ra di cals
) ,

an d t he forms w ith t h e se c ond r a dic al rep ea t ed as sub se

q uent ly
dev elop ed from t h e monosyllab ic g l st e m .
1
Th e a p p ea rance o f a enera

c ont ra ct io n o f t rilit eral st ems is due t o t h e fa c t t h a t in b ilit eral forms

"
t he se c o nd radic al reg ula rly re c eiv es D a gei fort e b efo re a fiormat ives,
'

e x c ep t in t h e c a ses not ed in 2 2 b and g T his p oint s, h o wev er, not .

to a n a c t ual doub ling , b ut merely t o a st reng th e ning o f the c o nsona nt ,

g iv ing more b ody t o t h e mo nosyllab ic st e m, and making it ap p ro x imat e

more t o th e ch ara ct er of t rilit eral forms .

Th e develop me nt of b ilit eral t o t r il it e ral st ems g enerally t akes

p lac e in t h e grd sing . ma sc . an d fm e . a nd grd p lur .
p f
er ec t Q a l o f

t ra nsit ive v e rb s, or at a ny rat e of v erb s e x p ressing an a c t ivity e g ,

. .

ng g p n
7 Gn 3 3 (b ut w it h suffi x 950 v er I I ) ; so met imes
33 9 3213 9 5 ”
.
, , ,

w it h an e v ident dist inc t ion b et w een t ransit iv e a nd int rans it iv e forms,

as T l? to ma ke stra i t , “ 3 to be in a stra i t ; see furt h er de t ails, including
t he e x cep t ions ,
in aa . Th e develop ment of th e st e m t akes p la c e (a )
nec essa rily wh e nev er t h e st ren th enin o f t h e z ud ra dical is q uired
re
g g
b y t h e ch ara c t e r of t h e fo r m (
e .
g . a nd
(b) as a rule , w h en

e ve r t he 2 nd ra dic al is fo l lo w e d or
p re c eded by a n essent ially lo ng
v o w el, as, in Q a l, i 13 0 3 33 0 m Poel and Poal , 3 3 50 3 3 30
' ‘
.
,

b 2 . T h e b il it e ra l st e m a lw ays
( x in H ip /t il and t h e i mp erfect
c ep t
e

N ip b a l , see b elow ) t ake s t h e v o w el w hic h w oul d h a v e b een req uired

'

b e t w e en t he secon d a nd th ir d ra dical o f t he or dinary st r ong fo rm, or

whic h st ood in t h e g round-fo rm, since t h at v o w el is c h a ra c t erist ic of

t h e for m 4 3 ),
b e g DB a.nsw er
.ing t o SQ Q, 9” 7 5
1 1 t o t h e g r ound -form

q dl dt,
at
’
mil t o t h e g ro und-form t alit infinit ive, 3 b t o 39 9 .

c T h e inse rt ion of B a gca for t e (ment io ned unde r a ), fo r t h e p urp ose

3 .
Y

o f st re n t h enin
g g t h e se c ond r a dical ,
ne v e r t ake s p l ac e
( see 20 1
)
in t h e final c onsonant of t h e w or d, DB 3b n ot BB 3b
; b ut
9 .
g .
, , ,

it mativ es or 35513 ,
'

a” pp ears a gain o n th e a ddit ion o f afior suflixes, e .

g .

E D 933 9 &c .
, ,

d Wh en t he mat ive b eg ins ( n)

'

4 . a flor w it h a c o nsonant J, ,
and h ence
t he st ro n
g ly p ro nounc ed sec o nd ra dic al woul d p r op erly co me at the
e nd of a c losed s llab le , a se a r a t ing v owe l is insert e d b et w een t h e
y p
m syllab le mat ive t h is vo w e l is l ,
'

st e -
and t he a fio i
'

. I n t h e p erfec t
in t h e imp era t ive and imp erfec t e g 13159 , nii p , imp erfec t
”
T .
.
,

( f bb b b a bb ) Th e art ific ial op e ning of th e syllab le

'

o r sa -
t ct ,
sa -
n ,
t a sé -
na .

1
S o ( p a rt l y foll o w in g E w al d a n d B ot t c h e r) A ul le r, ZD G iii . M M xxx . .

p 69 8 ff
. S t ad e , L eh rbuch , § 3 8 5 b , c ; N old e ke , a nd more re c e n t l y W e l l h a use n,
.

Ue b e r e in ig e A rt e n sc h w ac h e r V e rb a i m H eb r ’ ( S kizzen v Vora rb v i 2 5 0 ft )
M
. . . . .

A g a inst B ot t c h e r see L amb ert , R EJ . v 3 30 a n d B roc ke lman n , a s . xxx .

a b o ve .
 1 78 The V er b 67 h —l

it 6 . The o rig inal vow el is ret ained, see

f ( ) in
,
t h e p reformat iv e of
a

t h e imp erfect Q al for ya-sob c f

( .
4 7 b , 6 3 b, and for v e rb s W
7 2) (b) in t h e p erfect N ip h a l 3 9 2for n d—sab 5 1 a ) ; (c) in H op h a l
‘ ‘

3 9 1 71 , w ith irre ula r l en t h en in

g g g (11 0 do ub t on th e a nalog y of v erb s

1 D for h osd b from h it imp erfec t from y d -sa b, & c

”

) 3 1
sa t) ,
- 9 1 .

i On t he ot h er h a nd, a n a lrea dy att enuat ed v o wel

()
i underlie s t he
int ra nsit iv e imp erfect s Q a l w it h a in t h e sec ond syllab le ( prob ab ly
h k di im il i h v o e ), e g
l for yi-mar
“
1
for t e sa e o f ss a t g
- n t e t w o w s 19
1 . .
,

see p ) ; a nd in t h e p refo rma t iv e of H ip h il rom h i-seb

( f (
‘

g round

form 513 90 ,
a ) ,
as w ell as of t h e p art icip le ( g ro und-f r
o m
t h e p erfec t
on I n t h e sec ond syllab l e of t h e
th e a nalog y of .

Perf t h e underlying v owel is i , at t enuat ed from a n orig inal ct , w hich

.

in t h e st rong v e rb is ab normally leng t h ened t o i 5 3 a) The e . .

l engt h ened from i is, of c ourse , o nly t one-long , a nd h ence w h en

b efore D a g et fort e w e h av e e g 7315 9 51
’
w it h out t h e t one a nd . . . On t h e
re t ent o n o f i the orig inal a in t h e sec ond syllab l e, c f v . .

k 7 . Th e t one, as a g e ne ral r ule, t ends t o keep t o t h e ste m-syllab le ,

ass t o t h e a ffo rma t ives “

a nd
( does n ot ) p as in t h e T ,
st ro ng v erb

1 a nd
( 2 n d sing fem i m erfec t ) ; e g
p g rd sin g f em p f
e r ec
. t 711
3 5 . . . . .

in p a u se Til1-h
)
w ith 1 a nd g ut t urals
"
7
mi; (for
7
“ 1?
E 1} 4 4
1 26
on mg
(
12
o th er h and, w ith t oday c onsec utiv e Is 6 b ut 71 1
51
2 E x In the

3 rd p lur p erf . ec t t h e t o ne-sylla b l e v aries ; a lon

g w it h 1 511 ,
152 w e a l so
,

find 5 1 a nd 512, 5 12 6
1 1 1 1 7 Is 5 9 , . Eh 3 , & c ; b ut in p a use al wav s
.

171 5 173 111 & c Th e t one lik e wise . re ma ins on t he st e m-sylla b le in t h e

i mp erfec t 513 1215 ; H ip h il ng én, 571 ; imp erfec t
in 1 f
‘
13 13
Q al , p er ec t

1
3 1513 , 1211
3
5 ,
&c . I n t h e fo rms w ith sep ara t ing v o w els, t h e t one is
mov ed forwa rd t o t h ese v ow els
(or t o t h e fi nal syllab le, c f cc
.
) , e .
g .

1
315 9 ,
&c ; . e x c ep t b efore t h e ending s D“ a nd ID in t h e p erfec t,
w hich al w ays h ear t h e t o ne . Th is sh ift ing of t h e t one nat ura lly
c ause s the sh ort ening o f th e merely t one -lo ng v o w els e a nd 6 t o i a nd

it ( or a, see n
) ,
h enc e 1315 9 51 from fi PU, from on c a ses in
w hic h t h e v o w el o f t h e p reformat iv e b ec o mes S e
Ud, see a
L b ov e , f .

l
”
In sev e ra l v e rb s 11 y, inst e ad of P i él, P u a l a nd H ithp a él, t h e
‘ '
8 .

less freq uent c onj uga t ion P oel, w it h its p assive a nd re fle x iv e, oc c urs
'

m rob a b ly o n t h e ana l ogy o f t h e corre sp onding fo rms o f verb s ” It ,

( ost
p
cf .
7 m) 2 , g enera lly w it h t h e sa me mea ning , 1
e. g . to ill-tr ea t ,

p a ssiv e refle x ive (from cf . t h e Hithp o el from 3191

‘

S om e t ime s b o t h P t el a nd fo rme d fro m t h e me m, t h o ug h

‘
1 Po el a re sa st e

w it h a d iffe re nc e of me a n in g, 9 .
g . to b rea k in p ieces, to op p ress ;

to make p lea sing, 13111 to h a ve p ity ; a m

; to turn, to ch a nge, 3 3 10 to go round , to
e ncomp ass .
 V er bs it v
’

§ 67 m- o] 1 79
f
a nd Is ) in fe w v erb s a lso P ilp el 5 5 f ) is found, e g
'

a . .

to roll, H ithp a lp el 59511 71 to f

r oll onesel
( rom
f 55g) ; imp era t iv e
w it h suf
fix exa lt h er, Pr ”W2? t o comfo rt ,
to deligh t in ; p a ssiv e

may to be ca r essed ( from Th ese forms c anno t ap p e ar in a

b ilit e ral fo rm a ny mo re t h a n P i el , P u a l,
‘ ‘ '

a ndH ithp a el ; }!
‘ '

of fi l
. m
—F or S 2 2 re a d, ac co rding t o
(
2i 7 27
a nd 12 I 1 13
(I s l s 1 8 ).
1
33 2

8 27 n ew
i 1 ,

R EMA K R S.

I . On Qa l .

I I n t h e p erfect, i sol a t e d e amp l e s a r e fou n d w it h 6 in t h e fi rst sy l l a b le ,

. x
w h ic h i t is c ust o ma ry t o re fe r t o t ril it e ra l st e m s w i t h middl e 6 ( l ike

) Jb 24
t o Db am th ey sh ot, G n 4 923 t o 3 3 W
“
v iz .
5 43 a th ey a re exa lted , 2
4 )
fi t Is 1 6 to 1 5
"

1 . B ut t h is e xp l a n a t io n is v e ry do ub t ful : mi e sp e c ial l y is
r at h e r to be c l a sse d a mong
t h e p assi v e s o f Q a l m e n t io n e d in 52 e .

2 . I mp erfects Qa l w it h 6 in t h e se c o nd sy l la b l e ke e p t h e or ig in al a in t h e N ,

p r efo r mat iv e , b u t l e n g t h e n i t t o a, as b e in g i n a n o p e n syl lab l e , h e nc e ”Q ,

fiL g :
‘
lit, i (t r a n s h e b rea ks in p ieces, b u t y n i t = he is evil) ;
'

. n ra n s .

imp erfe c t s w it h it h a v e , i n t h e p re forma t iv e , l e ng t h e n e d fro m 1 S ee

0

an e, .

x
t h e e a mp l e s b e lo w , u n d e r p , § 6 3 c a n d e, 72 h , a n d S p e c ia l ly B a rt h i n
M
Z D G 1 8 9 4, p 5 f
. . .

Th e H6lem o f t h e infi nitive, imp era tive, a nd i mp erfec t (3 b ,

3b
» is o n ly t on e
l ong , a nd t h e re fo re , a s a ru l e , i s w rit t e n d e fe c t iv e l y ( w it h a fe w e c e p t ion s, x
c h ie fly i n t h e l at e r o r t h og rap h y , e. g . air ind up , s
b I 8 15
; i
[
ii 0 5
9 37 ; C W
ver .
7 ; Th ? for to p lunder, E st 3 1 3 , W h en t h is 6 l o se s t h e t o ne , i t

b e c o mes in t h e fi n a l sy l l ab l e 6, in a sh arp e n e d sy l l a b l e o r n o t i nfre q ue nt l y

-

e v e n 6 ( see a b ov e , k . x
) E amp l e s o f 6 a re ( a) in a t o n e l e ss fi na l syl l a b l e, i e . .

b e fo re Mqézp h
a e or in t h e imp erfect consecutive,
'

i) (
'

ron ) to j
re oice, Jb 3 8 7 ;

Ju 1 1 18 ( w it h a in t o ne l e ss fi n a l sy l l a b le , D lgi Ex th e
'
on c e e v e n a on

o t h er h a n d , in t h e p lur fl .
ail , f m n
e3 5 0 n1 ;
~ .
( b) b e fore a t o ne -b e aring

fi ma tire or su fi ix, g i mp era tire 2nd sing fm 51

”
fig ( c f. fl); BSD p ity
” me ;
'
a or e . . . e .

7 ,

35
Jer 26
; Dj Pr 3
ani on E x 1 21 4 ( fo r t h e d e fe c t iv e w ri t in g ,
'

’ e
73 ? 5 0
? 1 1 Q re ;

f mi n In inn ( for rp m)
29 19
Jb G 43 , I s t h is a i s t h ro w n b ac k
;
i n
o .
30
t o t h e p re fo rma t i ve .

O n t h e an d p l ur , fe m . i m p e ra t . Fij i] ma ke yourselres na ked I s 3 2" o f. th e

fo rms i n 5 4 8 i uit e a b n o rma l 35 I s

10
a na l og o us Q is t h e infi-
a t tire a b solute 1
3
- 24
. 1

( as n fol l o w s, p rob ab l y o nl y a c a se o f d it t og ra p h y fo r i f) , c f. Nu 23 2
5
a nd

SW R u so a l so a re t h e imp er a tires [ST O P N u 2 n d [5 a 2

1 1 -1 7
,
a
'

2 26,

We xp ng é na ti I f t h e f m
'

w it h n p ara g og ic . sh oul d e ec t
,
. se or s a re to be .

re a d qbba lli, Ora lli, t h e y w o ul d b e

’
a na l o g o u s to suc h c a se s a s Fij i? ) 90 i) ,
the a dd it io n o f t h e p a ra g og i c FI c a usin g no c h a n ge i n t h e fo rm of t h e w o rd

m
T
li ke ab ov e ) I f, h ow e v e r, Je w ish t ra d it io n re q u i re s, t h ey to
“

. as a re

be re ad gab e lli ,
’
a ra lli, t h e n in b o th c ase s t h e Qames must h e e xp l a in e d , w ith
 1 80 T he Verb 67 p - s

S t a de , as th e eq uival e n t o f 6 t ug h &c
(r
-
,
.
; c f. 5 9 v) . S t ill mo re surp ri sing

is lJD
Q curse h im, N u 2 3 1 3 , fo r ’ll- , ip o r3 2’ }

th e
.

I) 3 . E x a mp l e s w it h P a th ah i n infi nitive, i mp era tive, a nd i mp erfect a re

'
l; ( in 0 1 9 5 to p rove th em, B e 3 18
)
“
11 I s 4 5 1 ; i]? Je r 5 26 in th eir error,
G n 63 ( se ed. Mnta .
,
b ut t h e re i s al so g o od a ut h orit y fo r ngp a , from
’

'
l? '
W “
13
‘
n a nd tag a lso ; so B ae r an d G insb u rg ) . A l so 5g t a ke a wa y ,

it 1 I
9 ; a n d t h e imp erfects DD: i t is h ot, D t
22
&c ( on t h e e of t h e p re forma .

t iv e c f n) ; 1 73 ” it i s bitter, I s 2 49 ; “ 13 ” it is stra itened ; I 4

. i t is so t
f, s 7 ; DQ U
it is desola te, E z 1 21 9 i
( pn a use ta / n G n 19
47 ) g 55 11 ) sh e was desp ised, G 1
1
1 64 (b ut
e l se w h e re in t h e impf . consce. w it h t h e t on e on th e p en ul t i ma , e g . . fl ? “ G n 3 28 ,

&c g
1 1 ) Gn
2 &c c f. E2 in t h e 1 st sing . imp evfwt 9 14
a b n or
.
it 1 9
MS S
.
. , ,

ma l ly w ri t t e n full y fo r Ba ts un l ess nail; is t o b e re a d , a s in so me .

,
on

th e a na l ogy o f t h e gr d sing . Dh ‘ . I n t h e impf Qa l . of 552) th e reading of

Kb 2 3 v aries b e t w ee n $ 51 0” (B a e r, Gineh .
) a nd i
a sl (ed
e“ . M an t .
,

x M x
.

Th e fol low ing forms a re t o b e e p la in e d w it h B art h ( Z D G l iii p 1 7 8 ) . . .

a s im p e rfe c t s
Q a l w it h orig ina l i in t h e sec on d sy l lab l e , t h e re b e ing n o
i n st a n c e s of t h eir H ip h il i n t h e
'
sa me se nse : 5 513 Gn 29 1 °
73: I s 3 1 5 , &c .

10 31 E x 4c ”
, t 1 4
i 9 , &c .
p e rh ap s al so g§
n ~ xn 1 S3 11 a
nd Sn: Jb 3 1 2 "&c
, .
; in
a c c o rda n c e w i t h t h is l a st fo rm, $ 03) 0 Jb 29 3 w oul d al so be an infi nitive Qa l,
n ot H ip h i l ( for ibfj i ln) , a s fo r m e l y e x p l a in ed b e l o w , un de r w F in all y t h e
‘ '
r .

v e ry p ec ul ia r form V5 J7 3“
u 9 .
53 m ay p rob ab ly b e a dde d t o t h e l ist .

( I m p e rfe c t s, w it h a n o rig inal u in t h e se c o nd sy l l ab l e a re al so fou n d w ith

1 x
,
t h is ii l e ng t h e n e d t o it ( in st e ad o f e g . .
H1 ) ,
i f t h e t e t is c orre c t , in Pr 2 6
9
1 3W °
(unl ess it b e mp ly imp e rfe c t fro m fi t?
“
0 si
: 5 9 1 an to be p owerful, to p reva il )

( if fr om kfi ) I s ( a l so d e fe c t iv el y ?
? t t b ut i n B e 1 26 ,
r 1 s
ru mp n cf
11
a c c ord ing to B a e r, B IL E2 2
4 (on th e s h a rp e ning of th e .
g
)
3
a b ov e .

mila r an al ogy w it h V }? is (for W3 )

i n t h e i n fi nit iv e s an
?
“
7 A si v e rb s se e n

$ 31 3 Pr 8 (c f ipi l l; Pr i
8 29 ) fo r ipp a , a nd i n t h e imp erfec t fir ng
1
E0 9 ; 27
;
‘
.

G n 2 7 21 .
(Th e forms nian init 11 513 2} E2 3 63 , ”( fibr
i it 7 7 , forme rly
l 11

t re a t e d h e re as in fi ni t iv es fro m WV st e ms , a re ra t h e r to b e re ferre d to Ws ’

st e ms, w i t h B a rt h , Wurz eluntersuch ung en, Lp z . 1 9 0 2, p O n o t h e r simil a r

.

c ases
,
se e b e l o w , u n d er cc F o r e amp l e s . x o f t h e a rama iz ing i mp erfect, see
ab ove , g .

. S
‘

4 . I n t h e p a rticip le, t h e a ra mai z ing form q ésw fo r NED? occ urs in

i “

719 ”; m! P
"
K th ib h , Je r 3 0 1 6
e
(th e Q re ind ic a t e s f m 19
g
e
ti i l
a pa r c p e ro
y r 2 5
a
p p e ar s t o b e a c o n t ra c t io n fro m 11 172
1 , p a rt .
fem = b rea king
. in p ieces .

1
F o r i) a s suff
i x
t h e grd p e rso n a p a ral l e l m ig h t b e fou n d i n 13W
of "
5 t oo 0 , a n d p rob ab l y a l so in t h e i n of t h e Ph oe n ic ian sufii x cf B arth , M m .

M
Z D G xl i p 64 3 , a n d t h e n ot e o n
. 1 00 o
. . . .

nmwm, w h ic h
’ '

2
A l so in E z 66, i n st e a d of c oul d on l y co me from B it/ l ,
Wm is in t ende d, i nns» in t h e me
'

’
an d sa v e rse is p ro b ab ly o nl y a n e rro r for

mp g
,

A c c ord ing t o S ta de Gra mma tik, 5 9 5 , R e m , t h e p r o nunc ia t io n w it h 12,

3
.

s i n c e i t a l so a p p e ars i n Ne e -Pu ni c [a nd in W e st e rn S y riac , see N ol de ke , S yr .

Gra mm , 5 w as t h a t o f e ve ry d ay l ife .
 1 82 T he Ver b 67 w- c c
1
m 1 5 2 S a nd
S ghe
él i s fo u n d un d e r t h e p re fo r a t ive in 3 3 91} a Pa th a h

o c c urs b e fo re 11 ( w it h a v i rt ua l sh arp e nin g o f t h e H) in suc h forms as

14 15
E st 61 3 — in al l
t 23 ,
1
11 Is 9 3 of. On 1 1 6, Dt 3 ,
1 S 22 ,
t h ese c ase s

b e fore n
0
- On 1 11 3 5 J b 29
3
, se e ab ov e , p : o n ”1711611 i J er 49
37
,
se e b el ow , dd .

I n t h im fect consecutii e o f v erb s w h ose se c on d ra d ic al is a gut t ura l ,

7 . e p er

a i s re t a in e d 22 d) in t h e se c o n d sy l l a b l e inst e ad o f e,
e W =
g l) _1 1 K 1 625
. .

so a l so w it h W, as WB ’
- )
2 Ch WD;1 Neh 4 Dt 2
9
b ut of. al so .

3] 8 A ra maiz ing forms ( b ut of R em § 6 7 g) in H ip h il and H op h d l are ,

‘

. .
.

18 c f Ju 1 8
23
; W73 5 51
5 Ex b ut read W DJW stS from . WWD ‘

&c
'

3 5 11 E x 1 3 , . . .

Dt 1
“
( c f. Nu 1 1 Ju 1 8 193 1
b ut 13 3 1 S 5 8, 2 Ch 29
6
511 3 p f n b ro a a o,

Ez Jb 22
3
; w i th out e li sio n of th e n (c f 5 5 3 q) , . 511 1
W ' 1 K 1 8 7 2
,

b ut J er 5 1 Jb
1 1371 ,
1 3
9
5
1 137111 ; w it h 1 i in t h e sec on d sy l l ab l e D ‘
WJ '
er

5 0
15
c f. O WJ) N u
' 21 3° in t h e f
p er ect nb nn La 1 3. I n H op h a l, DWWth ey
H a re

b rough t Jb
low, 11 3 ” h e is s mitten, I s 2 41 2 Je r Mi ) 17

p a use, 1pm J b 1 9 ) 23
,
b ut al so in? Jb 4 10
( so B a er, Ginsb , b ut e d a , ab l . . Mnt J .

mg r
) w it h 6 in t h e in it ial sy l l ab l e, iW DW W ( infinitive w it h sufiix = 11 13 155 ’
u
T ? 7 7

”Q W
“

c f. 5 91 e ) Lv c f. 2 Ch 3 621 , UW, w it h i1 regul ar sync op e fo r

Wna
’

’ Lv 26
43
.

IV . I n General .

19 9 . V e rb s a re most c l ose l y re l a t e d a s r eg a rd s infl e xion t o v e rb s

T h e fo rm g e ne ral l y t h e sh or t e r ( c f e g 3 b
’
o f v erb s V v is and
(5 . . .
:
mp1 ,
J DW a n d - in a fe w c a se s, h ow ev e r, t h e t w o c l a sse s e x ac t l y

g in t h e imp erfect Qa l a nd H ip h il w it h waw consecutive, in H op h a l

c o inc ide , e .
' ‘

j
.

a nd in t h e l e ss c o mmon c o n ug a t io n s ( se e ab ov e ,

aa 10 T h e de v e l o p e d fo rms ( w i t h t h ree radic a l s) , as m e nt ione d in a , a re

.

e sp e c iall y fr e q ue n t in t h e 3 r d sing ma sc an d fem , an d t h e 3 r d p lur p erf _ Qa l . . . . .

( i e in fo rms w ith o ut a n afi o rma t iv e o r w it h an a fi o rm a t iv e b eg inn ing w ith

‘ ‘

. .

a v ow e l ) o f t ra n si t iv e v e rb s, or v e r b s, a t an y ra t e , e p re ssi ng ac t io n , e g x . .

3 3 13 map (b u t b e fo re a suffi x a l so man ,

as w e ll as mi ne q uip
"
,

13 79
1 WDl s
‘
l 15 5 K &c . S ome t ime s t h e c ont ra c te d, a s well as t h e un c on t rac t e d
fo rm, is foun d , 113 to p lunder, p lur 1113 in o t h er p a rt s, onl y ” D t 235 ,
e. g . .

113

as w e ll as DD Z c 8 1 4 1 5 an d ”Db l Je r 4 18
RJHB D t 3 7 ; 11W
1 Ot h er e amp l e s o f x
b il it e ra l fo rms i n 2nd sin g ma sc a e Dt
r 2 1 2 Pr
5 , 3 0
32
; in I st sing , Jo s . . .

A p art fro m Q al th e only e x a mp le of a de v e lop e d fo rm 1 3 1 1711 J er 49

37
.

Ob O n t h e ot h e r h a nd, t h e b ilit e ra l fo rm s a r e t h e m ore c ommon in t h e

g rd sing a nd p lur o f p e rfe c t s w h ic h a re intra nsiti i e, a n d e p re ss a st a t e , of
. . x .

pj D t 9
11
( E x 3 2
10
pW e l se w h e re al w ay s a t ran si t iv e v e rb ) mmf m Wlj El , e . n
‘

WD fem iWWD ( for ma rrd ) . WY, fem iWW§ ( c f mm E 2 2 . .

11
4 ) WW 11W f m ,
e .

WIWW 0 13 &c
. , .
, p lur . mg &c (b ut o n t h e t on e , c f; cc
. b el ow ) Ex pti n . ce o ,

WWWll IP69
a .

CO T h e i n t ransi t iv e b ut dev e l op e d p e rfec t s 1 55W ( also 15 11 5511 1 WWWJ

n WWJ
H

( in p a use 1WWJ) , WW
D WWWll ( p lur . in p a use QWWll if 155? “WW W( al so

My
317
“

1ll l
'

W) , al mo st al l h av e , as a er La mb e rt ob se rv e s, at l e ast a n a c t iv e , n ot

a st a t iv e m ea ning . T rilit e ral forms of t h e infi nitive a ft e r 5 a re 3 3 0 5 Nu 21 4 ;

WlWWS Je r 4 7 ; 113
4
5O h 31
19
(a l so
‘
TJ) G 11 c f. al so DD” ? Is in
subordina te p a use, for 13 13 1 5 ; w ith svfi ix DDJJl
W h I s 30 1 3, an d, fro m t h e sa me
 6 7 dd—fi
‘

] V er bs W1:
fo rm IJ11 , w it h r e t ra c t io n and modific a t io n of th e v ow e l , 10 1 11 5 gt a l so

l1 a Is 1113 I S 25
2
, DDD D I s 101
8
, 1111 3 P1
1 W1W¥ 3 Pr 266. — I mp era tii e

1WW WJ er 49
26
(c f . 20 i n t h e imp erfec t,
b, a nd ib id . a l so on 1
JJJlj x
l
'

W
W1 1 N a 3 7 ( 11 68 1 3 ; c f G n 3 1 40) fro m WWJ ; t h e stron g fo rm h e re , a ft e r t h e
.

b le O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , DW
assim il a t io n o f t h e N un, w a s un av o i daw W Je r 5 6 rs
1
W
a no malous for DWW‘
( Pr Q ; t h e e as
1 1t6e rn sc h
6
ré
oo l re a d t h e P o é l DW W1 ‘
W
in t h e K eth ib h ) t h e st re ng t h e n i ng o f t h e se c o n d ra d ic a l h a s b e e n a ft e r w ard s
r eso l v e d b y t h e i nse rt ion o f a voca l S u e
a Cf a l so
1J11
‘
A m 5
15
( el se w h e re . .

l"
.

I n N ip h a l, t h e t ri l it e ral form 3 3 5 1
1s found , Jb 1 1 12; in H ip h il, all

t h e forms [JW t h us imp era tive 1J JW

of W im p erfect
1 1
11
3 ; infi n itii e DD l l 1 1
W '

M
, ,

i 61 3 ; p articip le DJD D E 2 3 1 5 W
Th a t t h e d e v e l op e d ( t rili te ra l ) fo r ms .

p o ssess a c e r t a in e mp ha sis i s see n fr om t h e i r fre q ue n t use i n p a use, as in

8 lr
a ft e r a b il it eral for m ( J1
13 3 D D J )
1 13 D ‘
1 1 J .

Th e ab o v e - me n t io n e d ( se e g) ne g l e c t o f t h e st re ng t h e ning rn arama i z ing

'

r1 .

form s, suc h as 1DW1 a nd th e l ike , o c c urs e l se w h e re t o l e ra b l y oft e n ; i n t h e

fo r 1J1D WSJ
<

Nu ) ; imp erfect
16 96
ab o v e ,
f
p er ect Q al 1JD11 13 7 ( J e r
44 ; cf 1 . e uT

r S 1 43 6 ( 11_ p arag . w it h o ut a ny i n fl ue nc e on t h e fo rm , cf . 0 ) e ve n w it h

t h e fi rm v ow e l re duc e d to vocal fewer . Gn 1 17 for 11 3 5 (c oh ort a t iv e

fro m 5D
3) ; 1D1 for 1D1 ib id
T 1 . v er . 6, th ey p urp ose fo ll ow in g t h e a n a log y o f

v e rb s WDtQ
W ( see a b ov e if
, ) from intra nsitive imp erfects Q al ,
“
13 1-
1 I s 49 1 9

( p l ur ma sc Jb 111W Neh 3
al so T DWIWE 66 ( for w h ic h re a d
: D
2 J 2
. .
;
m ig h t b e e xp l a ine d in t h e sa me w ay — Perfect N ip h
. ai W3 DJ
|
|

fo r W3 DJ Ez 41 7 ; 1 5 J
1| Ju 5
5 for 1 1) 5 D11 DJ for 5 nnSm On 1 7
11
( as if from

55D no t 5 1D to ci rcu mcise) , c f. Is 1 9

3
Je r 8 1 4 ; imp erfect WJW
i DIWZ c 1 4
12
;
p a rticip le DJD11 J c f u. . So a l so
fDJ I S 1 3
11
,
W¥ DJ
1
l
G n 91 9 (cf Is are

p e rfe c t s N ip h at from n ot Q al from DJ —I n H ip h il l1 5e ( fo r

f
11511 W) Ju 1 6 1°
( 2 S 11111111 for m yl l P r
‘

7
13
( c f. C t 61 1 ,
N 0 l e ss irre g ul a r is t h e sup p re ssion o f th e v o w e l of th e st e m-sy ll ab l e in
DDWDEl 5 L v 261 5. —O u t h e p e rfe c t 11 WPr 2 67 , c f 5 7 5 u 5
‘

=
. .

ma t iv e s (
'

12 . Ca se s i n w h ic h t h e t o ne is t h row n forw a rd on t h e afio r se e (38

k) a re ( )
a in t h e p erfec t, t h e rst sing . re g ul a rl y ( b ut c f. 1 nW
¥ W1 J 1
er 1 0 6 b e fore
DW ) 5 a ft e r 1 consce , . E x 3 31 9 22
,
2 K 1 9
64
,
&c .
,
a l so I s 4 41 6 ( 11113 13
1 b e fo re W) ;
1
1 9 2
11
( b ut t h e t e t i s x c e rt a in l y c o r rup t se e t h e L e ic o n ) , x I 16 6
, p e rh a p s a l so
Jb 1 9
17
,
‘
11 J11 1 ( t h oug h in t h is p assag e , an d in 1 7
3
, t h e fo rm m igh t b e a n
mfinitize in 6th , se e D e l it z sc h on Jb 1
9
17
) in t h e 2 n d sing . nnrpr ( b e fo re
a) D t 251 9 ; i n t h e gr d p lura l, 13 Wmulti
2 9
sunt, i » t 3 ,
1 0 4 4, Je r 5 6 , 1 S 13 1
they a re so ft, 112 they a re sw ift, J er 4
13
, Hb 16 ; 13 1 th ey are p ure, Jb 1 5
15
,

25
5
La 47 111 Wth ey did b ow, H b 3 6 ; 1W11 th ey a re b urned, I s 2
4
6
. A b y fo rm of

111 W c f. 72 dd) rs W
1IW if 4 91 5 , 73 9 .

( b ) I n t h e i mp era tive ( m m an d in mp h a t ic t on e ) 5W sing

fl
a co an e 1
, I s 54
Zp Zc 13 W I s 4 4 23 49
13
,
Je 1 3 1 7 ( b ut 1
JW l a ment, L a 1
1 11 keep ( th y
1

f ea sts , ) Na 21 , Je r 729 fl int ( = ngp) b e fore 11 , On th e re t e nt io n o f th e

sh o rt v o w e l s u
( 6)
f i n a nd
p l a c e o f t i b e fore D a
h e t o n e gel
‘
-l o n
g 6 a nd e, orte,

sa e a b o v e k ; o n t h e c h a ng e o f t h e vo w e l o f t h e r f o n ra t iv e i nt o
e
S u ci,
p e r
w h e n i t n o l ong e r st a nds b e fore t h e t o ne, se e 9 .
 1 84 T he V er b 68 a- d

TH E WE AK E S T VE R B S ( Verba
Q uiescent ia ) .

§ 68 . Ver bs We e.
g . 5915 to ea t .

mann , S emit Sp rach u iss

‘

B roc ke l .
'

.
, p . 1 40 fi . Grundriss, p .
589 E .

a S o far as N ret ains it s full consonant al v alue a s a gutt ural, t h ese

v erb s sh are all t h e p ec uliarit ies o f v erb s p rima e g uttura lis, ment ioned
in 63 . T h ey are, h o wev er, t o b e t reat ed as wea k v erb s, w hen t h e

it lo ses it s v alue a s a consonant , a nd coalesc e s w it h t h e p rec eding

v owel
( orig inal ly sh ort ) t o fo rm one long syll ab l e Th is t ake s p la ce .

o nly in t h e fo llow ing v ery co mmon v erb s and forms, as if t h rough

h o ne t ic dec ay
p
b 1I n t h e imp ei fect Qa l, fi ve v erb s (v iz 1 215 t o p eri sh,
.
to be .

w illing , $3 5 t o ea t , “ 79 15 t o sa y , h a )
s to bake re ularl
g y m ake t h e N

u iesc e in a lo ng 6, e g 5234 ? I (
n a fe w oth ers t h e ordinary st rong )
q . .

fo rm is also in use as "3 35”

( 1 8 t im es
) a nd (,3 t ime s
) h e t a kes h old ;

(see al so ‘ lDlfil , he collec t s. This 6 h as p rimarily arisen from a n

ob sc uring of 9 q) d , and th e d from N
t h e w eak c o nsonant N
c o alesc ing w it h a t o d cf 23 a . .

I n t he sec o nd syllab le 6 (for orig inal a) nev er app ears, b ut e ith er E

2
c
or a and in p a use a l mo st a l w a ys e, ev en b efore t h e t one-
b ea ring

hea vy a flo r
'

mat ive ii , 0 .
g .
33 2 5 b Dt 1 8 1
,
wit h out t h e p ause 3‘ s
“
: t4
D 23
.

I n t h e grd sing ma sc a nd I st sin of IDKQ h ow ev er, d is al ways

‘
‘
. .
g .

r et aine d in p a use ,
"
15 55”
and b ut in t h e z ud ma sc .
“
l -fin
g IK
in t h e 3 rd fem WE N” Pr R"J er i7 5 3
.

in
in t h e p lura l “ 2
“
. 1
Q 5 , 4
:

J er 2 3
, w it h S
38
g ol l a c f a l so 53W “ e
1
7
,
& c B ut w it h c on unc t iv e
. IS . j
a cc ent s in t h e b ody o f t h e sent enc e, if a s b e ing a lig h t er v owel) is
(
used, e g . 1,
x . b ut in p a use 13 3 7 1
-
‘l’ 1 ; c f a similar int er
6 “
.

ch ang e of a a nd a in 65 c.
.
The 3 rd fem p lur impf . . . al ways h as t h e
fo rm nQSSsn Zc
‘

9
x1 .

d When t he t one mov es b a ck t h e final syllab le of t h e imp erfec ts

, of

735 an d 53 5 , w ith a c on j unc t iv e a cc ent , also a l w ays t ake s P a tlza lz,

: Jb
’ "
Dl 73 35 3
a nd he did
e. g .
3 , ea t ; in t h e loss of t h e t one
fro m t h e fi nal syllab le only oc c urs in t he for m w it h w aw con sec uti ve

1
S o in t h e m ode rn v ulg ar A rab ic of S out h Pal est ine, ya kul ’
(h e )
ea ts
“

b e c ome s yékul .

( orig i nal ly i) as a d issimila t ion from 6 ( orig inal ly a) , c f 5 2 7 w,

3 O n t h is e
.

a nd F Ph ilip p i, i n t h e Z eitsch rift fiir Volkerp sych olog ie und Sp rach wissensch afl ,
.

x iv 1 7 8. Th e l a t t e r r ig h t l y o b se rv es t h a t t h e e ist e nc e of a n orig inal u in

.
“

x
t h e inzp eigfect of 53 5 i s ind ic a t e d b y t h e form of t h e imp era tive th e A rab ic
t h e A ra maic saw
'

and
ya kul ,
as w el l as b y t h e fac t t h at a nd 3
15
0 3
:
a re fo und al o ng w it h w e and ew
n .
 1 86 T he Ver b 68 i, k, 69 a

the rst p ers. Mi 4 ° and ? DDN 1

l S 1 5
6
, w h ic h is ap p a re nt ly ( from th e Mth g e e

w it h t h e i) , i n t e n de d fo r a n imp erfect H ip h i t : inst e ad of i t , h o w e v e r, re ad ,

w it h t h e a nt ua e d i t io n ,
jMDDN ( w it h i, a c c 0 1 di n g t o 60 f ) . B ut {iDDNFl
Ex 5 7
( fo r
'
nin) , QDNfi 1 S 1 8 29 ( fo r Dl
fi l ) , a nd
’
flDN’ Jb 2 71 9 (se e ab ov e ) are

d ue t o m ist a ke , sin c e a ll t h re e for ms m ust b e de riv e d fro m t h e st e m C 0

”
a
1
F ur t h e r mo l e , 1 3 92
0
(w h e re N3 l1 P r
’
c e rt a inl y
‘ 10
j ij D it ‘
1 D is t o b e re ad ) 1

( of. 5 7 5 h h ) ; l ul
'
I S 2 8 24 ; Ez fi Dlfl
’
2 S 1
9
14
; mm S 2 20
9
;

to o t h e r read ing s ( on th e a na ogy o f l the c ases me nti one d in 5 7 5 p ) Nl l’ ) '

Nngl or a m .

Pa radig m I sh ow s t h e w eak forms of t h e imp erfect Qa l ,

a nd merely
indicat es t h e ot h er c on ug a t io ns, j w h ich a re reg ula r.

i Rem . 1. I n t h e deriv e d j
c o n ug at i on s o n l y isol a te d w eak f0 1 ms o c c ur

Perfect N ip h a l l tl lNJ N u
‘
Jos 2 29 ; H ip hS .
li
g N- Nu 1 1 25 (b ut th e st a t e me n t
in v e rse 1 7 i s " DN
D Y l , t h er efore Qa l) e q ual ly d oub t ful 13 t h e p un c t uat io n of

a nl gy
a o of v e
rb s V i? ) c f a l so
. D ’
Dl N (6 fl om a
) I g ive to ea t H os 1 14
.
j j
, ix
s

( 6 fro m a
) I will destroy, Jer 4 63 ; fl lj l ’ l 2 S 20
5
Q
e
re
( fo1 t h e K eth ib h
a p p e a rs to re q u ire t h e P i el
‘
Wl lj l , fro
‘
m ’ “
111 ” a s a se c on da ry fo fm of fi nN b ut

mm man f or fi flN i ’ as i mf p er ec t Qa l is n ot im p ossib l e . On nlxlNl

'

Neh 1 3
13
,
cf .
53 n .
— I nfinitive E2 2 1 33
( = 6 a un le ss i t i s ra h e r t
infi n H ip h f1 o m
. . 5 13 ) Pa rticip le “
7D gii eth ea r, P1 1 7
4
( c l ear ly b y fa l se ana l og y

of v e rb s V i) , fo r mD N ) I mp era tive l‘ D j] b ring

'

( from nDN) Je r 1 29 . ( On th e

sa m e fo rm use d for t h e p erfect in I s 2 1 1 4 , c f.

76 d )
2. I n t h e P i el t h e N i s so m e t imes e l ide d ( l ike 5MD? 5
in t h us

QSD A ra ma ic S a ma ri t a n) tea ch ing, for QD

ND J b 3 5 ;
and 11
(
as i n D: ( it n ot

a me re sc r ib a l e rro r ) fox BDN ‘ Is 1 3

20 th ou h ast g irded me, 2 S for
“
131101 1 , as a t 1 5
1 1 1 E2
1
5 1 28 1 6 ; c f. 5 23 c.

69 . Ver bs We . F irst Cla ss, or Ver bs o rig in a lly 1 a,

e
g 3 .
4 t o dwell .

B ro c kel mann, S emit . Sp rach wiss .

, p . 1 41 f . Grundriss, p .
5 96 if .

Verb s wh ic h p at resent b eg in w it h Y6dh w h en w ithout p re fo rma

t iv es ar e div ide d int o t w o c l asses ac c ording t o t h eir orig in and
a nd E t hio p ic)
c o nseq uent inflexion : ( ) a Verb s w h ic h (
as st ill l n Arab ic
o rig inall y b eg an w it h d ,
e .
g .
"
1 5 ”
t o g ive bir th t o, Arab . and E th .

w cil a da In of a h o ne t ic ch a ng e w h ic h p rev a ils also

‘ '

c onseq uenc e
.
p
w it h few e x c ep t ions in t h e noun, t his Wi ne in H eb re w and Aramaic
al wa ys b ec o mes a Y6dh , at l ea st wh en it is t h e init ial c on sona nt ; b ut
a ft er p re fo r mat ives it eit h er rea
pp ea rs, or is aga in c h ang ed into
 69 b, c ] Ver b s V’
s. First Cla ss 1 87

last ly, is al t og et h er elided ; ()

b V rb s w h ic h
(as in Arab ic )
’
6dh, o r, e

g inally b egan wit h Y6dh (c alled Ver ba cum I od or ig ina rio, see
o ri

A few v erb s aga in (some w it h o rig inal Y6dh , a nd some wit h orig inal
Wct w) form a sp ec ial c lass, which in c ert ain forms assimil at es t h e d
'

or Y6dh t o t h e following consonant on th e analog y of t h e N un in

v erb s W
e ( see

With reg ard to v erb s Ys (i

’
. e .
’
V s wit h ori ina l
g d ) it is t o b e
not iced t h at
1 I n t h e imp erfect, imp era tive and infinitive con struct Q a l t h e re is
.

a t wofold inflexion, ac c ording as t h e Waw is w h olly rej ect ed or only

c h ang ed int o Y6dh . Th e co mp le t e j
re ec tion (o r elision
) t akes p lac e
reg ularly in e igh t v erb s ( se e h ) in t he follo w ing manner

I mp erfec t S er e in t h e first
l
A . w it h an unch a ng eable

sylla b le a nd or ig inal i in t h e se c ond, whic h in t h e t one-syllab le

( i
a c c or d n
g t o 2 7 c
) b ec ome s 5 ( t h us 1 31, N3 1, 11 1; see a )
c , o r,
“

1 "

under t h e influenc e of a g ut t ural, wit h a in t h e sec ond (171 1, NE1,

T h e t o ne-long e of t h e sec ond syllab le is of c ourse lia b l e t o b e

short ened o r t o b ec ome g wd e
,
e. g 3 19 1 i3 0
.
, 1 5 ? ” &c ; . m in t h e
e w ay sa

it b ecomes j wd in
e
suc h c ases as W i l
l
" , &c .
,
b ut is l eng t h ened t o Qa mes
in p a use and b efore suffi x es (Dry) .

Wave
.

B . I mp era tive 3 27 with a

p ha eresis o f t h e and w it h t one-long 6,
from i , as in t h e imp erfect .

C I nfin it ive from o rig inal iibh, b y t h e feminine

.

g
a ddit o n o f

) form ; b s i a (c f
’
e nding 6 6 b)
(11 leng t h ened t o a seg h ola t e as in v er .

t h is l eng t h ening a ffords a c ert ain co mp ensat ion for loss of t h e init ial
c onsona nt .

l
R e m S inc e t h e in fi ni t i ve s 71133 ,
.
(see b e l ow , m) p o int t o a g round C h il;
fo r m dz a t, lida t, w e must w ith I’ h il ip p i ( ZD G
,
ii 4 2) an d B art h ( ib id M xxx . . .

xl i . a ssig n t o &c , t h e g roun d-fo r m l ib t ( w h ic h , t h e re fo re ,

.

-fo r m X
reap p e a rs in ”E DD & c
, t h e a pp a r e n t g ro u n d .
) a b t re st s up o n t h e l a w

t h at t h e i o f t he st e m-sy l lab l e is c h a ng e d i n t o a w h e n ev e r t h e sy ll ab le
b e c o me s d o ub l y c l ose d b y t h e a dd it io n o f t h e v o w e l l e ss fe m in in e e n d ing .

1
Th e e of t h e fi rst sy l l ab l e is re ally 6, no t t o ne -l ong 6, sin c e i t is re t ai ne d

no t me rely b e fo re t h e t one , a nd in t h e Ho
c o un t e r-t o n e (e .
g . Dy
? !
j
'

333 7
b ut a l so in
ally Ex 3 3 I t is n o o b e c t io n t o t h is v ie w t h at t h e scrip tzo
‘

p tena of t h is 6 o c c u rs ( w it h t h e e x c e p t io n of fi g”
: (0 e l se w h e re p o int e d
WEN) only in Mi 18 a nd E z 3 5 9 K ‘ th in it 1 3 8 ° t h e
. M a sora p re fe rs t o p o in t
p i th— O f t h e v ar io us e xp l a n a t ions o f t h e 6 t h e most sa t isfa c t o ry is t h a t of

M
P h ilip p i ( ZD G xl p 6 5 3 ) t h a t a n o rig inal yalid , fo r e a mp l e ( see a b o v e ) ,
. . . x
b e c a me yilid b y a ssi m il a t i o n o f t h e v o w e l o f t h e fi rst sy l la b l e t o t h a t o f t h e
se c o n d ; t h is t h e n b e c a me yéléd i nst e a d o f yéléd, i n a n a t t e m p t t o ra ise
t h e w or d a gain i n t h is w ay ( b y w ri t ing 6 i nst ea d o f e) t o a t rilit e ra l form .
 '

1 88 T he Ver b 69 d—i

d In more t h a n half t h e numb er of v erb s

’
Ys t h e original Waw in t h e
ab ov e-ment io ned forms g ive s p la ce to Y6dh, w h ich , unless it suf
fers
ap h aere sis (see f ), app ea rs

in t h e imp era t ives P ? ”

W” and infinit ives l b ” N l‘
as a
“ '

st rong

co nsona nt , b ut
in t h e imp erfec t WT }
, p rop erly p ip rai, merg es w ith t h e p rec eding i
int o i .

I n th e sec ond syll ab l e imp erfec ts of t h is fo rm reg ularly h av e d .

Th h l f rms are de ri ve d fro m v erb s w it h a n or ig in al d

e ( ) a t
a t e a t t e r o
‘
ar t l y b y t h e in fl e xion of t h e se v e rb s in N ip h a l, H ip h il,
'

( n o t Y 6dh ) i s sh o w n p
a n d H op h a i ( w h e re t h e o r ig ina l Waw reap p e ars t h ro ug h o ut ) , a nd p ar t ly b y
'

t h e A ra b ic , n wi h i ch v er b s YD l ike w ise e h ib it a t w ofold format ion ; c f

’
x .

waladd, i mp e r f g alida , w it h and weig ila, ya ug a lu, w it h

’

e lision of th e d
'

.
,

re t e n t io n o f t h e d .

S ome t ime s b ot h forms, t h e w e ak er a nd t h e st ron ge r, o c c ur i n t h e same

f ( b)
v e rb ; c f pg 2 K 4
41
a n d p 3
3 p o ur E z 2
3
4 ( c f l p x’
1 K 1 8 34
a n d t h e i nfi n

m
. .
.
,

m 1 5 but of s
.

np§ E x ta ke p ossession ,
D t 1 21
, 1 2 1 ( ), ( in p a use for K .

V i) Dt 2 24-
31
p lur . 3 m Dt 1 3, 9
23
,
b ut al so , w it h R
T
p a ragog ic, mg? D t 3 3 23 .

"
I n t h e imp erfect IE : D t 222 a n d IQ: I s 1 010
“
” it sh a ll b e kindled ; it was
3
W2: it o rm G n
— I h e form n
" : 9 39
c f.
'‘
p recious, 1 S 8 1 30
a nd t 49
19 r ( “
30 ,

for aDl l’ l , b e side FD

D l? ) E 3 8 , is markab le ; c f. 5 47 k
‘
v e rse re .

Je r 4 21 ° fo r t h e infinitive a bsolute Dllt l ,

.
“ "
( ) On I ! Ju I gu for
“
ll : a nd l ily
z
g c

c f. 1 9 i .
— B ut '

l Ju 5 13
( t w ic e ) i s n ot int en ded b y t h e asora e it h e r a s M
( fo r 1 2 , wh ic h re al l y sh o uld be re st ore d ) imp era tive of
1
“

p erfec t or as 11 ,

a s an ap oc op at ed imp erfect Pi el from “ l l 1 31 3) to h ave dominion

' ' '
b ut 1 .

It ( )
at Th e e igh t v e rb s,
l of w h ic h t h e i nit ial co nson ant in th e ab ov e

me nt io n e d forms a l w a ys sufi ers e lisi o n

'

or a p h ae resis, are to br ing forth ,

NN: to go forth , Dz }: to sil, to dwell, to descend, al so
35 ? to go (o f . b e l ow , x ) ;
a nd w it h a i n t h e se c o nd sy l lab l e of t h e imp erfect,
i n: to know, fi t] : to b e united,
M: 2 to b e d isloca ted . E x a mp l e s o f t h e o t h e r format ion ( l j, & c ) a re
fly“.
.

ry; f: m } im era tire

be wea ried, counsel
:( p f
‘
to ly t l N l i NT, p NT
$j
0 o s eep, er t
)
, ec

0 ea r.

i 2 . Th e or ig inal d is ret a ined as a firm c onsonant :

( ) a in t h e
infinit ive, imp era t ive, a nd imp erfec t ip h a l, b eing p rot ec t ed b y t h e
' '

st reng t h e ning , e g . W
AE }
wh ich are c onseq uently st rong forms
5p m
.
,

like ; (b) in t h e H ithp a el me 31 19 0 from

‘
of so verb s, e 1
g . .

N J, from 11 22 713 11 f m ” 3
: ot h erwise a ra dic al Wciw at t h e
30
'

,
ro

b eg inning of a word is now found only in a few nouns, e .

g .
1 51 qfisp ring '

from i l: t o bea r
"
l . At t h e end o f a syl lab le d wit h t h e h omog eneous

1 A nin t h DD to: a dd, is a l so t o b e i n c l ude d . I n th e Me§ ‘

a -i n sc rip t ion ,

l . 21, t h e infinitive is w r it t e n l lDD

'
S( cf . I . h e n ce r e ad in I s 3 0 ‘

(Nu Dt 29 1 8
) ” DD fo r l llDD Th e z ud p lur masc imp era tive i DD I s 291
'
. . .
,

Je r 721 c o rre sp on ds tb t h b s in p roo f of a ,

su
p p ose d nDD a ddere t h e re ,

re ma ins only HDDN Dt fo r w h ic h , a c c ord ing to 2 8 1 2

3 r
,
ead nDDN ,
 1 9 0 Th e Ver b 69 o— s

0 2 . T h e imp erative Qa l fre q ue n t l y h as t h e le ng t h e n i ng b y n_ , e. g , F13 1?)

sit th ou, mg ,
descend th ou . F rom 3 0
: to g ive, A rab . wah ab a, o n ly t h e imp era tive

i s use d in H eb re w ; i t h a s t h e fo rm 3 3 g ive, l e ng t h e ne d T19 51 g e n e ra l ly w it h

t h e m e a n i ng a ge, go to, h e nc e i n G n 1 1 8 4
e v e n a ddresse d t o sev e ra l p e rso n s

(Gn 2
9
2i
731
1 b e fore x t o a v o id t h e h iat us) ; fm e .
1
2 mR u 3 15
, Mil ra on th e

a n al og y o f t h e p l u1 al 13 71 ( once 1 n Jb 622 13 71 b e fo re t h e t on e sy ll ab l e ; b ut c f.

imp
”
Dt w h il st , o n t h e a na lo gy o f ot h e r era tives Q a l o f v e rb s 1 5 13 3
1

w o uld b e e xp e cte d — On 71177 P r cf .

48 l .

3 T h e i mp erfect w it h 1 elide d t ake s a in t h e se c o n d sy l l a b l e , b e side s t h e

p
.

m e nt io n e d f) a l so l 1 Fl Je r 17
( c f. L a 348 ) and
' '

c a se s a b o v e ( u nd e r ,
in 1 3 in

t h e p a usa l fo r m
15
1 Jb 2 7 , &c
21 .
( from a ,
see s
o ) on I s 1 0 16 se e ab ov e f .

w h e n fo l l o w e d b y t h e a fi o rm a t i ve n:
'

Th e a in t h e sec o n d syl la b l e ,
( HDT V?!
&c i s i n ac c o rda n c e w ith t h e l a w m e nt io ne d a b o ve ( un d e r
. by w h ic h
d t a ke s t h e p la c e o f i i n a d o ub ly c l o se d sy l l a b le F o rm s w i t h e in t h e
‘’

h
se c o n d sy l l a b le s o t e
i n t h e e t o S g h ol, w h e n t h e t o n e is d ra w n b a c k
e
(b e fo re
-
NJ 3 W G n 4 4 ; 7 61
1 33
a t o ne syl l a b l e o r a ft e r waw co nsecutive) , e g
'

. .

b ut 6 i s re t a i ne d in a n o p e n sy l l ab l e , e v e n w it h Mil el t o n e , in N3 1 E x
J u 93 9 i n b o t h c a se s w i t h nasoy a h or,
,
2
9 e Th e p a usa l is e i t h er . of th e
21W“
"
f m R 1 1
11 1 8 10
; t h e l st p e rs sin g w h e t h er i n or o ut o f
o r u 4 o r 1
1 . .

p a u se , is T 11
31
“

51
1 1 1, &c .
,
e x c ep t ? l Jb see x. -F o r

1 1 is i n t en d e
111 7
11 i
t 1
3 8 6
(c f . the
n o t e a b o v e , o n b a n d t h e a n al og o us c ase s in 70 d) 117 d .

Th e imp erfect o f t h e form is fi e q ue nt l y ( e sp e c ia l l y b e fo re a fi 0 1 m a t 1 v e s1

'

1
‘

w r i t t e n d e fe c t iv e ly , i n w h i c h c a se t h e i c a n al w a y s b e re c og ni z e d a s a l o ng
v ow e l b y t h e eth eg ( se e M
1 6 f ) , e g 15 71 I s 4 0 ° 1v1 1 I s 6 5 23 ; a n d so a l w ay s
1
3
,
. .

th ey f ea r , a s d ist i ng uish e d from 1110 1 th ey see

( i mp erf .
Qa l of 1 18 1) — O h
1

G
B i/ 1 G n 5
t 0
20
,
24
33
K e th , a nd
10
11
Ex 30 3 2
,
se e 73f .

P1 o m t h e imp erfect Qa l is 5
a

7 to p reva i l to b e a b le, 3 11 , w h ic h c a n on l y h av e
,

a rise n t h roug h a de p i e ssi o n of th e v owe l fro m 5 3 11 ( g r o u n d -

fo r m ya ukh a l =
=

y a wkh a l) , t o dist i ng uish i t , a c c ord ing t o Q i mh i , fro m 5Q1N j ust as , ,

a c c o rd ing

to 47 is diffe re n t ia t e d fr o m 5L
T» . Of t h e A 1 ab ie ya uru u ( yor u u1
.

m a ( yég a lu) f1 o m w a g i la , a l so t h e v u lg a r A i a b ic ( a mo n g
' ’

fi o u a r u a , y ug a lu as

t o w n s-p e op l e ) ya sa l, &c .
,
from wa ca la . O t h e i s re g a rd 53 1 1
as an imp erfect H op h at

(he is ena b led : he ca n

) , a l w ay s u se d in st e a d of t h e i mp erfect Qa l c f. , h ow ev e i ,

5
— 211121 i n Je i 3 5 fem fo r a c c or d i n g
'

as a n d sing to
5 53 ti n
1 o c c urs .

K on ig b e c a use t h e 2 n d fem h a d b e e n suffic ie n t l y i nd ic a t e d p re v io usl y

M
. .

P a rt h e 1 17 3 1 or 17 7 is t o b e re g a 1 d e d w it h
1 “
L a mb e rt ( R E J v ii, n o 7 3 ) . . xxx .

i mp f Qa sup p ose d imp f

'

as . l ( n ot H ip h il) of to th row , sh oot (th e .

Q al D 1 1 J1
Nu i s c rit ic a l ly v e 1 y d oub t ful )
21
30 Th is is sh o w n e sp e c ia l l y b y t h e p a s .

sag e s in w h ic h t h e i mpf 711 11 i s i m m e d ia t e l y p re c e d e d b y t h e i mp era t Qa l

.

K 17 i l ( t 0 1 is fo l l o w e d b y t h e p artic ip le Qa l ( 2 Ch
( 2 1 3 ) o r nfi n Qa i .

b u t in 2 1 1
24
S
b y t h e p a rticip le H ip h il)
'

8 T h e a t t e n ua t io n o f a t o i i n t h e p erfect ( i n a t o n e l e ss , c l ose d sy l l a b le )
w h ic h is d i sc usse d in 5 4 4 d ( c f § 64 f ) o c c urs i n v e 1 b s We i n a fe w form s .

of
"
1 5 1
Nu 1 11
2
,
Je 1 2
27
, /
1J
7
2 , &c .
( a l w ay s a ft e r as w ell as o f 21 1,
12 g e . .

3
D t 41 , 1
1
9 , ,
a ft e i
1
1 fo r 11
) 26
1
3 1
(a l w ay s I n b oth
c ase s the a t t e nu a t i o n m ig h t b e e p l a in e d fi o m t h e t e n d e n c y t o a ss imil a t e x
t h e v o w e l s, e sp e c ia l ly i f t h e i n it ia l 1 w a s p ro n o u n c e d , as i n S y r iac , l ike i

( 5 47 )b I n t h e c a s
. e o f 2
9
1 ,
h o w e v er ,
a se c o n d a ry f o r m W1 1
( c f 5 4 41d ) i s .

p r o b a b ly to b e assu me d, sinc e in A rab ic a l so the v e rb is mama . Th e fo rms

§ 69 t—w ] V er b V’
s s. First Cla ss 1 9 1:

Ez and menu t i &c .

,
a re most si m ly p e xp l a in e d from t h e
n f th i i
Y

re t ur o s .

A n x p ti t h e imp erfect N ip h me t ime s h as i nst e ad of th e t

‘
o n, a l so 1
5 . s a e ce a

1, e.
g . a nd he sta yed, Gn 8 1 2 (unle ss t h e Pi él
'
or 513 31 , as in v e r. 10, is t o
be r ead
); c f. Ex 1 9
13
IS 1 3
9
K eth ib h .
— Th e fi rst p e rso na l w a y s h a s t h e form
Di s
é
a
-,
n ot i tj
f ,
c f. 51 p .
— I n t h e p a rticip le t h e p l ura l 1
31) ( fro m m g;
w it h de p ressio n of 6 t o it , c f 5 2 7 n) is fo und i n Zp 3 1 3 ; of L a 1 4 W h il e in
M
. . .

t h e se c ases som e doub t may b e fe l t as t o t h e c o rre c t n e ss o f t h e a so r e t ic

p o int ing , muc h more is t h is so in t h e p e rfe c t 11 513 nulledh u,

1 Ch 3 5 , 20 3 , for
11 51? w h ic h ap p e a rs to b e re q uire d b y t h e waw in t h e in it ia l sy l l ab l e .

6 I n t h e imp erfect Pi el e l isio n

.
‘
of t h e fi rst r ad ic al so me t im e s t a ke s p l ac e u
a ft e r w aw consec
( a s in t h e c a se of N, § 6 8 k) , run for i1 3 “
1
. e. g . a nd h e h as
m
'

grieved, La 11 31 for 1T 1 1 a nd th ey ha ve ca st, v e rse 5 3 , fro m

'
, w h ic h m ay
a l so be a t rue v e rb Vi
a (on th e oth e r h a n d, i n ” I: th ey h a ve ca st lots,
3
Jo 4 , oh , N a 11
a p erfect Qal o f 11 i s r e q uire d b y t h e c on t e t ; b ut a s
“

: x
t h is, b e in g a tra nsitive p erfec t , o ug h t t o h a v e t h e fo rm 17 1 a cc o rd in g t o
?
67 a, p e rh ap s w e sh oul d re ad S o fro m a v erb V’
D, of th e sec o n d c l ass,

for $ 1 9 3 “ a nd he ma de it dry, Na 1
4
; o f OWE
?“ . 2 Ch 3 2
30
Q re ( th e
e

K th : p oi nt s e i t h e rt o P i el Dj tf
e
fj l o r H ip h il
'
j ‘

7 T h e imp era tive H ip h il, i nste ad o f t h e u sua l fo rm l it/ 171 m e t im e s h as i in U

'
.
, so

th e se c o n d sy l l ab l e ; S 1?! I
13s 4 3 ; 2 5 171 5b 9 4 ( b e fore n, h e n c e p rob ab l y
8 1 1

m e re m ist ake for np 5 n) O

~ i th t i t f t h i Ng fl l tfilfl
j
‘ '

a n e
. u n c e r a n y o e t on e n

se e 5 3 m W h e n c l ose d b y a g ut t ural t h e se c o n d sy l l a b l e g e n e ral l y h a s a, as

.

m in, i n, o f m a l so HQ? ! P r 2 5
17
( as i
. n t h e in fi n c on str J b se e . .

5 65 f ) O n t h e o th e r h a n d, i a l w ay s a p p e a rs w h e n th e sy l l ab l e i s o p e n, t h us
.

t
r
a in ,
a n d s o a l so b e fo r e su fii x e s ( 5 6 1 g ) i j
u G 11 8
17
Q
‘
ré (K th
e ‘
. .

N 1? “ see reg ul ar — Th e j ussive a n d t h e imp erfect consecutive H ip h il

‘

3 7 0 b ) i s i r .

h
w h e n t e t o n e is d r a w n b ac k t a k e S e
g h ol i n t h e se c o n d sy ll ab l e , a s i n Qa l ,
e. g . 59
1 1: th a t he ma y increase, P r 1 5, b e fore ” 9 53 of. Ex 10 2
8
a n d D t 26
3 a ft e r
5 gl p
.

P r 3 0 6 is an o mal o us) ; i n a use, h o w e v e r , al so again a s

'

5
; flg
j ussive, Jb 4 6 32
( usual j ussi ve i n p a use & c
,
w h i c h oc c urs e v e n w it h o ut t h e .

p ause a ft er waw G n 4 7 1 1 , Jos 2 43 , 2 S 8 4 ,

consec utive, W it h a fi na l
a n d 11 51” ( j ussive) a n d T 19 15 ] , &c ; w it h a fi n a l 1 i n p a use W “ m
.

"
g ut t ura l it ? .

Ru on I s 3 54 , c f 6 5 f ) — O n fo rm s l ike 311 2
.
9111 1 , see 5 5 3 g . .

I n H op h a l 6 st an 171 17] ( fo r ”1 1 m m S
’

13
d s inst e ad of 1, L 23 3 3
n2
‘
in v 4 ,
2 0 ,
'

a n d p e rh ap s in N2 1”
( for Pr 1 1 25 b ut of D e l it z sc h o n t h e p assag e
. .

(h f l
5 — A n in nitive H o h ‘ a l w it h
Ptcp . 11 21173 I s 1 25 Q
e
re
l
b K th )e
.
fi p fe min ine
e n din g o c c ur s in Gn for T Q Q S éW ; r - o f. a b o v e , t , o n 11 513
0
, a nd

71 at th e e nd .

8 . Th e v e rb to go, al so b el o ng s i n so me r e sp e c t s t o t h e c l ass, sin ce i t a?

fo rms (a s i f fro m imp erfect 1 52 w it h , waw consecutive

3 5 1 ( i n p a use

Gn 24 5 1 , xst sing .
1 5m ( b ut in Jb 1 9
1° infinitive construct DD S
w it h su fi
'

. mat; ( S e
gh ol un d e r t h e i nfl ue nc e of t h e fo l l o w in g p al a t al , as in
“
Pa: Cf 3 13 0 HQ ? ) 5 imIfl era tive 215, in t h e l e ng t h e n e d form F19 ( a s an 5
i nte r j re fe r 15
"
e c t ion ring e v e n t o a feminine a nd
32
, Gn 1
9 ,
or a p lura l, G n

( Nu 2 31 3 , Ju 1 9
13
,
2 Ch H ip h .
( a l so in E x 2
9
2 nd fem .

imp era tive i s t o b e re a d for 1

91 5 1 71 , w h ic h p r ob ab l y a rose me re ly t h ro ug h
 1 9 2 T he V er b 70 a, b

c onfusion w it h t h e fol l ow ing imp erfect 3 i” 1

5 b ut i n t h e i st sing . of

t h e imp erfect consecutive a l w ay s 1

]!
Lv 261 3 , A m &c 5m . R are ly, a nd a l most
x
e c l usiv e l y l a t e o r i n p oe t ry , t h e r e g ul a r i n fi ex ion s o f
1 5? a re a l so foun d
9
(t
9
i 5 , &c ; b ut
8 . E x 9 23 , t 73
i ; of. § 64 a a nd h)

Jb 1 6 22
, a l so Mes a
‘
in sc rip t io n , l ine 1 4, 15m ; infi n .
( E x 19
3 , N u 2 2 13 “ 6 1
,

Be i mp era tive p lur . 13 35 J er On th e ot h e r hand ,

t h e p er
fect Qa l is
a l w ay s p a rticip le 21 511 -
,
i nfi nitive a b solute
ah a ,
N ip h
‘
al
‘
Pi el aha ,
H ithp a e
‘
a t] , so t h at a n ev e r a p p e ars u n mist a kab ly a s t hefi rst ra dic al .

T h e u sual e x pl an a t i o n o f th e ab o v e fo rm s is ne v e rt h el e ss b ase d o n a sup p ose d

ob so l e te
1 51 . I t is, h o w ev e r , m o re co rre c t to r eg a rd th e a p p a re n t

for ms of 3 1 0 ff ) a s o rig in at in g w it h t h e
w i t h Prae t orius (Z A W . ii . .

H ip h i l , of w h ic h t h e g ro un d-for m h a h likh b ec a me halikh , a nd th is ag ain , on

‘

t h e an a l ogy o f t h e imp erfec Qa l o f v e rb s N D , h olikh

”
t T h i s h olikh b e ing .

re fe rre d to a sup p ose d h aulikh ( p rop erly h awlikh ) g a v e rise t o n e w fo rmat io ns

a ft er th e manner of v e rb s 1 F1 ”
. .

70 . Verbs S econ d Cla ss, orVer bs p rop erly a,

e .
g .
3 h}
: to b e good . P a r a digm L .

B roc ke l mann, S emit S p ra ch wiss , p

. . . 1 43 if . Grundriss, p . 60 3 ff .

differ from
’
V erb s p rop erly 1 5 v erb s Ys in t h e following p oint s
a 1 . In Qal t h e init ial Y odh nev er suffers ap h a eresis or elisio n h enc e
t h e infi nit ive h a s t h e fo rm WT ,
”
t he imp erfec t 3 E
TT, FT},
I
”
P2? ( in p a use
l
Pal) a l so w r itt en 3 9 a nd so al ways wit h a t one-b earing in t h e
"

, 3,
&c ; . a

sec ond syl la b l e a ft er w aw g ? é fl, e x cep t

‘
. ev en c on sce .
, e . . G11
6
a d 1 Gn unl ess 13 : is t o b e inc luded amo ng v erb s ( 5”
“
1
”

n 3 of. “ 1

Is
b 2 I n H ip h i t t h e
. o rig ina l fo rm J ’
ml is reg ula rly contrac t ed t o 3
'
‘
t91 fl

imp erfect T D” 5
( rar e ly w ritt e n T K
O” ,
) 5 1 I nst ances of 3 3
&c .
, .

t h e unc ont rac t e d form are V ia 25

l }! Pr 4 a c c ording t o B art h (see a b ove , ,

6 7 p ) a n e xamp l e of an i-imp erfec t of Q a l since t h e H ip h il is o t h er

‘

, ,

w ise al ways ca u sa tiv e “ ?

l “
( im p era t i ve
) d 5
9
Q
e
r e ( t h e K a
t h r eq uires r .

WW W] a c co rding t o t h e f o r m o f v e rb s of I s 45
2
fi rms K a
t h W WW .
, ,

Q e
r e), cf . Gn 8 17
Q re; e 0 ? i ”
I Ch 1 2
2
,
to be e x plained as a

denominat iv e from P79: D l‘ D‘ lS H o 7 1 f no t e ) b ut p erh ap s t h e

'

24 , ,

p unct uat ion h ere is only int en ded t o su

gg est a no t h er rea din
g ax m .

1 Cf . a b ov e , m, not e 2 .

may b e in fe rre d fro m e m w h ic h w it h it s fe m

’

2 Th is Is .

951 G n 8 7 , i s t h e
11 2 on l y e x a mp l e
Qa l of t h ese v e rb s o f an in fi n i t iv e construct .

N o e x a mp l e o f t h e imp era tive Qa l is foun d c o n se q ue n t l y t h e for ms &c

'

( in P a ra d ig m L o f t h e e arlier e dit ions of t h is G rammar) , are only in ferred

fro m t h e imp erfect .
 1 94 T h e Ver b 72 a

c onsecut ive h as t h e form P1131 G11 28

13
,
&c .
,
cf . 69 f, w h ere also

o t h er fo rms of P3
: a re
g iven ; a nd
“

13
3 ? (I s 4 4 12
, 49
8
,
J er 1 5
Q ré
e
) ,

from 13
: f m h o w e v er used in t h e me Cf al so
“

to or ,
ar e , ,
sa sense . .

539 15 H o E i (
” l /II for “3
11 acc or din t o
g , 4 7 7c) 1 S "
11
31 5 2 Ch 31
7

( cf . 69 n
) a nd Is T h is a ssi mila t ion is found a l ways w it h

sib ila nt s m
( ost freque nt ly w it h 2) e x c ep t in t he c a se of 11231 1 K 3

( so ed . Mt an .
,
Gi nsb .
, K it t el ; b ut J ab l .
,
B ae r W
231) a nd in nj qgf
ji
‘

Gn Ez 1 6
5
( of. 11 7 1 ”5 v erse infinit ive H op h a l
‘
of
( cf .
T1 135
6 9 t)

72 . Ver bs V P (vu lg o
”
1 r ) ,
e .
g D17 to r ise u
.
p . P a ra dig m M .

ma nn, S emi t S p ra ch wiss 60 5 ff

'

B roc k e l . .
, p . 1 44 fi . Grundriss, p . .

a 1 . Ac c ording t o monosyllab ic st ems w ere

67 a a larg e numb er of

b rough t int o ag reement w it h t h e t rilit eral form b y a st re ng t h ening ,

or re e t it ion o f t h se o nd r d i l i e o f t h e conson a nta l element
p e c a c a , , . .

in t h e st em I n ano t h e r la rg e c l ass o f st ems t h e same ob j ec t h as b ee n

.

a t t ained b y st ren t h enin t h e v c li el e m e nt T h e g ro und-form

g g o a c .

used fo r t h ese 3 9 a ), t h e
v erb s is not , a s in o t h er c ase s grd sing .

ma sc p erfec t, b ut alw ays t h e infinit ive c onst ruct form b), t h e it

"

.
39
o f w hic h is c h a ra c t erist ic also of t h e im era t ive a nd o f t h e imp erfect
p
ind ica t ive Q a l. Th ese st e ms are c onseq uent ly t e rmed v erb s or

more (see
'
c orre c t ly b elow ) V ll ‘
.

Th e t e rm 1 11 w a s c o n se q ue n t
1
on th e v ie w t h at t h e d ( or 1 in t h e c a se

of v e r b s i n t h e se st e m s w as o rig i n al l y c o n so n a n t a l . T h is v ie w se e me d
Wine
'
e sp e c ia ll y to be sup p or t e d b y th e re t urn of th e in P i el th e 1
usual ly p assin g i n t o 1 as i n DEP, c f. A rab ic qdwwama) , and by c e rt a in forms

of th e a bsolute sta te o f t h e n oun s mp are d w i t h o f suc h st e m s, e. g . mg) d ea th

,
co

“ 1D to d ie H e nc e i n e x p l a i ning t h e v e rb al fo rms a sup p ose d st e m qa wa m

.

( i n v e rb s WV e g i a ya t) w a s a l w a y s assum e d, a nd m
. .
p; w as re fe rre d t o an
o rig i n a l y a qw icm, t h e infi n itive a bsolute DlP t o o rig in a l qa wbm, t h e p a rticip le

p a ssive D1P t o o rig in a l q a w tt m I t m ust , h o w e v e r, b e a d m itt e d : ( 1 ) t h at

‘

"
forms l ike 11 11 OH ? ( se e m) are o n ly t o b e fo un d i n t h e la t e st b ook s a n d a re
, ,

h e n c e e v ide n t ly se c o n da ry a s c o mp a re d w it h t h e p ure H eb re w form s DQ lP

,

&c ( 2) t h a t t o re fe r t h e v e rb a l fo r ms inv a riab ly t o t h e st e m D12

.
1 , l ea ds i n
ma ny c a se s t o p h o ne t i c c omb ina t io n s w h ic h a re e sse nt ia l ly i mp r ob ab l e ,

w h e re a s t h e a ssump t io n o f o rig in al middle-vowel st e m s re n d e rs a simp l e a n d

n a t ura l e x p l a n a t io n a l mo st a l w ay s p o ssib l e Th e se 1 v st e ms a re t h e re fore
”
.

t o b e r ig idl y d ist in g uish e d fro m t h e rea l 1” 11 st e m s o f t h e st ron g for ms suc h ,

as m) “
81 0 .
( se e b e l o w , gg ) —A s e a rl y as t h e e l ev e nt h c e n t ury t h e r ig h t
.

v ie w w it h re g a rd to st e ms w a s t ake n b y S amue l H a nn a g id ( c f B a c h er, .

Leben a nd Werke des A b ulwa lid, p re c e n t l y b y B ot t c h e r ( Leh rb uch ,

M
.

5 a nd st e m s) e sp e c ia lly by ii l le r, S t a de , a nd
( a lso a s t o
W e l lh ause n ( se e a b o ve, 5 67 a, not e ) O n t h e ot h e r h a nd , t h e o ld
. v ie w of

1 a nd 1 as c o nso n a n t s h as b ee n r e c e n t ly re v ive d b y P h il ip p i, B a rth ,

ML . a mb ert , a n d e sp e c ia l ly B ro c ke l ma nn (op .
 7 2 b -
e
] Ver bs r
t y 1
95
2 . As in t h e c ase of verb s M
y h ,
t e monosyllab ic st em of v erb s 6
g enerall
y takes t h e vow el w h ic h w ould h av e b een req uired in t h e
second syllab le of t he ordinar
y st rong form, or which b elo ng ed t o
t h e g round-form, sinc e t h is is essent ially ch a rac t erist ic of t he v erb al

form 43 b ; 6 7 b) . H o w ever, it is t o b e re ma rked : ( )a t h at t h e

v ow el, sh ort in it self, b ec omes of nec essit y long in an op en syllab le as

w ell as in a t one-b earing c losed u lt i ma ( x ce t

e p 1 11 H op h a l ,
see d), e .
g .

grd sing . ma sc p erf DE, fem . .

p lu r 1 13 i
) b ut
.
,
1 11 a c l osed p enult i ma
BQ B , ()
b t h at in t h e forms as w e no w h av e t h em t h e l e ngt h ening
of t he ori
g inal sh o rt v ow el so met ime s t akes p lac e irreg ularly . Cf .
f .

I nt ransit iv e v erb s middle in t h e p erfect Qa l h av e t h e fo r m 1113 h e

e C
is dea d ; v erb s middle 0 h ave t h e form Wits h e shone, W 3 he w a s

a sha med, 3 1 h e wa s g ood n—

13 2
. Cf . r .

I n t h e imp erfect Q a l, p erfect 11 ip h a l, and t h rough out Hzp h il and ( l

‘
3 .

H op h a l t h e sh ort v ow el of t h e p reformat ives 1 11 a n open syllab le b efore

t h e t one is c h ang ed int o t h e c orre sp onding t one-lo ng v ow el . In Q al

a nd Nip h a l t he orig inal d is t h e b asis of t h e form a nd not t h e i

‘ ‘

at t enua t ed from a 6 7 h ; b ut of al so h b elow, o n h enc e Di Pl , .

for yaqdm ; Dip; for n agom ; on th e ot h er h and, in t h e p erfect H ip h il

’ ‘

D PH for h iq im ;
'
p ar t ic i le 0
p
1
m
? ( on t he Sere c f. p erfec t H op h a l
‘

13 121” for h il a m
g .

A v ow e l t h us l eng t h e ne d b e fore t h e t on e i s n a t ura l l y c h ang e ab l e and 6

b e c o me s voca l sews w h e n t h e t one is m ov e d fmw ard, e .
g . 13131 731 h e will k ill

h im so a l so in t h e grd p lur imp erfect Qa l w it h N ti n p ara gog ic 5 ( w it h out

‘

113 1
.
1
1

N it u T h e w h ol l y ab nor mal scrip tio p lena o f e n i "1

1 13 1 11 11 J er 2 1
1
( b e side
'
11 Dfl in t h e sa me v e rse ) sh o ul d, w it h K on ig , b e e me n de d t o “
1 1 131 13 ; th e
i n c orre c t rep e t it ion o f th e in t e rro ga t iv e n e c e ssaril y l e d t o t h e p o in tin g o f
t h e form as p erfect in st e ad o f i mp erfect — B u t i n H op h a l t h e u i s re t a in e d
\
/ ‘

t h ro ug h out as a n u n c h a ng e a b l e v o w e l , w h e n i t h as b e e n i nt ro d uc e d b y a n
a b n orm a l l e ng t h e n i ng fo r t h e t on e -l o n g 6 ( a s i n t h e H op h a l o f v e rb s
'

1 I n A l ma i c , h ow e v er,
a
al w ay s 1-
113 P; al so i n H e b re w g i a m ma rs b e fo re

Q imh i 1
’
l
1
Ij 13 P , &c .
,
ai e foun d , b ut i n o ur e dit i o n s o f t h e B ib l e t h i s o c c urs

g mo p M K7
3 3 4
o nl y 1 11 p a use, e . . i 7 , 11 11 13 2

A c c ord in g t o S t ad e ( Gra mma tik, 5 3 8 5 e a nd f ) t h e e i n 11 13 is of t h e

2

n a t u1 e o f a d ip h t h o n g ( fro m a i, w h ic h a ro se from t h e un io n o f t h e v ow el i ,
t h e sig n o f t h e i nt ra n si t i v e , w it h t h e a o f t h e ro ot ) , an d l ike w ise t h e o i n
1 1x, & c ( from a n) . B ut 6 ( fr om a n) c ou l d n o t , b y 5 2 6 p , r e m a in i n a c l o se d
.

p e nul t ima (I1 W3 , c on se q u e nt l y t h e o o f t h e se fo rms c an o n l y b e

t o ne-l o ng , i e d ue t o l e ng t h e n i ng o f a n or ig in a l 11 , a n d si m il a r l y t h e e o f
. .

1113 t o l e ng t h e n in g o f a n o rig ina l i T h is i s c o nfi rme d b y t h e fa c t t h a t t h e .

b in DWB var
/ 3 W
1J 3 is a l w ay s, a nd m 1W3 , 3 rd p l ur p erfect, nea rl y
. a l w ays

(th e i n st an c e s a re 1 1 to w rit t e n d e fe c t iv e l y . F orms like T1 13 W 1W121 ,

13 11
3 , &c .
,
are t h e refo re d ue t o ort h og rap h ic l ic e n c e .

0 2
 T h e Ver b 7 f i
2 -

f
.
4 . Th e cases o f unusual v ow el leng t h en ing ment ioned in b a re

imp erfect Q a l D1 P
1
( also in Ai a b ic y a q dmu), b ut j ussive w it h normal
l eng t h ening g ), 01
7 , w it h re t rac t ion of t h e t one DP a om ,
1 : ( g )
y
( p
DP‘ ! in a use imp era t ive Di P, w it h normal l eng t hening of t h e 12

21
"
in t h e z ud p lur .
fm e .
1 13 7
,
sinc e, ac c ording to 26
p , th e it c a nnot

in a c lo sed ma , infi niti ve I n H ip "l

be re t a in ed p enult i D1P
‘
c on struc t

(M
.

t he or ig ina l 7. is na t urally leng t h ened t o 7. 70

,
imp erfec t D P , j ussive
1 1

DP1, w it h ret rac t o n o f i t h e t one 0 17 1 , on t h e t ransference of t his

i t o t h e H ip h il o f t h e st rong v e1 b , c f
‘

53 a . .

Th e fo llow ing forms req u ire sp ecial c onsiderat ion : t h e p a rt icip le

g
s t o b e t ra c e d t o t h e g ro und-form w it h d unob sc ured, Arab
Q U P i
al
1
.

qati l, 9 g a nd 50 b O n t h is analog y t h e form w oul d b e qai m,

, .
‘

w h ic h a ft er ab so rp t ion of t h e i b ec ame DP, owing t o t h e p redomina t ing

unch ang eableness of t h e d (p lur D1
c h a ra c t er of the d Th e
.
P
D , c onstr . .

1
13 1
7 ,
&c .
) favo urs t h is e x p lanat ion .

(I .
I n t h e imp erfect Q a l, b e sides t h e forms wit h orig inal it ( now 12 t h ere )
fo rms w ith This cl was le ng t h ene d t o a,
"
a nd t h en
a re a lso o ri
ginal it .

furt h er ob sc ure d t o 6 ; h enc e esp ec ially N 13 1

( ND 1
) ,
R
1
1 13
31 ,
&c .
, fr om t h e

p e fect
r N 3 he ha s c ome I n t h e imp er f c ts
e
"
1 13 1
b ut .

( cf . 1 S
a nd W1 3 1
fro m t h e in tra nsit ive p erfect s ( se e ab ov e , c
) ,
most
p rob a b ly also in 1 11 111
2 K 11 11 0 G 1 1 fi c h i an unused ms to

c onsent , and
p e rh ap s in 1 8 4 & c , as in t h e c ases no ti c e d in mm °
.

6 3 e a nd esp e c ially 6 7 n , t h e e o f t h e p reforma t iv e is l eng t h ened

from i ( wh ich is at t e nua t ed from orig inal a) and t h us p i-bai b ec a me
'

p bdi,
i finally ye-b6i
a nd F inally t h e N ip h , D1P3 (ai d -gam), imp erfec t
'
-
.

D1P1 fro m y i m 1 m y ingdm, arises in t h e sa me w a

q ,
o ri ina lly
g 5 ) y
fro m t h e ob sc uring o f [t le ng t h ene d fro m at .

I n t h e p erfect N ip h a l and H ip h il a 1 is inse rt ed b efore t h e

‘ ‘
7 5 .

a E0 1 ma t iv e s b e innin w it h a c onsona nt in t h e 1 st a nd 2 nd p ersons,

g g
R em e i m er ect Q a l , somet imes a lso
a nd re
g ula rly ( b ut see
) t
inh p f
M
.

in t h e imp erfect H ip h i t ( a s 1 11 7131 x1 2

1 1? Lv of 711 13 11 11
- 1
i b efo1 e
.
.

"
t h e t er minat io n o f 13 . A s in v er bs 11 p
”
67 d a nd not e
) t h ese
sep a ra t ing v ow els se r v e as an a rt ific ia l o
p ening of t h e p re c eding
llab le , in o rde r t o rese rv e t h e lon v o w el ; in t h e erfec t H i h il ,
‘

s
y p g p p
h o w ev er, b efore t h e 1 , inst e a d o f t h e i an e is so mew h a t o ft e n fo und 2

( as a nor mal le ng t h e ning of th e o riginal e s ec ia l ly aft er w aw con

p

S o i n A r a b ic , p r o p q a i m, t h e t w o v o w e l s a re k e p t a p ar t b y t h e
'

. si n c e
i nse r t io n o f a n N , c f .
‘
b u t a lso c o n t ra c t e d, a s i dle, h cir, for l a ik,
(o f W r ig h t s Gra mm
'
&c . . . o f th e A ra bic La ng uag e, an d e d. v o l. i p . .

9 1 S 67
1
D 3
I
F 1‘ ( c f. 2 Ch 6 25 ) a n o r t h o g rap h ic l i c e nc e for
'
1 E 1 c o uld o n ly be
j wm Wn1
’

’
p e rh ap s, h ow e ve r, 3 ’ 1
w as orig ina lly in t e n d e d .
 T he V erb 7 2 n—r

m l d in t h n f P at nd ub t it ut f it e 1
3 1
9 13 to
e p y o e e se se o i a a s a s s e or g 1 , . .

11 17113 to sla ugh ter , I S 1 4 ,13

from 11 113 ;
9
set up fr om D P; i 2 S 1 ,

1111917 t o exa lt p a ssiv e £319 17 from D11 ; refle x iv e 7 7 19177 t o st ir up oneself

, ,

( cf 7 7 1117 1
J b 1 7 in p a use from 7 1V; r ec ip roc al 10105 177 to be a sha med
8
)
before one a noth er, a z"
. Th e c on j uga t ion P ilp el 5 5 f ) on t h e ,

a nal og y of v e 1 b s
”
p 9 , is less co mmo n, e .
g, 719 713 t o h url a wa y fi om 7113 ;

77 3 7 to conta in
- fro m 713 5
1 P1 P t o destr oy from 7 1 P .

R E MA K R S.

I . On Qa l .

71 I . Of v e rb s middle e a n d o, in w h ic h , as i n t h e st rong v e rb , t h e p erfect a nd

p a rticip le h av e t h e me form ( 5 5 0
sa . t h e foll ow ing a re t h e o nl y e am p l e s : x
11 13 h e is dea d, fem 11 1313 , and ma sc 11 13 19 ( c f 5 44
. . .
g ; § 66 h ) ; I S t sing .
1
5
l:1 1_
1
11 13 1 ( ev e n in p ause, G n 1 9
19
) p lur 111 13 ,. I st p ers 1J11 D , i n p a use 1J1 1
. 3
3 ; W3 h e

w as a sh amed 1
3W3 1
I3 3 1JW
W 3 1W3
; 7 1N it h as sh one, p lur 17 1N ; 3 1Wto be g ood, .

13 15 . Pa rticip les 11 13 a dea d ma n (p lur 13 1 1113 .

1
13W) ; D 1
W13 a sh a med, E 2 3 23 0 .

w i t h LXX, 111
11 "
F or 1 3 Is 27 re a d 1
3 , or ,

0 I sol at e d an o mal ie s in t h e p erfect are : 11 3 W1 (w it h th e orig inal e n d ing o f

th e
S
fm e . fo r 13
1
W
f m
1) Ez 46
17
( se e g 44 f ) 117 8 I s 2 61 6 ( se e 44
— I n 113
m
1 25
8
( f0 1 1JN3 N13 ) t h e N h a s b e e n d rop p e d c o n t rary to c ust o In
'
ro .

1N3 Je r 2 7
18
( in st ead of 1N3 ) the M asora se e m s t o p oint t o t h e imp erfect 1N3 1
w h ic h is w h at w ould b e e xp ec t ed ,
as Yodh p rec e de s, i t is p e rh a p s si mp l y
a sc r ib al e rror .

) Th e fo r m DP oc c urs ( c f 9 b ) w it h N in t h e p erfect, ON H o
E
1
1 0 4 , a l so in
1
.

t h e p a i tt cip les DN S so ftly, Ju 4 21

, WN1 p oor, 2 S Pr 1 0 4
, p lur . 1 3
23
D1 DN W
doing desp ite unto ( un l e ss D1 DNW I S t o b e re a d , fro m a st e m WNWw h e n c e DN W
2 5 5, fm re a d W it h
1 6
E2 E2 2 8 24 2 ; e .
5
16 7 ; al so 4 in Z 0 1 10
i1 13N7 is t o b e
B e n-N ap h t al i for 11 13 N1 . On t h e a n a l ogy o f p ar t ic ip l e s o f v e rb s middle 6 ( like
D 1
W 13 ,
se e ab ov e
) 0 1 1317 o c c urs for 0 1 a
?7 2 K 1 67 a nd ev e n w it h a t ra n sit ive
m e an ing D15 occulta ns, I s 2 5 [3 0 13 Z c
1 10
5
.
- Partici
p le p assive, P113 c ircu mcised
14 13
b ut 11 0 a
4 , b ackslider, P1
a side, I s 4 9 ( 7 Q re) , a re
1 a n d 11 1 1D p ut 131 of. Je r 1
e

j
v e rb al a d ec t ive s o f t h e for m t ul ( 5 5 0 f ) , n ot p a ssiv e p a 1 t ic ip l e s F or
WM
.

W
D 13 h astening, N 11 3 21 7 , 1 e ad D1 1 11 a s in E x
1
fo r 1 3 1 i 2 8 rea d 1 3 W ‘ '
W
( 2 I mp erfec t s m u a l m o st al w ay s h av e t h e c o rre sp on ding imp era tive a nd in
1
.

finitive construc t i n 11 , imp era tive a nd infi nitive na ( a l so de fe c t iv e l y w rit t e n

as
p
[3 3 1
D7 ) b ut W17 1 h e th resh es h a s imp era tive ( fem ) , M i 41 3 ;

{3 11
3 1 it slip p eth , infi nitive D113 6
4 )
3
c f.
3 1)
1 ( a l so
3 13)
1 Nu 5
1 1 2 a nd 913
I s 7 2 ( e l se w h e re 5 )
11J w it h t h e imp f
er ects 3
1 1J1 a nd 1110 1
; 1 17
1 1 I s 3 ;
0
2
3 1W
Jos 21 6 ; D1 1 E 2 (v e rse 1 6 D17 )
'

7
‘
W h e re
t h e imp erfect (a l w ay s i n t ran sit i v e i n me an ing ) h as 6 t h e imp era tive
a nd infi nitive a lso h av e it ; t h us i mp erfect N13 1 infi n a n d imp er N13 o r
(N3 1
) , . .

N3 l
7 N1 1_2 S 32 17 1N 17 1N; W13 1 W13 — b ip I h 8 “ ( if it b e
2 ,
,
&c .
: a v e rb

a t a l l a nd n o t r a t h e r a sub st an t i ve ) i s forme d on th e a nal ogy o f v e rb s ”N ,

1 In 1 K 1 4
12
( 11 N3 3 b e fore ge n i t ive) , t h e t e t is
a x ev i de nt l y corrup t rea d

w it h K l ost ermann a ft e r th e LXX 1 N3 3

 7 2 s-
v ] Ver bs 1 99
s in c e t h e imp rf ct e e of 13 113 a pp e a rs as 13 13
| N in 1
1 On th e ot h er h a nd
’
WP11 ( as if rom f W13 ,
on th e an al o gy of N13
2 , &c .
) oc c urs as imp erfect of

WP: Th e i mp erfect w ith o, G n 63 , p b b l y in t h

ro a e se n se o f to rule,

h as n o c or re sp o nd i n g p erfect, an d is p e rh ap s in t e n t ional l y d ifi ei e nt ia t e d
'

f ro m th e co mmon ve1 b
1
11 1 to j udge ( f1 o m 11
1
Or c an 111
1
be a j usszve
a ft er N 5 (cf .
5 10
9 S imil ly (j J v) ar ’
0 111 11 N5 m igh t b e ta k e n as

a c ase of a j ussiv e a ft er N5 , w it h irre ul a r g scrip tio p lena (as in Ju in

Dt 7 3 , 9
16
,
1 9
1 1 33 1
,
2 1
5 ,
7
E z 5 1 1 , 7 4-9, B ut p erh a p s in al l t h e se c ase s

D11111 N3 w as o ri in all
'
g y i nt e n de d, as in I s 3 , 1 13 J er 21 7 , w h il e c ase s li k e 0 11 1
p
z 7 2 1 3 are to b e e xp l a ine d a s in 5 10 9 k .
— T h e infi niti ve a bsolute a l w a y s h as 0,

e . 1 1
. 3
g 13 1 C1D
‘ Je r 44
79
.

I n t h e imp era tive w it h 1 , 113 113) t h e

mat iv es ( 1 1313 m S
‘

3 . afi or t one i s on th e st e

s yll bl a e ( cf ,. h ow e v e r, 11 111 Ju 5 12 in t e nt io nal l y v a rie d f ro m 11 11 ;1 a l so 1 1 111

Z0 1 3
7
an d Is 519 b e side 1 13 1 3 11 111
;
1
5 1
J Z c 9
9 11 111 I s gt 1 1 67 ,

li k e w i se fo r rh y t h mi c al re ason s
) . So a l so t h e l e n th e ne d g for m, as mar}
Jer 7
8
,
an d 1 1 111
1 v e rse 7 . B ut if an N f ll o o w s 1 n c l ose c onn e xi on , th e

g
len t h en e d imp era tive usual l h a s t h e orm 11 13 3 &c
1 , y f .
,
1
in o rde r to av oid

a h ia t us, e g
Ju 4 1 8 , 10 8 28 ; h e nc e al so e ore 11 111 1
. . bf Q e
re p erp etuum "
J 1N
'

(5 7 ) 1 c , e. g .
g1 3a
8
, 7
7
( c f. , h ow ev e r , i n t h e sa me v e rse 11 1 111 and i n J er 4 0 ,
5

11 3 Wb e fore N) , an d so e v en bfe 01 e 1

4 I n t h e j ussive,
. b e side s th e f or 3 1 (see a b o v e , f ) , [313
m D1 1
1 a l so oc c urs t
(as su j un c tiv e , E 0 1b 24 ; 1
J J3
O 0 8 0 19
may al so , w it h D e l it z sc h , b e re g a rd e d a s

a v ol un t a tive
) , in c o r rec t l y i
w 1 t en p
t lene,
a n d D3 (1 G n 2 31
7 ; c f J u 6 13
,
.

Pr w h ic h , h o w e v e r, i s o nl y
ort h o rap h ic a l l g
d if e re nt ro m D13 1 ( c f y f f .

Je r I n t h e imp erfect consecutive 1

3 3 1 i
( 13 , p n a use C g
p 1, se e a b o v e, f ) if t h e re
be a gutt u ra l or
'
1 i n t h e l a st s yll bl a e, d o ft en ta k es th e pl ac e o f o, e. g .

” fl a nd he 9 ested ; 1J=
1 1 a nd it was moved ; 1 D=
1 a nd h e turned a side ,
Ju 4 18
,
R u 41

(dist in uish e d g o nl y by t h e se n se fro m H ip h it 1 0 11.

7
a nd he re moved, O n
Ex 2 1 4, 2 K ( b ut al so 1 111
7 1
f ro m b o th 1 11 to j
so ourn, a nd 1 11 to fea r)
1 1 1 ( t o b e dist in
11 gui sh e d f m 1115 1
ro a nd h e fl ew, I s 63 ) h e w a s w ea ry , J u 4 21
a nd

1 S 14
73 31
,
2 S 2 1 1 5, b ut p b b ly in
ro a al l t h ese c ase s 1 111 1 fo r 15 111 1 1 r om F
1 1 11 1 f
5 g h t ly wSm
’

is i n t e n d e d . F or 101 11 1 2 S I 3
3
K eth .
,
the Q
e
re ri re q u ires . On
7 7 ”

t he o th er h a n d , in an o p en s yll b l a e al wa y s 113 1P3 1 O n D1pN1

( D3LN1 .
) , see 49 e.

Ex a m les p of the ful l pl u ral e nd in g 1

1 w it h t h e t one ( see a b o ve , I) a re U

prim Gn 3
1 511 1
p
« 1 0 47 1
; 3 1
1 11 1 Jo 24 1 9 .

II . On N zp h
' '
a l.

5 . Th e f or m of t h e st sing.
re p er f 1
3
11 11 1 3 J, w h ic h f qu n t l y
re e o ec u1 s (
1
11 31 13 ; 1)
”
11 115 3 , of. a l so t h e p tcp .
p lur . D1 3 13 J Ex sel v e s a s a m o d e l fo 1 th e

z ud sing . 11 113 13
| J 11 113 1|3 J, an d th e I st p lur 1J113 13
| ]. gi ve n in t h e p a ra d i gm ,

a l t h o ug h no i nst an c e s of t h ese fo 1 ms are fo un d ; b ut of th e an d p lua . the

1
Cf . D e l it z sc h
’
s co mm e n t ar y on y3
,
8
.
 20 0 The Verb 72 w —e u

o nl y e x mp l
a es found h av e 0 ( not it ) , v iz .
M 13 15 ) ye h a ve b een sca ttered , Ez 1 1 17,

20
3 1 41
,
an d [3 1115 3 11 a nd ye sh a ll loa th e yours lv e e s, E2 20 4 3 , 3 631 —
To t h e . 1 ( inst e ad
of a ) of th e p fom
re r a t ive m ay b e t ra c e d t h e fp er ect 1111;
(a nal og ous t o
“
Zc 21 7

t h e p erfec t a nd p a rticip le 519 3 se e b e l ow , cc), imp erfect 1 1111 for m or — T h e

"

M
.
,

i nfi niti i e construct oc c urs in I s 2 51 0 in 1 1115 J b 3 th e aso ra a ssu m e s

th e e l isio n of t h e {1
1
‘

( for
' 1
11N{1 J) b ut p b b ly
ro a 1 113 5 (Q al
) i s in t e n de d ( se e
5 51 l) — J1DJ I s
. 1
4
91
, 1 1DJ I s 5 9 1 3
. a re to b e re g arde d as infi nitives absolute.

III . On H ip h i l, H op h
‘
a l, a nd Pi lél .

7 g) 6. Ex a m les p of t h e p erfect w it h out a se p ara t in g v ow e l ( see a b ov e , k)

e :
'
I INQ Q
T
,
81 0 .
( see fu t hr e r,
7 6 g) ; {111 13 1 (f ro m 11113 ) for h emdth -td (c f .

); 13 71 5 1 st p lur p erfec t H ep h il f1 om 113 Ch 19

( 5 2 7 s)
‘

§ 2o a . 2 2
9 , e ve n

Nu &c cf . 1 S 1 7
35
,
2 S 1 3
28
,
al so 111 13 5 1 1 E x and 1 111 13 3 0 1 H o25 ; b ut

e l se w h e i e , w i th waw consecutive 1
1 71 Is
11 3 1 cf 1 111
5 19 711 Jer 1 61 3 , a nd

11 5 17 1 Ex &c . I n th e se c ase s th e e of t h e fi rst yll bl s a e is r e t a i ne d

y
i n t h e se c o nda r t o n e ; e l sew h e re in t h e sec o nd s y ll bl b f a et h e t one e or e

i t b e c om e s ( 1 Ch 1 5 , &c ) o r mo re re ue n t l
12
. f q y a nd in t h e s l l a le y b
bf e o re th e a nt e p e nu l t i ma it is n e c e ssar il y nb p{ 1_ Gn
(e1 .
g .
1
B f e or e
'

a sufii x 1 n t h e gr d sing ma sc ( e
’

. . x c ep t G 11 4 0
19
) a nd fem , an d in t h e grd . p lur
the v o w e l o f t h e in it ia l s lla l e y b H a tep h seg h ol, in t h e
1s o th er p e rson s al w ay s

H a tep h P a t/t a lc ( K on i g) ; on 11113 3 5 2 K 9 2 8 94 4 , o f . Ex 1

9
23
,
N u 3 1 23 , D t 4 3 9,

2 22, 2 7 2, 3 01 ,
Ez 34 4
, b
a nd a ov e , i. T h e gl d fem p erf H ip h . . . m an 1 K 21 211
'

is

q uit e a bn or mal fo r mai n f ro m { NO or 11 1 ?

a
)
As in v er b s
”
11 11 w it h 11 for t h e i r fi rst r ad ic al 6 7 w) , al l th e f or ms of 7 111
Ex 1 9
23
( w h e re ag a in st th e rule g i v e n un de r i w e fi n d { 11 1 1
3 1 13 w it h e in st e a d

of i) , D 1; 8 19
,
Ne h 9 34
,
Je r 4 21 9 , and
'
1111 I s 4 1 25 , 4 5 1 3 , t a k e Pa t h ah in t h e se
c on j g
u at io ns i n st e ad of T h e irreg ula r D1D13 W1T | l1 Z c 1 06 h as e v i de n t l y

a rise n f ro m a co m ina t io nb of t w o d iffe re n t i

1 ead n g s , v iz . D1 NDW1H1 ( from
J WD a nd D n13 Wn1_(
1 f ro m 3 1W) : t h e l a t t e 1 is t o b e p f re e rre d — o u . W3 1 ‘
1 1 an d

tr ain as a ( me t ap last ic ) p erfect H ip h it o f W13 , c f. 78 b .

-
y 7 . I n t h e imp era tive, b eside s th e sh o rt f m tapor 1 ( on 3 W1 I s 4 222 w it h
‘

S i ll uq , cf . 2
9 q; b ut in E 2 213
5
for J Wfi rea d th e infi nitive JWH) t h e

g
l e n t h e ne d f or m no pn i s ‘
a l so fu o nd . W ith su fii x 1
JD 1 P{1, &c . Th e imp era
th e su n Je r 1 7
18 is i rre ul a r g ( fo r K3 1 G n p e rh a p s 13 1 3 1 ( as in
40
S c f. 2 K 86 is in t e n d e d , it w a s o r ig in al l y
“
1 20 ) 01 1 1 03 ”
Z I n th e i nfi nitive, e l isio n of t h e 11 o c c urs i n 13 1 3 5 Je r 3 97 , 2 Ch 3 1 1 0
i s a d d ed i n m
-
am 15 I s 3 0 9 3 c f E st 21
3
a n d t h e a n al o g o u s
"
.
: T l

infi nitive H ap h at in bbi l ic a l ra m a i c , D n 5A20 —

As infi nitive a bsolute i0 h o c c urs .

p
i n E 2 7 1 4 ( e rh a l so Jo s 4 3 , er . J — T h e p articip les h a v e 6, o n t h e a n a l og y
o f t h e p erfect, as t h e v o w e l o f t h e p f re o rm a t iv e , l i e v e r b s 11 11
”
k6 7 i) On .

S5 ( 74 k
2
2 ,
&c . i n K e
th ibh ) , see .

“ a On the sh o rt e ne d f or ms of t h e i mp erfect ( 13 91 09 1 1
b ut alwa y s 1113 1 1 ;

th e j ussive al so w it h 1 e t 1 ac t i o n of t h e t one Z a sé K '

- I 2 20 ) se e a b ov e , f .

W it h a g ut t u ra l 01
'
1 t h e l ast s y ll b l a e g e n e i a l ly h a s Pa th a lz (a s in Qal ) , e .
g .

K S 51
<

; l1 1_ let h im mell,
" 1
111 11
a nd h e testifi ed, 2 1 7
13 1 s 1 26
19
; {11
1
1 Gn 8 2 ‘

,
79
 T he Ver b 72 f , 9 9 73 , a

K l ost e rma n n t h e L XX t h e K th ibh DWI! is in t e nde d for

11 "
aft er In Dn 8 e
.

H ip h il Th e re i s a l so d ist in c t ion in me aning b e t w e e n PS”

'

f
’

a p er ect . a

1 67 Q ré (K th ibh Hig
to sp end th e nigh t, to re ma in,
a nd 52 E x
12
e e
h ; c on v e rse l y:
1 68 , Nu 27
e
v e rse 2 K e th ibh Q re p a rticip le Ex 1 4 , to b e

stub b orn, ob stina te : in t h e l a tt e r se n se fro m t h e fo rm Ps onl y ” is foun d ,

Sim
‘

x tumcisedf G n
T

Ex 1 7
3
. O th e r e a mp l e s a re N ip h
‘
al h e wa s cir 1 7
26 f

p artic ip le
34
22
(from 5 473 , no t 5 ?) p fl ip: h e is w aked up , Z c 21
7
( se e ab ov e , v )
tf
H ip h il c a/ an L a
‘
18 W5: Pr
Pe rh ap s t h e sa me e p l a na t io n x me fo rms o f v erb s fi rst guttura l
f w it h Dag ef forte imp l icit a m, w h i c h
ap p l ie s

o t h e rs
to
d er i v e
so
d iffe re nt ly or w ould e me n d ,
e .
g . W HENfor Wm?“ “
T
a nd sh e h a stened W J b 3 D351 (
( fr om 411 ) 15 a n o t h e r re a d ing

is Dv
-
gfl
,
T
min 1 S 15
19
, 25
14
( 1 4
82
Q
e
r e) f om my r D3 ? t fly t or o a a nyth i ng. B ot h ,
as far as t h e for m i s c onc e rn ed, w o uld b e c orrec t ap ocop a ted imp erfects fr o m

7
& e a nd F10 9 ( W5) , b ut t h e se st e ms o nl y oc c u r w i th a w h o ll y diffe re n t
m e a n i ng .

V e rb s w it h a c o nson an t a l Waw fo r t h e ir se c o nd ra d ic al , a re i nfl ec t ed
IO .

t h roug h o ut l ike t h e st ro ng for m , p rov id e d t h e fi rst or t h ird ra d ic al i s n ot

a w e a k l e t t e r, e. g . fi ll
] ,
imp erfect W1 h i to b e wh i te mg ,
imp erfect m l ” to exp ire ;
fi n to b e w ide ; m) ; to cr y ; P i el
'
imp erfect to a ct wickedly 11 3 3? to b end,
H ith p a el
'

m
ama to b end onesel f; a nd t h i s is e sp ec ial l y t h e c a se w it h v e rb s

w h ic h a re at t h e sa me t ime u
”
5 ,
e. g . i1 18 ,
Pi el h i); to co mma nd, n p
i to wa it,

an to drink, P i el ( I s 1 69 , 7 5 dd) an d H ip h i t T1 1 0 to g ive to

on see
1
drink, &c .

§ 73 . Ver bs middle i ( vulgo v), e. g .

l
”
? to discer n .

P a r a dig m N .

a 1 . Th ese v e rb s ag ree, a s reg ards t h eir st ruc t ure , e x ac t ly w ith v erb s

t o t h em may b e t ermed more c orrec t ly

’
” V ,
a nd in c ont ra st V v, or ,

a y in-i v erb s, from t h e c h ara ct erist ic vow el of the impf , imp er , and
‘
. .

infi n . con str . Th is dist inc t ion is j ust ified in so far as it refers to a

diffe renc e in t h e p ron unc iat io n of t h e imp erfec t and it s kindre d forms,
t h e imp er a t ive and infin c on st r — t h e V i? v erb s h av ing 12le ng th ened from . .

orig ina l i t a nd W1) h av in g i leng t h ene d from orig inal i . I n ot h er res ec t s

p
v erb s si mp ly b elo ng t o t h e c lass o f really monosyllab ic st e ms w h ic h , ,

by a st reng t h e ning of t h e ir v oc a lic el e me nt , h av e b een assimila ted t o t h e

t rilit eral for m ) e p erfec t Qa l t h e mo no syllab ic st em as
l
I n t h
67 a .
,

in Y l’, h a s (i leng t h ened fro m (i , t h us : n? he h a s set ; infinit ive mid ,

'

infin it ive a bsolut e N W imp er a t ive

,
imp erfect W WT j ussive “ W:
”
,

4 8 g) , i mp erfect co nsecutive DW EL— Th e erfec t Q a l of some v erb s

p

Th at ve rb s V }? a nd 17 a re d e v e l op e d from b il it e ra l r oot s a t a p e riod b e fore

V’

t h e d iffe re n t ia t io n o f t h e S e m it ic l a ng u ag e s is a d mi t t e d e v e n b y N olde ke

( B eitrage z ur sem Sp ra chw iss .

<
.
, S t ra ssb urg , 190 4 , p 3 4 . al t h o ug h h e c o n t e st s

t h at DE; a nd 11 55“ re ferre d t o H ip h il w it h t h e p re fo rm a

‘
the v ie w ” ” ar e to b e
7

t iv e d rop p e d .
 Ver bs "v ’

73 b ] 20 3

used t o b e t reat ed as h av ing a doub le set of forms, a reg ula r series,

and ot h ers like H ip h il w it h out t h e p r eforma t iv e, e g Dn 1

‘
. . 1 0 ;
Dn 9 2
,
a lso 3335 2
lr 1 3 9 ; {
x l l t h ou str ivest, b 33 ,13
J a lso El i La
The ab ove p f
er ec ts
( P3 ,
&c .
) migh t no doub t b e t aken as forms
middle (
e p rop erly i ) ,
t he i of w hich h as b een leng t h ened t o i (l ike

t h e d le ngt h ened t o in t h e imp erfec t Q a l of DiP)

12 I t is more .

b ab le, h ow ev er, t h a t t h ey are really sh ort ened forms of H ip h il

‘
ro
p .

This is p sup or t ed b y t h e fa c t t h a t , esp ec ially in t h e c ase of re ,

t he
sh ort ened forms ar e few a nd p rob ab ly all lat e, wh ile th e c orresp onding

unsh ort ened forms w it h t h e sa me meaning a re v e ry nu merous ,

e .
g .

f D lJ Q il , in initive
( in D D
”
b I ? only D
'
f P? ”
(b ut infi n
'

p er ect ut .

a bs. only in Pr imp era t ive 79 ?

( only in D n 9 23
i mmedia t ely
b efore film W 5 t h ree t imes and
a l so , p a rt ic ip le
I
\/

E lsew h ere H ip h il-forms are in use alon g w it h ac t ual Q a l-forms wit h

‘

t h e same mea ning t h us : B ld g p la c ing

( (b ut
‘
a l so , o nly in
Jb w hich , w it h t h e c rit ic al ly unt enab le
”
13 ”
.
q Ez 21
21
,
is t h e only

inst ance of Di ?
in H ip h il), D QQ br ea king for th
‘
’
Ju 20
33
,
w it h infin .
Qa l
in" Wain they rushed forth Ju 2 0 3 7 , w it h en s nt
'

i
i
; r g la nc ing ,
; p

al so in p erfect fl ; R Pf} h e sp a t out , w it h imp era t Q

‘
. a l ” Q A s p a ssives .

find a fe w ap p a rent imp erfec t s H op h a l, whic h are really (ac c ording

'
we
to 5 3 n) imp erfec ts p a ssive of Qa l , e g SE I s 6 6 fro m
W 8
s’ ll
t o t ur n . .
'

r ound,
g fro m T“ l/b”
?
1 ) t o sing, set from n”
? to .

2 Th e a b ov e-ment ioned H ip h i l—
. forms migh t e qually w ell b e derived
‘

b
from v erb s V”; a nd t h e influenc e of t he a nal ogy of v erb s V 1) is
dist inc t ly in t h e N iph a l Ill ; (g round-for m n a ban) , P GIEZ a nd
' '
seen

H ithp olel 13 3 130 .

"
Th e v ery c lose rela t ion e x ist ing b et w een v erb s y
’

and W is evide nt a lso me st ems b ot h forms

from t h e fa c t t h at from so

o cc ur side b side i n Q a l, t h us from t o t u rn r ound imp er a t iv e a lso

y
M
,

s
fi ll i D ? t o la ce, in nitiv e c on struc t c ommonly m t 2 S 1 4
i
fi ?
(
'
“
p
Q ), p f
e
i m D in b E “
B ib i I h b f m i
‘
r e er ec t u t x 4 n o t er v er s o n e,
or s .
,

a t an
y ra t e t h e more c o mmon e g
,
t o exa lt ( 535 only Pr 2 3
24
K thibh) ,
. .
e

from F5 (p erh ap s denominat iv e fr o m 5 5) t o sp end the nigh t F5? o c c urs 7

,

six t imes as i n n it iv e c onstr uc t Fiso nl m 23

fi i G b h i er a tive
“

y n n 24 ; ut t e p ,
‘
z
7

is al ways P5 & c — Of most mmon W?

’
v erb s V : t he t o set ,
,
.
s co a re

t o str iv e, l?
“
to j udg e, W”? t o re j oice ; c f al so
.
p f
er ec t 5? (middle
1
S in c e m: p 1
u 39
3 m ig h t h e in t e nd e d for t h e re re ma in s r e a l ly n o

fo rm of ”
i: w h ic h mu st n ecessa rily be e xp l a in ed as a Q al , e x ce p t t h e p tcp .

p l ur . nun Je r
49 N e v e r t h e l e
7
ss i.t i s h i h l
g y p ro b a b l e t h a t a ll t h e a b o v e

i nst a nce s o f H ip h i l -for m s, p a ra l l e l w it h Q a l -fo rm s o f t h e sa m e m e a n ing ,

a re m e re l y d ue t o a se c o nda r
y fo rma t io n fro m t h e imp erfec ts Qa l P22
M x
,

&c , w h ic h w e re w ro ng l y re g a rded a s i mp erfects H ip h il so B art h , Z D G l ii i

'
. . .

p 1 90 f , a nd N ominalb ildung , p 1 1 9 f
. . . .
 20 4 T he Ver b 73 c —y

odh in Arab ic ) t o mp reh end, measure , I s 4 0 (a s in Arab ic

12
D“?
' ‘
co to

an d S yriac) t o rush up o n, a nd t h e denomina t iv e p erfec t PE( rom W? ) t o

f

p a ss the summer, I s 1 8 fi sh
6
On t h e . o t h er h and, a nd th ey sha ll

t hem, J er I 6 “
, g ene ra lly e x plained p f Q a l de nomina t ive from
as er ec t ,

fi sh , b ab ly denominat ive P i el W 1 )
‘
Jj ro rep rese nt s a
p ,

C Corre sp on ding t o p rop e rl y V3 ) , me nt io ned in 5 7 2 gg , t h e re a r e

v e rb s

c e rt a in ve rb s ”’
V w it h c on son ant a l Y6dh , a s i tsto h a te, to fa int, fl il
zf
'

to b ecome, to be, a mto li e v .

d Re m . 1 .I n t h e p erfect Qa l 3 rd fem sing “ 2 1 oc c urs o nc e , Z c 54 , fqr 71 1 ,

2 . .
5 5
m
.
'

w it h t h e w e a ke n ing o f t h e t one le ss a t o e (a s i n t h e fem p articip le y Is .

c f. th e an al og ous e x amp l e s in 48 l a nd 8 0 i — zud sing masc

. . . mil? l
ll
9
8
0 ,
’
Q ré
( b e fore 17 ; cf .
5 72 s
) I st si ng . o n ce 3 W ll
”1 ! milra ‘
, w i t h o ut a ny

a p p a re nt rea so n I st p lur . 13 ]5 Ju 1 9 13 for kin-nit . Th e le ng t h e ne d imp era tire

h a s t h e t one t h e ul t i ma b e fore gut t ural s,

on mn né ‘ i‘
] a35
1
; see furt h e r,
5 7 2 . x
s — E a m p l e s of t h e infi nitive a b solute a re : litiga ndo, Ju 1 1 95 , Jb 40 2 ;
'

B lip J er 11 W p onendo, Is 2 27 . On t h e ot h e r h a nd ,
( for T1
)
Je r 5 0 34 , p3 3 r; Pr 23 ,
1
5mm51“ Ez s o“ K tha
, are i rre g ul a r a nd p e rh ap s
d ue t o in c o rrec t scrip tio p lena ; for t h e last t h e Q‘ ré r eq ui re s 5m; 5m ,

b ut re a d Sin c f. 11 3 x .

e 2. Th e sh ortene d imp erfect usuall y h a s t h e form 13 : W m

: e; C m or e rare l y ,
w it h t h e t o ne mov e d b ac k, e. g . is3 3
3 J u c f. Ex 23 ,
1
nan 5x
-
I S
So w i t h waw consecut ive D’ tfi l '
a nd h e p la ced, {3
3 1 and h e p erceii e d ; w i t h a midd le

y? ! I S 55 Ju 51
“
g ut t ura l DHB b ( ) w it h 3 rd r ad ic al,
”
25 se e 57 2 ee as 11 1 1 .
t o
?

A s ju ssiv e o f
its 5 3 ,
1 is found in Ju 1 9 20
( in p a use) an d Jb 1 7
2
,
for 51 —
7 3 F or

Dl ll
j
' '

s ts Pr 3 30 K eth .
(Q re
e
rea d 3 113 .

3 . A s p art icip le active Qal 15 sp ending th e nigh t, occ urs once , N eh

p a rticip le p a ssive D”?
, Nu
; f mi n in e n p i1
w
2 42 , 2 1IS9
3 , in t h e
32 24
Ob ‘
e
’

S
Q re, e v e n a c c o rd i n g t o t h e re ading o f t h e O rie nt al sc h ool s ( se e p 3 8 , n ot e 2)
e

t h e K eth ibh h a s m r)
.
o

A p a ssive o f Qa l ( c f a b o v e , 5 5 2 e a nd s, a n d 5 5 3 a )
g . .

fro m D" ? m h b n i t g G ( l G m ”
K e
th ibh OWN ,
a y p e r a p s e se e n l a a so 224
Q
e
re DW
Z I; F t h e S a m a r i t a n i n b o t h p l ac es h a s OW N ), a n d a l so i n
j ? “ Ex

S a mar it a n j ol ‘ A g a inst t h e e x p l an at io n o f 7 D“ a s a Hop h a l-for m fro m

‘

m
.

t) , B a r t h ( J ubel sch rrf t . H ildesheimer, B e rl in, 1 8 90 , p . 151 ) righ t ly urg e s

t h at t h e o n ly e x a mp l e of a H ip h 1 1 of
m o is t h e d oub t ful w h ic h is

p rob ab ly a n i-imp er fe c t of O — Th
at e e x p l a na t io n o f 1
3 W “
, &c , as
a p assire of .

Qa l fro m yiysa m, &c

ar isi ng .
= y uysa m so B a rt h i b id
( n o t e I ) is c e rt a in ly a l so
, .
, ,

u nc o nv i nc in g, so t h at t h e c o rrec t ne ss of t h e t ra d it io n a l rea d ing is op e n to

q uest io n .

In v e rb s an: t h e it a l w ays re t a i ns it s c o nso n an t a l v al ue ; t h e se st e ms

g 4 .

a re , t h e re fo re t o b e reg a rde d a s v e rb s middle Guttural ( 5

. A n e c e p t io n x
is E 5
if i t b e i mp erfec t H ip h it o f ( f j ) b ut if t h e fo rm h as
r ;
'

ag 0 1 2
rs: or
rgg
re a l ly b ee n c orre c t l y t ra n smit t e d, it sh o uld ra t h e r be re fe rre d to m g ,
an d

reg arde d a s inc o rre c t l y w rit t e n fo r

103 ° On “ N
; ( from mm w h h ic w as
formerly t re at e d h e re as N W , se e now 5 75 x .
 20 6 T he V erb

f 3 . When it b eg ins a sylla b le

( co nsequent ly b e fore afior
‘

mat ives
w h ic h c o nsist o f or b eg in w it h a vo wel, as w ell as b efore suff
i x es)
it is nec essa rily a firm c onsonant , and t h e fo rm t h en follow s t h e
71 mm ma s i NX
a nalogy of the ve rb , Q
( i
e‘
st ron e &c n p a use
g .
g . a, ,
.

DS S
’
D’

E MA K
T v r

R R S.

V e 1 b s middle e, l ike N D to be full, S re t a i n the Sere al so in t h e ot h e r

g
.

p e rso n s o f t h e p er
fect, e. g .
1
11 1 613 ( 6 3
11 1 E st 7
5
h as _ o w i ng t o i t s t ra n si t iv e
u se ; for 3
1 13 10 1 J os 4
24 1 e a d
w it h E w ald DDS ? ) I n st e ad o f 13 § XD t h e fo rm

13 x3 3 she na m es, on th e h
a n al og y o f t e 1
”
fo rm s n o t ic e d 1 n 75 m, oc c urs i n 5
I s 714 ( fro m 13 633 3 cf .
44 f ) , a nd w it h a diffe re n t me a ning ( it b efa lls)
i n D t 3 1 9 9, Je r 4495 , i n b o t h p l ac e s b e fore N , a n d h e n ce , p ro b ab ly, t o a v o id
a h ia t us ( o n t h e o t h e 1 h a n d , 11 ND13 1 E x 5
16
l o nl y b e t h e zud sing masc
, cou d . .

th e te t x w h ic h is e v ide n t ly p rob a b ly b e e me nd e d t o
c orrup t sh oul d

m
"
y; n aw m w it h th e L XX ) i n N ip b a l 13 1 5 3 1 1 8 23
; i n H op h a t NNDH
‘

6
G n 3 3 1 1 - The z ud fem 0 1 b y B ae r, G e n
sing is w ri tt e n 13 1 &c , a c c ord ing
. .

3
MS S
.

to e a r ly .

( 1315
A
It 2 . Th e infi n Qa l . oc c u rs so me t imes on th e an al o gy o f v e rb s 11 ) ,
&c .
,

se e 5 7 5 nn) i n t h e fe m ini ne for m ; so a l w ay s DS SD to fi ll (as dist inguish e d

fi o m S SD fullness) , Lv Je r 2 9 1 0, E 2 5 2, al so w r it te n 13 111 1 7 53 .

Je r 25
12
,
Jb 20
22
,
&c .
,
and DN1 D E st 5 .
1 5. O f furt h e r, 11 x3 3 Ju 8 1 ; nNJD
.

Pr 8 13
; b e fo re suffi x e s, Ez 33 12
,
an d l ike w ise i n N ip h . Zc 1 3
4
a l so i n P i et

SS
D N D E x 3 1 , 3 3 , 0 1 11 1R DS D n 5 2
9 , &c K e
th ib h ;
33
w it h su fii x 2 2 1
2 —
Ou S . S .

991 a n d N S WD , see 5 4 5 e ; on 13 1 0 3 obvia m,

t h e ( aramai z ing ) infi nitives 11 1 5
1
9 k — DDN¥ D3 wh en ye fi nd, G n
. st a n d s ac c o r d in g t o 9 3 q , for .

DDS YD . T h e t on e of th e l e ng t h e ne d imp era tive 13 § Q 3 Ps 4 1 5 a s Mil e

ra
( b e fore
1
255 3) i s t o b e e xp l a ine d o n rh y t h m ic al g i ound s ; c f. th e a n al og o us c a se s in
2 s. — fm imp era tive i n R u Q i mh i,
9
7 Th e z ud e p lur 1 h as, a c c o rd in g to th e
M tu
. .

form NX a nd in th e ot h e r h a n d, t h e a e dit ion

‘
. D v e rse 20
73 3 3 ; on an

a nd G in sb urg , on g o o d aut h o ri t y , re a d [NYD 114233

3 3 . Th e p a rtic ip le f n.
er i s c om m o nl y c o n t r a c t e d, e . g NNYD ( fo r 13 § ¥ D)
. ZS 1 8 22,

c f. E st 2 15
; so N ip h cl 13 3 55 3 Dt Zc 5 7
( b ut WNW) I s a nd H op h
‘
a i,

G n 3 8 25 ; l e ss fre q ue nt fo
r ms ai e 11 m Ct 13 rd? ) I K 1 0 22 (c f .
76 b ,
b e side 13 w as infi nitive construct from R 99 1 ) a nd w it h out R ( se e k)

13 21 ”
( from NY
) ” Dt 2 8 57 4 , . b
( 99 I n t h e fo rms O NDlT sinning ,
6 ’ '
I S 1 33
cf .

feig ning th em, N eh , t h e R is e l id e d , a n d i s on ly 1 e t a ine d 0 1 t h o

3
6

g rap h ic al ly 2 3 c) a ft er t h e r e t ra c t io n o f i t s v ow e l , se e t h e a n al og o u s

c a se s i n 75 cc — O u t h e p lur masc p iep N ip h c f

.
93 oo . . . . . .

[3 4 F re q ue n t l y a n R w h ic h i s q u ie sc e n t is omit te d in W i it in g
. 23 f )

(a) in t h e m id dle of t h e w o rd , e.
g . 1331 1 S 25 3
;
1
113 73 N u 1 1 1 1 , c f. Jb 2
1 1 ;

Ju 41 9 , c f. J b 3 21 3 . I n t h e imp erfec t 3 311213 Je r Zc 59 , R u 1“ ( b ut the

sa me fo r m oc c urs w it h Yodh p le o na st ic a ft e r t h e m a n n e r o f v e rb s in
Ez a c c o rd ing to t h e c o mmo n 1 e a d ing cf 7 6 b a nd Je r . in Pi el
3 3a
1 ( aft e r e l isi o n of th e S ,
cf .
5 75 ) G n 3
oo 1 39
; a nd al so i n Nip h al

Lv 1 1 43 Jos 2 1 6. at t h e e n d o f t h e w o rd ; K 1 21 2
c f. ( b)
e
D1 DDJ K th ib h
3 I

H i p h it i
nn? ! 2 K cf . I s 5 3 10 ( 15131 3 for 111 13 3
1 5
p erfec t H ip h it of 5
11 13 forme d
 7 4 z 75 , a, b] Ver bs s
”
$ 20 7
a ft e r th e ma n n e r o f v e rb s N);
”
i n t h3e i mp f
er ect H ip h i l it 5 5
16
K e
th ibh
1
3
: 1
1 1 1 415 ; 1 K Mi 1 1 5 ; in t h e infi ni tive, Jc r 3 23 5 ; i n t h e p a rticip le,
2 S5 IK 2
, 21
21
,
Je t 1 9
15
, 39 ,
'
s a l l in K e h ibh
t ( 3 79 , a lw a y s b e fore N , h enc e
1

p e rh a p s o nl y a sc rib a l e rror ) .

5 I n t h e j ussive, imp erfect consecutive, a nd imp era tive H ip h i l a nu mb e r o f c a se s

.
1
oc c u r w i t h i i n t h e fi n a l sy l l a b l e ; c f N } I 6 “
2: s 3 ( in t h e p a ra ll e l p a ssa g es
m
.

2 K 1 8 29 , 2 Ch 3 21 5 wh ff) ; u
i s N e h 8 2
( b e fore Niph “ 2 K 1
21 1 (cf .

K K
3
1 K 1 62, N3 U13 1 2 629 ; R 31’ 1 D t 2 1 11
2
, f
i 7 8 16
12
1 5 ;
3 43
imp era tire

7 ; N3 1
3 18
11 3 3 Je r
1 1 ? ! I s 4 3 ( in b o t h c a ses b e fo re
1 I f t h e t ra dit io n b e
c orre c t ( w h ic h at l east i n t h e de fe c t iv e l
y w rit t e n fo rms ap p e a rs v e ry dou b t ful )
t h e r e t e n t io n o f t h e i is t o b e a t t ri b ut e d t o t h e O p e n syl l ab l e w h i l e in t h e
c l o se d s l l a b l e o f t h e
y 3 rd sing masc a n d fem , and t h e 2n d sing ma sc a ft e r 1 . . . . .

consecutive, t h e i is a l w av s red uc e d to e . I n th e e x a mp l e s b e fore 11 c o n sid e ra

t io ns of e up h on y m ay a l so h av e h a d som e i n flue n c e ( c f § 7 5 h h ) — I n . .

E z 40 3 , B ae r re ad s w it h t h e W e st e rn sc h o ol N‘ 3 1 , w h il e t h e Orien t al s read 3
i n t h e K eth ibh a n d i n t h e Q re N3 1
e
}
"
.

On t h e t ransit ion of v e rb s W? t o fo rms of 3

1
”
3 se e 75 nu .

§ 75 . Ver bs ” 5
,
e. g . m
in to r evea l. P a ra dig m P .

B roc ke l ma nn, S emit Sp ra ch wiss , p 1 4 9 ff . . . . Grundriss, p 6 1 8 iii — G R B erry, . . .

‘
Orig i n al W a w in
’
v e rb s i n A J S L . xx . 25 6 f .

Th ese v erb s, like t h e v erb s 1 a 69 , b elong t o t w o diffe rent a

classe s, v iz . t h ose orig inally W5 a nd t h ose ori inally
g
1
’
w hic h in
Arab ic , a nd e v en more in E t h iop ic , a re st ill c le arly dist ing uish ed .

I n H eb rew , inst ead of the orig inal 1 or 1 at the e nd o f t h e w ord,

a 13 alw a
y s ap
p in t h e i
e a rs
p x
( c ep t
e )
ep p a ss Q a l a s a p urely ort h o . .

g rap h ic indica t ion o f a final v ow el )

2 3 1s ; h enc e b o t h c lasses a re

3 for 33 h e h a s r evea led 13 310 for 1 5? b e ha s r ested

.

”
called e g 3
1 3 . . .

B y far t h e g reat er numb e r o f t h ese v erb s a re, h ow ev er , t re at ed as

originally only isolat ed fo rms occ ur o f v erb s V3 .

3
1
3 ? to be a t rest may b e rec og n iz e d a s orig i n al l y i n t h e fo rms in w h ic h 6
th e Waw ap p e a rs a s a st ron g c on so n a n t , c f. I st sing . f
p er ec t Q al 1
13 1 3? J b 3
26
,

3 3
.

t h e p a rticip le 1 a nd t h e d e riv a t iv e 3
1 1 19 rest th e ot h e r h a n d t h e imp erfec t
g} ; on

i s 11
3 W"(w it h Yodh ) . I n 31
33
1 ( A rab . to a nswer, a n d 13
313 ( A rab .
2 to b e

afilicted, t o b e se e n t w o v e rb s o r ig ina l l y di st in c t , w h ic h h av e b ee n
a re a ssi mi
l a t e d in H e b re w ( se e t h e Le ic o n , s v x . .

A c c ord in g t o W el l h ause n ,
‘
Ueb e r e in ig e A rt e n sc h w ac h e r V e rb a
’
i n h is
S kizz en, v i. p . 2 55 iii , t h e 1
”
3 v e rb s, a p a rt from so me t rue an d so me
p rob ab le ”
3 , a re to be re g a rde d a s o rig in al l y b il it e ra l . To co mp e n sa t e for
t h e i r a rre st e d dev e l o p me n t t h e y l e n g t h e ne d t h e v o w e l a ft e r t h e 2n d ra d ic a l ,
as t h e v e r b s d id a ft e r t h e I st r ad ica l B ut a l t h o ug h t h e re is muc h t o b e .

said for t h is v ie w , i t fa il s t o e xp l
p a u sal for ms l ike 13 3 1 3 ( se e it )
a in I t se em s
3 .

i mp ossib l e t h a t t h e se sh oul d a ll b e la te fo rma t io n s

M
.

2
In th e esa i nsc r i p t io n , l ine 5 , 13311 1 a nd h e op p ressed oc c urs as 3 rd sing
‘
.

masc . imp erfect Pi el,

'
a nd in l ine 6, 131 mI will opp ress a s 1 3 1: sing .
 20 8 T he Ver b 75 c —e

Of q uit e d i ffe re n t c l a ss are t h ose

a v e rb s o f w h ic h t h e t h ird ra dic a l is a
consonanta l n dist ing ui sh e d b y H ap p ig) T h e se are i nfle c t e d t h ro ug h out l ik e
( .

v e rb s tertia e g ut mra l sf '

z Of 5 6 5
. n o t e on t h e h e ading .

Th e g rammat ic al st ruc t ure n 5 ( see Pa radig m P ) is b a sed

”
of v erb s

o n t h e follow ing l aw s

1 . In al l forms in w h ic h t h e orig inal Y6dh or d w ould st a nd at

th e end o f
( g)
t h e w ord, it is drop p ed n t akes it s p la c e as cf . 24 a nd

a n o rt hog rap h ic indicat ion o f t h e p rec eding long vow el S uch an .

indic at ion w ould h av e b een indisp ensab le , on p ra c t ical g rounds, in t h e

st ill u nv oc aliz ed c o nsonant al t ex t . B ut ev en a ft er the a ddit ion of

t he v ow el sig ns, the o r t h og ra

p h ic rul e re mained ,
w it h insig nific a nt
e x c ep t ions (see 8 k, a nd d in 13 13 2, 5 t h at a fina l v ow el must b e
I n v erb s n 5 t h e n whic h is h ere em
”
indicat ed b y a v ow el let t e r .

lo e d a w el le t t er is rec ed ed b t h e same v owel in t h e same p art

p y s a v o p y
o f t h e verb t h rou h out a ll t h e c onj u at ions Th u s t h e ending s are
g g .

n
T
in all p erfec t s, n»
‘
m e
5» ,
r s, & c .

Fl in all imp erfec t s and p art ic ip les, 715? &c .

in all imp erat iv es, 7153 ,

_ in t h e infinitive
N_ ab sol ut e e x c ep t in H ip h il, H op h e l,
‘ '

a nd g enerally also P i él , m and

f
’

see c

Th e p a rt icip le p assive Q a l alone fo rms an e x cep t ion ,

the or i
g inal
353 me
( ) a nd so also so
”
or 1 , see v rea
pp ea r in
g at t h e end,
de rived
nouns c , e,

Th e infi nitive c on struc t always h as t h e e nding ni (w ith nfe minine) ;

Q al M5 3, P i él T1559 & c ; for
‘

, . e x c ep t ions ,
see n and y .

d x
Th e se fo r m s m ay b e e p l aine d as foll ow s —i n t h e p erfect Qa l n a st a n ds,
§
ac c o r d in g t o t h e ab ov e , fo r a n d, simil a rly , i n N ip h a l, P u a l, a n dH op h a l
‘ ‘ ‘
.

T h e P i él and H ithp a el may b e b ase d on t h e fo rms Sipp , r eam! ( 5 5 2 l ; an d B

‘ ‘

5 5 4 k) , and H ip h il
‘
o n t h e fo rm 59 9
’
m
o n t h e a nal ogy o f t h e it i n t h e sec o n d

syl l ab l e o f
t h e A ra b ic dqtdld Pe rh a p s, h o w e v e r, t h e fi nal d of t h e se
5 3 a) .

j
c o n ug a t io ns sim p l y fo l l ow s t h e a n a l o gy o f t h e o t h e r c o n ug a t io n s j .

6 x
Th e e p l a na t io n o f t h e fi n al t on e -b ea rin g n o f t h e imp erfect i s st il l a .

m at te r of A s t o t h e v a rious t re at me n t s o f it , se e B a rt h , N omina l
disp ut e
M x
.

b ildung , i p if , w it h xxx 1 3 6 , R e m , a n d ZD G l iv 6 9 5 f , ag a in st
j
. . . . . .

'
Ph i l ip p i s o b e c t io n s i n t h e Z eitsch r ift fair Volkerp sych olog ie, 1 8 9 0 , p 3 5 6 f al so
M
. .

Z D G l v i 2 4 4, w h e r e B a r t h a p p e a ls t o t h e r ule t h a t, i n t h e p e rio d b e fo re
. .

t h e d iffe re n t ia t io n o f t h e N o r t h S e mit ic d ia le c t s, fi n a l iy b e c om es ( constr .

not i ML . a mb e rt , J ourn
8 93 , p 28 5 Prat o rius, Z D G l v 3 6 5
. A sia t . 1 . M . . .

x
T h e mo st p rob a b l e e p l a n a t ion no w se e ms t o b e , fi rst , t h a t t h e un ifo rm p ro
n un c ia t io n o f a ll im p e rfe c t s a n d p a r t ic ip l e s w i t h S eg h ol in t h e l a st sy l l ab l e m e re l y
fo l l o w s t h e a nal og y c f t h e impf Qal , a n d se c o nd ly , t h a t t h e S eg h él o f t h e impf
. .

Qa l d oe s p e rh ap s ult im a t e l y re p re se nt a c on t ra c t io n o f t h e orig ina l t e rm ina

t io n LT a l t h ough e l se w h ere (e .
g in t h e imp era tive
. of Ws
) a i is usually
’

c ont rac t e d to 6 .
 21 0 The Ver b 75 k-n

k 5 . F inally, a marked p eculiarit y of v erb s n 5 is t h e

st rong ly -
”

j
re ec t ion of the ending ” f in forming t h e j ussive a nd t h e imp erfec t
c onsecut ive. Th is sh or t ening c c urs in all the j
c on ug a t ions, and

so met imes also invol ves furt h er g c h a n es

in t h e v oc aliz a t ion (see 0 , y ,
bb, gg ) . S imilarly, in so me c o nj ug at ions a sh ortened imp era t ive ( c f .

4 8 k) fo rmed b y ap ocop e of t h e final 11

18 (see cc, ,

I 6 . Th e ordina ry form o f t h e imp erfect w it h t he ending fl _ serv e s

in v erb s n 5 to
”
e x p ress t h e coh or t at iv e also 48 c
) c f. G n 1
26
,
s

2 Ch &c . Wit h a final 71_ t h ere oc c ur only : in Q a l,

“
l n
(w it h ) i 77
4
ret ained,
11 7
d z 1 1 9 ,
fl ‘ Dfi
YA
N th e see b elo w , u f
°
a nd in
:
H ithp a él Is ( it h T i kli a , t h erefore i n lesser
)
‘
w p p ause .

R EMA K R S.

I . On Qa l .

1 . Th e ol d e r form of t h e fem . of t h e grd sing . p erf 11 3 ,

. 5 me nt ion e d ab ove ,

unde r i
( c f. 5 7 4 g) , 18 p r ese rv e d i n 11 W }? ( b e for e N) Lv 25 21 ( c f. 2 K9 37
K eth ibh ) ;
l ikew ise i n H ip h il l 13 n ( b e for e N)
1
‘ ‘ '
Lv 2634 ; 11 13 11 E z
1
5 2
4
12
; a nd i n H op h
‘
al

(b e fore ) J 13
1 er 19 — Th e a nd sing. f m e . is al so wit tr
en 11 1 , t h us i n t h e

te x t us re c e ptu mm s 2 S 1 4 2 a nd a l w ay s i n B ae r’ s e di t io n s (sinc e as in
mo st o th e r v e rb s W171 and [1 1
5 5 I s
8
57 ; N W}? Je r 2
2 3, E2 1 6 43
,
-
c .
( so maxim
1 K 1 7
13 from N8 1 ) . I n t h e 3 rd p ers p lur t h e t one , i nst e ad . . of ke e p ing i t s

usual p l ac e (1551, &c . is re t rac t e d m it 153 , b o t h on a c c o un t o f t h e p aitse

a n d al so in rh y t h m ic al a n t it h e sis t o t h e p re c e d ing 1 3 ; a l so i n I s 1 68 u 5 m
( a c c m d i ng t o D e l i t z sc h fo r t h e sake o f t h e asso na n c e w i t h 11133 ) a nd i n

Jb 241 a m .
-O u t h e t on e of t h e p erfect consecutii e se e 49 k .

77, 2. Th e infi n . a bsol. fre q ue n t l y h as 1 ( p r o b ab ly a surv iv al of th e o l d e 1 o rt h o

g ra p h y ) for n_ e. g . 1 311
Gn 1 813 ; 1Wv Je r 4
18
,
&c .
,
Ez 2 S 2
4
24
;

im G n 26 99
,
I s 69 ( c f. 1 S &c .
, b eside m
“ . Th e form h in } I s 2 21 3
g ( b esid e
111 Wi n th e sa me v e rse ) ap p eai s t o h av e b e e n c h o se n o n ac c ou n t o f it s sim i
l a r it y i n sou nd t o DH W; so in I s 4 220 Q ré a n d H o 1 0 , 1117 N ( un l e ss i t is a
e 4
‘

sub st a n t iv e , oa th s ) a nd W1 21 ; c f. a l so 11 1W}? H b 3 1 3 — Con v e rse l y , i nst e ad o f t h e

.

i nfi nitive construct 11 1 ;5 suc h fo rm s a re o c casi ona ll y found as 1

1 53 or 153 , cf . né fi
Gn 4 8 11
a Pr 1 61 6 a Gn 10
3
1 0 1 , a l so T
e y Gn
r 3 1 28 (cf . Pr a nd

e v en w i t h t h e sufiix th e v ei y re ma rkab l e form MW

}! E x — Th e fe m in ine
fo r m 711 1
51 ( for 11 113 1 ) Ez 1
28 7 , a na l o g o us t o n o un s l i ke 17 15
1 (c f 4 5 d) , . is
-
st ra ng e , but 11 1 1 as infi n E 2 . 21 15 1 s q uit e in e x p lic ab le — Th e fo rms inna n d
.

I s 5 91 3 p e rha p s t o b e re g a rde d w it h B a rt h , N omina lbildung, g 5 1 a , a s

ai e

i nfi nitives a b solute o f t h e p a ssive o f Q a l ( se e a b ov e , 5 5 3 a ) , n o t o f P0 at —T h e 2 n d .

sing ma sc imp era tive 11 1 1 1 o c c u rs i n t h e p rin c i p a l p a use i n P r 4

4
. . an d 7 2 ; b ut

1
I n t h e S il oam i nsc rip t ion a l so ( see ab ov e , 2 d) , l ine 3 , mn m i
ay be re ad

i q uit e w el l [wr p a
11 2
? as as

A ll t h e se infi nit iv e s c o nst ruc t in 6, i n t h e Pe nt a t e uc h , b e l o ng t o t h e

2

d oc ume n t c al l e d E c f 69 m, se c o nd no t e . .
 Ver bs n5
”
21 I
75 o—t ]

p rob ab ly t h e se fo rm s are simp l y t o b e at t rib ut e d t o a aso re t ic sc h o o l , w h ic h M

i n g e n era l m arked t h e diffe re nc e b e t w ee n c e r t a in fo rm s b y t h e use o f e fo r e,
a n d c onv e rse l y e for e ; c f t h e an al o g ous e amp l e s in 5 2 n , a n d e sp e c ia lly
. x
l K t h G a mma tik d es B i bl -A ra m , 1 7 , 2 , R e m 1 — 0 11 t h e
5 75 h h ,
a so a u zsc ,
r . . . ,

re ad i ng . WW
'
SFW C t W 3
“
( for 11 1
233 3,
on th e a nal ogy o f th e r e ad i n g a a
g in & ,
c ,
.

no t e o n t h e p assag e
’
5 74 h ) , se e B aer s .

Th e sh ortening o f t h e imp erfect ( se e a b ove , k, a nd t h e not e on h h ) o c casio ns 0

3 .

in Qa l t h e fol l ow in g c h ang es
a r, i f t h e se c o nd ra dic al
e
( )
a A s a r u l i
e th e fi rst ra d c a l t a ke s a h e l p ing s g h , o

is a g utt ural , a h e l p ing Pa th a h ( a c c ord ing to 5 28 e ) . Th u s fo r 5 31 ;

W mix nd destroyed
<

1 1 h e looks he
a nd h e desp ised, G n 25
94
; a nd h e b uilt ; 1_
, ; a ,

G n 7 23
( b ) Th e i of t h e p re form a t iv e i s t h e n some t ime s l e n g t h e ne d t o e,
e 3 &W’
1) . .

h e sees . Th is, h ow e ver, most ly h ap p e ns onl y a ft er t h e p re forma t iv e n, w h ilst

t h e h omog e ne ous 15 ma in s, ( b ut 15 131 (b ut i

.

aft er 1 re e .
g . 3 1
3 51
) w it h midd l tt l 13
31 3 ,
1 1 1 Jb 1 77 ( from ms)
uni- Th e unusual
( b u t 1 e gu ura

p osit ion of t h e t one in N IWZc W ai mMi 7 10

( so B ae r a nd G i nsb . e d. Mnt a .

N1
5
W
”W) i,
N s b e st e x p l a in ed ( e x cep t in N WG n 4
’ 1 33 , b efore 5 ) on th e a n a l ogy

o f ”W
WW& ,
c. , 5 72 s, as due t o t h e foll ow ing N . B ut c f al so h h . .

Th e h e l p ing v o w e l is e l se w h e re n ot use d un der t h e

( c) c i rc u m st an c es men
t ione d i n 5 8 d ; 3 W 1
2 ’ N u 2 1 1 Je r
, 4 1 10
,
c f J b 3 1
27
; . on th e ot h e r h an d ,
w it h i l e ng t h e n e d i n t o e ( se e p WI
) TW E
, W T }, WW’
l , f an . n : h e sees,
Th e fo l -m a

(b ut
E

o c c urs p aral l e l w it h RW’

1 a nd he sa w
grd fem . a l w ay s &WI D, t h e l at te r

w it h t h e o rig in a l Path ah o n ac c ount of t h e fo l l ow ing W, a nd id e n t ica l w it h

t h e 3 rd sing ma sc t h e imp erf consce H ip h i l, . of . . 2 K 1 1
4
.

m5 7
.

x
( d) E amp l es o f v e rb s p rima e guttura lis a nd at th e sa me t ime ,
”

ar e W351 in p ,
a use Wfi] a nd h e ma de, from WW}! 1151 .
a nd he a nswered, from my
( al w ay s ide nt ic a l w ith t h e c orre sp o n ding forms in H ip h il) ,
W
WE
'
a nd h e divid ed
] ,

from mm me simil ar fo rms o f N D see 5 7 6 cl — I n t h e fol l ow ing c a se s

. On so
”
.

th e in it ial ( h ard ) g ut t ural d oe s n o t a ffe c t t h e fo rm : a 1 a nd h e wa s wroth ,

5 mp ed ( 3 rd p lur 11 m W 5 f
g, (
‘
1 it h l d wd) let i
7 31
1 w e
1 a nd h e enca D a g
. e le n e a n

Jb 3 6 c f EX 1 8
9 —
On 1 , D? ) ( W s
12 a s w e ll as ) & c , se e 5 7 6 b , c, j l
’
j
re oice, . .
1 D ,
.

( e) Th e v e rb s fi x! to be, a nd Wl
E to ti ve, o f w h ic h t h e sh o rt e n ed i mp e rfe c ts 8
ough t t o b e y ih y an d yilzy, c h an g e W1
t h e se forms t o N and th e sec o nd Yod) .

b e ing r e so lv e d in t o i at the e nd o f t h e w ord ; b ut (5 ) 1

3 3 1 11
'

in p a use 29 n 3
, ,

w it h t h e orig i na l 61 mod ifie d t o segh ol w i t h t h e t o n e ( c f. a l so nouns l i ke 1 3 3

for b akh y . in p a use fo r ony , &c .

, 5 84
“
c, and 5 93 For ” WEI ,

h o w e v e r , i n D t 3 21 9 , s m ce no v er b W Wx i t e s s, we must rea d e it h e r W151 , or

b et t er n j n (S ama rit an NWIW),

g as imp erfec t Qa l of iWWg to forg et — A n a l og ous t o

w from H
F) ,
t h ere o c c urs o n c e , fr om h
i)
“
s to be, t h e form mmfor h e w ill b e,
Be 3
b ut n o d oub t N11 ! i s t h e r ig h t re a ding .
“
1 1 ,

Th e full form s ( w i th out a p oc op e of t h e F1 cf .

5 4 9 c) no t infre q u e n t l y t
oc c ur aft e r waw consecutive, e sp e c ia l l y in t h e l at p ers a n d in t h e l a t e r b ooks,
.

e. g . W§ Wl~t 1
1
lT
a nd I sa w, t w e nt y t ime s, an d Jo s 721 i n K eth ibh , b ut n e v e r in t h e
Pe nt a t e uc h Wft fifte en t ime s, a l so in t h e
( N t
l of w h ic h t h re e a re in t h e F o nt .
)
P 2
 212 The Verb 75 th e

3 rd p e rs.
‘

Ez 1 8 93 , Jb 9 31 and h e ma de
12
42216 ‘
Q re ; 1 ,
fo ur t ime s (b ut W115!
ove r 20 0 t imes) c f.
9
al so Ju 1 9 ( 1 1 11
1 13) I K ( 31131)
1 0 29 11 1 Dt 119 a nd

G n 24 4 3 S o al so oc c asion ally for t h e j ussive, c f G n 1 , 4 1 3 4, Jer

.
— F or t h e 9
.

w e ll at t e st e d, b ut meaningl e ss 1111 1 151 b 621 ( d oub t l ess cause d b y t h e fol l ow ing J

re ad 1111 131 ye see, w it h G insb urg .

u 4 Th e orig ina l me t ime s ap p e ars e v e n b e fore afi ormat iv es b eginning

1 so
" '

w ith a v ow e l ( c f ab ov e , h an d l) , e sp e c ial ly in and b e fore t h e p a use, an d b efore

.

t h e ful l p l ural ending or w h ere for a ny r ea so n a n e mp h asis rest s on t h e

w o rd . Perfect 57
2
, 11 5
1 11 7
Dt 3 2 3 7
,
cf .
Q
e
re ; imp era tive 111 2
11 I s 3 21 1 9.

I mp erfect 1111 10 Jb 1 622,

.

3 0 14
( w it h o u t t h e p a use, p
u 6 8 32
) 11 S t
W1 a : Jb
cf .
77 ;
4 D t 8 13 ; 43
‘ 69 : more fre q ue nt ly l ike 111§1 W1 gt 7
8 44 ; I s 1 71 3,
26 1 ,
1
3 ,
1 3
41 ,
5
68 7 8 3
it 3 , 3 9 , 3 ; b e for e
;
'

a suffi x ,
Jb 3 25 . Al so in Pr 267 11 >m
a s p er ] ! Qa l from 71 111, w as p e rh ap s 2 o rig inal ly int ende d, b ut h ardly 11 3
5 ,
si hc e
t h e se full forms, t h oug h t h ey m ay st and ou t of p ause, do n ot b eg in se n t enc e s
p rob ab l y p o in t s t o 15fi from 5 1 as t h e righ t re ading , sin c e t h e se nse
5 ?

r eq uires a n int ransit iv e v erb . Cf furt h e r,

. v, a
c, dd, gg .

-Part iz i ium ’
5 T h e p articip le a ctive ( c f V ol lers, D as Q il
‘
v . . at p ,
ZA . 1 90 3 ,

p .
31 2 if , an d o n t h e p art ic ip l e s o f T1 , i b id , p 3 1 6 b eside s fe minine ”
5 . .

forms l ike
1
1 5 11 Ju 2 0 81
, & ,
c P r 2 0 12
, h as a
. l so a feminine w h ic h re t ains t h e
d d l F123 ) ; h gh tumultuous, I s 2 22 ( p lur
i i weep ing , L a 1 16
i ?
1 v z . 11
3 r r a c a ,
3 ?
31 .

1 35111 3 1 1 e th i gs th at
n
3
Pr P 1
5
27
8 1
i 1 1 h
1
1 sp n
y g, r 3 1 11 1 1 f rui tful t
, i
1 2 p lur
3 11 t 0
.
, ,
1
are to c o me, I s 4 1 23 . W it h t h e o rdinary st rong infi exion 1 ap p e ars i n Ct 1 7 ,
b ut p e h ap s t h ere
r 3 3
al so
91 71 3?
w as int end e d unl e ss it sh ould b e 11 111 a wanderer ,
.

F or 1 35 5 I s 59 1 is t o b e re a d -0 n 11 W
1 31 K 40
for a c f 5 1 1 6 g, n ot e
}? x 20 .
,
. .

-I nt h e p articip le p assive t h e grd ra d ic al st ill so me times ap p e ars as 1 ( 5 24 b ) ,

c f 1W ma de, Jb 4 1 , 15 ?
.
'

g
25
b J c o nt ra c t ed from 111
0 3 , 119 ?
3 an d
b e fo re

forma t iv e c on sona n t al so und, 13 11a ( d 0 11

n )
1
a e n din g , it ev e n h as it s re a

2 K 23 4
; ( re ad
‘a
suwéth ) IS 25 18 K fih ibh , 111119) ( re a d n
‘
tuwéth ) I s 3
“

K th ibh Th e sh ort e ning o f th e e in 1 11 R I E st 1 29 is i rregul ar

‘ ‘
e “

. .

6 T h e de fe c t ive w rit ing is

. ra re i n suc h forms as 2 S 1 5
33 IK
-1-
K9 15 an d th e
15 Jb 6
c f. 1 8
; 11 1 11 E x 21 6 ( c f. Jer 1 8 21 , 4 86 ,
1 Ch 7 ,
1 7 ,

p ro nunc iat io n Mi of. 11

93 1 J31 3
u5 29
( unl ess th ey a re sing. with su fi
’
.

of t h e grd sing. B ot h c ase s a re p rob ab l y to b e e xp lained acc ording

to 5 20 i .

‘
II . On N ip h al.

7 H e re t h e forms w it h th e 1 st and and sing. of t h e p erfect

1 in
. p ers .

p re do min at e ( 1 onl y i n 11 1 ; G n
7 5 24
9
) on th e ot h er h and i n t h e 1 st p lur,

a l w ay s as IS 14
8
. No e x amp l e s of th e 2nd p lur . oc c ur. — W it h
1 re t a in e d in p ause 1 1§3§ N u 1 o nc e w it h a n init ia l gut t ural 11 11 1 Ct 1° fo r

T151 ” p rob ab l y arisin fro m t h e

3 g ord i nar y st ron g form nihru, b ut t h e h a rsh ne ss

of i mmedia t e ly fol l ow e d b y 1 is
'
av oide d b y p ronounc ing t h e 11 w it h H a tep h
Pa tha lz — I n t h e grd sing fem nl11-
‘
WJ Pr 2 15
( in p a use for fi ia J) 1 l W 11 may an d
’

. . . 1 7 0

b e t ransp osed for e up h o n ic re ason s ; b ut p rob ab l y w e sh ould sim p l y re ad

nn1W1 —A mong forms Wsmust c l assed , w ith B uxt orf and

’
Nip b al of be
‘
.
 21 4 The V erb 75 cc—gg

on
"
11 1 Ju 5 13
, see 5 69 9 . F inal ly , on 1
1
5 1 ,
w h ic h is re ferre d t o Pi el b y
‘
so me ,
as a supp o se d imp era tive, see ab ov e , it .

CC 1 2. x
E amp le s of ap oc op at e d imp era tives in Pi cl a nd H ithp a i t a re : 13 ,
a l so

my co mmand th ou, op en th ou, u 1 1 9

1 8 22
3 p p
p re a re th ou , it 6 1
8
; D: fOI ri m
p rove th ou, D n f eig n th yself si ck 2 S I
3 ; cf . Dt 224 . —On 713 1 Ju

cf .
5 48 l .
- In 1 37
7
11 31 raise i t, is fou nd t w ic e i nst e ad of 11 31 ( for ar m) for
r h yt h mic al
( h
x
ow ev er, 11 1 in t h e im er ec t 2 Ch
3 1
re a sons p f , c f. ,
2
dd 1 3 E amp les of forms in w h ic h t h e Yodh is ret a ine d a re t h e imp erfects
11
5 1 I 1 8
f 5
se 2 5 a n d 46 ; 113 9 3
1
1 th th m E 5
a rticip le
( 1
1 s 40 ,
c v e r ey co
.ver e , x 1 5 p

P u a l 0 1 11 12D I s 25 6 ; for 71 1 1 N I s 1 69 ( fro m 1 11 ) rea d w i t h arg ol is,

11 N
1 1
1 M
On H ip h i l H op h al
’
IV . a nd .

66 I 4 Th e
.
3 1 d sing p erfect ip h l some t
H . i i m e s h a s S ‘
gh él i n t h e fi rst syll ab le in st e ad
‘

of i (5 5
1 ( b ut p erfect consecutive 71 17 “ 2
e sp ec ia l l y i n 11 1 3 71 N1 1
5 K
nsSn ; a l so w it h suflixes, e .
g . I Ch 8 3
9 15 1
3 1 3 Jb 16 71 1 3 711 E x 21
8
. T he
S gh ol
e
al so o c c urs in t h e w t sing , e . .
g .
1
1
I1 NS1 Mi 63
O n .
1 11 1 N‘ 17!1 Na 3 5 c f.

5 53 p . Th e forms w i t h é i n t h e se c on d sy l l a b l e (a lso w rit t e n de fe c t iv e ly , as

1
113 711 J er a re found t h roug h out i n t h e 1 st sing ( e x cep t Pr
. r a r el y i n

the a n d sing ma sc , a n d ne v er in t h e 1 st p lur

. I n t h e o t h er p erso ns t h e y are
. .

a b out e q ua l l y c o mm on w it h i , e c ep t in t h e z u d p lur , w h ere i p re do mi nat e s x . .

B e fore sufiixes t h e fo rm s w it h i p re domina t e t h roug h out c f , h ow e v e r, e in

Mi 6
.

Ex 9
, Pr On t h e t on e oft h e p erf . consce. H ip h . of 5 ,
se e 5 49 k .

I n H op h a t 1 o c c urs i n t h e 2n d sy l la b l e
'
.

1 5 I n t h e infi nitive H ip h it o f 713 1 to be a bunda nt, b e side s t h e construct 11 13 1 71

.

w e fi nd t h e a bsolute t a king t h e p l a ce o f t h e c ommon fo rm 7 13 1 71, w h ich

h ad co me t o b e use d i nv ariab l y ( b ut K onig c al l s at t e nt ion t o it s use as infi ni .

t ive construct in E z 2 1 20 ) as an a d v erb , in t h e se n se o f much in 2 S 1 41 1 t h e

Q
e
ré re q u ire s 11 3 1 71 for t h e K e th ib h 11 1 3 1 3 , a n e v id e n t sc ri b al e rro r for 11 13 1 13
Cf G n 4 1 49 , 2 21 7 , D t 28 63 ; t h e p o int in g “ 3 1 71 Je r 4 22 p rob ab l y arises from
.

re g arding t h is form a s a noun — O n 11 11 13 71 b 1 7 2 ( w it h Da ges f diri mens) se e . J .

‘

5 20 h .
—I n K3 24
11 13 3
N) is p rob ab ly infi nitive a bsolute, used i n order
2 (b e fore
t o av o id t h e h ia t us, c f 1 1 3 x, an d on a simil ar c ase in Qal se e ab ov e n
.
, , .

Ou t h e infi nitives w it h e l ision o f t h e 11 , c f 53 q . .

6 Th e imp erfect H ip h il e i th e r t a ke s n o h elp ing v o w e l , as

‘

gg 1 . sh or tened
1 1 3 1 let

W
0

h im enla rg e, G n 9 27 ; h e sh all sub due, I s 4 1 2 3

l 11 a nd h e wa tered, G n &c ; .

N1 1] K 1 14 (se e 5
) : o r e l se h as h e l p ing
a nd he sh owed, 2 28 d a v ow el , as

N1 i p ro b ab l y J 0 3 243
Z (11 3 1 11 ) E xa mp le s o
—
1
’
31N K ‘ th ib h f v e rb s fi rst
“
ré
. . 0 .

1Q .

guttura l z 531; 1 Nu 2 3 2, w h ic h c an b e dist inguish e d as H ip h i l from

th e si mila r forms in Qal on l y by the se nse . —Th e ap ocop a ted imp era tive H ip h il
'

a l w ay s
( e x c ep t in v e rb s
1
”
3 ,
e. g . 3171 ,
DD, 5 7 6 c ) h as a h e l p ing v o w e l , S egh ol

or Pa th a k, e. g 31. 1 increase th ou (for h a rb, 10 5 1 4

Q
e
re, a l so Ju 2 0 8 8 ,
w h e re ,

h ow e v e r it c a nno t be e xp l aine d t h e te t x st and s ; 7 1 1

1 let a lone ( for 51 71
7151 7!
1 D 14
1; 9 , &c p) n E x 8 1
, 3 3
12
; b ut fo

c ou ld o nl y b e imp era ti ve H ip h it o f 1 1W = smea r over a s in I s

r a c 3 9
14
,
w(fo r n
h ich

re ad w it h
fi M
3 3_ ( ,

B ae t h g e n 7!11Wlook a wa y — T h e imp erfect H ip h i i w it h Y6dh ret ained oc c urs only

.

i n 111 1111 Jb 1
9
2
, from 7
.1
11 . Cf . u .
 Ver bs Ws
’

75 hit -
mm] .

V . I n General .

1 7 . In A ra mai c t h e imp erfect a nd p a rticip le of all t h e c on ug at ion s t e rmina t e j

in or
9 Th e H eb re w infi nitives, imp era tives, a nd imp erfects 1 n n_ , l e ss
freq ue n t ly RT or ”
T
.
, may b e due t o imit a t ion of t h e se fo rms . On t h e
infi nitive constru c t Pi el se e ab ov e , a a
'
i mp era tive Qal s yn J b 6 i
3 7 ( n t h e se nse
of f a ll
) ,
i mp erfect W) ” ”
let h im look out, G n 4 1 93 ( b ut se e ab ov e , p ) ; p gfi h e will m
do, I s 64 njnn SN Je r 1 7 ; RQ H J
9
N consent th ou not, P r 1 fi Wvfl Stlt do
17 19
' ' '
° °

S
l

th ou o , 2
n t 13 1 2
( t h e sa m e f o rm i n G n 2 699
, Jo s
9
7, J er 40
16
Q );
e
re rl’ nN
(so
B ae r a nd i
G s
n b u r g, a ft er c o d H ill e l , & c ) wil l t e,
J e 1 3 1 1
1
l JJ J os
.
94
9 ; . I °
'

nmn D n 1 1 9 Cf al so in N ip h a l m . m} Lv 5 9 man (ac cording t o Q im hi)

.

Nu 2 1 97 in P1 el aS mL
°
v 1 8 " 17 2 0 1 9 i n e ac h c a se n
SJl N5 b e si , , j ,

w it h min or d ist inc t iv e ; i l JJj ( B aer ”DJDNa T

il J N E 12 3
5 ( w it h Z a qep h ;
‘ '
'
'
a z 1

B aer mu
g) . T h e fac t , h o w ev e r, t h a t a g re at n umb e r o f t h ese fo rms oc c ur i n
p ause a n d t h e sa me t ime a j ussive o r volunta tive (Jo s
re p rese n t at sugg e st s
t h e vie w t h at t h e S ere is use d m e re l y t o i n c re a se t h e e mp h a sis o f t h e
p ausal form , a nd at t h e sa m e t ime t o make a d ist inc t io n i n so und b e t w e e n
t h e j ussi1 e o r volunta tive a n d t h e o rdin a ry imp eiyect 1 E l sew h e re ( G n 2 629 ,
'

M
.

Lv 5 9, Je r 40 1 6, D n 1 1 9 ac c ordi ng t o B ae r a l so i Z 0 9 5 ) t h e p ro nunc iat ion

w i t h e i s p rob ab ly int e n d e d t o so ft e n t h e h iat us c ause d b y a fol lo w ing is o r
cf . th e a n al og o us c ase s ab ov e, 5 74 l .

Th e g e n d in m
J t h e im p erf t Q
ap p e ars
ec a l i n DW ”
JV -to
11 u st a n d for n
‘

a nd th ere h ath sh e pla yed th e h a rlot Je 1

3 ; p e rh ap s, h o w e v e r, t h e and si ng fem
e
, .
.

is int e nde d , o r i t ma y h av e b ee n int rod uc e d i nt o t h e t e x t o f Je re miah fro m

E 2 1 61 5 , &c S t il l m ore st ra ng e is it in t h e imp erfect H ip h il 17 13 171 53 Jer 1 8 23
‘
.

b ut t h e Mil el t ‘ ’

o ne p rob a b l y p o in ts t o np n as t h e c o rre c t reading ( c f N e h .

t h e p erfect H ip h il SQ -
"
Th e _ st a nds for n_ in ” e made s1ck, I s 5 3 1 9 , w h ic h
l h
is p l ob ab l y for w5nn from 11 511 , a sec on dary fo r mf 5
11 11 ; se e rr
o T h e p lur .

1 0 1
m (B J
aer J DD
‘
l) th ey ma de to melt, Jos 1 4
8
is a p ure ly A ram a ic fo 1 m .

1 8 In
. two v e rb s th e ra re c on j ug at ion Pa lel or it s re fl e xi ve 5 5 d) o c c urs

map
"
( f1 om 11 1 b ut most fre q ue n t ly 1 n nnw to bend, P a let
’

a rch ers
, Gn 21“

xi mnnwn t
’

711l n ot in use , w h e nc e refle ve o b ow onesel f, to p rostra te onesel , f

an dp ers . i n 11 1 a nd 1 st p ers. in i mp erfect nymph , consecutive 3 rd sing .

masc annr t h e noun forms, l ike mg

’

e n for
. wa yyil‘ta h w (a na logous t o for sa zw l );
grd p lur . JJHR W — I nst e
‘ . ad of th e a ra maiz ing infi ni tive w i t h suf x i fi nnna a
2 K 51 9
re ad w ith K onig mayh em} i n E z 8 1 6 DDJJHH D W 1 8 st ill more c e r ta inly
a scrib al e 1 ror for Dl ml lWD ’

9 B e fore sufi ixes in al l for ms e nding in n a c o nne c t ing v ow el is e mp l oy e d

1 .
[1
i nst e a d o f t h e n a nd t h e c onne c t ing v o w e l w h ic h p 1 e ce de s it ( s 5 8 f ) , e g . .

‘
JHJ G n 2 497 i n p ause "
JJV IK &c .
, ev e n w it h l e sse r d is unc t ives, j A
1 1 18
5
,

Pr or w it h j
a c o n un c t ive ac ce nt , 1 S 28 1 5
( b ut B a er ’ JJ V) , b 19
J 30 ; c f.

5 59 h j JV, in p a use i I s 30 1 9 ( a n d ev e n w h e n n o t in p a use Jer 9

23 7 )
° ''
z ,
or
,
l

7 11 , p 1 511 ,
1
9 H i h a 1

O nl y v e ry se l do m d oe s t h e i mp era t . or impf . e nd in b e fore sufii xe s, e . g .

x
Possib l y t h e se e a m p l e s ( l ike t h e c ase s o f S g h ot in p a use, see 11 ) rep re se n t e

t h e v i e w o f a p a r t ic ul a r M
aso re t ic sc h o o l , w h ic h w as int e nde d t o b e c on
sist e nt l
y c arrie d o ut .
 21 6 The Ver b 75 nn—r r

DW JN
u NE
’ D t 3 29 9 ; 113 1 5
1 33 1 40 1 0 Q ré ; "
9
r i g sm ite m e,
2 0 3 5 -37
; c f H b 3
3 , I K .

E ve n in t h e se e xamp l e s a re t urn t o t h e o rig inal e n di ng a y migh t

'

19
Is 3 8 .

be assum e d ; b ut p e rh ap s t h e y are m e re l y d ue t o a l ess c orre c t p lene w ritin

g .

I n t h e 3 rd sing p erf fem t h e . . . ol de r form N_ SJ( see i) i s alw ay s used b efore a.

su fiix, e .
g 111 3 .
5 ( for 1 1111 3 ) Z c 5
‘
5 in p ause ‘ JlWWll Jb 3 34 ; W
FINW4 2
= AT ? l7 1
5
.

VI . Th e Rela tion between Verbs Fl” 5 and N

”
5 .

7277, 20 . Th e cl ose re l at ion e xi st in g b e t w een ve rb s N “) an d Wsis ’

sh ow n in
H e b re w b y t h e fac t t h a t t h e v e rb s o f o ne c l a ss o ft e n b orrow forms from t h e
o t h e r, e sp ec ial ly 1 n t h e l at er w rit e rs a nd t h e p oe t s .

00 21 . Th us t h ei c a re forms of ve rb s N5 ”

( ) Wh ic h
a h av e a dop t e d t h e v ow e l s of ve rb s 1
”
5 e .
g p f
. er ect Q a l ”DN
SJ Z I h a ve
ref rained, 1 1 1 1 9
1 91
1 p articip le sp in (N19 Fl) sinning , E0 299, 8 1 3, cf . Is
NEW
?) Ec 7 29
W
N J lending, I Piel p erfect N 1: h e h as 5 J 34
cf
‘

, fi lled ,
e r 5 1
°
.

I K 9 1 A m 42 ( w h e e h ow ev t h p e f t N ip h i p h p s int nd d) 8 9
1
, 1 ,
er , e r ec . s er a e e ,
11
,

1 43 ; m
-
3
us 1 I h l 2 K 2 cf J 1
5 ;
9 i mp f t NDJJ Jb
ea , 3 9 ; N ip h l p f
91 °
. er er ec 94
a er ect

lW lWNSDJ ( like 1111 531) it was w nd ful 2 S 1 ; H p h l p erfect NSDH D t 2 8 99 59

o er , 1 i ;

FlFlNZ ll W ( not
- c f. ab ove , 2 S sh e h id, J0 3 61 7 On t h e ot h e r h a nd,
‘

J .

forms l ike 13 1 t 1 S 1 4
99
, D‘ NWP 99
9
,
JNBWJ E z 4 7 3, "
JJ1NBWIW
,
ac c ordi ng t o

th e c orrec t rea d in g , Jb 1 9
2
( c f. Gn 3 1 3 9 WJ1$ F1N) , an d JNW‘ imp erati1 e p lur ma sc
1 . .

from NW Jos
: 1 S 1 224, 1 19
1 34 ,
1 a re d ue t o t h e el ision of t h e N, see 5 74 i .

On N1 WJ ‘ Je r 1 0 5 a nd NJ WJV J 1 39
99
, see 5 23 i .

pp ( b) F orms i n Fl , g imp erfect Qa l 115 1 135

b ut ke ep ing t h e ir Wsvow el s,
’
e. .

m W W 19 h c h must
J e r 92
3 ; i p era tive FlEl h ea l th ou, ;
1 N ip h a l s B FlJ Je r 4 9 (w i
e v ide nt l y b e a p erfect , re ad w ith E w a l d t h e infi nitive a b solute 1W 3 11 J a s i n

v erse an d FIDFlFl to hide onese lf, IK 2 225 , c f . Jet Pi el imp erfect F D” W

21
he wi ll ll
fi , Jb 8
may}
.

qq ( )
c F orms e n t ii el y of a Fl
”
5 c h arac t e r, e . g p erfect Qa l
. and wh en th ou a rt

a th irst, Ru 29 , c f. 2 S th ey sh ut up , 1 S c f. 25
93
59 th y
; 1 1 full e a re ,

Ez 28
19
,
c f. 39
29 °
infi nitive lDFl (se e ab ov e , 11 ) to sin, Gn 20
9 o
( e
,
451? s e ab ov e
n 11 1
.

‘ 1 '
74 h )
°
imp era tive sing .
fm e .
1
3 11 I s imp erfect WJW ( for N W)
J h e will keep
W
f m NB
"
Wn th ey h ea l, Jb 5 a DlB Pr 1 21 9 5
ba ck, G n 2 3 9 Fl JB 19 articip le Be
J 10
°
°

p e .
;
,

p lur . Is 29
7
; p articip le p assive l 1 WJ11 1
3 21
; N ip h
‘
al
"
mm; Je r 5 1 9 3 11 1 3 )

th ou ha st p rop h esied, Je r 26 ( c f
3
. Jb imp erfect 15
31
9 2 K 229 ( infi nitive
Pi el imp erfect 1BW c f G 11 3 13 9 H i J E 8 3
W
‘
1_Jer i h il ti l FI Q
Y
Je r _J ; r c e z
°

p p a p

5:
.

E tikp a el FIJB JIWFI ISlB Jl l W

infinitive lW
'
IS 1 0 13. F o r t h e K eth i bh 11 a

K a n d o t h e rs re q uire as Q ré t h e form nl NWaWs( so I s

25 9
2 1 9 ,
Jab l on sk1
t h e K ethib h w oul d h av e t o b e re a d 11 1W1W 5 , W it h e l ision of t h e N and re t rac t ion

of th e v ow el .

2 2. On t h e ot h e r h an d, t h ere a re forms o f v e rb s Ws w h ic h
’
,
w h ol l y or in

p art foll ow t h e a nal ogy o f v e rb s g in t h e ir c o nson a nt s NnN h e mes,

W
e. . co

Is 21 13 ; NW3 2 S 1 21 7 (textus recep tas

9
11 N§ Wl E z 4 3 97
; NJ ‘ Jb 8 1 1 °

NJ W La 4 ‘
, N W F’ l l
"
W
2 Ch
J W
FI NW F-
l Ex 1 19
, Lv 1 0 1 9 ; D N 11 Dt
- J
5 '
28 9 9 ( of .

WK
“

Ho NW J (infin W . a bsol. Nip b

‘
al b eside 2 S 19 ; NJ 2 25
99
, NEW
D
 21 8 T he Verb 76 e

q uiesc e nt , is made a ud ib l e ag a n i p
b y t h e h e l ing S eg h ol (unless p erh ap s t h e re
is a c on fusion w it h t h e imp erfect . consecutive H ip h it of

6 ( )
d V e i b s mg a nd W s( ’
c f. 5 69 , 7 0 , a nd
'
5 1 3 : to go forth , imp era tii e
as

Y
N g f
o orth ,
w it h 1 _ p a ra o
g g ic TIR ) ’
Ju 9 29 i n
p rin c ip al p a use for nxx and fem
1 3 13 11 Ct 3 “ infi nitive 11 N¥ ; H ip h i l to bring f — N3 ‘
p l ur . 1
5 orth .
_ to fear,
imp erfect N1 “ a nd N1 1’
1( or imp era tive R1 1 imp erfect N ip h ai N1 1 ‘ ‘4 1 3 0 4 ’
,
7

p a rticip le min
W s(c f 5 69 , 70 , and , H ip h 1 1 to
f
” ’
( ) e V e rb s 1
E1 a nd . e .
g.1
1 1 1 to th row

and 1 to th row (b ot h p rop el ly v e rb s

’
YD) , a nd
f
con ess , to p ra ise, 1 1
: T15 ‘ to be
b ea utiful 1 1
1
11 11 1
i mp era tive T1 f
11 imp erfect Ez 3 1 7
‘

. I nfi nitive 1 .
consecutive

c f a l so 1 61 3 w it h we h a ve sh ot a t th em ( from T1T ) N u 2 1 9°
( ) sufi ixes
1 1
1
. 5 11 1

p erh ap s, h ow ev e r, it sh o ul d be rea d w it h t h e LXX 13 1 1 11 a nd th eir ra ce ( al so in

8
th e v e ry c o rr up t p assag e l 74
l: 13 31 3 is p rob a b l y a sub sta ntive, a nd no t t h e

imp erfect Qa l w it h su fiix from Pi el fo r ( 5 69 u) . H ip h zl 11 1 1T1 ,

1 1 1T1
. infi nitive 11 1 11 ( as infi nitive a bsolute 2 Ch 73 ) imp erfect T11 11 , c f.

J e r 2 23 ; ap ocop a ted 1 111 2 K 1 3

17
.

(f ) V erb s g p
ri
an d Ws p art icularl y N13
'
me Perfect l g 1 185 TIN;
f S3
to co or
g , .
, ,

S M
<

5 7 5 m) ,
3
13113 ( Gn 1 68 , 2 14
3
, i c f. o nc e for a
3 s; 5 1 2 ; fo r
1
2e r w h ic h is ap p are n t l y t h e p erfect, re a d I n t h e imp erfect Qa l t h e
sep arat ing v ow e l oc c urs (1
1
13
1
32 3 i n st e a d of th e more co mmon T13N513 c f. al so

1 53
4
1 1 G n 3 0
33
) o nl y in J er t 15
i 45 , a nd 1 S 107 K ‘ th ib h .

It F or m um I S 2 53 4 Q
e
re ( t h e K th ib h
e 1
11 13 3 11 1 ev ide n t l y c o mb ines t h e t w o
rea di ng s a nd ”1 c f. N e st l e , ZA W xiv . r ead
3
1 N3 1 53 131 ; th e
1 . on

im p ossib l e forms D t 3 3 1 6 and Jb 1

2 22 c f. 48 d .
—I n t h e p erfect H ip h i l wan
1 N3 T1
3 a nd ( o nly b e fore a suffi x) 1310 3 1 t h e l a t t e r f0 1 m is al so c e rt a inly 1 n

t e nde d i n N u 1 43 1 , w h e re t h e asora re q uire s cf 2 M

I s 4 3 23 , . K
J 13
e r 2 5 , Ct 3
4
B e fore sufiixe s t h e e o f t h e fi rst sy lla b le i n t h e grd sing alw a y s
. .

b e c ome s H a tep h segh az, e g 1 1 5 1 3 1 ; e l sew h ere inv ariab l y Ha tep h Pa th a h ,

5 1 3 T1 1 3 1 . .

e.g . 1JI N3 T1
3 or
3
131 x1 3 1 On t h e o th er h a nd , e is re t a ine d 1 n th e se co n dary

t o n e i n t h e p erfect consecutive w h e n w it h ou t suffi x e s, e .

g . Cf more .

ov e r, 111 NPT11_ ( 111 NPT 11 in Op itius an d H a h n 1 s a l t o g e t h e1 i n c o rre c t , Pr 2 1 6

) 5
from N P; b ut 1
‘
? S p u e ye,
J o r 2 5
27
( p e rh ap s o n l y a mist a ke fo r 1N'
P) 1 8 no t t o ,

b e r e fe rre d t o wPb ut t o a se c on da1 y st em 11 P I n t h e imp erfect NP1 1_1 3 found

: 3 .

Lv 8 , b e side s {< l ( a na log ous t o

25 —On 13 18 ( for NE W) 13 7 1
on c e 1 , 9, 2,
se e 74 k .

i (g) Th e form to live, i n t h e p erfect Qa l , b e sid es t h e ordin ary dev el op me nt

t o 11 1 1
3 is a l so t rea t e d as a v e rb p m ,
a nd t h e n b e c o me s 1 11 in
t h e 3 rd p ers p erfect, in p a use 1 1 , a nd w it h waw consecutive 1 1 3 1 G 11 a nd fro
.

3
q u e n t l y I n L v 2 5
3°
. t h e c o nt r a c t e d fo r m 1 11 is
1 p e rh ap s st constr . . of 1 1
3 life, b ut
in a ny c ase rea d 1 1
3 1 p erfect consecut ii e as in v e rse 35 . Th e fo1 m T1‘ T11 o c c urs in
T Y ?

Ex 1 16 i n p a use fo r 1 3
1
3 1( 3 rd f m ) w it h Dages omit t e d in t h e
e .
1 o n a c c ount of

t h e p ausa l l eng t h ening of a to a .

 77 a—
f , 78 a ] R ela tion O
f Weak Ver b 21 9

§ 77 . R ela tio n f W ea k V er bs t o
o th e on e a nother .

The c lose relat i on w h ic h e x i st s b etw een some c lasses of t h e w eak a

v erb s
( g b e t w e en Ys and
e. . 5 a nd N 5, a n dn
’
”’ D N”
, W ” a nd ” 9 , p p
” ”

a p p ears no t only in t h e r s m lar ty or dent t y of inflexion, o r t h e r i i i i i i i

i
mut ual nt e r c h ang e o f c ert a n forms, b ut esp ec ally from t h e fa c t t h at i i
fr eq uent ly t h e sa me ro ot
(ra dix bilittera , see 3 0 g) recurs in va r i ous
w eak st e ms of si mi lar meani ng . Th e mean i ng ac c ord ng ly i is i nh e rent

in t h e t wo c onst ant root -c onsona nt s, i

wh le t h e t h i rd c onsonan t wh i c h
,

is w eak ( and t h e p art i c ul a r c l a ss of w eak v erb s i

w t h it ), does not
est abl sh a n
y i d ffe r e nce in t he mea n ng i i . T hus f ro m t he roo t
"
Tl ! t h e re
oc c ur i
w t h t h e same mean ng fl} , i N3 3 t o strike, to crus h; a nd

from t h e roo t 1 ) t h ere are

"
m ,
"
17 3 ”7 3 t o
fl ee

In t h i s manner t h e followi ng classes a re relat ed in form a nd 5

meani ng :

1 . r
V e b s V ” a nd ’
W}? i n w h ic h t h e fi r st a nd th i d r c o nsonan t s a re th e sa me
i n b ot h , as b e ing e sse n t i al t o th e me an ing e. g at : a nd to become p oor
MD
.

a nd w as tofeel "
m a nd T } ; to fl ee .

2. V el b s "’ D an d
"’
, D; g 3 3 : a nd 3 3 2to p la ce, W
e. T }; and WP: ( yaqoé) to lay
. C
sna es r . M r o r
e o v e , st e ms b e l ong ing t o t h e c l a sses m e n t ion e d 1 11 1 ( e sp e c ial ly

V i? ) are fr q e r
ue n t ly e l a t e d a l so t o v e b s "’
D and VB , e g 123 a n d r
to fea ; . .
“
m: r
Bit: a nd 39 “ to b e good ; 11 5 3 a nd ms to blow ;
rm an d
VHS to da sh to p ieces .

V rb e s W e me le ss f req u e nt ly c onne c t e d w i t h t h e se c l a sses, 9 .

g . Wi tt and

W“ to th r esh
,
&c .

3 . Ve
s N rb
a nd W
”
5
( in w h ic h t h e fi
’
s r st t wo c on so na n t s fo rm the r ea l d
b o dy o f t h e st e m) a re some t im e s e l at e d t o r eac h o t h e r ,
a n d so me t im e s t o t h e
ab ov e c l asse s T o e ac h o t h e , in fi g ? a n d
. r to ru h
c s
, a] ? a n d r g to meet
a
( c f. 5 75 nn
-
); r
t o v e b s of th e o t h e r cl asses, in mmand rgp to suck, ms an d rm
to th rust, &c .

4 .r W1! and Wson w h i h of Gr mm J urn l f B ibl Lit 90 3 p 1 9 6 ;

Ve b s ’
,
c . i ,
o a o
,
1 , .
6

igh m) and Dp j t b qui t n

e. g ra
g ;
s. and
ws
a t
g gq and
3n t in lin o s ,
o e e , o c e,

nd 5 3 t
5 nd 1 5i ) an d BSD t d p i me and 33? t nnw and nne t
‘ ‘ ’

a o e 1 o es se, o err, o
,

b end down
, nowa n d DD? ) to p lunder .

5 V e b s V3)
. r a nd my ; 9 .
g . 5ma nd ( Ne w H bre ew , in 0 T . . onl y 51m: f
I s 1 29 ) to ci r um i w: nd 3 7173 t x h ng fi ll ( in
c c se, a o e c a e, n llJD
'
a lig h t) an d to

a l o D m15
sh ine c f.
- r t t E x 7 w it h 0 5 r t
i
sec e
11
f1 om
; s ar s, sec e ,

78 . Verba Defectiva .

It oft en h ap p ens, wh en t wo k i ndr ed w eak v erb s are in use w t h i a

th e sa me meani ng , t hat b ot h are defec tive, i . e . do not o cc u r in a ll t he

forms . S i nce ,
h ow ev er, t h ose t enses a nd fo r ms wh i ch a re not in use

in t h e one verb a re g enerally sup pl i ed b y t he oth e r ,

t h ey mut ually
co mplet e one a noth er, and t hus form t oget h er, as it were, a n ent re i
 2 20 The Verb 78 b , c

v erb , a s in G reek 3pX/ O t a i , aor. fih Oov ,

fut .
’
e h efia oy a i, and in Lat in f ero,

t uli, la tu/ m, ferre, & c .

,
b ut w t h t h i i s di ffer enc e, t h at in H eb rew th e
r o ot s of t h ese v erb s are almost al ways closely relat ed .

6 Th e most common v e r b s of t h i s kind are

W3 t b h m d H ip h il W3 7} (inf rr d from 11 1W3 1 ) b ut al W21? !
o e as a e .
‘
1 e e 1 ‘

,
so 1

W3 1i1 1 if fr m W 3 on t h
, as n l gy f v rb s V s ; al o in I s 3
o t h e Q re1
, e a a o o e
'
s 0
5 e

r quir W3 n w h re t h K th ibh h s 25 mmfr m W15 3

'

1 e 1
e es , e e a o .

D1E t b g d P rf t 3 113 ; b ut imp f t 3 D“ and H ip h t D D fl from J D

:
o e oo . e ec er ec i 1 1

(b ut c f. 11 S D 1 1 '
2 K
( from
"
31 to b e f
a ra id. I mp erfect 11J1

m t h e imp erf r
'

a wake, onl y 1 11 fo r t h e p e fect, t h e H ip h il s use d

‘
: i
‘
to
ypq

rm
.

( fr mo ) .

J fD to b r ea k in p ieces . I mp e fect r rom we)

f . I mp e r a tive
r1B . N ip h al

’ 1D
1 J P i él DJ ( fr om
? .
rDJ) . Pan
1 3 13 ( from R eflexive H ip h i t
D
r 1
1 '
. Als o
rD¥ D Jb 1 61 2 .

DYJ(Qa l in p ost -b ib l ic al eb ew , in a m aic a nd H r Ar Arab i ) c t o p lace, w h e nc e

(p ossib ly ) N ip b a l DXJ and H ip h il T XD ( se e ab ov e , 5 7 1 ) b ut H ithp a el 3 8 2

'
71 11
' ‘

71 l r
to d ink, use d l n Qal ; b ut in H ip miDEW.I to give to drink, fr om a Qal ‘ ‘
liJW
w h ic h is n ot used in H br e ew .

On 1 53
1 ( S
Q J) tog o
,
se e ab ove , 5 69 x.

c Rem . I . T o t h e same t h ose c ase s c a t ego ry b e lo ng al so , to a ce r tain xt e e nt ,

r
w h e e t h e tenses o r moods n ot m use i n o n e c o n ug ation , a re sup p l ie d b y fo ms j r
h av ing t h e sa me me an ing in o t h e c o n ug at ion s of t h e sa me v e b h us r j r . T
Th e infi nitive ( b ut of 6 ot e) a n d i mp erfect, unuse d 1 11 Qa l,
fl
1 to a dd
D .
9 h , n .

a re sup p l ie d b y t h e H ip h il
'

fi
‘
Di l
'

fl
1
D11
( on F D 1 as
] 1 r
imp e fect indica ti ve, see

c f. a l so 5 i)
5 10 9 d, 1 09 .

SWD to tumbl m Qa l, imp erfect f1 o m N ip h a l

s e. Perfect f r o
‘
.

WJJ to ap p ro h
a c , un use d in p erf Qa l, in st e ad of w h ic h Nip h d l W9: is use d ; .

b ut imp erfect n , imp erative 103, a n d infi n itive DWJ from Qa l onl y s 1 e in use

m
.

DO
J to lea d . r
Pe fect usually r : m in Qa l, so i pr e a tive m
m , b ut imp e fect r a nd

i nfi nitive a l w ay s
in H ip h il
'
.

113 ; w it h imp erfect Qal b ut t h e p erfect

‘
to b e p oured out
a Perfect N ip h a l 2
'
.

Qa l a nd imp erfect N ip h al are n ot in use

‘
.

r r
Th e e a ly g amma ians o fte n sp ea of mixed forms ( formae mixta e) , i e
2. r k . .

r
fo ms w h ic h uni t e t h e sup p ose d c h a ac t e and m e a n ing o f t w o d iffe e nt r r r
t e n ses, g e nd e s, or c o n ug a t io ns r j
ost o f t h e e a mp l e s a dduc e d a re a t . M x
o nc e se t a side b y a c c u at e r
g a mmat ic a l ana l y sis , so me o t h e s ap p e a t o h av e r r r
r
a ise n f1 om m isa r
p p e h e n sio n a nd 1 na c c urac y , e sp e c ia l ly f o m e r1 o ne ous v ie w s r
o f unusual p lene fo m s r
O th e1 s, ag ain , are e i t h e m e e l y w ong e ad ings or
. r r r r
r r
ep e se nt a n i nt ent ional c onfiat ion of t w o d if fe ent eadings r r .
 2 22 T he Noun 80 a- c

st a t e, and th e rep resent a t on of case-relat ons i i b elong s t h e r efore

al most e x c lus vely i to the synt a x 1 1 7 Th e co mp arat i v e a nd

su e
p rlat i v e j
of a d ec t v es a lso c a n i be e xp ressed only by a synt ac t cal i
co mb i nat i on O n t he o t h er h and, seve al r ch a n es
g in t h e
fo r ms of nouns a re o c c as oned i b y the a dd it i ons o f t h e p l ural , dual, and

fe m n i in e te r mi nat i ons , as w ell as of t h e p r onom nal suffi xe s, and a lso i

b y t h e c l ose c onne xi on of t wo noun s, b y mea ns of t h e c onst ruc t st a te 1
.

80 . Th e I n di ca t ion o f Gender i n Nou ns .

r
B roc k el ma nn ,G undriss, p 40 4 ii ; ‘ Ue b e d ie F e m inin e nd un g a t, a h , d ’ in . r
S emit Sp ra ch wiss , p 1 0 6 f ; Grundriss, p p 1 0 5 , 4 0 5 ff ;
. . D ie F e mi nine ndung
. . . .

S r
T i m e mit ( S itz ung d o ient -sp ra ch w iss S ekti on d sch lesisch en Gesellsch aft, F e b 2 6,
’

J M
. . . . . .

ag a in st h im B a t h , Z D G 1 9 0 3 , p 6 28 B roc ke lm a nn s e p l y ,
. r . .
’
r
ib id , p 7 9 5 fi
. .a nd B a t h a g a in , ib id , p 7 9 8 ff
'

. r . . .

a 1 . The H eb rew li ke , all Semi t i c languages, reco n z es

g i only t wo

g enders i n t h e noun, a ma sculine a nd a feminine I nan mat e ob ec t s . i j

a nd ab st r act i
deas, w h ch ot h e r lang ua ges so met mes nd cat e b y t h e i i i i
n euter, a re reg arded in eb r ew e t h er as masc ul ne or fem n ne, m ore H i i i i
oft en t h e lat t er ( see t h e Synt a x ,
1 22
g) .

b 2 Th e
. ma sculine ,
as be i ng t h e more co mmon a nd i mp ortant g ender,
h as no sp ec i l i ndi
a c at on i .

F emi ni ne nouns a re al so i
w t h out an i ndi c t ion of g ndea e r wh en t h e
meani ng o f t h e w ord nat u rally denot es a f mi ni ne UN m e, a s other, 1111 15
a sh e-a ss, a sh e-goa t, 50 3 a n ewe (c f
,
. 1 22 b) . As a rule ,
h oweve r ,

t h e feminine h ad ri g i nally t he ending 11

o a s in t h e
S i fiillgfl fl f
l d
fi it
‘ .
.

of v e rb s 44 )
a T h i s 11 h ow e v e r is reg ularl yret ai ned in H eb r e w
. .

o nly in c lo se c onne x i on w i th a fol low i ng g en iti v e o r su ffi x( c f. 89 e

and 91 e x c ep t wh e r e t h e for m h as a r sen i t h rough t h e a dd i t i on of

a s i mp l e 11 2
( see b elow , d) . Ot h erw i se, t h e fem i ni ne end ng i of the
ind p endent
e form (t h e a bsolu t e st a t e, 89 a
) is
c ( )
a Mt os co mmonly a t one-b ea r i ng e. g .
D1 0 e uus, “ D1 0 equa
q .

O f nouns e nd ng in 7 , l ke i i t h e fem i ni ne (b y 24 b) 13

of .8 6 h A s in t h e gr d sing . .
f m p erfect
e . th i s ”
T
se e ms
t o h ave ar sen i by t he re j e ti c on o f t h e final 11 , a nd t h e leng t h en i ng of

t h e a in t h e Op en syllab le , wh e r eup on t h e n w as a dded a s an or t h o

ra h c
g p i i ndi c t i a on of t h e final long v ow el : c f. t he e x a c t ly s i mi l r a

o ri gi n o f suc h fo rms as for 75 c . I t must , h owever, he

1 k
T o sp e a o f t h e se c h a ng e s a s a dec le nsio n of t h e H br e ew n o un, a s is usua l ly
do n e , i s a c c o d in g l y i nc o e c t r rr
Ml
.

2
In a 1 14 11 a ( so e. g . e d. M a nt . ) w o ul d st a nd fo r t WD ,
t h e p t cp .

fe m . H op h
‘
al ; b ut DD WD ( so B ae r a nd Ginsb .
) is al so sup p o r d te b y g ood
a ut h o r it y .
§ 8 0 d—g] T h e I ndica tion of G ender in Nouns 223

i
not c ed t h at in Ar b i c (
a see m
) t h e
p ausal fo r m
a nd no t e of a t is ah , of

wh i h r ac e may b e reserv e d i n t h e H eb 1 e w l
'

c a t p
i
ouns e nd ng in a v ow el , e g i i 1
1 111 1
J ew, 11 1 1 (I
1 11 1
( )
6 S mp l e n w t h n . .

Jewess Th e sa me end ng 11 is v ery fr equent ly adde d t o

. i st e ms i
e nd ng

in a c onsonant ,
“

b ut only ( x e c ep t b efo r e suff ix es ) b y means of a h el p i ng

v ow el, w h i ch , l
as a ru ,e is S ghol, b ut aft er g ut t ur als P a tha h , e
e

fm
e . 5
11 15P, killing b efo r e suffi e s, e g 9 P, a c co r ding t o t h e
1 11 1
x . .
, 5 rule

1 113 a n a c ua in t a n ce fem 11 111 173

gi 1
c, of al so 8 401 1
ve n in § 69 .
;8 q . .

Th e forms w h i ch ar se i in t h i s w ay follo w i n ev e ry r e sp ec t t h e analog y

of the segh ola te fo r ms 94 f ) . Th e fo r ms w h i ch h av e b ee n de velop e d

b y means of a i
h elp ng v ow el are i
r et a ne d ev e n in t h e c onne c t v e i form

( c on str uc t sta te
) ,
x
e c ep t 11 1 5 (fo
11
r 11 1 5 1
,
wh i ch is u sed el se wh ere )
Gn Ju cf . Jer 2 2
23
a nd 5 1
13
Q
e
r e, a lso 11 1 WP I K p ar

t icip le f em P . i c l p r op e r ly ni sa ra tt
,
e z fl n1 Wl? ; al so 1 11 153 D (p a r tic ip le
f m P i cl w i t h
e . ix ) a r i ses fr o m t h e
suff
11
fo r m 15 33 73 wh i ch was develop ed

i nto 1113579 1:
R em 1 Th e fe m fo rm in 11 in g e ne a l l e ss f
IS r r qu e e n t , a nd o c c u s r
rm
. . .

al most e x c l usiv e l y w h e n t h e fo 1 n n_ i s al so in use

T
. I t is o nl y in t h e

pa rt i c ip l es a n d i n fi ni t ive s t h at it i s t h e co mmo ne r , e .
g 11 Dp
. 5 mo r e co mmo n
t h an
i
nae p , 11 7 5 th an nj f
y .

2. r
R are fe mi n in e e ndin g s are —( ) a w it h t h e t o ne , e. g . emera ld,
Ez 28 1 3 ( al so Ex nilDWa c o mp a ny, 2 K unl e ss t h e r e a d ing is

w r o ng ; m o re fre qu r r
i n p o p e n a m es, esp e c iall y o f p l ac e s a mo ng t h e
e n t ly

C a naa n it e s o r Ph oe nic ia n s ( in w h ose l a ngu ag e w a s t h e usua l fem e nd ing , .

2 d) r n igh b ur in g t rib
a n d ot h e g e 3 Z p h o e s,
1
e . . 11 5 1 3
1
a re a th 11 113 5 Gib ea th , fli
K iria th 11 5 12 Gr k A il n i n I d um
1
; 11 1l1
ee t2 G n 6 a a ea 2
20
: on t he re ad ing 11 : 5J
, _
cf .
g . Cf m r .
,
r 11JJJ ( p r b rig in al ly nJ JJ) ;
o e ov e ,
' 1 o o 1
11311 f L XX11 11 [1 )
NJJD La 2
18
[11 3 1 much , i n / tz 6 5 1 0, 1 20 6 , 1 2 3 4 , 1 29 1 2, is a fo rm b rr o ow ed f r o m
th e Ar m i a a c ( S y i 1 ac r a b ba th
)m w h ic h t h e o ig in a l t r of t h e fem is o ft e n re t a ine d
C
.

t o fo rm d a verbs. se e W r igh t , omp a ra ti ve Gra mma

, p
r 35 . 1

li k e w ise oec u1 s in so me n a me s o f p l a c e s, e g 11 113 .

5 11 .
g
as w e ll a s in ma sc p re p e r name 11 1 1 S 1 74 &c ( in 1 7 23 , an d 2 1 1 0, e d
th e
J . a nt
5 , . . M .

h as 11 1 ) , an d i n t h e fem p rop e r n ame fillD W; ot h e r w ise , al most o n ly i n p oe t 1 y ,

5
J .

v iz 11 1D 1 E x 1 5 2, I s 1 2 , x
.
'
2
p 1 1 8 “
( r ea l l y fo r 1
n1 D 1 my song t h e a b so r p t io n o f t h e i ,
h ow e v e r , c a n sc ar e y
c l h a ve
‘
t ak e n p l ac e i n the Ara ma ic m a n n e 1 as sug g e st e d

b y D uh m o n I s 1 2 2, n or is i t d ue me r e ly t o t h e fo ll o w i n g Y6dh b u t i s in t e n d e d ,

‘
t o fa c il it a t e t h e a b so rp t io n o f n” so G e ig e r , Ura h rift p 27 7 f ) n [1 J , . .

5
r
h e itage, (11 1 6 6
( e it h e r ag a in f0 1 1
11
5[J
J_my
'
h erita ge, or fo r 11 11 11 1
5 cf .
9 0 g, as

pr b ab l y a l so Th fo m s r
13
o h elp , V
” 6 0 ,
10 8 1 3 fo r 7111 1 111) e se a re p ossib ly

1
I n t h e list o f Pal e st i nia n t o w ns t a k en b y Ph a r aoh S h osh e n q , t h e fe m in ine
t ow n-name s a l l e nd m t . Cf . a l so the Me sa i n sc r ip t io n , l ine 3 , 11 1 11 73 3 11 "
th is h igh p la ce , l i ne 26, 11 DD 1 1 the h ig h wa y 5 ‘

[see a l so r
D iv e r ,
Tenses, 5 1 8 1, note ] .
 2 24 T he Noun 8 0 h—m

r
su v ival s rom a p e ri d wh e n ev n fi nal ow el s w ere not supp ort d b y a
f o e v e

w l l tt r
vo e Cf al so 11 1 3 f und ( fruitful t ) G n 4 9 ; 111 11
e e . . bund nce ec a a ree
22 ” a a ,

J 4er 8 ( b f r 30
11 b u t i n I I 5
e o e 11 W
J l p ( f 1 W
J ) it 1 3 nd s
7 s ee or 1 24 a

( unl s t h 11 i r ad i l) n p r e nNJ
es e i p li n (w s h i h r ding 8 l p r f r b l
ca i os e ca c ea 1 a so e e a e,

in I s 3 4 t t h f rm 11 Np)
11 l o 11 1 11 1: th m w b ut n n t u t t t al w y s
, o
T e o , a s
7 7 .[
e arro ,
i co s r c sa e a

11 1 11 DD — 11 51 11 J 1 Q re i n doub t i nt ended t indi at t h r d ing 25 e

.
45 er s o o c e e ea

5
IJ 1 I1 p
J ll l t , W JW D ; cf b o e
a1 a n 11 1 D1 &
e o J . a v ,
o c.

h ( ) N_ t h e Aramai r t h g r p h y f n_
c ,
h i fly in t h e l t r w rit rs
c o o a or , c e a e e

N 1 l
1 th in g Noau N
J11 t rr I 1
9
7
NJW l p 11 1 7 ; N 53
5 a li n e or, s
1
s ee , ; 2 2 a o ess

f al s NW
, ,

5 3 int nd d) ; N1 DD m rk L a 3 12 "
H 1 9 ( un l
z 2
N3 e ss ’ IS e ! th h ing
e a a , c . o res

(p r t i ip l
a Q l frcom W 11 ) e J 5
1
a N1 D b itt r R u On t h e o t h r h nd
er 0 1 e , e a ,

a rding t o t h e w t rn M r 1 111 2b ldne s is t o b read n E 2 7 s

cco es e a so a , 1 a s e i z 31
ee

B er n t h p
a o ag e ass e .

2 ( ) d 1 n o
1b t u f r m f a (5 7 )2 u o n l y i n 1
se 1 1 11 f
o 1 1 1-
11 I 5 9 o , 1 or s
15

(unle ss it 1 8 ag ain a forma mixta co mb in ing t h e active p tcp . masc 1 1 111 . and th e

p assive p tcp .
f m 1 1111”
e . c f. 1J 5f or 11 J 5 Zc 5
4
TlJN IK 3 42
2 6 ( 5 90 i, and

s4 8 d )
I,
»
( ) e 11 w it h out t h e t one, e .
g . 11 1
9e D 1: 1 4
17
m] ; my;
[Lv 1 1 18 a aur
a
an men 7 h ea ted, H o
E z 40
19
, 2 K 1
29
5 ,
18
a
4
c f.
e se e es t h e . 16 I n ll t h
. x a mp l
u sua l t o n e -b e a i ng 11 _ i s p e1 h ap s int en de , r e c a o s, o c on d b ut t h P un t u t r w h
T

side re d t h e fe m in ine e n din g i nap p op ia t e , ce a o oca ve fo m r r p ro du d k ind f l ti r .

( se e 5
9 0 c) b y t h e e t a c t io n o f t h e t o n e [ I n 2 K 1 6 13r r
, I s 2 19
4 , E z 2 1 31
(note .

i n e ac h c ase t h e fol l o w ing a n d in b 4 21 3 , H o 7 2, t h e t e t i s p ob a b l y i n J x r

e rr r o .

l (f ) a s a n old fe minine t e minat ion , p r r e se v e d al sor Sy r i in ac ( ai see

e x a m p l es
N ol de ke s S y isch e in
a 1 D A ra b 1 c co
’
c e d t o é) i n r Gr m . a nd ( nt r a t
r
E t h iop ic , v e y p ob ab l y oc c u s i n t h e p op e name 1 r
a a , c N olde ke , r r r 1 WS r i f .

M
Z D G xl 1 8 3 , a n d . l ii 4 8 4 ; a l so 1 1 }? ten ( fem ) un d o ub t e d ly a ise s
. x . W . r
f r o m an o rig in al esray so W r ig h t , C mp r o a a tive G r a mma r, p . I 3 8 ; Konig L h r ,
e

geb dude, i i 4 2 7
m
. .

3 I t is w h oll y in c o
. rr ect to reg a i d th e vowel-e n din
g 1_ .
2 a
s th e o rig in l a

te rmin a t i o n of t h e fe min in e , a nd th e consona nta l e n d i n

g as d e iv er d fr m o

it T h e E t h io p ic st ill h as t h e 11 t h oug h o ut , so t oo t h e
. ssy ian a t, i t ;
( ) r A r
P h oe ni c ian al so t h e fe minine s e nd for t h e most p a t m 11 , w h ic h 1 8 p o noun c e d r r
r Gr k
a t i n t h e w o d s fo un d i n L
ee and rq
at in aut h o 1 s N
l e ss f e ue n t l y i n (se e
G n iu Mnumm Ph n p p 4 3 9 440 ; S h rod r Ph on Sp h p 1 69
e se s, o . oe .
, .
,
c e , . ra c e , .

Th n i nt Ar b i
e a h th b tu
c e nd in g ( h ) l m t x l u i ly i n p u ;
a c as e o se e a a os e c s ve a se

i n m d r n Ar b i t h e r l t i n b e t w n t h t w o n ding i
o e a r y mu h a i n
c e a o ee e e s s ve c s
H br w e e .

1 In IS 20 27 al so , whe r t h M ra (
e e aso see r
B ae on Jos 5 1 1 ) for some un now n k
r ea so n r q ui r e es 11
1 11DD, r ad w it h d M
e e . a n t , Ja b l on ski, Op it ius, an d
. i nsb u g, G r
11 1 11 DD
I n t h is e n ding t h e 11 h c an onl y b e c onside e d c on sonant al in t h e sense
2
r
r
t h at t h e 11 w a s o ig inal ly a sp i a t e d, a n d a ft e w a d s t h e m ut e 11 w as d o p e d
p r r r r
r j
b e fo e h , ust a s t h e ol d Pe sia n mith a b e c am e i n mod e n Pe sia n mih
’
so r r r r r
S o c in , w h o a l so p oint s t o t h e a b ic p ausal fo m in a h , a nd o b se ve s t h a t . Ar r r
a m o n g so m e o f t h e m o d e n B e d ui n a n 11 is sti ll h ea d a s a fe m e n ding , c f r . r .

H
.

S oc in , D iwan a us Centr a la ra bien, i ii 9 8 , e d b y S t umme , L p z 1 9 0 1 In .

H r
. . . .

e b e w t h is c on so n an t al t e mi na t ion w a s e n t i el
y ab andone d, a t any at e in r r r
l a t e 1 t imes .
 2 26 T he N oun 83 a —d

83 . Verba l Noun s i n Genera l .

a 1 . I n H eb rew , as in G reek a nd L at in , t h e b
v er a l n ouns a re

c onnec t ed in fo rm a nd me aning p rimarily w it h c ert ain forms of

the v erb , e sp ec ial ly t h e p art ic ip les and infi nit iv es, w h ic h a re t h em

selv e s, ev en in t h eir o r dinary form, freq uent ly used p rec isely like
nouns, e .
g .
J ‘ it en e my ,
my? to know , know ledg e . S t ill o ft ener, h ow ev er ,

c ert a in forms of t h e i nfinit iv e a nd p art ic i

p le, w hic h are seldo m or

nev er found a s such in t h e st rong v e rb , t h ough in use in t h e w eak

v erb an d in t h e kindre d dial ec t s, me t o b e commonly used for
ca

th e verb al noun t h e a rt ic i ial form 59 2 t h e infi nit iv e s of t h e

; e .
g.
p p ,

( Arama ic
) form
( as a n oun also B P ) furt h er
Q D “ 5 5 9 7
1 43
9 , , 2 ,

S E “ 5m
“ U ?
, 7 4 5 d ), & c O t h ers .
( as t h e Arab ic sh ows
) a re p ro
p erly

intensiv e forms o f t h e p art ic ip le .

b 2 . As re
g a rds t h eir meaning , it follows from t h e nat ure of t he
c a se t h at nouns w h ic h h av e t h e fo rm of t h e infinit iv e re
g ula rly deno te
t he a ct ion or sta t e, w it h o t h er c losely rela t ed idea s, a nd are t h erefo re
most ly abstra ct ; while t h e p art ic ip ial nouns, o n t h e c ont rary , denot e
for t h e most p art t h e su bj ec t of t h e a c t ion or st at e, and are t h erefo re
concr et e . M oreo ver, it is t o b e no t ic ed, t h at a p a rt ic ular meaning
is at t ach ed t o many t h e sp ec ia l forms
of of deriv at ive nouns, al t h oug h

it do es not ap p ear e q uall

y in t h em all .

C R em . It n ee d n ot a p p e ar st r a n g e , w h e n t h e a n al og y o f o t h e r
we c o n sider
l a n g ua g e s, t h a t a n o un w h ic h i n fo rm is p rop e rl y a bstra ct a ft e rw a rd s a c q u ire d
a c onc rete se n se , a n d v ic e v e rsa S o i n E ng lish , w e say h is a cq ua inta nce, fo r
.

t h e p ersons w it h w h om h e is a cqua inted ; t h e G odh ea d fo r God h imse l f ; i n

H e b re w l fij b acqua inta nce an d a n a cqua inta nce .

d T h x
e in ne r c o n ne io n in t h o ug h t b e t w e e n S e m it ic n o un -fo rm s a n d t h e

c o rre sp on d in g v e rb a l form s is in v e st ig a t e d i n t h e w o r ks o f D e L a g a rd e a n d

B art h ( se e t h e t it l es a t t h e h ea d o f 7 9 ) o n v e ry diffe re n t l in e s, b ut w ith

m a n y p oin t s o f a g re e me n t D e L ag ar d e st a r t s fro m t h e fac t t h at l a n g uag e
.

c o nsist s o f se n t e n c e s A se n t e nc e w h ic h c o n sist s o f o n l y one w o rd i s c all e d

.

a v e rb , a n d a n y t h i ng w h ic h se rv e s a s a c om p l e m e n t t o i t i s a n o un Th e .

o l de st fo rm o f t h e se n t e n c e i s t h e imp e ra t iv e Cl ose l y r e l a t e d t o i t a re t h re e
.

kin d s o f se n t e n c e s o f t h e nat u re o f v e rb al for m s, d iffe ring ac c ordi ng a s t h e

j
p rop e r t y o f t h e p a r t ic u la r o b e c t o f se nse is t o b e re p re se nt e d a s in v a ria b l e
( for m q a tula ) o r a s l ia b l e t o c h a ng e ( fo rm ga ttla ) , o r fi nal l y , a s a c irc um st a nc e ,

w h i c h t a ke s p l a c e b e fore o ur e y e s ( fo rm qa ta la) L ike t h e i mp e ra t iv e , t h e se

.

t h re e fo rm s o f se nt e nc e s h av e a l so b ee n t ra n sform e d i n t o n o un s, b y m e a n s o f
c e rt a in p h o n e t ic c h a ng e s, -e sp e c i al l y b
y t h e o m issio n o f t h e fi na l v ow e l s
a nd t h e a dd it io n o f d iffe re n t t e rmin a t io n s t o t h e l ast c o nso na n t o f t h e st e m

j
.

B ut ust a s t h e fo rms o f t h e v e rb a l se n t e n c e un de rg o n um e ro us mo d ifi c a t io n s
j
( i n t h e t e nse s , m o o d s, a n d c o n ug at io ns) , so a l so do t h e no un s, so m e t ime s
b y a ssim il a t io n o f t h e unesse n t ia l t o t h e c h a rac t e rist ic v o w e l ( qutul , q itil ) ,
so me t im e s b y t h e l e ng t h e n ing o f t h e c h a ra c t e rist i c v o w e l ( qa tu l, qa lil qa tal ) , ,

o r e l se t h ro u g h t h e d isp l ac e m e n t o f t h e a c c e n t a n d t h e c o nse q ue nt r e d uc t i on
o f t h e n o un t o a m o no sy l l ab ic form ( q a tl, qutl, q itl ) , o r, fi na l ly , b y t h e i r b e i ng
j
fo r me d from t h e de riv e d st e ms ( o r c o n ug a t io n s) , e g q a tta l, qa ttdl ; q u til, . .

g ittai &c F urt h er m od ifi c a t ions arise fro m t h e use o f t h e v a rio us imp e rfe c t
.
 V erba l N ouns in G enera l
'

] 22 7
“
84 a

a nd i n fi nit i v e fo rm s, a n d al so from t h e e mp l oy m e n t o f t h e p re fi m L astly, x .

denomina lia a re fo rm e d fr o m deverb a lia b y a p p e n d in g c e r t a in su ffi es x .

D e L ag a rde d o e s n o t , h o w e ve r, c l a i m t o b e ab le t o sh o w in t h e c ase o f e ac h
p art ic ul a r n o un t h e se n se i t c o nv e y e d in p rim it iv e t imes ; t h e o r ig in o f
a n umb er o f n ou n s c a n n o w n o l o ng er b e d e t e c t e d I n t h o se , h o w e v e r, .

w h ic h are c l ea rl y d e r i v e d fro m v e rb s, t h e o rig inal m ean in g is c h ie fl y de t e r

m in e d b y t h e c h a rac t e r ist ic v o w e l
j
.

m d h h i al l S em it ic n o un s, a d e c t iv e s,
‘
i b t t h t
’
Ba r t h s s y st e s a se o n t e es s a

a nd p ar t ic ip l es a re de r iv e d fro m e it h e r t h e p e rfe c t o r t h e im p e rfe c t st e m

Th us, e. g . him
; is t h e i nfi n it iv e of t h e p e rfe c t st e m, Stop t h e in finitiv e of th e

imp e rfe c t st e m , 9 i n fi n i t iv e
3 92 of 33 W
}
,
&c . I n dissy l l ab ic noun-forms t h e
se c o n d v ow e l is al w ays al o n e c h ar ac t e rist ic a n d e sse n t i a l , t h e fi rst v o w e l
un e sse nt ial , a n d t h e re fo r e v ar ia b l e F urt h e r m o d ifi c a t io ns o f t h e sim p l e
.

fo r m are e ffe c t e d b y st re n g t h e n ing ( sh a rp e n ing ) t h e se c o n d o r t h i rd c on so

n an t , b y l e ng t h e n ing t h e c h a ra c t e rist ic v o w e l ( in st e a d o f w h ic h , h o w e v e r ,
t h e fe min in e t e rm in at io n ma y a l so b e u se d) , o r b y m e t ap la sm , i e b y t h e
‘ ’
. .

use of n o un -fo rm s d e riv e d fro m o n e of th e t w o i n t ra n sit i v e st em s for t h e o t h e r,

e g qutl fo r qi tl, a n d v ic e v e rsa
. . .

I n n o uns o f t h e p e rfe c t st e m , t h e v ow el s i a nd u ind ic a t e i nt ransit iv e

for ma t io ns , t h e v ow e l a a t ra nsit iv e se n se I n nou n s o f t h e im p er fe c t st e m .

o n t h e c o n t rary , u a nd i , b e i ng c h a ra c t e rist ic v o w e l s, i n d ic a t e a t ran sit iv e

a nd a a n i n t ra n sit iv e se n se for ya qtulit is i mp e rfe c t o f t h e t ra n sit iv e p e rfe c t

q a ta la , a n d ya qtdlu im p e rfe c t o f t h e i n t ra n si t iv e p e rf e c t s qa tila an d qa tula , &c .

x
T h is e p l a i ns h o w n o un s, ap p are n t l y id e nt ic al i n fo rm, ma y y e t i n se nse
b e l o ng t o d iffe re nt c l a sse s : a q utl-for m fro m a u-im p e r fe c t h a s a t ra n sit iv e
me an ing , b ut t h e sa me fo rm fro m a u-p e rfe c t h as a n i n t ra n sit i v e me a ning .

Th is do ub l e sy st e m o f p e rfe c t a n d im p e rfe c t form s r un s t h roug h t h e w h o l e

sc h e m e o f n o u n -fo rm at io n, n o t o n l y t h e for m s c o n n e c t e d w it h t h e c o n ug a j
t io n s, b ut a l so t h e for ms w i t h p re fi e s an d su ffi e s x x .

A g a inst t h e w h ol e t h e ory i t h a s b e e n u rg e d t h at it p o st ul a t e s fo r t h e
dev e l op me n t o f t h e l a n g ua g e a m uc h t oo ab st r ac t me c h a n ism, a n d fur th e r ,
t h a t t h e m ea n in g s o f w or d s a s w e fi n d t h e m m ay i n ma n y c ase s b e d u e t o
a m o difi c at i o n o f t h e o rig in a l se n se B ut t h oug h ma ny o f t h e de t a il s ( 9 g
. . .

t h e a l le g e d une sse n t ia l c h a rac t e r o f t h e v o w e l of t h e fi rst sy ll ab l e ) re ma in

d oub t ful , y e t t h e ag re e me nt b e t w e e n t h e c h a rac t eri st ic v ow e l o f c e rt a in n o un
form at io n s a n d t h a t o f t h e p e rfe c t or imp e rfe c t st e m, i s sup p ort e d b y su c h
a n um b e r o f in c on t e st ab l e i n st a n c e s, t h a t t h ere c a n b e n o d o ub t as t o a
sy st e m a t ic, i n t ima t e c o n n e io n b e t w e e n t h e t w o x A t t h e same t ime i t must .

b e ad mit t e d t h a t D e L ag arde h as p ut fo rw a r d ma ny i mp o rt a n t a nd sug g e st iv e

p o in t s, an d b o t h sc h o l ars ag ree in l ay in g stre ss on one c h arac t e rist ic v o w e l as
i nd ica t iv e o f t h e mea n ing .

Nou ns der ived f m t h e S imp le S tem

ro .

Preliminary rema rk — F ro m t h e st a t e me n t made ab o v e , 8 3 d, i t fo l l ow s t h a t ( b

x
a n e t e rn al simil ari t y b e t w e e n fo rm s i s n o p ro o f o f t h e i r sim il a r o rig in , a nd ,
x x
v i c e v e rsa , e t e rn al d iffe re n c e d o e s n o t e c l u d e t h e p o ssib i l it y of t h e ir b e in g

c l o se l y re l a t e d b o t h in o rig in a n d m e an in g .

I . Nouns with One Vowel, orig ina lly S h ort.

R R fi z iék a,
.
‘
B e it rag e z ur E rkl fi run g d e r n omin a se g ol at a,
’
in S itz -ber d . . .

boh misch en Ges . d Wiss , P ra g , 1 9 0 4

. . .

1 N oun s w it h o ne o f t h e t h ree sh ort v ow e l s a ft er t h e fi rst radic al p resent

.

-fo rm
g r ou n d gall , g igi, gull .

Th e sup p osit io n o f monosylla b ic g roun d -forms ap p eare d t o b e req uire d b y

x
t h e c h a rac t e r o f form s no w e i st in g i n H e b re w , a s w e ll a s in A ra b ic , &c .

B ut t h e re a re st ron g re aso n s for b e l ie v in g t h a t a t l e ast a l a rg e p rop o r t io n o f

t h e se form s g o b ac k t o orig in a l dissy l l a b ic b a se s w it h a sh o r t v o w e l i n e a c h
sy ll ab l e W h en formative add it ion s w e re ma de, t h e v ow el o f t h e 2nd sy l l ab le
.
2 28 T he N oun 84
“
a

w as d rop p e d, i 9 b e fo re c ase -e nding s i n A ssy rian an d e arl y A rab ic , an d

. .

b e fo re p ron o min a l suffi e s in H e b rew x F rom t h e fo rms t h us p ro d uc e d, t h e .

b a se s qutl , q itl, qutl h a v e b e e n a ssum e d, al t h oug h t h e y n e v e r ap p ear i n H eb rew

x
e c ep t i n t h e si ng ul a r a n d t h e n i n c o n ne io n w it h sufiixe x
I n sup p ort o f t h is v ie w o f a l a rg e n umb e r o f orig in al d issy l l ab i c b a ses, w e
m ust n o t , h o e v , p p
w ea l t o t h e S e
h ol o r P a t h ah un de r t h e 2 nd c on so na nt
e r a g
of th e e x i t ing
s d e v e l op e d forms,
“
19 1
,
ij i
5 x , &c . T h e se are i n no se nse

su rv i va l s or m od ifi c a t io ns o f ful l v o w e l i n t h e z ud sy ll ab l e , b ut
a n orig in al

a re m er e h e lp ing -v o w e l s 2 8 e) t o m a ke t h e m o n osy l lab ic fo rm s p ron oun e

c
a b l e , a n d c on se q u e n t l y d isa p p e a r w h e n n o l o ng e r n e e d e d
1 U n d er c ert ai n .

c irc um st a nce s e v e n ( e g in W P ) t
. h e y a re.n o t u se d a t a ll A c t ual p ro ofs o f .

suc h orig in al t on el e ss full vo wle s in t h e 2 nd sy l l ab l e o f e xi st ing S e g h ol a t e s

a re
1F orms l ike A r ab
. . malik, for w h ich ra re l y malk, c orre sp on di ng to th e
H e b r ew g roun d -fo r m of . D e La ga rde , Ueb ersich t, p 7 2 ff . .

? lfi u p fih g t h e c o nn e c t ive forms of ij
g 2
11 1 &c
‘

I n H eb re w
'

2 . ,
.
,
, , , ’

n
w h ic h l a t t e r c a n o l y c o m e fro m g r ou nd-for ms gadir, yarik, Rabid, kri tip
'

3 Th .e f o rm s t r e a t e d un de r e, w h ic h a re in m a n y w a y s r el a t e d t o t h e

S eg h ol at e s prop er , in so far a s t h ey are t o b e re fe rre d t o orig inal d issyll a b ic

b ase s .

4 T h e p l ural s o f H eb re w S eg h ol a t e s, sinc e , w it h v e ry ra re e c e p t ions , t h ey

. x
t ak e Qa mes un de r t h e an d ra dic al b e for e t h e t e rmin a t ion fe m nl_ .
,

of th e a bsolute sta te, a s

é
niz n, D‘ j gp , &c . T h is Qa mes ( se e n ot e 1 on

5 26 e) b e d ue t o a l e n g t h e n ing of a n orig in al sh o rt v ow el in t h e
c an on l y
2nd sy ll ab l e, a n d h e n c e i t w ould se e m a s t h oug h t h e v o w e l w e re a l w a y s a .

Th is is i mp ossib l e fro m w h a t h a s b e e n said , e sp ec ia ll y un d er 1 and 2 .

x
H e n c e t h e e p l a na tio n o f t h e c onsi st e n t o c c u rre n c e o f Qa mes i n t h e p l ural s
o f a ll S e g h o l at e s c a n o n l y b e t h a t t h e re g ul a rl y fo rme d p l ural s ( i s fro m . .

sing ul ars w i t h orig in a l a i n t h e 2 n d sy ll a b l e ) b e c a me t h e m o de l s for al l t h e

ot h e rs, a n d ul t im at e ly e ve n for so me re a l l y m on o sy l l ab ic form s
'

rom t h e m h re e g ro un d-fo rms a re furt h e r

( )
a F st r o ng st e t h e a b o v e t
de ve lop ed t o s a SD)I
p 3
-
, (cf 5 . 2 7 r a nd in 5 9 3 t h e e xp l a na t io n s o f

P ara dig m I , a —c ) w i t h ou t a h e lp in g v ow e l 28 d) D WPt uth r . I f th e se c ond

A c c ord in g t o D e l it z sc h ( A ssyr Gr am , p 1 5 7 f ) t h e same i s t r ue i n

1
. . .

A ssy ria n o f t h e c o rre sp o n d in g ga ll-fo rm s W i t h o ut c ase-e n d i ngs t h ey are .

kala b , t ama s, a ban

m5) wit) , ,
w it h c ase -e n din g s ka lb u, la msu, ‘
a bnu.

O n t h e ot h e r h and, a c c t o S ie v ers, etrik, i

. 2 6 1 , H eb r e w g round-form s M .

p rob ab l y h a v e a t w o fo l d o rig i n : t h ey are sh ort e n ed a c c ord in g t o H e b re w

r ul es p a rt l y fro m o l d a b sol ut e fo rms l i ke kalbu , sifru, q udlu , a n d
p a rt l y from
‘

o l d c o n st r uc t -form s l i ke t h e A ssyri a n t
‘
k b
yp e s a la , ifi , q
s r u d u l
j
.

2 On
t h e o t h e r h a n d , U n g na d , Z A 1 9 0 3 , p 3 3 3 re e c t in g a ll p rev ious
. .

x
e p l a n a t io n s, m aint a i ns t h a t t h e a i n melakh im, melakh o th is inse r t e d me re ly
t o fa c il it a t e t h e p ro n unc ia t ion F ro m qa tlim a ro se q t lim, t h e n qa ta lim a nd
. a
a

fi nal l y qetaZim S ee , h o w e v e r , N b l de ke , ‘ Z ur se mit Pl ura le n d un g , ’ Z A 1 90 4,

. . .

p 68 iii , w h o p o int s out t h a t t h e S e mit ic n o uns fa l, fi l, fu l w it h t h e ir c o rre

‘ ‘ ‘
.

s on d in g fe m in i n e s fa la & c
, o n a ssum i n g t h e p l ura l t e rm n a t ion c o m m o n y
i l
‘

p , .

t a ke a n a b e fo re t h e grd ra d ic a l , b ut t h at n o sat isfac t ory a c c o un t ca n b e

g iv e n fo r i t . a rMM
g o l.i s, Th e p l u r al o f S e g o a t es ( Proc of th e P h ilol A ssoc
l ’
. . .

of th e Pa c ific Coast, S an F ra n c i sc o a n d S B ro o ks, Vestiges o

, 1 90 3 , p 4 f th e
. .

x
.

broken p lura l in H eb rew, D ub l in, 1 8 8 3 , e p la i n m° l akh im as a p luralisfra ctus .

r t h y of n o t ice t h a t S t Je ro m e al so
( c f S ieg frie d, ZA W iv 7 6)
3 I t is w o
. . . .

fre q ue n t ly rep rese nt s t h e v ow e l o f t h e fi rst sy l l ab l e b y a , e g ga der, ab en, . .

a der
,
areb , for { b
D
}, up} , Zfi fl b ut cede m, secel, deber, &c .
,
for 13
19 0 ,
5927 ,

was
i

&c .
 230 T h e N oun 84
“
e— h

6 2. N ouns w it h one of t h e t h re e sh o rt v ow e ls unde r th e sec o nd ra d ic al

( p re se n t g r o u n d -fo r m ‘
dl a
il e
q t , q t , q au) , e .
g . h oney, sickness, 11 13 51 terror ;
a nd so a l w a y s mid dle N , lN; UN; re a l it y
'
w ith a well, DN] a wolf, stench . In
t h e se fo rms, l ike t h e se g h o l a t e s e n t io ne d i n N o se e a b o v e
,
a ) , a re , m .

. I (
p ro b a b l y , for t h e m ost p ar t t o b e r e fe rre d t o o r ig in a l d issylla bic fo rms, b ut t h e
t o ne h a s b ee n sh ift e d fro m i t s o rig ina l p l ace (t h e p e nu l t im a) o n t o t h e ul t i ma .

T h us dibat ( o rig ina l l y diba i ) a s g roun d-form o f

’
is sup p ort e d b o t h b y
t h e H e b re w t h e fi rst p e rso n ) , a nd b y t h e A rab ic dibs, t h e
‘
( w it h su fiix o f

p rinc ip a l form b i ir ( a c c or ding t o Ph il ip p i w it h a ssimil a t io n o f t h e v o w e l o f

’

t h e se c o n d sy l la b l e t o t h a t o f t h e fi rst ) a s g rou nd-fo rm o f fi N; i s a t t est e d b y

t h e A ra b ic b i ’
r ; for WN; (A rab ic
'
b u s) si mila rly a g roun d b u ui may b e
-for m ’

i n fe r re d
,
ju t s as a g ro und - form q agaz underl ie s t h e in fi n i t iv e s o f t h e form

II . N ouns with an origina l S hort Vowel in both S ylla bles .

f
“

3 T h e g r ound form qa tdl, fem t al a t, dev e 10 p ed in H eb re w t o E P( 5 9 3 ,

. . P
Parad ig m I I , a , b) a nd h np 94 , 9 5 , Pa ra d ig m I I , a , b ) , m ost ly for ms S
j
i n t ra nsi t iv e a d e c t iv e s, as DP” w ise, 221 11 new , fi W up rig h t ; b ut a lso sub
:
OWN guilt, Ill l h unger, 373 2)
"
st an t iv e s, as word, a n d e v e n ab st ra c t s, a s -
a

in t h e fe m fre q ue nt l y a b st ra c t NPW 2 righ teousness ; w i t h

'
sa tiety .
,
as an i nit ial
sa m e fo rma t io n fro m v e r b s V ? - ”
g ut t ural 7 !i Of t h e
“
ea rth . are 17 21 a lone,

731) cloud , p assive “ p ierced — ’

55
I n v e rb s W a fi n a l Y odh is a l m ost a l w ay s .
s
j
r e e c t e d , a n d t h e a o f t h e se c o nd sy ll a b l e l e ng t h en e d t o e Th us “ l ? ! fi eld, a ft e r .

j
r e e c t io n o f th e l a nd a dd it io n o f n as a v ow e l le t t e r , b e c ome s PWU (cf 5 93 ,
.

P a ra d ig m I I , f ) fe m . e. g . me yea r c f 5 9 5 , Pa ra dig m I I,
. c. F 1 om a v e rb

1
"
st h e st 1 o ng fo r m
fi licted oec u1 s a .

g 4 . Th e g l o u n d -fo r m
t il , fe m w ildt, de ve l o p e d t o . PUP
9 3 , Para dig m I I ,
c
-e
) a nd
"
I Q S P is fre q ue n t l y
,
use d a s p a rt icip l e o f v e rb s m i dd l e e 5 0 b ) , and
h e n c e m ost l y w it h an 1 n t 1 a n s1 t 1 v e m e a ning of .
{PTold , a n old man h ea vy
fe m HP PDQ D da rkness —F rom V’
. 1 73 713
1 ca ttle, DN
E a nd . v e rb s D: i rre g ul a 1 ly ,
th e bra nch es o f i t, Je r 1
1 1 6, &c .
g e n e ra ll y re fe ri e d to a sing . WSW( st em
th ei r u omen with ( from
1
Ho
' ‘

a nd ch ild ll l st
‘

1 constr.
4 .

p lur . st a bsol a n d
. . constr. man) .
- F1 0 m a v e rb V sw it h
’
c o n so n a n t a l Waw
5v Jb
0 0
?
23
a t ea se, 1 n c or1 e c t l y w 1 i t t en p lene 1i 21

IL 5 Th e g.r o u n d fo r m q at ,
d e v e 10 p e d t o D
P ( a l so w rit t e n m
E P) , g e nerall y P P
j
f0 1 ms a d e c t ive s, e g D N terril le, p ieba ld , 3 1 : sweet , iP
.
‘
. J sp eckled , nb v
‘
m
i nterwoz en, Si lt DP }! h illy , 3 h ? golden [DP sma ll, o n l y in sin g
round , Pb )? deep , .

ma sc w it h a p ara l le l fo rm ;LD o f t h e c l a ss h e a t e d un de r f, fe m nlJlQP, p l u1

‘
.

P . .

D‘ QlQP . Th e se f0 1 m s a r e n o t t o b e c o n fo un de d w i t h t h o se i n N o I I I , fro m .

1
O n t h is t h e ory c f S t a d e , H ebriiisch e Gra mma tik, 1
9 9 b ; D e L ag a rde ,
M M
.

Ubersich t, p 5 7 f ; A ul l e r , Z D G xl v , p 2 2 6 , a n d e sp e c ia lly P h il i p i
p ,
MG x l ix
. . . . .

ZD .
, p . 20 8 .

2
In S t Je ro me ’ s t ime t h e se for ms w e i e
. st ill p i o n o un c e d sa d a ca

ga aca na ba la
P
( R DJ) , &c .
, soc S ic g h ie d , ZA W i v 7 9 . . . M o re ov e1 , the

n ume r ous a b st rac t s o f t h is g e v e n ng g p a sp lintering , PEI)? a crying , fo rm (e . .

c arde d i h B a rt h , N omina lbild ung , p 8 7 ) as

& c ) a 1 e u n d oub t e d ly t o b e l e g
.
( w t .

fe m in i ne s o f i n fi n it i v e s o f t h e fe i m qa tdl, t h e l e n g t h e n in g o f t h e se c o n d
sy l l a b l e b e in g b a l a n ce d , a s i n o t h e r c ase s, b y t h e add it ion o f t h e fe min ine

t e rm in at ion .
§ s4 i- n]
°
N ouns derivedfr om the S imp le S t em 23 1

for m gated
t h e g round- — F em . 17 5
1 1
91 , nap s (glorious), mp g , a gy ( delica te) ,
g
PPDQ, w it h sh arp e n ing o
f
t h e t h ird r ad ic a l, in orde r to ke e p t he orig i na l

12 sh ort , a n d si milarly in t h e p l ural s D‘ flj fi} , DJ‘ l PJ D’ JQ , DJPPN stores &c , P , .

6 Th e g roun d -form qitdl dev el op s t o Q P ( c f

.
9 3 , Pa rad ig m I I , R e m P . .
i
e. g 3 9 5 h ea rt, D }; a bunch of grap es, a e strong drink ; fro m a v e rb
.

J p rob a b l y g
m
‘
of t h is c l a ss i s fly) ge ne ra l l y c o n t ra c t e d to ya fr iend gro un d f ri a y : the
- or
, ,

ful l form is p rese rve d i n minh i s friend, for Jil in .

III . N ouns with an orig inal S h or t Vowel in th e F irst and a Long Vowel
i n th e S econd S ylla b le .

7 Th.e g ro u n d -form
t dl in He b rew a l w a y s d ev e l op s t o t h e for m lDP, t h e P k
'
d b e c oming a n o b sc ure 6 Th e fa c t t h at t h is fo rm i s a l so w rit t e n 3b must
.

no t le a d t o t h e c on fusion of t h e se fo rms w it h t h ose m en t io ne d in N o 5 , from

M
.

t h e g ro un d-form t ul 1 o re o v e r t h e qa tél-c l a ss i n c l ud e s forms o f v a rio us

j
.

o rig in , a n d t h e re for e o f v a ri ous m ean ing , a s ( a) in t ra n sit iv e a d e c t iv e s l ik e

PlWJ WH P ngi u
grea t,
‘
h oly, fe m
w a w h e eas in .
' '

, the sh o rt v ow e l b e c omi ng 8 °
,
r

sl lJ &c bef e th t ne it is l eng th e ne d t o d ( b) t h e infi niti s a b lut of t h e

'

, .
,
or e o ve so e

f rm P
'
a n d a b st ra c t
o lD
P 4 5 ) a s rep ese n t in g t h e a b t rac t id e of thae b r s a e v r

w?
,

sub st a n t iv e s l ik e I‘D ? h onour, O p eace ( A ra b m) (c ) sub st a n t iv es a nd

scild
“
.

j ( o f m e t als) , PJWPa n op p ressor,

'

a d e c t iv e s in a n ac t ive sen se , a s
fin; a ssa yer

ring op p ressing ; in t h e fe m in ine 717 13 3 tre ach erous Je r t h e i rre g ul a r

re te n t ion t h e d in t h e t h i rd sy ll b lefrom t h e e nd is n o d o ub t t o b e
of a
x
e p l a in e d , w i t h B ro c ke l man n fro m A ra m a ic i nfl ue n c e t h e
, , p u nc t uat or h a v ing
i n m in d t h e A rama ic n om e n ag e n t is t ol .

8 Th e g round -form t il de v e lop s t o J tJP( c f 5 9 3 , P a rad ig m I V, a a n d b )

.
P . . I
H e re a l so fo rm s o f v ari o us o rig in a nd m e an in g a re t o b e disti ng u ish e d
( a ) adj e c t iv e s use d su b st an t iv a lly w it h a p a ssiv e me a ning t o de n ot e d ura t io n
i n a st a t e , as W J
Q N a p risoner, a n a nointed one Th e se p rop e r t il-fo rms .

are t o t h e p ur e l y p assiv e qa tul-fo rm s ( see in) , b ut o t h er s a re d ue t o

p aral l e l
a st re ng t h e ning o f or i in a l qa il-fo rm s Th e se a re e it h e r ( b ) i nt ra n sit ive i n
g t .

me anin g, as ll g sma ll, a n d, from W st e m s, JP p ure,

"
y p oor ( se e 9 3 no) , o r ( 0) P J
a c t iv e , as N‘ Q ( p r op h e t ) P P? —O fa d iffe re n t kin d ag ain
J a sp eak er , an overseen

( ac c o rdingt o D e L a g arde, infi nit iv e s) a re ( d ) form s l i ke F]l th e inga th ering ,

$ 3 ? i intage, 19 ’ lough ing time, 1i n qa ttil fo rms w it h a kind re d
l O
“
h a rvest
'

p .

m e a n i ng , c f .

9 T h
. e g ro un d -form
t u l d e ve l op s t o QD P A s in t h e q t
a d l a n d q t
a il-forms
7ll P .

( see k and l), so h e re fo rms o f v a r ious k inds a re t o b e d ist ing uish e d : ( a )

qa tul fo r ms p rop e r, w i t h p assive me a n in g , e sp e c ia l ly a l l t h e p a ssiv e p a rt ic ip l e s
-

of Q al fe m ( p rop e rl y secluded)
. e. g . P
PM
O n t h e o th e r h a n d , b y
); virg in .

st re ng t h e n ing a n o r
g n a l q t f m w e g e t ( b) c e r t a in st a t iv e ad e c t iv e s
a u l- or i i j
( 5 5 0 f as WJJN incura ble 0 33 13 strong 0 3W}! sub til , o r ev e n t ransit iv e, a s W IN
'

, ,

h olding ; ( 0) a c t iv e sub st a nt iv e s, as W l P a fowler F ur th e r, so me o f t h e fo rms

: .

g
me nt io ne d in 8 4 ” g b e l o ng t o t h is c l ass ; se e a b ov e , t h e re mark on i .

T h e g round form q itdl o r q utdl in H e b re w c h a ng e s t h e i t o v oc al S wd l l

2 e ’
10 .
- .
,

1
I n Na 1 3
on l y th e Q
e
re re q u ires
“

P ‘
IJ ( in t h e c o n st r. st a t e ) for t h e K eth ib h
Sm .

2
On t h e fu a l-forms ( re ga rd e d by W ol l h ause n a s or ig inal diminu t i v e s) se e

Nb ldeke , B eitrag e ( S t rassb H e i nc ludes a mong t h e m l fi f

'

p 3 0 ff tJ tow,
'
. . .

a nd C il b h emorrh oids
‘h ‘

.
 23 2 The N oun 84
°
o- u

a nd dev el op s t o PNP(cf 5 9 3 , Paradigm IV , c) or P

. iDP, w it h d ob sc ured t o 6
l remna nt, JP h onour, 3 1 3 book ( Ar
'

( as ab ov e , k) Cf
'
ab kitdb) , T Pwar (t h e
‘

j 3 I
mt h mi ) ; M511
. . .

l a st t h re e p rob ab l y l oa n -w ord s fro e A ra a c of th e o t h er form ,

a dream, 1l
( A rab himdr), al s
N God (Arab ildh ) ; w i t h N p rosth etic
“ ’
a n ass .

m
.

(5 m) , p llN a rm ( t w ic e : ites good news (A rab usual ly yi lj) fe m

' '
19 . .

bitdrat) n fi n service, nn i
'

s (Arab kitdbdt) ta ttooing

j g . .

0 1 1 T h e g
. r ou n d -form i
q til se e m s t o o c c u r e g i n H e b re w 5 f
l oo lish , P N
J . .
J
vanity , P V ; lead
T , S '
p ; a f , IE]
ool T a sw in e ( t h e ro
p p n a m e fi l
mpoin t s t o t he .

g ro u n d o m qi til, c f: A rab hinzir

-f r
) . .

1 2 T h e gro und -fo rm qitu

. l or qutu l , H eb r P i DP, e g 533 3 a b oundary , W 33 5 . . .

a g arment ; fe m 711 13 ; strength , “ ib

J N. f a ithfulness .

R e m Wh e n t h e fo . rms q tu
‘
l a nd g‘ lol b eg in w it h a, t h ey al mo st inv ariab ly
t ake in t h e sing ul ar a S ere und e r t h e N inst ea d of t h e o rd ina ry Ht a ep h S
- e
gh ol ;
c f. l N h yssop fiiiN a
‘
Di JN a crib, PDN th read, PDNfa ithful, ,
wa ist-b and , l i DN
bond , liBN anal og ous c a se s of Sere for Hatep h
'
th e
’
a an ep h od ; c f. 23 h, and

S egh ol in v erb al forms 5 5 2 n, 5 63 p , 7 6d .

IV . Nouns with a L ong Voca l in th e F irst S ylla ble a nd orig inally

a S h ort Vowel in th e S econd S ylla ble .

T h e ground-form t dl, in H e b re w , al w ay s c h ange s t h e d int o an ob sc ure

’
7 1 3.

5, 5p ? ) ( SQ P) ,
e. g .
P
D )” ( 5 9 3 , Pa radig m I I I , a ) , A rab dldm, etern ity ; Dlj ll l .
‘ ‘ '

(A rab hdtdm) a sea l ac c o r din

( t B t h l o a n-w ord o f E gy p t ian o rig in) , fe m
M
.
g o a r a .

h ehh ( from hotdmt) ; 9 P worm ( unl e ss from a st e m l ike s

pin from
3 M se e th e On t h e p art ic ip l es Qa l of v erb s W
a nal og ous c ase s in 5 8 5 b) .
'
s
( 5 9 3 , P a radigm I II , cf 7 5 e ; on t h e fe mi n i n e s of t h e p a rt ic ip l es Qa l ,
.

wh ic h a re forme d w it h t h e te rmina t ion 11 , see b el ow , 8

. .

R em . Of d iffe re nt ki nd ( p rob ab ly from a g round-form qa uta l) are suc h

a

forms a s
wa x, &c
w ire ( o r ix E 2 1
m0
9 i
n t h e same v erse ) a wheel ; laa young bird, JJJ"
! Pl
P
.

S 1 4 Th e ground-form t
. il also b ec ome s in H eb rew al most inv ariab ly PJP
PP
( E ) B esides p articip les a ctive masc Qa l t h is c lass inc ludes al so femj n ine s o f
. .

t h e fo rm nf JP, P qatal t ( 5 69 0) g oe s b ac k t o all origi nal

i f t h ir un d -form
e g ro

qatilt . Th e s
ub st ant iv es of t h is fo rm , suc h as [ab p riest (A rab heth in) , w e re
'

a l so ori in al l
g y p a rt ic ip l es Qa l Th e fe m . . of t h e sub st an t iv e s h as e ( l e ngt h e ne d
fro m i) re t ain e d b e fore t h e t one , e g
'
a ll ‘
'
Pa woman in trava il ( cf a lso 11 1 113
M
. . .

th e trea ch erous woman, Je r t ° f 19

'

h er th a h a lteth , i 4 , Z’

P3 3
t h e p art ic ip l és as a rul e h av e t h e
'
a buckler, p , th e form &c .

orig inal i h av in b ec o me Sewa h ow eve r t h e fo rm w it h Sere o c c urs a l so in t h e

g ; ,
l a tt e r, I s 1 1 8 1 6 ( al l i n p r inc ip a l p ause ; i n sub ordinat e p ause
2 S I s 3 3 1 4 ; w it h a c on unc t iv e ac c e nt , Ct j
t 5 T
1 h e
.
g rou nd -form e
g r , H eb re w Q QP(a s river , Je r m P or PNJPe .
g .

3l a p ip e, c ommonl in t
y JJ , and t o b e so read, w it h B aer, Q also }
1 1 5 s
,

not 3 5
2 .

V . N ouns with a Long Vowel in ea ch S ylla ble .

u 1 6.
P, g l ‘
Th e fe w
e. .
‘
llL
‘
J’ P smoke . forms of t h is k ind are p rob ab ly
de riv e d from t h e g round-form qitdl ( qittdl i . e. th e origi nal 6 h as b e come an
ob sc ure 6 .
 23 4 T he iV oun 84 b
f ~
n

113 3 h ero ( A rab

"
); c f. gdb bdr) , lib : ca viller, fig ? (p ip er wing}
”

)
“
r . or ch irp er a bird ,

On t h e o t h er h a n d, i b orn p rob a b l y fro m yullod , an o l d

“
drunka rd . 1 a r ise s

p articip le p a ssive o f Out, t h e it b e ing dissimil a t e d in t h e sh a rp e n e d sy ll ab l e

b e fore 6 : so B a r t h , i bid .
, p .
41 f .

0 f 25 . Th e g round -fo rm t til, ’ P P, al most e c l usiv e ly of p e rsons, w h o p o sse ss P x

so me q ua l it y i n a n in t e n siv e m a nn e r, 6 g l’
B N strong, P
WIY ri h teous
g
’j
, D P
. .
‘

violent for
f ug itive ( f rri h ,
) r y
‘
( a rris
)
a
or b a j .

Th at me o f t h e se a re on ly b y -form s of t h e t il-c l ass ( see ab ov e , remark

so
o n a ) , ap p e a rs fro m t h e constr st I 9
r
‘ P ravenous
j , s 3 5 ( b ut . .

al w ay s) , a n d a c c or di ng t o B art h i bid , 3 5 a a l so from t h e c onstr st WPN (b ut

( )
‘
. . .

a l so
‘
MN I S 2 13
) of
'
l’ PN . H ow e v er, t h e form l'PN, '
as a n a me of Go d ,ma y
b e i nt e n t ion a l l y d iffe r e n t ia t e d from $ 3 1
3 ,
a p oe t i c term for t h e b ull .

I n th e sa me w ay
'
i‘ P N p risoner, D‘P Peunuch (constr . st. al w ays Di j P , p l ur .

of al w ay s ”P’ P
4 , b ut in t h e b o o k E st h e r
7
G
P
‘ q’
DD
‘
’T
P, constr. st. P i
lP
l n 0
,

w it h fi
su l x
‘

a nd m ay wea n
-
cd, may be reg arde d as b y-fo r ms of th e

t il-c lass vi p assiv e m eaning , see 84 “

l.

g
“
26T h e g rou nd -form t tl l l,
. HP P, e g l; gra cious,
‘

P . .
m mnj co mp a ssiona te
( w i t h v i rt ual st re ng t h e ning o f t h e n) , ri llj diligent ( for p rob a b l y ,
‘

harril s) ,
‘

a g ain, to l a rg e xt n
e nt b y -forms of th e t ul-c l a ss, 5 Th e sa me
M
a e i .

JPN, a s w el l as fi tf nnp
'
a p l ie s t o sub sta nt iv e s l ike / N
“ ‘
N p ( i
“

p a ste n ,

m- g 84
b

sbcun ly : c f B art h ibid

'

p illa r ; fe m a s trip e a lso iii

( n inn
'

ar
; )
Pg a .
.
,
.
, .
,

It 2 7 T h e g roun d-form t tot ; b esides t h e infi nit iv e s a b so lute F i st

. of the
fo rm PEP ,
a l so NiBPj ea lous ( as w el l as N
PP ,
a n o b sc ure d fo rm of t td l see c ) .

i 28 . Th e g round -form qittul, P

HPP ,
e. "
g 35 3
. a coating o f meta l, nabs
) requital ,

5
'

‘
t drink,
iPfi rp?
i detesta ble thing ; w it h c on c re t e me a n ing 1 373 a discip le, T
ill}
strong ; fre q ue n t ly i n t h e p l ura l i n a n ab st ra c t se n se , as t a r
m rep roach , D NP
D
‘

filling (t h e in d uc t ion of a p riest ), 13 a ” consola tions, co

'

mp assion, B ’ SPw b erea ve

me nt, U MP
? ) di mi s ssa l, ob serva nce.

VI I . N ouns with th e Th ird Consona nt rep ea ted .

f.; 29 . Th e g ro un d -form t ldl, e

.g 2 2
.
7 15 5
2
quiet, fe m . PBJN W( w it h sh arp e n ing

of th e se c on d N l l n, i n v o w e l sh ort ) Hy:
’

o rde r to ke ep t h e p r ec e d ing green ,

p l ur . my ) .

I PP t h is fo rm
°

3 0 Th e g round -fo rm t l il, in H eb re w

.
PP ; of a re e. g . th e
i nfi n i t iv es Pi lel ( p ro p Pa lel) , c f 5 5 5 d
‘ '

m
. .

, 3 1 Th e
.
g ro u n d -fo rm
t lul so t h e p l ur . nuxn ; ri dges (w it h sh a rp en ing o f

t h e N un, a s in N o
mi
.

3 2 Th e g rou n d -form qitlci l, in

‘

. a brood .

in PDNf
33 Th e g ro und-form g u
.
il dl, P . i
a int .

3 4 T h e g ro und -form t lil, WP; m, 1’ i

“

D i PPy p lunder, ra in stor

“
-
. e .
g ,

glittering tap estry , J er 43

1°
Q
e
re w it h at t e nuat ion of t h e dt o i D T WDD a ll ‘ '
th a t

maketh b la ck, Jb 3 5 ( b ut t h e b e t te r r e a d in g is
M
°

35 . Th e g roun d-form t li d, e .
g .
"
I P? Je r 4 3 1 ° K eth . D Dl DNJ a d ulteries
' .

VI I I . N ouns with th e S econd a nd Th ird Consona nts rep ea ted.

q taltol ( i n fem
—
6 q taltul ; and w it h
e
tdltdl, a
o fte n
‘
e '
e
3 39 Q ci l i l l
t t p lur
77, .
q ,
. .

t h e last c onson a n t sh arp e ne d for t h e r eason g iv e n in a ab o v e ); c f.

 84 b
o, p , 85 a, b] r
f
Vouns wit h P r e or nl a tives , et c . 23 5

crooked , mPE
JPE
Jl l
‘
slip p ery p la ces, mSPSPP crooked ( wa ys) ; $ 1 5l tortuous ,
a l so

w o rds d e no t ing c o l ours, DW fe m

42 49
D IN ( Lv i n p a use ) l lP PD lN
' ‘
red dish ,
'
1 3 .

p lur lT p lur fe m l l
‘ e
P lD jN
'
P1 P? greenish , t l il P PJ ’
P fa ir ( t o
'
’
; q a t i ei y
'

. . .
,

be r e ad i n Jer 462° for wall s”) q

’
ta ltul , fl it) ( fem ) . bla ckish ; q PN
a ra b ble
(a ug men t e d fr om flJDN collected ) F rom a v e rb w it h ap h ae re si s

M
.

o f t h e in i t ia l sy l l a b l e D‘ NNNN ofi sp ring . ore ov e r , o f th e sa me form, p ro b a b ly ,

is
a lNl l a trump et ( for cf 5 5 5 e) A l so i n I s 2°
nfi P lPl lP1 3 to b e
' ‘ '
. . 2

1 e ad i n st ead of Tlfi P P( f m th e
' '
l lP lE
' ‘
Jfl
'
lPl l 1o sing . l a digg ing or b urrowing

M
. 7 7

ani ma l, p e i h a p s t h e mole) B ut fllPl lPP op ening , I s 6 1 1 ( e d

. a n t , B a e r G i neh
,
‘ ‘
. . .

i s a n ev iden t mist a ke du e t o d1 t t og 1 ap h y rea d OP P as in 4 27

IX . N ouns in wh ich t he Wh ole ( B ilitera l) S tem is rep ea ted .

Na tura lly t h is c l ass i nc l ude s o n ly isol at e d fo rms of th e st e ms J Vand ll fil ’

0
( on nl’ PJP se e 9 6 unde r PP) . T h us

40 .
PJSJ a wh eel, an d , w it h a t t e nu at io n o f t h e fi rst a t o i, PJSJ ( f ro m PP
J)

fe m .

P
H HP H a nguish ( from 5m 01
'
lPZl ( for kirka r) a tal ent ; c f a l so
. JPJP

( from kawkab , A 1 ab 1 c ka uka b , fo 1 PPDP), l lPPlD b a nds, fo r l l PP PlQ ;

‘ '

a star

gNSNp ob a b ly wh i ing l u t
r a rr oc s .

4 11 53 53 in fi n Pilp el ( p rop . . Pa lp il) fro m has ; fe m PJP P .

‘
S a h urling ( from 17
5JD)
( fo r ha dhud) , from 1 7 3
lD P p e1 h ap s
' ' “
a rub y
42 .

l .

43 W PWP th e crown of th e h ea d ( foi qudqud ) f1 om l l P; fe m 11 53 55 a skull ( fo r

' '
. .
,

g ulgult) fro m 551 , .

44 P .
g irded fr
“
o m WW m
I; J JB PB a b ot tl e
,
fro m PP: DJ
l P f
'
a ttened birds
,
'

85 . N ouns w ith Preforma tives a nd Afi orma tii es '

.

Th ese inc lude nouns w h ic h ar e direc t ly derive d from v erb al forms

h av ing p reformat ives ( H ip h il, H op h a l, H ithp a el , N ip h a l,
' ‘ ' ‘

w ell as t hose w h ich are formed w it h o th er p reforma t iv es ( N, 73 , J, n) ,

a nd formed w it h ma t iv es
'

finally t h ose wh ich a re afior Th e q uadri.

l it eral s and q uinq uel it erals a lso are t aken in c o nne x io n w it h t h e se

forma t ions, inasmuc h as t h ey a rise al most a l w ays by the a ddit ion

or insert ion of one o r two consona nt s t o t h e t rilit era l st e m .

X . N ouns w ith Preforma tives .

45 . No uns w it h N p 1 e fi xe d Of t h e sub st a nt iv es w it h N p rosth eti c . 19 m) , I)

a s vlfl N a rm ( Je r 3 2 , J b 3 1
21 22
suc h e l se w h e re a l w a s VPNN fi nger,
l ; y a

PEN N a locust, Flfi JN fi st ( o t h e rs ma ltock, o r clad) , PPJE WN o r mr e s a wa tch . In

t h e se e x a mp l e s t h e N is p i e fix a
‘
eup h o n ic
’
( B a1 th , ib id . 1 5 0 b) in oth e1

c ase s i t i s
‘
e sse n t ia l
’
; c f e sp e c ial l y t h e a d . j e c t iv e s , DTPN deceitful, ll PN
'
cruel
‘
D‘ N p erenni a l ( fo r a ita n) th e
’
use d t o 1 e xp r e ssin g th e
co mp a r . a nd sup e r] . de gre e s] . T h e fem i i lPl N fra gra nt p art ‘.
''

(o f th e me a l

1
O r p e rh a p s m o re c orre c t l y w it h Ja c ob , ZA W 1 8 9 7 , p 7 9,
’
‘
. decla ra tion, i e.

j
. .

th e m ‘

p a r t o f t h e e a l -o ffe ri ng w h i c h ‘
a nn o unc e s t h e sa c rifi c e a nd it s ob e c t .
 236 T he N oun 85 e- h

of
fe ri ng i s a nomen
) verb a le of H ip h i l, answ er ing t o t h e A ramaic infi nit i v e of
th e c a usa l st e m h e n c e w it h suff HDPPlN Lv &c . .

n
C 46 N oun s w it h n p re fi e d x B e sid es t h e didinary in fi n it iv e s
’
of H ip h i l
5m
. .

P P P D an d P ' ‘
DPU, o f N ip h a l 1 m PDPH ( for h ing ), an d o f th e c on j ug at ion s

md w ith t h
,

for e e p re fi x PP ,
t h is c l ass a l so inc l ud e s so me ra re no mina verb a lia

deriv e d from H ip
a sw inging
( from
( from by ) , [E st
p a la ce, from h a ikdl, unl e ss it is b o rro w e d fr o m t h e A ssy rian se e t h e Le i c on x .

d 4 7 N ouns w it h
.
J
p re fi x e d, a s PE
N}
N oil, PP
DH j wallet, aw} : from v erb s

”b
g Dl P a living th ing , lln ; from a v erb y,
'
.
‘ ‘ a ra ng e a n ad versary .

Of a d iffe re n t c h a rac t e r a re t h e ma ny p rop e r n ame s w h ic h h av e si mp l y

a dop t e d t h e i mp e rfe c t fo rm PPS) ” &c
,
as PP NT ,
.

e 48 . N ouns w i th f ma tive Dém, w h ic h i s no doub t

p re fi ed x . This p re or M
c on ne c t e d w it h ”
D D
wh a t (se e 5 3 7 a nd wh o, an d P
5 2 a p p ears i n a v e ry

l arg e n umb er of n ouns, a n d se rv e s t o e x p ress t h e m o st v aried mod ificat io n s of

I
t h e ide a o f t h e ste m : ( ) D subj ective, w h e n p re fo rmat iv e o f t h e p art i c ip l es
’

Pi el, H ip h il, H ithp a el, a n d o t h e r a c t iv e c o n ugat io ns

' ‘ '

( 2) obj ecti ve, w h en j . D

p re format ive of t h e p ar t ic ip les P u a l, H op h al, an d o t h er p assiv e c on ug at ion s,
‘ ‘
j
as w ell as o f n u me r o us n o uns ( 3 ) instrumental , as in IlFlPD a key, &c (4)
'
. D .

Dl ocal , a s i n lP lD
' '
a dri vefor ca ttle, &c .

As g ards t h efo rma t i o n o f t h e se noun s, i t is t o b e re marke d t h at t h e p re

re

format iv e D
w as orig in a lly in m ost c a se s fol l ow e d b y a sh ort at Th is a, .

h ow e v er, in a c l o se d sy l l ab le is fre q ue n t l y at t e nuat e d t o i i n an op e n syl l ab l e

b e fore t h e t o ne it is l e ng t h e ne d t o a ( so a l so t h e i, a t t enua t e d fro m (t , is
l e ngt h e ne d t o e) , and i n PD sh ield ( w i t h sufi ’ ggD it e v e n b e c ome s unc h a ng e
‘

.
‘
)
ab l e B ut in a n open sy l la b l e w h ic h d oe s not st a nd b e fore t h e t o n e , t h e a
d .

ne c e ssarily b e c om es S ewd .

T h e fol l ow ing for ms are e sp e c ial ly t o b e not ic e d : ( a ) g ro un d-form mdqtdl, in

g
H e b re w ,
1 e
g
.
. . 5
; n food ; fe m ng p p king dom, 11 55 ; a knife, PPN P .
§ 5 3 P
( for HPNSD b y 5 ) b usiness ; from a ve rb i P
”
g ift ; fro m b ’
YP ,
‘

,P D
23 0 a v er s

NNlD Plé lD a sea t ; from v e rb s W P, PD D th e b est ( fro m ma itab)

'
J
a g oing forth ,
w it h J
(or 1) assim il at e d , ll D
N a bed from ve rb s W
it
'
PD a screen , a n d w it h
, [
t h e sh o rt e n ing o f t h e it und e r t h e p re fo r mt i a ve, lDD bitterness
"
( fro m PDD

fe m PDQ/D from V v, p r ob ab ly ’
deve l op ed to a seg h o l a t e , ) . desola tion ; a v erb

of t h is c l a ss is DlPD p la ce, t h e d l e ngt h e n e d t o a an d ob sc ure d t o 6 ( A rab ic

mdqdm) fro m v erb s Ws PNPD app earance

’
, , w} t (for nap e ) p rop intention, . on l y

iQDP
in on a ccount of, in order th a t .

h (b ) G roun d -form miq tdl ( t h e usual form of t h e infi n Ca t in Ara ma ic) H eb r .

, .

PDP , g
D e lP l (
D i
. n J e.r 2
'
31
a l
'
so ,
w h e re B aer r e q uire s lP
a , re a d w it h e d
' '
.

Mant , Ginsb urg &c PP lDQ ) a ca ttle-drive fem FIDDSD war, nPP lD a ch ariot
o

‘ ‘
.
, .
, .

b
. '

( w it h S ‘
g h él i n st e a d o f i u t i n co nstr st l lPP lD G n 4 1 43 c f P lD dista nce)
, P . .
' '

.
'

” PDQ/ D rrounding s ( fro m mi-sdb

from i i t h ”
a wa tch g PP D su v erb s n e 12 9 , e. .

o p e nsy l la b l e b e ing l e ng t h e n e d t o e ; b ut c Ply};

4
f l
a so I s 3 3 as constr sta te . .

from ppri w it h sh arp e n ing o f t h e fi rst radica l c f 6 7 g ) from v e rb s W , . P

ngPD p ossession, fe m ll gPD
‘
a . .

1
I n D'PIJD Ct Neh t h e fi rst sy l l ab l e is arti fi c ia l ly op e ned to a v oid
P
the ca c op h ony; on th e a of th e second syl l ab le c f. 5 93 cc.
 238 T he A oa n
f
85 r—u

7
’
W ith a l o ng v ow el in t h e sec o nd s yll ab l e : ( d) tiqtdl, as ai m th e ocea n, th e
deep ( fo r tih i
c m i n s s r ia n t h e fe m tidmt a c o n s t r st A y
t-
ici ma t, is t h e usua l w or d
p f
. . .
,

fo r sea ) , u nle ss i t is t o b e d e l iv e d w it h D e li t z sc l1 , Proleg omena , 1 1 3 , ro m t h e

f
.

st e rn n nn; ( e) ta qtil ( in ra ic t h e usua l orm o f t h e i n fi n it i v e o f c onj u at io n A b g

11 . w h ic h c orre s o n d s p to the H r eb
Pi el) , e g f ew
1 o m a v e b W , fe m
’
. . r s . n'SDn
co mp leteness ; Fi fl ln i ncrease, l '
usury, w i t h a ara ll e l o rm Fll E
J lD ; i n a p f '
p ass iv e

se n se , DJD SFI a d isc ip le ; (f J JDDFI, g e . .

[ll Dlj a n ap p le (for ta np a 1z)
“ °
v er y
f re q u e n t l yu se d to f or m a b st ra c t s, e .
gu l JFl a b enefi t ( a l so 5 1DJ) °
f ro m ve1 b s

V i) DDJJFI a trea ding dow n, Fl DJJFl a wa ving ( l i k e FlDJJl-l

‘
a l ift ing up , f ro m the
H ip h ii st e m) , nPa a long ing , &é .
;
v er y f qu re e nt l y a l so a s a n a b st ra c t p l ura l ,

g nlDDflFl p erverseness, mbnnn guidance, D -

J' l
l l Dlj- bitterness, DJDJFlJF an d
‘

l
l
.

nsola tion ; from a v ei b V i) D‘ JDD toil

F l Dl FlJn co .
,

XI . N ouns with Afi orma tives .

5
°
5 2. N ouns w it h 5 a ffi x e d. P e rh a p JDWD
s a mber and p rob ab l y Sl lD '

iron, S D lD g arden-la nd
‘

( gh o
S e
l in b ot h c a se s is p ro b ab l y a m o d ifi c a tion o f th e

g in l in t h t n y ll b l ) 5313 1 bl m f 5 3
o ri a a e o e s a e ,
oo ,
c . 0 q
— A
. c c ord in gt o P r a t or ius,
Z DM G 19 3 0 3 ft l i n ffi x f nd a m nt 0 1 0 , a s a a o e e r e 1n th e p p ro e r na m e s SD‘ D
519 mm( littl li d 53m g ( l e za r a so

t 5 3 N un w i t h D ffi x d W ith n ig in l m m at iv e , DB
‘

. o s a e . a or a a as a fi or JN

vesti bule
( a l t h oug h t h e a in t h e sing . re m ain s un c h a n g bl ) p l u
ea e , r. D‘ D N b
b ut DJD a swa rm of gna ts, t h e D 1 3 radic al W it h or a t iv e um, ig in l ff m
'

l n a a or .

D
‘
l
‘
y ( a l so D l y) n a ed ( m ll ) ,
r o
'
l l l ur DD V
J
DJ
k
G n 7
3 , f
a ral l e l or m ay
'
p . p f m
p l u1 . DJDJ ly G n 225 —T o t h is c l ass a l so b e l o g t h e a d v er s i n a m a n d 6m,
'

. n b
men t io ne d in 100 g, a nd man y p p ro er n a mes, as D WJJ '

,
al so DJWWJ . a nd

W? ) (p t ny mi d
“

W a ro c DDSD Dfi Dy, 81 0 °
b ut for Dl l lD ra nsom N11
p b b ly D l lD
ro a J ' '

18 to ber e a d .

11, 54 . N ou ns w ith a fii x e d Th e 1 is ad d e d by m n ea s o f a si p
m l e h e l in g p
v ow e l 1 n
;ygD Ca na a n, a nd
71 9 3 a fi ng er na il m f qu
o re re entl y th e add it i on is

m ad e by m ea n s of a t o ne - e ari n b g a, w h ic h in H br e ew 1 s m odi fie d t o S g h ole

(a s
g
‘

ilj J a xe) or l e ng t h e ne d t o a
( b ut of. al so ni aj ns a nd e . .
l JPa p osses
‘

WSW z F ro m a n o rig ina l a b g g ed int o

'

sion, D l P a n ofi ering ch an
‘
a ta ble, . e in an

o b scure 0 y xp l i u h f m ans 1 p g w y ; lll lj ( l

we may p rob ab l e a n s c or
- i ni n
‘
a so
s as a a a

‘
DJ
D g
‘
d; flj l h u g ; f m
‘

y a b 5 N
oaM p i d
la i ll ? ”
'
n er ro v er s 1
”
r e: no se, a

l lW b 3 D ,l RW
I

t f m il ; f m nl y i
”
'
J‘ a coa D g il ( t h o t a w it h b t h ro a v er u e e o ns a nc e o

D p f m ti nd ff m t i )
re o r y f q u t ly f m t h imp l t m
a ve a on a or a ve 1 °
v er re en ro e s e s e

w it h n u g n i h p ni g f t h
a nd di l
nor a g ll lDl m m i l il JD
c s
‘
ar e n o e se c o ra ca ,
e.
‘
e or a , J

destruction ( constr . st.

li
'
lD] a nd S
WD ) & c ; c f a l so
r m n p regna ncy fo r J l a n d
, ( .
) .
’ '

JP P me, for l S S P r op e 1 n a me s o c c ur w it h t h e t e1 m 1 nat io n

l PP
‘
l sh a
uu ,l
°

93
°
.

an
,
as
ll lW‘
,
'

5 8 6 g, a n d o t h e rs.

p lu l D JXJfl w C t
Th e ra s J o ers, 2
12
,
a nd W
DJJ DPth orns a p p e ar t o b e for me d
tly f m t h in g ul Fl X a nd WlDP w it h t h e in se r t ion of an
di re c
VJ ( f ro e s a rs c . J)

( w h i h in DP b u d t on)
c
’
1s o sc re o . S e e N olde ke , Mnd a . Gr .
,
p . 1 69 , R e m 3 .
°

s i mil l y d ing t H fl m n n
ar ,
a c c or o o a ,
‘
E in ig e p h on i In z. sc h r i ft e n,
’
p . 1 5 ( A bh .

der Gott Ges der

'

. . Wiss , . xxx vi , ) D'Jl l lll wares, E2 27

“ 16
f ro m 3 7V=
 8 5 v w, 8 6 a —d ]
,
N o uns with Af or ma lit ies , et c . 23 9

R em . Al g ar e num e r of b p p ro er n am e s n ow e n d i n g i n llj _ '

or l_ u se d t o D
be c lasse d as n o uns o rig in a l ly f
m e d w it h t h e a fiix or
‘
Th e b
su se q ue n t

j
re e c t i o n o f th e fi na l N un se e me d t o b e c o n fi rm e d by t h f e or m Il flJD , '
onc e

use d (Z c 1 21 1
) for l ’ lJD
( a n d c on v e rse l y in P r 2 7
2°
K eth ibh $ 13 5 , Q ré D DS for
’

f f
.

by a wt h e
L XX g iv e t h e orm
'

i o
’

rng s destruction) , al s th e ac t t h a t fo r
p
.

Ek nw '
a or Ea h wp dzv , a n d e s e c ia l l y t h a t i n p a t rbny mic s a n d t ri al n a m es b
pp
86 h) a Nun a e a rs bf e o re t h e t e rmin a t io n i, a s JJ JJ S Gilonite f ro m D52
] a nd

JS Wf m FlSW(m me VVe t z st e in, h bw e ve r ( in D e l i t zsc h

’
' ‘ ‘
‘

ro o de r n n a S a ili i n) . s

Commenta ry on J ob , i st e d. , p . e xp l a in e d th e Mi n in ll’ lJD as a se c o n da r y

ad d it i o n to t h e co mm o n o l d- P a l e st i nia n t e rm ina t i on a ( fii
rn g
,
lay, fi lm ,
B a r t h (N omina lbildung ,
and 2 24 b
) h as sin c e sh ow n t h e unsou nd n e ss o f
t h e p re v a il ing v i e w o n o t h e r g rou n ds : t h e rej e c t io n o f t h e N un w ou l d b e
k y p p p
.

muc h m ore li e l t o oc c ur i n t h e n ume ro us ap e lla t iv e s i n on t h a n i n ro e r

name s, a n d 3555
" and l J J SW a re d ue t o t h e ne c e ssit y o f a v oidi n g ,
for eu p h ni o c

f Wf iW
.

'
re a son s, suc h or m s as gilo i, Kile i, & c - - c f. a l so
‘
DD ro m Flj .

m b
T

On t h e ma t iv e s
‘

a fi or se e e l ow , 86 h-l .
,

XI I . Qu a dr iliterals a n d Quinquelitera ls .

55 S
DJD J b arren, WDE
JU’
a fl int, a nd t h e fe m h ea t , &c h ave p b b ly
ro a

m
. .
,

a rise n f ro t h e i nse r t io n of a s Sin g l u t DDDP a oc s , an a xe, DDQj D a b ra nch ,

Ez 3 1 ° ( v e rse s 6, 8 DDQD) , D DQ lW( lso D DV

J
W) a nxi u‘
a J o s th ough ts, D '
DJWS cep tre
'

f ro m in se rt ion of a
'
l w h ic h is
,
co mmon in A ra ma ic . Cf .
,
mo re ove r, WD lFl '

T IDD vine blossom QE

D}? a b a t, W DDQ a
'
a si ckle, -
w ith an in it ia l 17 ' sp ider, lDDQ
,

mouse, 3 91] ‘
&c — Q ui n quel it era l , QDWDXa frog
a
1 a scorp ion, . .

86 . D en omin a tive N ouns .

1 . S uch a re a ll nouns f or med immedia tely f ro m a no th er noun,

wh e th e r t h e l a tte b p imit i e or d riv ed f om a v e b e g ilD lB

r e r v e r r , . .
'

t n immedi t ely f om D lé the ea st erb al st em D] ? t

( b f )
'

e a s er a e in on t r v o r .

2 M
,

o st o f t h e fo rms w h i h no uns f t his c la ss a s ume h a e al

. ady 6 c o s v re

b en g i en in
e 8 4 a nd 8 5 sinc t h e denomina t iv es a s sec ondary
v , e ,

o ug h in som c s ve y old f rms inv a i b ly follow t h e anal ogy

( lath ) e a se r o ,
r a

of t h e v e b al d iv tiv es A s for inst nc e t h e v e b al s w ith a p refix ed

r er a .
,
a ,
r

D 8 5 e t o m) e x p re ss t h e p lac e & c o f an a ct ion so t h e denomin ,

.
, ,
a

t ives w ith 73 loc l rep esent t h e p l c e W h ere a t hing is found o it

a r a r s

neig h b ourh oo d (see e) .

Th e most co mm on f or ms o f d e n om ina t iv es a re
1 . T h o se l i k e t h e p a rticip le Qa l ( 5 8 4 “
)
s , e. g . DQ W a p orter, f ro m 131g "
a ga te
'
lPDa h erdsma n , f ro m ‘
lPD a h erd DDDa vinedresser , f
ro m DWDa vineya rd.

2. T h ose l i k e th e for m qa tta l

”
8 4 b) , e . g . i1 l a n a rch er, f ro m na ,? a b ow .

D e re n b o u rg ( R EJ , 1 8 8 3 , p 1 65 ) in e rs ro m t h e a o ve e am l e s a nd a
1 . . f f b x p
p
c om a r iso n o f t h e ra ic . A b
ugfil r, sp a rrow ( ro m safara , to ch irp ) , t h at v w as
‘ ‘

f
p
es e c ial l e m l o e d t o o rmy p y
uadri l it e ral n a mes of an ima l s f q .
 2 40 T he N oun 8 6 e—i

B ot h t h ese orms f (c a nd 01 ) i ndic at e c ust o marY oc c up at ions , inh e rin g in t h e

su bj
ec t , l ike re e G k n oun s in m s, r evs, e . g . fl oa t- m w s, a nn
-
a r ev s.

e 3 . Noun s w i th D p re fi x e d, de not in g t h pl a e ce g i (c f 5 8 5 )
w h e re a t h in s . e ,

or it s ne i h g b o urh o od, e . g . a p la ce o f founta in f m Pi

t ; FllJ
s J3 D th p l
ro e a ce

a b out feet, ll lW § 3 D th e p lace a bout th e head, ro

th e f m JJ3 WN l ; DW
l
PD ( f
'
or

W
DD PD ) a cucumber field, rom RW P cucum b er C a pnreh éw ro m duweh os f . f. f .

4 N o un
. s w i t h t h e t e rm in a t ion o r
ll e re ssing a dj e c t iv al i de a s : xp fiD JP
‘

eastern, f
m DDP; ll3 3l p osterior, rom IDS ; llJ’ Jll exterior, rom pan; ro b ab l y
ro
§ f "
f p
al so
a l
'
)
J '
coiled, h en c e coiled a nima l , serp ent , f1 om D l ) a w inding lDWll J b raz en , °

f rom FlW DJ bra ss l so abstracts, e g ,l l nblindness, rom

i . A Of 5 8 5 u . .
'
f . .

W i t h a d oub l e t e r mi nat io n ( an or a n w it h i) JJD3 l$ reddish , JJp’ lJ a nowing k

( s p
i r it ) J
JVDY b asilis ; niu
pp
°
merciful [fem l ur k p mm . p
g
.

Sy lW
g 11 a e a rs t o b e u sed as a di inut iv e e nd in ( c f. th e riac
i n
l ) i l xJ

little ma n ( in t h e eye ) ,
ap p le o f th e eye, f romW J
tt 1 on t h e °
ot h e r h a nd i D
DJ
W
a dder, w h ic h w as f or merl y re g a r de d a s a dim in u t iv e , 1 s ro p p ly er a n a d e c t iv a l j
f or m m DDWto rub ( h e n c e , a s i t w e re a rub bing c re at ure ) ; in t h e same w ay
f ro
,

W J 1 8 a denomina tive fro m ll W r o erl y up right ( rig h teous p eop le , and p p

)
'
'

JJ3 J

n ot a d iminutive (p ious litt le p eop le, a n d t h e l i e ) fi nal l y , il3 3 W is n ot lunula , k °

'

b ut a n a rtific ia l moon ( use d a s a n 0 1 na m e nt ) , a nd DJJ3 l¥ n ot little nec , b ut k

neckla ce ( fro m lN J nec )
"
J
’
C f D e lit z sc l 1 o n Ct 4 9 k . . .

ll 5 P e.c ul ia r t o d e n o min a t iv e s is t h e t e rmin a t io n J_ , w h ic h c onv e rt s a

sub st a nt i v e i n t o a n a dj e c t iv e a n d 1 s a dde d e s e c i al l y t o n um e ra l s a nd names p

p
e rso n s a nd c oun t rie s, i n o rd e r t o fo r m ordina ls, p a tronymi cs a nd tri b a l
,

of ,

names ; e g
'
J f l
p
<

J
J3f
J tm l DJ
J3, m J lJ3f ;t J3 D
l t
$ l J3
D stra ng e,
oo a n,
. ur
. ro oo cr ue ,
J .

f m 3 D) t g n Fl l3F3 l w f m mm b l w f m ll Fl FlFl d Fl FlFl Fl

ro s ran e ess, J o er, ro eo , e .
'
J
an ’
‘

r. J
Wth i th f m W i DDlDM bit f m ml
pl u D JFlFl FI ll l FlFlFl ; W '
J J
e sx , ro s x
° J
'
oa e, ro

plu D DND f m Fl D§ lD nd Fl DNID p lu Fl l DNlD; 3 Dv H b w p l u

r .
J
,
e .
J a J '
,
r. J J e re , r.

D 3 Dv nd D 3 D9 f m Fl 3 Dv pl u Fll 3 Dv; S§ 3W I
J a l it f m 5§ 3 W
JJ
, e .
J
,
r. J J J srae e, ro J

Wh n th e ig in l ub t ti i mp u d i t i
e or l d g in int t w a s s an ve s a co o n , s re so ve a a o o

w d or g J DJJD B nj mit f m [ DJJD ( f n t h u f t h

s, e . .
J J t i l in
'

e a e, ro J o . o e se o e ar c e

suc h c a se s, 5 1 2 ? d)
A
.

I n t d of _ w
s ea J
. e fi nd i n a fe w c a se s ( )a th e e nd in g J_
( as in ra m .

e. g DD( fty o
.
,
J J cra ) r, a c c o rdin f or
_DJ and is
J J g to o t h e rs, ch urlish i f it st a nd s S
n ot rat h er ro m a st e m N 3 o r 3 3 ;
1 f
J 3 l Fl wh i te c lo /
t ,1 1 3 1 5
9 in a use ; pe rh a s
9
5 p p
a l so DJa swarm o
J
f loc usts,
A m 1
7 C D N a h ar d l J
F J
l lJ J
J I s H b 19
3 ; P y
b ut c e rt ain l in ro e r n a m es as
J1
y
3 1 21 (f
3 er re u s
) ap p
B rz i lla i;
’
a nd ( b)

[ 1 Cf . B art h , 212 K on ig , ii 41 3
. D iminut iv e s i n e mi t ic la n ua es
1, . S g g
y by f
M
h ow ev er, m ost m mo n l forme d in se rl ing a y a t e r t h e se c o nd rad ic a l ,
a re , co
i
e. g A . ra m &DJJW, S y r
. .
, A b F
il ra . e a very young man, k ula i b a little

dog, &c
‘

. Si n Ol h ce s ause n (5 3 Jyl a little ( I s 2 8 1 0 J b 36 ) h 2

as c o mmo nl y
b x mpl f t h m f m t w h i h t h h
e e n re arde d a s a n g dd d e a e o e sa e or ,
o c o ers ave a e

D D DW
J I ( t h ugh f ign d i l t i l f m f i m i littl u )
J s as d o a ore a ec ca or or a a s
,
e s n ,
an

ilJ n SJ n t mp t u u d im in uti
2 f m f [lJDD f E w l d 6 7
as a c o e o s ve or o c . a ,
1 ,

W W ig h t A b G mm i 69 D L g d N minlbild ng p p 8 5 8 7 2
’
r ra ra 2 e a ar e, o a u -

Konig ii p 43 f Th x i t n f t h f m in H b w i di put d by
. . .
, , ,
.
,
.

. . 1 , . 1 . e e s e ce o e or e re s s e
B art h , 5 1 9 2 d ] .

1
O n J_ _ a s an old fe m . endin , see a ove , g b 5 80 l ,
 2 42 T he N oun 8 7 d—i

d Th e en ding im i s al so c o mmon in Ph o e n ic ian, e. g . DJW S idonu

‘
A ssy rian
h a s dni t o P H aup t o r ig ina l ly dmi, c f
(ac c . . 8 8 d) A rama ic h a s in A ra b ic .

nna ( n o m inat iv e) a nd i na ( i n t h e o b liq ue c a se s, b ut in v ulg ar A rab ic i n i s

a l so use d fo r t h e n o minat iv e ) E t h iop ic ( in Of a l so t h e v e rb a l e n d in g {3 in . .

t h e 3 rd p l ur p erf 44 ) l a n d i n t.h e g r d a n d an
. d p l u r i m p f 47 m )
1
. . .

6 L e ss fre q ue nt , or o n l y ap p are n t t e rm in at io n s o f t h e p l ur masc a re . .

( )
a a s i n A ra m a ic ,
2
fo un d a l mo st e c l usiv e l y i n t h e l a t e r b o oks of t h e x
O T ( a p art from t h e p oet ic al
. . use i n so me o f t h e o lder a nd e v e n t h e ol d e st
'
p ort io ns) v i z rg gr 1 1 33,
{n
3 K i
king s P r th e g uard, 2 K 1 1 13,
; , .
,
1
3 ,
18
1

wh ea t, E z 4 9 ; de fe c t iv ely P S isla nds, E z 26 ; D

P: da ys, D n 1 21 3 . Cf . a l so

ca rp ets, Ju 5 10
,
i n t h e N ort h -P a l e st in ia n so ng o f D e b orah , w h ic h al so h as
o t h er l ing u ist ic p e c ul iarit ie s i ?
“ h eap s, Mi 3 12
(b e fore 11 c f. 5 44 k) r§p
words ( from t h e real ly

t e n t im e s in Jo b )
A ram .

mag) , Jb 4 2, a nd t w el v e ot h e r p l ac e s i n Job

( b eside fur t h e r, i flj Jb

‘ 2422, a nd

3 —
La 1 4, “ a n 4 T h e fol l ow ing fo rm s
. are d o ub t ful
"

f ( b) i
f ( w it h t h e D j re e c t e d, a s, a c c or ding to so m e , in t h e d ua l “
1: for Dj‘il
:
E2 1 3
19
, c f. 88 )
c , e .
g ( unl e ss i t is t o
.
’t stringed instr uments, ) 4 5 for
1
9
map
b e so w rit t e n ) 3 ; p p
e o les t
, g
1 44
2
a n d, p
r o b ab l y, a l so L a
14
3 ( in 2 S 2 244
it ,

may b e t ake n as ”tsp my p eop le c f i n t h e p aral l el p assage ih 1 8 44 up ; a l so in .

C t 8 2 t h e i of vim isb e t t e r re ga rde d a s a sufi ix) ; see a l so 2 S 2 3 8 as c om p a re d

f

w it h Ch a nd on t h e w h ol e q ue st i on G e sen ius, L eh rg eb ci ude, p

'

5 24 fi
’

1
M
. .

o re d oub t ful st il l is

g ( c) ( l ike t h e c o nst r st at e in S y riac ) , w h ic h is sup p ose d t o a p p e ar i n

.

e .
g .
p r in ces, u 15
J
5 ( p e rh ap s my p rinces is int e n de d rea d e it h e r t h e c on st r .

st .
”fl w
a , w h ic h a l so h a s g oo d a u t h o ri ty, or w it h L XX fo r ’
Dl
' ”
gitn
Je r 2 21 4 5 8 8 c , o r a l o a n w ord, of ZA i ii 9 3 )
( a c c o rding to ot h ers d ua l, se e .

m
. .

r ea d
ila9 O n ”B ig a nd in, wh ic h h a v e al so b een so e x p l aine d, see
8 6 it — ’ Q H
WQ I s WQ )
' '

‘
a b ov e , c e r t a inl y
20 ( w h ere t h e rig h t r e a d i ng is ’QH
f

m u st b e i nt e n de d by t h e M a so ra e i t h e r a s a si ng ul a r w it h t h e fo rma t iv e
sy ll ab l e = b a reness o r, m ore p rob ab ly , as a c o n st r . st w i t h t h e o r ig ina l
.

t e rm in a t ion ay ( cf . 8 9 d) t o av o id t h e h a rsh c om b in a t i o n h a
sfifé 55 1
5 4
; in
maj esta tis, D’ JWN lord) , t h e w as
'

th e L ord ( p rop my lord , fr om t h e .

p l ur . ay
o rig ina l ly a sufi ix,
‘
1 35 g .

[L ( d) D__ a
T
sup p o se d p lura l e n d ing in D 3 = Dfigp g na ts ( or lice) ,
2 a nd S
D D la dder
‘

( sup p ose d by so me to b e a p l ur l ik e. o ur sta irs ) b ut c f on . t h e fo rme r, 85 t .

Th e p lural t ermina t ion o f t h e femin ine g ender is generally

2 .

indic at ed b y t h e t ermina t io n mi ( oft en w ritt en defec t ively e g . .

1
“ 917 “ song o
fp r a ise,
p sa l m p lur
, . g
fi l nn
(o nly in p ost -b ib lic al H eb rew

1
On t h e c o nn e xi on b e t w e e n al l t h e se e n d ing s se e D ie t ric h s A bh a ndl z ur
'
.

h eb r Gra mm. L e ip z ig , .
,
1 8 4 6, p 5 1 iii ; H a l ev y, R E ]
. 1 88 8, p 1 3 8 if [C f a l so . . . .

D r iv e r, Tenses, 6, Obs
Mes
.

{W529
2
S o al so a l w ay s in t h e i n sc rip t io n , l ine th irty ; l ine 4
‘
a e. g . 2

73 7
3 5
k in g ;
s l in e l
5 I fi 1 ma ny da ys, 81 0
7
3 “
.

A c c o rd in g t o so m e t h is i i s simp l y d ue t o a neg l e c t o f t h e p o int 5 m) ,

3

w h ic h i n M
S S a n d e l se w h e re m a r ke d t h e a b b re v ia t io n o f t h e p in r e n d i ng
M
. . .

4
P rat o rius, Z D G 1 9 0 3 , p 5 25 , re g a rd s ”5332 9 9 a s a n i nst a n c e o f t h e a fli x
. .

o f e nd e a r me nt (c f . sp i ns , ”
5
3 1 3 ) t ra nsfe rre d t o a n a p p e l l a t iv e , b ut suc h an

e x p lan at io n i s re ndere d unl ike ly by th e mean ing of t h is isol a t e d inst a n ce .

 8 7 15—11 ] Of the P lura l 2 43

0 1
52113
1
,
in th e h eading s o f t h e p r int ed edit ions,
as as w ell as 5
11 1 11 11 15
“
5
B oole of P sa lms) ; ” WE
"
t he N a let t er ,
p lur
-
.
43
11 a well, p l ur .

11 11 15 3 F eminines in 11 1
_ fo rm t h eir l ura l in N11
_
_ ” 1
1 3 73
.
p eg .

an E gyp t i a n w oma n, p l ur . 11 11 1 3 13 ; and t h ose m 11 1 eit h er mak e 11 1 1

as 11 13 519 kin dom, lur 11 15

g p 579 Dn 8 22
(c f T111
3
! ) c ells, Je r or a re

wh f
.
,

inflect e
d like 11 17 ” t estimonies (p ronounc ed Edhe ot or e dh uw oth) .

I t i s onl y 11 o m a mist ake 0 1 d isre g ai d of t h ese fe m inin e e n d ing s 11 1_ a n d A

:
11 1_ t h a t some w or d s e n ding w it h t h e m form t h e ir p l ural b y t h e a dd it ion
of D __ 1
l 1
{1 11 3 11
11 111 J11 ; 11 1J1 wh oredom,
a nd 1 '
or e .
g . sp ea r,
p ur .

1
p l ur D 11 J1 ( b y t h e
1 1 . side o f D1 J1J1) 13 1 11 13 3513 widowh ood ; 11 111 11 10 p its, 11 111 13 3
amulets ( if c on ne c t e d w it h A ssy 1 kdsu, to b in d ) , &c . .

T h e t e rm in at io n -6th st a n ds p rima i il y fo r dth (w h ic h is t h e fo rm i t h as in '

l
A ra b , E t h , in t h e constr st o f W e st e rn A ra m a ic , i n E a st e rn S y ri ac , a nd a l so
. . . .

i n A ssy r ia n o n t h e c h a n g e o f cl i n t o a n o b sc ure 6, se e 9 q) On t h e o t h er
.

h an d , i t i s d oub t ful w h e th e r t h is dth is t o b e reg arde d a s a l e ng t h e n e d an d

st ro ng er form of t h e sin g ul ar fe rn e n din g dth
( c f 8 0 b ) . . .

H ow t h e c h ang eab le v ow e l s o f a no un a re sh ort ened or b ec o me

in c onse
q uenc e o f t h e a ddit ion of t h e p l ural e nding s is e x p lained
in 9 2- 5
3 . W ords wh ic h in t h e Si n
g ula r a re used mascul ine and
b ot h as m
feminine 1 22 d), o ft en h a v e in t h e p l ural
p ara llel fo rms w it h t h e

masculine a nd feminine t erminat ions, e .

g .
31
3 cloud , p l ur .
B 1 3 IJ a nd
11 13 1 ; form may b e t reat ed eit h er as masculine or feminine,
a nd each
3
according t o t h e usag e of t h e ar tic ula r w ord — B ut ev en t h ose w ords
p ,

of wh ic h t h e ender is invariab l e, so met ime s h av e b o t h p lural forms,

g
e g. .
1 11 masc a g enera tion, p l ur
. .
0 1 1 11 and 11 11 11 ; fe m .
yea r, a

D 9 ) a nd
p l ur (see t h e R e m) I n t h ese w ords t h e d f
1
2
“
.
g en er o

b ot h p l ural forms re ma ins t h e same as in t h e sing ular, e .

g .
”1 3 . ma sc .

a li on
p l u1 11 11 1 13
,
ma sc , Zp 3.
3
. masc .
, Jb 42
16
.

S ome t ime s u sag e m ak e s d ist in c t ion b e t w e e n t h e t w o p l ural fo rms o f t h e

a

sa m e w o rd . T h us, {1 1 13 1 da ys, D1 Jw yea rs are t h e u sua l , b ut 11 113 1 ( o nl y t w ic e ,

in t h e constr. st. Dt 90
15
) and 11 1JW (al so onl y in t h e constr. st. an d b e fore
su f
fi xe S ) a re r ar er p oe t i form s c .

A d iffe re nc e o f m e a n in g a p p ea rs i n se v e ra l n a m e s o f me mb e r s of t h e b ody , 0
t h e d ua l (se e 8 8 ) d e n o t ing t h e l iv in g m e mb e rs t h e mse l v e s, w h il e t h e p l u1 .

i n 11 1 e xp re sses so me t h ing l ike t h e m , b ut w it h ou t l ife (5 1 2 2 u , e. ) g .

h ands, 11 11 1 artifi cia l h a nds, al so e .

g th e
. ar ms o f a t h ro ne , D 5 3 h a nds, 11 15 3
1

h andles ( L at . ma nubria ) ; D113 foot, 11 113 119 arti fi ci a l f eet ( of th e ai k) , D1 J1 p h orns,

11 171 h orns ( );
o f t h e al t ar D J1
1] eyes, 1
f ounta ins c f. al so [31 11 13 lions , 11111 8
? ;
mlik
.

m 113 151 m 1 - mn,

1 al e colu
”
’
t h e fi gures of lions o S ol
n o on s t h rone , p al , 1
1 3 11 61 p

p l ur 1
3 11
13 11 a nd 11 11 13 11
.

4 . A c o nside ra b le numb er o f ma sc ulines form t h eir p lural in 11 1,

1 )
while many feminines h a v e a
p lura l in 13 1 7 . Th e gender of the
singular, h ow ever, is as a rul e ret a ined in t h e p lura l .

R z
 2 44 T he N oun 8 7 q- t , 8 8 a

U n doub t e d inst anc e s of masc ul ine s (masc ul ine) p l ural i n 11 1_ are

w it h

113 cistern, 3 J1 ta il 13 1511 dream, Np ; th rone

"
3 N fa th er, 3 ¥ 1N treasure, 1 N3 a nd
'

, ,

3 5 and 3 3 5 h eart, m; l
ta blet, 55 1 a n d 13 5 5 nigh t 11 3 113 a lt Dim
1
; p l , ar, ace, WNJ
sk i b ottle, 1 J la mp 1111 skin, voice,
111 5W t b l DWn m 13 1Wt ump t
“ “
n- , a e, a e, r e .

( F e m in ine s e n di ng w h ic h t ake i n t h e p l ura l t h e t e1 mina t io n D1 _

_
1 in

a1 e HSN{ erebinth , terror (b ut al so 11 113 1 N) , a ca ke o f fi gs, 1

1 13 11 wh ea t,

11 33 5 a brick, 11 1 53( on l y 1n p o e t ry ) a word, nND sea, a dry measure, 11 1 111Wbarley,

a nd t h e fol l o w in g n a me s o f ani mal s 111 13 1 1 a bee and mt a done ; al so, for
u
7

13 1 3 1 3 fe m . eggs, a si n g ul ar 13
1
3 3 15 to b e ass m e d.
3
'
H1 DN sh eaf an d nJ Wyea r

( se e ab ov e
,
n ) t a ke b o th D _
_ 1
and 11 1 , c f. fi na ll y D DB
I
W a n ear o f corn,
p l u1 .

D1 2W 5 and w i t h out t h e fe m . t e rm i na t ion i n t h e sing ul ar 12

23 53 1 concubine,

p l ui . D WJJ 3 J ‘’

7
‘
5 . A
distinct io n in g ender b et w een t h e t w o p l ural ending s
st ric t

i s fo und, in fa c t , only l n adj e c t iv e s a nd p a rt ic iples, e g 0 1

3 113 boni, . .

11 13 113 bona e, D1
50 masc , 11 1519 1? fe m S o also l n sub st a nt iv es of t h e
? .

sa me st em ,
W h ere t h ere 18 an e x p re ss dist inc t ion o f sex, a s 0 1 33
fi li i ,

11 133 D‘
DSD 11 13 1 53 reg ina e
fi l i ae ; reges, .

8 B orn . 1 . In so me fe w w o r d s t h e re is add e d t o t h e p l ur a l e ndi ng 11 1 a

se c o n d (m a sc u l ine ) p l u 1 a l t e i m in a t io n ( in t h e fo r m o f t h e c onstr st 1
_ cf . . .

89 ) d ua l e n d in g FI1 3 p l ur 11 1b 3
1
D
7
h ig h p
Q constr
‘
c , or a e .
g . a a ce, . s .
, .

1
11 113 3 ( a l so 11 13
1
‘ ' ’
l zlT
3 bam th é, I s
o
14
14
,
Jb 9
8
,
&c .
, so me t imes as Q
e
re t o t h e K eth ib h

5 9 5 o) ; 51NW 11W 13 f m S a ul s 2 61 ; 1113111 u a ll, p 1ui

2
1
11 113 3 ; se e N1_ 1 ro h ea d, 1 S .

11 113 111 moenia , w h e nc e d ua l 0 1 11 13 111 double u a lls . Th is do ub l e i n dic a t io n of

t h e p l ura l ap p ea rs a l so in t h e c o n ne xi o n o f suffi x es w it h t h e p l ura l e n ding

111 9 1 m) .

2 S ome no un s a re o nl y u se d 5 ma n,
in t h e sin g ul a r ( e g 0 3 1 . . a nd c oll ec t iv e ly

a nu mb e r o f o t h er n o uns o nl y in t h e p l ural , e g . . men ( t h e old

sing. 111 13 is p re se rv e d in p ro p e r n a me s, see

only go o ; i n E t h t h e sing is . .

met, ma n) ,
so me of t h e se h av e , m ore ov er, a sin g ul ar me a n ing ( 5 1 24 a) , a s
0 3 3 fa ce . I n suc h c ase s, h ow e v e r, t h e sa m e fo rm c an x
a l so e p re ss p l u ral it y ,

e g .D JE1
:
. m e a n s a l 1
so fa ces, G n 0
4 ,
7
E z 1 6 cf . WHEN God, an d al so g ods (t h e
sing 15N a l a t e r fo r mat ion from i t , oec u1 s
.
‘

, o nl y t en t im es, e x c ep t in J ob

fo 1 ty o n e an d m D an ie l fo ur t i m es) .

§ 88 . Of t he D u a l .

t h e S e m it ic d ual in G rune rt , Die B egrifi s-P rap ondera nz

'

Of t h e l it e rat ure
. on

a nd die D ua le a p oti ori im A tta ra b ( W ie n , p 21 . B roc ke l mann , Grundriss, .

p 4 5 5 if .

1 . Th e dua l is a furt h er indic at ion o f nu mb er, w h ich orig inat ed

in e a rly t ime s . I n Heb rew , h o w ever, it is al most e x c lusiv ely used

t o denot e t h ose j
ob ec t s w h ic h nat ura lly oc c urin p airs ( see e ) . Th e
dual t ermina t ion is never fo und in a dj e c t iv es, v e rb s, or p ro nouns .

it is indic at ed in b oth g enders b y t h e t erminat ion D 4

1
I n th e noun .
 2 46 T he N oun .
8 8 d—g

t h e A ra maic
flint? W S W fo r t h e H eb re w S amaria — W e may a dd to

t h is l ist £3 3
3 56 ,
Dji nl th e river
‘

country ( i n t h e T e l -e l -A ma rna l e t t e rs narima,

na rima
’
) ,
E gyp t, Ph oe n ic ia n 0 1 3 73 ; al so t h e w ord s de no t ing t ime ,

n my mi dda y ( M esa i n sc r ip t ion l ine 1 5 BT W) an d p e rh ap s D l y in th e

‘
r ‘
‘
, ,

evening i f t h e re g ul ar e x p re ssio n ng av
‘
6 1 1 2 &c
j E 6 i s o n l y d ue t o
pr a
'

,
x 1 2 , , .
,

?
m ist aking 13 ? n for a dual LXX "pee éo m p 7 6 S w é al e a n d o nl y in '
'
av
,
e v v, ,

L v 2 3 dvd uéo ov new éo nep wé w iia dn, th e two

‘ ’
5 . Th e A rab s a lso say at
‘
evenings,
,

c f K uh n s Litera turbla tt, i ii 4 8

’
. . .

‘s
l
I nst e ad of th e sup p o se d dua l ”
3: E 2 1 3 1 3 rea d D jz . O n ”B i? ” (g e ne ral ly
t a ke n t o b e a doub le window) J er se e ab ov e , 87 g .

d 2. O nl y ap p are n t l y d ua l-fo rms ( b ut real ly p l u ra l) a re t h e w ords D‘ O wa ter

a nd E
D‘ DQ) h ea r-eh . A c c ording t o P H a up t in S B OT . .
(c r it ic al n o t es o n I saia h ,

p 1 5 7 , l ine 1 8
. t h e y are t o b e deriv e d fr om t h e ol d p l ura l fo rms ( found in
A ssy ria n ) ma , i a m d m i,
w h e n c e t h e m
H e b r D ,
‘
D D ‘
DW aro se b y i nv e rsion o f .

t h e i , maimi, maimi , ma im I t is si mp l e r, h ow ev e r, t o sup p ose t h at t h e p rimi

.

t i v e sin g ul a rs ma y a n d ia ma y, w h e n t h e y t oo k t h e p lura l o f e t e nsio n 1 24 b ) , x

k e p t t h e t on e o n t h e a y, t h us c a usi ng t h e inn ( w h ic h o t h erw i se a l w ay s h as t h e
t on e , 8 7 a ) t o b e sh o rt e n e d t o im Of t h e an al og ous fo rm a t ions, A rab . . .

t arda i na , 2nd fem . sing. imp erf . of a v e rb for tarday +ina , c orre sp on ding

t o ta q t ulina in t h e st ron g ve rb al so b ib l -A ram f ; th e a bs. st. p lur of t h e p tcp

. .
i} . .

Qa l o f 7133 w h ic h ot h erw i se a l w ay s e n d s in in w i t h t h e t o ne , e g i n t h e . .

p cp Qa l o
f
f t h e st rong v erb ,
.

y
a sa crifi cing
? m .

2 . Th e use of t h e dual in H eb rew is c onfined, e x cep t in t h e

numeral s 2 , 1 2, 20 0 , &c .
( see p rac t ical ly t o t h ose ob ect s j
w h ich are by nat ure or art a lw ays found in p a ir s, esp ec ially t o t h e
doub le memb ers of t h e b ody ( b ut not nec essarily so , c f U V“ and

mil “
.

SIQS both
l
ar ms ,
nev er in t h e dual) , g e . . both ha nds, DT ea rs,

13 ‘
n teeth (of b ot h row s
) , also UTE
}? a
p a ir
f
o sa nda ls, 0
p a ir5109 ? a

of sca les, La t bila nw, & c

. . or t h ing s w hich a re a t le a st t h oug h t of

as forming a p a ir, e .
g . will” t wo ( suc cessiv e
) da ys, Lat bidn um .

t wo w eeks ; biennium ; 0 35 2
t wo yea rs (n
i suc c essio n
) ,
L at . 5
33
l
t wo cu bit s .

I n t h e form er c ase t h e d ual m ay b e use d fo r a p l ural , e it h er i nde fi nit e or

f de fi ne d b y a n ume ral , w h ere i t is t h oug h t o f i n a d o ub l e a rran g e me nt , e g . .

2
D7 3] vg j tj four feet, Lv 1 1 9 3 0 5 3 W? six wings ( i 0 t h re e p a irs) , I s 62, E 2 1 6 ; 3 t . .

e ve n Zc Dji fl g s
g a ll knees, E 2 71 7 ; Di d a ll h a nds,
'

seven eyes
,

H z 21 1 ; D és
mb a ls, E zr ‘fi
D gw — T O e x p re ss
2
xb ‘
d ouble-h cy
ook s,
E Z 4 0 43
.

a c e r t a in e mp h a sis t h e n um e ra l two i s u se d w it h t h e d ua l , a s in Ju 1 628 , A m

12 -S e e so me o t h e r re m a r ks
3 . o n t h e use o f t h e d ua l i n 8 7 o a nd s .

I t is n ot i mp o ssib l e t h a t H e b re w a t a n e ar lier p e rio d m a d e a m ore e x t e n siv e

g
a nd fre e r use o f t h e d ual , a nd t h a t t h e re st ric t io n s an d l imit a t io n s o f i t s use ,
me n t ion e d ab o v e , b e lon g t o a re la t iv e l y l a te r p h a se of de v e lop me nt Th e .

1
B ut fo r [$ 5i Pr ( w h ic h th e M a so ra t akes as t w o roads l ead in
g from
th e c ro ss-w ays
) Dunn i s to be read .
§ 8 9 a] Of the D ua l 247

A rab ic l it e ra ry l anguag e forms t h e d ual i n t h e noun, p ronoun , a nd v erb ,

x
a l mo st as e t e n siv e l y a s t h e S a n sk rit o r G re e k b ut in mo d e r n A ra b i c it h a s
a l mo st e n t ire l y d isa pp ea re d in t h e v e r b , p ro no un , a nd ad e c t ive T h e S y riac j .

h as p re se rv e d it o nl y i n a fe w st ereo t yp e d fo rm s, w it h w h ic h suc h d ua l s a s
t h e L at in duo, a mbo, octo m ay b e c o mp a re d I n t h e sa me w a y , t h e d ua l o f t h e .

S ansk rit is l o st i n t h e mo de rn I nd ia n l anguag e s, a n d i t s ful l use in O l d

S l av onic h a s b e e n re st ric t e d l at e r, e g in B o h e mian , ust a s in H e b re w , t o
. . j
p a irs, suc h as h an d s, fe e t , e y e s, e a rs On t h e G erma nic d ua l , see G rimm s
’

Gra mm , 2n d e d , i p 8 1 4 . . . .

89 . Th e Geniti ve a nd th e Const r uct S ta te .

P h il ip p i, Wesen a nd Ursp rung des S ta t Constr im H eb r . . . W e i mar , 1 871,

p 9 8 if : o n w h ic h c f Nol d e ke i n t h e Gott Gel A nz eigen,
. . . . 1 8 71 , p . 23 .
B roc k el ma nn, Grundriss, p 4 5 9 fi
'

. .

1 . Th e H eb rew lang uage no long er makes a liv ing use of ca se a

endings,
l
b ut eith er h as no e x t ernal indic at ion of c ase
( s is
t h i so for
t h e nomina tive, g enerally also for t h e a ccusa t ive
) or e x p resse s the
r elat ion b
y means of p rep o sit ions 1 wh ile t h e gen it ive is most ly
indicat ed b y a clo se c onne xio n ( or int erdep endenc e) o f t h e N omen
reg ens and t he N o men r ec tum . Th at is t o say , t h e no un which as

g enit iv e serves immediat ely p receding

t o define more p art icularly an

N omen regens, remains ent irely unc ha ng ed in it s form The cl ose .

c omb ina t ion, h ow ev er, of t h e

go v erning with t h e g ov erned noun causes
t h e t one first o f a ll t o b e forc ed on t o t h e lat ter, 2
a nd t he c o nse
quent ly
w eakened t one of t h e fo rmer w ord t h en usually inv olves furth er
c h ang es in it . Th ese ch ang es to so me e xt ent a f
fec t th e c onsonant s,

b ut more esp ec ially t he v ocaliz at ion, since v o we ls w h ich h a d b ee n

leng t h ened b y t h eir p osit ion in or before t h e t o ne-syllab l e nec essarily

b ecome sh ort ened, or are re duced t o Sewa (cf 9 a , c , is ;

—m ;
)
‘

. 2 7 e

3 w ord, nap word f God ( of c o mp o und w it h

“
13 s a sort as
e.
g .
,
o ,

in inv ert ed God s—w ord, h la ndl or d) ; h a n d,

' “
order,
’
I!
us p, ouse t o ;
l

the h a nd OW? "words, 0 3 ? the w or ds f th e

o
f the
hing ; 3 o

p eop le . Th us in H eb rew only t h e noun wh ich st ands befor e g enit ive

a

fers a ch ang e, and

suf in g ramma t ic al lang uage is said t o b e dep endent ,
or in t h e construc t sta te, wh ile a no un w h ic h h as not a genit iv e aft er
it is sa id t o b e in t h e a bsolu te sta t e I t is suffic ient ly ev ident from .

the ab o v e t h at t h e c onstru ct st a t e is no t st rict ly t o be r ega rded a s

log ica l p h enomenon, b ut rat h er a s simp ly p honet ic

a synta c tic a l a nd

and rhy th mica l, de endin o n t h e i cumst a nc e s o f t h e t one

p g c r .

O n some re ma in s o f ob sol e t e c a se -e nd ing s se e

1
9 0 .

2
Th e sa m e p h eno m e non o f t h e t o ne m a y a l so b e e asily se e n i n o th e r
l a ng uag e s, w h e n t w o w ords are c l o sel y c o nnec t e d in a sim il a r w ay O b se r v e , .

x
fo r e a mp l e , i n G e rma n t h e n at ural st re ss o n t h e l ast w ord i n ‘ der Th ron des
K onigs ; t h o ug h h e re t h e o t h e r o rd e r o f t h e w o rds ( in a d m issib l e in H eb re w )
’

‘ ’ ’

x
des K oni gs Th ron e h i b it s t h e same p ec uliarit y .
 2 48 T he N oun 8 9 b —f , 9 3 a

6 V e ry fre q uent l y suc h in t e rde p e nde nt w ord s are al so un ite d b y a qqep h M

1 6 a ) ; t h i s, h ow e ve r, i s n o t n e c e ssa 1
y , b u t de p e n d s o n t h e a c c e n t uat io n i n
t h e p ar t ic ul ar c ase On t h e w id er use s of t h e constr st see t h e S y n t a , 1 3 0
. . . x .

c 2 . Th e v ow el ch a ng es w h ic h are o c c asioned in many nouns b y th e

c onstruc t st a te a re more fully de scrib ed in — B ut b esides t h ese,
9 2 5 .

t h e termin a t ions of t h e noun in t h e c onst ruc t st at e so met imes assu me

a S
p ecial form T hus .

(a ) I n t h e construc t st a te,
p lural and dual , t h e t erminat ion is
D horses, ”0 39
th e h orses of P h a ra oh ; eyes .

ey es o f the icing .

d Rem . Th e of t h e dual h as ev id e n t ly ar ise n from “

7 ( cf . Djfi ) , b ut t h e
orig in o f t h e t e rm ina t ion 1n th e constr st . .
p l ur is d isp ut e d
. . T h e S y riac

constr. st. in a y a nd t h e fo r m
t h e p l ur a l no un b e fo re suffi es ( ”Q HofD, flj él D, x
& , 59
c . 1 h ) w o u l d p o in t t o a c o n t ra c t i on o f a n o r ig n l LT , as in t h e d ual
i a
”
.

B ut w h e t h er t h is a y w a s o nl y t ra nsfe rre d from t h e d ua l t o t h e p l ura l ( so

O l sh ausen, a n d N ol d e ke , B ettr z ur sem S p ra ch wiss , S t ra ssb 1 9 0 4 , p 4 8 if . . . . . .

or is t o b e re g a rde d a s t h e a bstra ct, collective t e r m in a t io n a s i n nus ( se e f ) an d .

”1 1” ( so Ph ilip p i, Th LZ . 1 8 9o, c ol . 41 9 B a1 t h , Z D MG . 1
9 0 4, p 4 3 1 it ) .
, must be
l e ft unde c ide d .

6 ( )
b Th e orig inal 11 is reg ularly ret ained a s t h e feminine t ermina
t ion in t h e c onstru c t sta t e sin
g . of t h o se nouns w hich in t h e a bsolut e

st at e end i n n_ e .
g .
queen NDW 11 3 03 th e ueen
q 5 o h
f eba
S . B ut
t h e feminine e nding s “ n a nd also t h e p lural re main
unch anged in t h e con stru c t sta te.

f e from v erb s n b a ra digm I I I 0)

'

() ( ) I
’
c Nouns in 7 5 9 3 , cf .

“ i “ seer, c o nst r m 5 " I f t his 7 '

.

form t h eir c onst r st in 11 ,

e g f . .
7
. . . .

h
is due t o c ontrac t ion o f t e o r g ina
i l ”
w it h n added as a v ow el 7 ,

le tt er, w e may mp are "

fi D “1 life
” “
co 1, c onst r 1 su ci en cy ; const r
~
. .
,

‘
N? const r . R 5 v a lley .

O n t h e t erminat ions i and

”
T in t h e const r. st . see 9o .

90 . R ea l a nd S up p osed R ema in s of E a rly Ca se-endings .

loca l, 3 in co mp oun d p rop er n a mes, a nd l in th e

Constr uct S ta te .

K U Ny l a nde r , 0 m K asuscindelserna i H eb rti iska n, U p sal a, 1 8 8 2 J B a rt h ,

‘ ‘

M
.
. .

D ie Ca su sre st e im Z D G l i ii 5 9 3 if . . .

a A s t h e Assyrian and old Arab ic dist inguish t h ree cases b y sp ec ial

1 .

e nding s, so al so in t h e H eb re w no un t h ere a re t h ree ending s w h ich ,

in t h e ma in, corresp ond t o t h ose of t h e Arab ic . I t is h ow ev er, ,

a

q uest ion w h et h er t h ey a re all to be re a rded a s real

g re mnant s of

former case-ending s, or are in so me inst ances t o b e e x plained other

 250 T he N oun 90 d—f

R em . Th e ab ov e e x a mp l es a re most l y re nde re d de fin ite b y t h e a rt ic l e , or

by a fol l o w ing g e n it iv e of de fi n i t ion , or are p rop e r na me s B ut . c a se s l ik e

uni ”
1 1
mfi T10 7 5
} sh ow t h at t h e l o ca t iv e form f
o itself p ossessed a de fin ing

p ow er .

d ( )
b I n a so mewh at weakened sense , indica t ing t h e p lac e where
so met hing is or h ap p ens ( c f. 1 1 8 d), e .
g . in Mh a a na i m,
1 K 4 14
“ 73 Wth ere
( usually thither, see c ) J er 1 8
,
2
,
c f. 2 K 23
8
,
a nd the
” 0337-
133
exp ression to (
yf er a sa cr ifi ce p rop erly t ow a rds the a lta r for on
,

th e a lt a r . O n t he o t h er h and, 3 33 1 5
3 J
er 2 9 , and 3 3! H b are t o 3
be g arded a s ordinary acc usat ive s
re of direct io n, to B a bylon, int o th e
h a bita tion ; also e x p ressions like ” NE the qu a rt er towa r ds t he

nor t h, J os 1 5 ( a t 5
the b eg inning o f t h e verse, 513 3 t he border
t oward the ea st ) ,
cf . 1 8 20
15-
,
Ex J er 2 3 8
.

“_ is disregarded wh en
6 () c Th e orig ina l force of the endin
g T
also

it is a dded t o a sub st ant ive wit hp rep osit ion p refi x ed ( c f also
a .

' JN W h ow lon
W and t his not only aft er 5, 5N o r W ( which are
‘ “

Q
'

g
W
3

easily ex p lained) e g 3 3373 ? up wa rds ”W79 5 downwa rds “ NW? t o

,
. .
, ,

W WN " elc J e s 1 3 5 0 5 5 t owa rd th e n or th

71 131
W 4
S heol , t9
i,
18
E-
E ? un t o Ap h 3 5 , , ,

E2 cf . Ju 20
16
; b ut also a ft er 3, a nd e ven aft er 1
{3 , e .
g . 3 3 933 in the
south, J os 1 5
21
,
cf
2
u 14 ,
. J 1 S 23
1 53 9
, 3 1
13
,
2 S 20
15
, Je r 5 2
1°
1
1 53 3 1;

f m B
roa by lon, J er 2 7 16
cf . J os Ju 2 1 19
,
I s_4 5 °
.

f M R em
a sora ,
. ol d l oc at iv e fo rms
st il l t o b e fou n d i n
( or orig in al ac cusa tiv e s ) are , ac c ordi ng t o th e

( ) a $22
5 ,
i n p ause t h e usual w ord in p ro se for nig h t, w h ic h is al w ays

c on st rue d as masc uline . Th e n omina t iv e of t h is sup p ose d ol d ac c usa t iv e 1

a p p eare d t o b e p rese rve d in t h e fo rm 535 , o

nl y use d in p oe t ry , I s 1 63 , constr. st.

( e ve n use d for t h e a b sol . st. in p ause I s Mtp os rob ab l y , h o w e v e r,

is to be re fe rre d, w it h N ol de ke an d o t h e rs, to a re d up l ic at e d form 1

55
1

c f e sp e c ial l y
. t h e w est e rn A ra ma ic S y r lilya , &c
. .
— A no t h er i n st an c e i s

nmén someth ing , p rob ab l y fro m D’IND, Bl D sp ot, p oint , ge ne r al l y w it h

.

a neg a t iv e

noth ing . S imil arl y 111 1 51 I s 8 23

5 a nd i
( p
n ause
) J b 18
34 , a mino H o 87 , and

th e p l a c e -n a me m ini 1 Ch 6133 , m ig h t b e e xp l a i ne d a s a c c usa t iv e s. E lse w h ere ,

h ow ev e r, t h e t one l e ss n__c a n b e re g ard e d o n l y as a m e aningl e ss ap p e nda g e,
T

or at th e m ost as e xp ressing p oe t ic e mp h a sis ; t h us 31 3 m

? (i n p a use
) Jb 37
12
;
dea th , gt 1 1 615
; r
-
e rip ; 114
g 1 1 611 1 8 3
1
n5 strea m, 1 24
4
; 71 35 50 3 a mber
2 ,

Ez 82 [in 14 5 7
3 W DU, cf .
§ 80 I n Je s us” up a i s p r ob a b l y o n ly a sc rib a l
f
e rro r ( d itt ogra h y) p . In Ju 1 4 19 inst e a d of t h e q uit e unsuit a b l e p o e t ic w ord

E
HQ W IU ( to w ard s t h e read a s in 1
311) to the bride-ch a mber
111 1
'
1 5 1 .

B roc ke l ma n n, S em S p ra ch wiss , p 1 1 3 , al so t a ke s i t as su c h , la yla b e ing

1 '

. . .

p rop e rly a t nig h t, t h e n nigh t sim p l y B a rt h , h ow e v e r ( Sp ra ch wiss A bh andlungen, . .

p . 1 6, n o t e re fe rs it t o a n o rig in al $ 5 1
, l ike mu f ro m nix
 §n
o g ] —k R ema ins o
f E ar ly Ca se ending s -
25 1

I n t h e t ermina t ion 17 771 fe m in ine s,

( b) ; o ft e n use d in p oe t ry w it h v iz .

g
; 17 1777 3) h elp 6 3 3 , 9 41 7 ;
16 27
terror Ex 1 5 4 441
,

sa lra tzon
‘

l
il 3
3
,
80 3 ,
Jon 2
1°
7 17
1
1
531}
7
'

unr zg h teousness
f
nny) , Ez 28 1 5 ,

Jb 5 1 6; 17 17 7
Ho 1 0 1 3, (L 1 25 3 ; it 9 21 6 K ‘ th .
7 3 p
u 1 2 0 1
; darkness,

Jb mining J er 1 1
15 is c orrup t , se e t h e L XX a nd Comme nt ar ie s . Th ese

c ase s a re n o t to
b e t a ke n a s doub l e fe m in ine e n ding s, si nc e t h e l oss o f t h e
t o n e o n t h e fi nal sy l l a b l e c o ul d t h e n h a rd l y b e e p l a in e d , b u t t h e y a re x
furt h e r in st anc e s of a n o l d a c c usat iv e o f d irec t io n or in t e nt io n I n e a mp les . x
l ike for h elp t h is i s still q uit e ap p are nt , b ut e l se w h e re i t h as

b ec o me m e aning l ess and is use d me re l y fo r t h e sa ke o f p oe t ic a l e mp h asis .

1

Th is t erminat ion 17 ? usually h as r eferenc e t o p la ce (h enc e called /t

71 loca le so met imes h ow ever, it s use is e x t e nded t o t ime, as in
? ,

f m yea r
ro to yea r . Its use in 7
1 52511
7 , p ro
p erly a d p ro
fanum J is p ec uliar .

A s t h e t e rmina t ion 71 _ is al most al w ay s t o ne less ( ex cep t in constr. st . 2

D t 44 1 ; 7
1 17 ?
7
- a nd {7 131} Jos 1
9
13
) i t g e ne ra l ly , as th e a b ov e e x a mple s sh o w ,

e x e rc ises n o in fl ue nce w h at e v e r up on t h e v o w e l s of t h e w o rd in t h e constr. st.

7 7 § 7 p Jos
1 1 8 1 2, 1 K
1 9 1 5 , an d in t h e p ro p er n a mes na g x K 7 7
1
2 2 S 24
6

( so B aer ed . M an t a n d G insb
. . 7 17 52
1
1
2 Ch 1 4
9
, 7 17 5
1
7
7?
[Y
1 K 1 7
9
,

1 K 41 2, an d is re t a ine d ev e n in a n op e n t o ne -sy l l a b le (c f .
,
h ow e v e r , 17 7 g

Gn 7
1 7
2 5 G 11 28 2 from $15 , w it h mod ifi c a t ion of th e a t o 12; a l so 17
1 3 57 3
I S 25 5 fr om In seg h o l at e forms, as a g e ne ral r ul e , th e loca l is
j oine d t o th e al re a dy d ev el o p e d fo r m of th e a bsol. st .
,
e x ce p t t h a t t h e h e l p in g
v ow e l b e fo re 7 _
T n at urall y b e co me s S e wa, e. g . 7
1 57 507
7
1 Gn 1 8 6 , &c ; .

71
7 g )
? Jos 1 7
15
, “7 7 2i 3
J u 20 1 3 , &c .
,
b ut a l so 17 55
7
7
1 N u 3 45
( constr st l ike w ise .

to b e read in t h e absolute in E 2 47 19 8 33
) and I s 28 6 ( w it h S illuq) ; c f
, 4 17
i ? .

“ 9 33 E z 4 71 9 a nd 17
3 75 ( B ae r, in c orre c t l y , Mi 41 2 ( b ot h i n p a use) —I a .

th e c ase o f fe min in e s e nd in g in 17 __ t h e 71 _ _loca l i s a dd e d to th e orig ina l

T T

fe mini ne e n din g (5 8 0 b) , t h e a of w h ic h (sinc e it t h e n st a nds in an

op e n t o n e -sy l l ab l e) is l e ngt h e ne d t o a, e .
g .
— M ore ov e r t h e t e rmina t io n

H
T
is ev e n w e ake ne d t o in l7 3 3 to N ob , 1 S 21 2 22
9
, ; 7
1 3t wh ith er,
h
1 K

a nd 7 37 7 to Dedan, E 2
1 25 1 3 .

3 . O f t h e t h ree t erminat io ns i may st ill b e reg ar ded as a

o t h er

surv iv a l o f the old no minat iv e e nding I t occ urs o nly in t h e middle .

[
1
Th e form c l ing s al so t o a fe w p l ac e -name s, as 17 7 37 ; D t 1 07 7 )
1
? n S 1

5
‘

K 4 42 ; 17 1 71 ?1 N u 3 3 22 f 7 17 50 33 f nngnn Jos 1 943 , &c ; 7 17 75 N

2
3 1
: v e rse . . 1

Mi 5
7

1
&c ]
, .

H e de riv e s t h e
’
2
C f S a rauw ,
.
‘
De r h e b r . L oka t iv , ZA . 1
9 0 7 , p 1 8 3 if . .

H
T
fro m t h e a d ve r b s may; 7 3N
1 a nd h o l ds t h a t i t h a s n o t h i ng w h a t e v e r t o
d o w it h t h e o l d a c c usat iv e .
3
So Q im h i , a nd th o Mn t a .
( B ac r mpg/ g ) , i c l oc a t i ve from 7 g}?
ed . . .

G in sb ) imp l ie s a fe min ine in n

Th e re a d ing
i
nj y ya ( Op it .
, .

T
0
252 T he N oun 9 0 h

rop er names, v iz
"
DW N
( undoub t edly )
ol d
(
1
of a few o ft en v ery p . if
mp ounded of ms and
co 5:9 a J ( fo w
r h ic h in e r 5 2
1
K e
l li .

Wl nD a nd nBtf nn (ot h er wise in H eb rew only in t h e p lur 0 17 0

‘

/a .

men ; t o 317 7
3 c orresp onds most p rob ab ly in? in 5§ m3
) ,
O n 3 2
31

( b ut i n v er. 32 f
a ce o
f God ( ot h erw me o nly in t h e p l ur .

c onstr . st .
— m? é N eh 6
6
(
el sewh ere Elf is t h e na me of a n A rab ,

c f. On t h e ot h er h a nd t h e t ermina t ions and l are most p r ob ab ly

to be reg a r ded
( w it h B art h , l . c .
, p 59 7) . as h av ing o ri
g inat ed on

H eb re w so il in or der to mp h asiz e
e t h e c onstr . st. , on th e a nal og y of

the constr . st . of t e rms e x pressing rela t ionsh i

p .

In v ie w of t h e an al og ie s i n o t h er l a n g uag es ( se e b ) t h ere i s n ot h in g
i mp ossib l e i n t h e v ie w formerl y t ak en h e re t h a t t h e li ttera e comp aginis
an d l a re ob so l e t e ( and h e nc e n o l o ng e r un derst ood) c ase -e n ding s, 2 b e in g t h e
ol d g e n it iv e a nd 6 fo r t h e no min at iv e sig n u . B ar t h ob j ects t h a t t h e i an d 6
a l most i n v a ri ab l y h av e t h e t o n e w h e reas t h e a c c usative is t o n el e ss, an d
,

j
T

t h a t t h e y a re l o ng , w h er e t h e A ra b t and a a re sh o rt B ot h t h e se ob e c t i o ns,
. .

h o w e v e r , l o se t h e i r fo rc e i f w e c o nsider t h e sp ec ial l a w s of t h e t on e a n d
sy l l ab l e in H e b re w T h e l an g ua g e d oe s n o t a d mit a fi na l l o r a, an d t h e
.

ne c e ssa rily l e n g t h e n e d v ow e l mig h t e a sil y a t t rac t t h e t o ne t o i t se l f On t h e .

o t h e r h a n d a st ron g a rg um e n t fo r B a r t h s t h e or y i s t h e fa c t t h at t h e se
’

x
littera e comp a ginzs a re al m ost e c l usiv e l y use d t o e m p h a si ze t h e c l ose c o n n e io n
'

x
o f o n e no un w it h a n o t h e r, h e nc e e sp e c ial l C on se q ue n t l y i t
y in t h e constr st . .

se e ms i n t h e h ig h e st d e ree
g p r ob ab le t h a t a ll t h e se use s are b a se d up o n forms
x
i n w h i c h t h e constr st i s e p re ssl y e mp h asize d b y a sp e c ial t e rm in at io n , i e
m m
. . . .

t h e constr st o f t e rms o f re l a t io nsh ip , ”3 5

. . g
“
7
9 11 f ro m f a th er, s
, ,

b roth er, DDfa th er-l n-la w (c f . T h e inst a nc es g iv e n un de r l a nd m follow e d

t h is a nal ogy .

L ike i, i is a l so u se d o n l y to e mp h asiz e t h e constr . st. ( se e an d must

t h e re fore h a v e a simil a r o rig in , b u t it s e a c t e p l a na t io n is d iffi cul t A c c ord x x .

i ng t o B a r t h , t h is 1 c orre sp on ds t o a p rim it iv e S e mit ic a ( c f 9 q) a nd is .

t rac eab le t o ’ a bd , ’ a h a, t h e a c c usat ive s of t erm s o f re l a t io nsh ip i n t h e constr st , . .

w h ic h h av e a o n l y b e fo re a g e n it iv e
A

A g a inst t h is e p l a na t ion it m ay b e . x
j
ob ec t e d t h a t t h e re is n o t rac e of th e sup p o se d H e b re w a c c usa t iv e s intj ,
inn ,
a n d on l y of the a n al o g o u s iJZ} I t is al so re ma rkab l e
. t h at so arc h a ic
a form sh o uld h av e b e e n p re se rv e d (e x c ep t in in ) o n ly i n t w o w ord s and

x
.

t h o se in q uit e l a t e p a ssag e s H o w e v e r w e h av e no b e t t e r e p l a na t io n t o offer

.

i n p l a c e o f B a rt h s
'
.

F in a l ly w e c ann o t d e n y t h e p ossib il it y , in so me c ase s, o f B art h s e p l an a

'
x
t ion of mp ou nd p rop er na me s l ike h
t h e 1 in co
en na , &c ( se e ab ov e ) a s d ue t o .
,

t h e anal og y o f t e rm s o f re l a t io n sh ip w it h nomin at ive in 1 B ut t h is i n n o .

w ay mil i t a t e s ag a inst t h e v iew e x p re sse d a b ov e t h a t i n som e v e ry o ld ,

n ame s, l ike Si g ns , 51 31 & c , t h e o rig inal c ommo n n om in at ive sig n h as

3 7 3 .

si mp ly b e e n p re serv ed .

1 Cf t h e list in L
. . K ail a , Z ur S ynta x des in verba ler A bh a ng iglceit steh enden
N omens tm a lttest H ebr . .
,
H e l sing fo rs, 1 90 6, p 5 4 . .

T h e na me Ssanw f me ly g a d d a a c mp ound o f QDW DZ n m

‘

2 ‘
or r re r e s o = a e

a nd 515 , is b e t te x plain d w it h P t o ius Z DMG 1 9 3 p 7 7 7 as a name of

r e e ra r , . 3 ,
.
,

affe c t io n, fo r 5x game [b ut D i e on I S simil a ly se e r v r r ,

a c c ord ing to Prat o rius,Snann hi g [1117 5 a n d many ot h s z er .

 254 T h e N oun go o, 91 a, 6

re q uire s for it 17 217 1” ( or e x c ep t in Jer 2 223 1 3W

7
1 i
c f ib d
"
17 1p
. . . K elli ,

J NJDW Q
.

or 5 1 1
3 ”
173 p Q
e
re, a nd fi n al l y 17 33 2
9 K th
e
.
,
e
re. Pe rh ap s a nd

”
t haw ai ef m a e m
or ix ta e, c o m b in in g t h e 1 c a d in g s 17 3 W” &c
, . an d ( zud fem
p er] . &c , b ut 1 1733 7 73 may b e m e re l y assimil a t e d t o ”17 3 10 1
. w h ic h imm e diat e ly
p re c ed e s i t
5
.

T h e fo ll ow in g a re si mp l y t ex t ual e rro rs : 2 K 4 23 ”
17 3 7 17 K eth
1 .
,
due t o t h e

p re c e ding ms ,
an d to b e re a d 7
1 as in t h e Qere ; t
i 30
8
( m od 1 1 3
8

1 1 61
’
( read re a d in fi v e p lac e s) On ”
( 17 17 as ot h e r . 17 7 7 3 ,

t h ric e , i n Lv 264 2, c f. 1 28 d .

0 ( )
b O f t h e ending 1 ‘
( alw a ys w ith th e t one) in p rose only in t h e
:

Pent at euc h , b ut in 7 N in‘ fl th e beast o th e ea r th

elev a t ed st yle, G11 f
24
1 r
( z
r fi xn 17 11 ver
3 . 25
) si milai ly in dz 5 0 , 79 ,
1 04
1 1 2°
, Is 56
9
(t wic e) ,
Zp o t h er w ise o nly m Z ip p or , N u 18
8 7 113 133
2 7 5 3 1311 son o
f 23 ,
so n

of B eor ,
Nu 24
3 15
and 0 11
3 131
1179 a founta in of wa ters 4’ ,

91 . Th e Noun w ith P ronomin a l S ufi azes .

W
D ie h l , D as Pronomen p ers sufi‘ixum 2 u 3 p ers p lur des H ebr , G iesse n ,
. . . . . .

1 8 95 A U n g n a d, ‘ D a s No m en mit S ufi‘ixe n i m
. Vienna Or ienta l J ourna l ,
xx , p 1 6 7 if. .

a Wit hg a rd t o t h e c onne x io n of t h e no un w it h p ronominal suffi x es,

re

w h ich t h en st a nd in a g enitiv e relat ion 3 3 c) a nd are, t h e refore,

necessarily ap p ended t o th e con struct sta t e o f t h e noun, w e sh a ll first
c o nside r , a s in t h e v erb 5 7 ff) t h e forms o f t h e suffix es t h e mselves,
,

and t h en t h e v a rio us c h an e s in t h e fo r m o f t h e noun t o whic h t h ey

g
are a t t a ch ed . Th e nouns a re al so t ab ulat ed in t h e Para dig ms of the
flexion of t h e noun in Paradig m A in t h e A p p endix
92 if . Cf . al so .

We are h ere p rima ril

y co nc er ne d w it h t h e dif
f e rent for ms o f t h e

suf
fi x es w h en a dded t o t h e sin ula r
g , p
lural , and dual .

1 . Th e S uffi x es of th e sing ular are

With nouns ending in a

Vowel . Consonant .

S ing . 1 .

I_ ( p a use 7
; th y.

m an i ( ) n in
'

,
,
1
71

1
‘

Cf K a il a , l
. . o. , p 59 fi
. .
§ 91 H ] T he N oun with P r onomina l S u mes 255

Vowel . Con sona n t .

Plur . I . c .
13 our .

DJ

coru m .

T
ca ru m .

Re m . I
Th e re is l e ss v arie t y o f fo rms in th e se t h a n in t h e v e rb al suffi es c
. x
t h e p ar t ic ul a r fo rms are u se d a s fo l l o w s
( a ) Th ose w it h out a c on n e c ti n g v o w e l ( o n h
t e d e riv a t io n o f t h e se
‘
c on

n e c t in g v o w e l s from or ig in a l st e m -v ow e l s , se e n o t e o n 5 8 f ) a re g e ne ra ll y
j oin e d t o n ou n s of a p e c uliar fo r m ( se e t h e constr st o f w h ic h e n ds in . .

a v ow e l , a s
wi g , W 515 an d h as, gri s
t , ir i s
, was ,
Dang , mag ,

so me t im es a l so to seg h o l a t e forms e n d in g in i fr om st e m s ( se e 5 9 3 x, y ),
c. g 121
7 17
53 th e fruit f
o them, A m ( a l so 13 57
7
2 I s 30
37 , J
17 7 9 or 2 9
28
( al so
ex m
.

v erse s) ; c f. , more ov e r 717 3 517 L v ,

a nd si mil a r pl a e s w ith
it]
I
( 3s 17
m ) Gn 2 ,
1 23
E2 Al so in G n 1 91 , 4
4
, E2 1 0 1 2, Nah 2 3 , &c , t h e .

K t t p erh ap s in t e n ds t h e sing ul a r, 13 17 3 9 , (t o b ut t h e
e
'

. a so ra re q uires t h e
7 5 M
p l ural w it h de fe c t iv e e
j
.

( b ) Th e forms w i t h c o n ne c t ing v ow el s 5 8 f ) a r e o ine d t o n ouns e nd ing ( I

in a c on sonan t Th e c o nn e c t in g v ow e l is reg ul a rl y a i n t h e 3 rd sing fem 17 __
. . .
T

( for ah a ) a nd
3 rd p lur . in} 7_ _, al so i n t h e 3 rd sing masc 7 sinc e . .

, T

th e 6 is c o n t ra c t ed fro m [h ] it a nd a ,
in t h e p ausa l fo rm o f t h e zud ma sc .
7
( a m o difi c at ion o f o rig in al l
i é -h

Th e f r m s w it h e in t h e a b ov e -m e n t io ne d p e rso ns a re c o mmo n o nl y w i t h

n oun s i n 17 ( from st e ms m5) , c

onstr . st.
(c f . 89f ), e. g .
( from
sa da ih u) h is fi eld ; U S}! its leaf, I s 1 30
.
th e ap p eara nce th ereof, Lv 1 3 4 (from
mar a th a g b ut 71 7 k) her fi eld
’
on t h e S e h ol se e It ) . Th e or t h o g r a p h ic re t e n t ion
i

of th e 1
, e. g .
72
1
1 5 3113
,
$ 3 19 2 ,
g iv es t o h
r a ny fo rms t h e a p p ea ra n c e o f p lura ls
se e t h e i n st a n c e s i n 93 33 .

Ap ar t fr o m t h e se 1
”
5f or ms t h e c o nn e c t ing v o w e l e in t h e 3 rd p e rs . oc c u rs

o nl y in isol a t e d c a se s ; 717 7 5: h is lig h t, Jb

7 25
3
; 717 57 3 5 a fter its kind, G n 1 1 2-25

t im e s] ; N a fiw b?
'

3
1 2 11 ; in J u 1 9
24 r
ead ” as in vv. 2, 25 . On th e oth er

h a n d T]_ in t h e 2 nd sing .
fem . a nd in t h e rst p lur . a re b y fa r t h e mo re
mmo n forms, — I nst e a d
co w h il e 7L
; are o f ra re oc c urre n c e ; se e e. of

7 ( n; in Gn 101 ,
9
Ex Je r 29 25 , &c .
,
cf . 79
1 5 10 3 g ) , 13 9

( w it h f e
ud mobi le) , i f t h e l ast c o n so n an t o f t h e n o n is u
g ut t ural , th e fo r ms a

D; 7 3 th y crea tor , I s 4 3 1 , 13 3 111 7 your

7 1777 7
''
th y sp irit, 15
r
l 13 e. g .

J b 627 suc h Dg g ll l; H a g 5
5 g)
— W it h N un
f riend
, ( on c a se s as
z 2 ,
se e 10 .

energ icu m (c f 5 5 8 . i, a nd o n
73 5
111 J b i , &c, c f . . 61 h) oc c urs in P r 25 1 6 ,

i n p rin c ip a l p a use .

2 R a re o r in c orre c t for ms
. a re

S ing . l st p e rs.
”
; L in E z 4 77 ( c e rt a inly o nl y a sc rib al erro r, c ause d e
by m v e r se

1
A l so in Je r 1 5
10
re a d ( a c cording to g6 1 11 , e nd
) 4
3 55? 07 1 5 2
2; in H o 7
,

p rob ab l y Ch at; for

 256 T h e N oun 9 1 f, g

2nd
'

p e rs. m in p ause 17 ;
. e . g. 7 7 53; ( th y h a nd) , it 1 3 95 ,
1 cf . Pr o nc e
1

h t “
33 s 5 3 (c f t h e a n al og ous c ase s .
fe m
‘
i n t h e v e rb a l sufiix 5 7 5 ll) . E 2 51 2

7 77 3 2 p J
.

15
( i n 1 6 59
a l so for 7 ) rob ab l y 7 7 70 1
0 i s i n t e n d e d ), 9
7 ; e r 1 1
,
10 3
3
,

1 1 61 9 1 3 5 9 ( c o rre sp o n ding t o t h e A ra ma ic suf

,
fi x o f t h e 2n d fem sing . . on th e
w h o l ly a b n o rmal 17 33 c f l) ”3 5 K th 2 K 4 , C t 21
2 3 ‘
Na A l so 7 L Is 2 21 ,
e
. . .
,
T
3
Ez 2 3 2 , 2 4.
5
3 rd p e rs . fi_ ( c f 5 . e. g 7
1 . a l
Gm 9 21
,
1 2
8
,
1 3
3
, 35
2‘
( al w ay s w i t h Q re e

h hg N u 10 36
Q ; ; 9 D t 3 4 ; 71
‘

1
f
'

5; Je r 20 7 , Na 21
e
re 2 K 1 23

K eth , for w h ic h 72
. 11? is r e a d i n I s
24
37 ; 7
1 7 7 ) a n d 7
1 7
1 71
3 G m 11
49 , c f E x 2 2 26
.

i i a w m m
‘
h g un
’

(o n e v
y, o ) ; n g 1 0
9
,
2 7
5
K e
nt ; nJ n E z 3 1 18
,
& c , K e
nt ; n .

Ez [a l t og e t h e r fourt e e n t ime s in t h e Pe n t a t e uc h , a n9 d some fo rty t ime s in

o t h e r b o o ks : see D riv e r, S a muel, p xxx v , a nd on 2 2 , . S
3 rd fem 17 _ _ _fo r 17 _ _( w ith t h e soft e nin g of t h e Map p iq, c f 23 k, a nd t h e
.

r
.

T
.

a n al og ou s c ase s in 5 5 8 g ) o c c urs rep ea t e dl y b e fo re B ‘ gh a dh kep h a th a n d ot h e r

so ft c on so n a nt s, E x 9
18
( b e fore 7 ,
i f t h e t e t i s r ig h t ), L v 1 4
3 (b e fo re x
N u 1 5 23 -3 1 , IS 19 ( unl e ss 17 53 5 7
,
t h einfi n w it h fe m t erm in a t ion, i s in t e nde d ;
. .

nh g
’

r fol low s), E z 1 644, 2 46 (b e fo re 1 S 20 20, 2 K8 6

, Pr 1 223
( f e N) ,
b e o r N a 3
9

( b e fo re t 4
s 8 14
( b efore Ez Jb 3 1 22 t w ic e ( b efore Is 21
2
,
Je r 20 1 7

(b e fore N u 3 24 2, A m 1 11 ( b e fo re J), Lv 6 2 b e fo re
( 31) e ven in p a use, Lv 1 24
a

a nd 5 b ; I s 2 17
3 , Pr 2 1 22, a l so W i t h Z aq e p h , I s 4 5 5 , Je r 66 (p ro b a b l y ) , 44 on

T
‘
T
L v 263 4 , &c , . see 67 y Cf a l so N__E z 3 65 —S ome t ime s t h e
.
T
. . M aso ra

ap p ea rs ( b ut t h is is v e ry d oub t ful ) t o re g ard th e H w it h fe m in in e s as

T
a sh orte ning o f 17 17
7
, e. g.7 2
7
1
1; G n 4 0 1 ° fo r
17 1 3;
7 7
1
79 P r 78 for 7
1 I
J D;
§ a l so

D
?
for DD
T
in 13 73 1 3 H 0
7 7 1 3
2
, a
nd 0 197 1
3 J b 5
13
. Th e e x am p l e s, h ow ev e r ,
a refor t h e mo st p a r t unc e rt a in, e g i n I s 28 4 t h e . . re a di ng is si mp l y to b e
e mended t o as , a n d in Z c 4
2
t o a ; J b
w1 1 9 to
t N e h 51 4 t o ma .
[S ee
a l so , a ft e r p re p osit ion s, 103 g
] .

f Plur . I st p e rs 73; n
i n p a use a
.

T }? Jb 22
20
(w h e re , h ow eve r , 737:i 1
is c ert a inl y

to be rea d ) ; cf . R u 32 [I s cf .
5 61 c, h] , a nd so al w ays 73 2
57
5 a ll o f us,

G n 4 21 1 , &c [c f . mg ,
n } ,
h as ,
2n d p e rs. f m 17 3e5 E 2 2 3.
43-49
.

grd p ers . masc 713

; ;l 1 7
10
.
( o n 713 in lb ’
é in th e sa me v erse , a n d in 5 8 7

see 1) 13 17
A?
2 S 2 a c c ording t o S iev e rs p rob ab ly t o c al l a t t e n t io n to th e
read ing 5
0 17 3 . F em 17 17 .
7 ; I K 7 37
,
Ez 1 65 3 ( in p a use) ; 71 7 G n 4 1 21 ; 7
1
7
G n 30 4 1 ; 7
1
2; Ru 1 19 ; l
e se w h e re g e ne ra l l y i n p a use ( Gn
9
21 2 , 4 2
36
,
Je r 8 7 ,
Pr 3 12
9
,
Jb 3 9 2) fi n ally 117 a s su ffi t o a noun, onl y in I s 3 1 7 x
F or e xa mp l e s o f sin ul ars w i t h
g p l ura l sufii xe s se e l .

g I n t h e p lura l ma sc and in t h e dua l t h e suffix es a re t o b e

2 . .

reg arded p rimarily a s a ffix ed t o t h e o ri ina l e ndin

g g of t h e construct
LL,
sta te
( cf .
§ 8 9 cl ) . This e nding , h o w e ver, h as b ee n p re se rv ed
unc h ang e d o nly in t h e 2 nd fem . In most ca se s it is cont rac t ed t o
as in t h e c onst r . st . w it h o ut sufiixes
( t h ro u h out t h e
g so
p l ur a nd in .

n i 3 rd sing ma sc ) in t h e z ud ma sc and
the i ”
p oet ic al sulli x of th e . . .

g rd fem sing it is (c f It
) . . . . O n t h e I st p ers and grd ma sc s ing . . .

see i — Th us t h ere arise t h e follow in

.
g
 258 T il e N oun 91 1 -
11

d e fe c t iv e w ri t ing is e sp ec iall y fre q uent in t h e 3 rd masc . sing . w h ic h in

e
ré is al most al w ays c h ang e d t o 71 78 17 h is a rrows, 1 8 3 e
é 7
7 217
Q 7 ,
e .
g .
1 5 , Q
1 r
1 ,

O n 77 172, on l y t h re e t im es 71 7 172, of. 1 35 r.

l 2. U n usual fo rms ( b ut for t h e most

p p a rt
rob ab l y o nl y sc rib al e rrors ) a re

S ing . z ud p e rs. f m 1
7 7
e ( a ft e r 77
m
1 : h ap p y ! E c 1 0 17, w h ic h h as b e c o me
s t e re o typ e d as a n in t e r j e c t io n , a nd is t h ere fo re unc h an g eab l e ; c f D e l itz sc h .

on t h e p a ssa g e ) ; 3 ;
7 7
(cf . S yr .
7
37 ) 2 3
4 , a nd 7
i n K e
thK, 1b 1 0 3
3 —
5
,
1 1 6 7
.

(
7
p 7 in p a use) .
—I nE 2 16 31 “
1
7
7 f ( so 13 3 1
in 68 ) o c c urs w it h an infi n .

e n ding in 17 7, t h e 17 7 b e ing t h e re fore t rea t e d as a p l ural e nd ing ; sim il a rly ,

x
t h e p l ural suffi is som e t ime s fo un d w it h t h e fe minin e e n d ing 177 ( N u 1 4 3 3 ,
I s 5 44, Jet 3 9, E z 1 61 5 , 2 3 7 a s w e l l a s i n 1 620 Qeré, a n d Zp w i t h t h e e n ding
ith ( L v re a ding 717 W
13 17 ) , a n d e v e n w it h t h e ord in a ry fe minine e ndin g a th ;

Is E z 3 51 1 , 9
15
,
E x1 9 1 5 — W h oll y
. ab n o r mal is 17 3 3 N513 th y messengers,
Na 21 4
,
e v ide n t ly a c a se o f d it t og ra p h y of t h e fol l ow ing 17 : re a d
7
7
31 613
masc 7 17 1 _ K b 3 1 0, J b 2 423 ; 717
3 rd . I S3 0 1 6, E z 4 31 7 , Na 24 ;
1
77 (a
p u re l y A 1 a ma ic for m) 10 6
1 1 12 —
3 rd j em 17 71 . .
1 Ez 41 15 .

Plur . Th e st ra nge zud p ers. masc 13 3 1 17 78 75 17 ( w it h

. i
,
so Q imh i c f. N orz i)
Jer 25 is p ro b ab l y a mix e d form co mb in ing 731 7517 a nd fem .

10
7 J3 1
1
"
Ez 1 3 .

3 rd masc 17 19 . 7 1 Ez 40 1 6 ; fem 17 J17 .

1 Ez 1 11

l ik e 713 and
.

oc c urs w i t h t h e n o un ( as w it h t h e v er b , 5 5 8 g) al m o st e x c l usiv e ly in
7
t h e l a t e r p oe t s [v iz w it h a sub st an t iv e i n t h e si ng ul ar g1x
.
5 ,8
13 18 27 3 2 3 7 3 3 3 3 7 16 12 7
59 , 9 ;8 w i t h a d ua l o r p l ura l , D t 3 2 ,
2 ,
1 1 35 , 49 , 5 , 8 ,

14
59 , 7 3 , 3
5 7
8 12 12 10
, b 2 7
23
; a ft e J
r p re p osit io n s, se e 5 1 0 3 f, 0 , n o t e s] , a n d

c a n n o t , t h e i e fo re , b y i t se l f b e t ake n a s a n in dic at io n o f a rc h a ic l a n g uag e .

O n t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e re c a n b e n o d oub t t h a t t h ese a re re v i v a l s o f re a l ly o l d
fo rm s Th a t t h ey a re c o n sc iou sly a n d a rt ifi c ia ll y use d i s sh o w n b y t h e e v i
.

d e nt l y i nt e n t io n a l a c c um ul a t io n o f t h e m , e g in E x 1 5 1 7 1 1, an d 1 40
1 -1 0
, . .

a n d a l so b y t h e fa c t o b se rv e d b y D i e h l ( se e t h e h e a d in g o f t h is se c t ion) t h a t
i n E x 1 5 t h ey oc c ur only as v e rb a l su ffi e s, in D t 3 2 only a s n o un suffi e s x x .

3 . I t is cl ea r a nd b eyond doub t t h at t h e Yod/1 in t h ese suf

fi x es
w it h t h e p lural no un b elong s, in rea lity , t o t he e nding of t he constr uct

st a t e o f masc uline p l uralthe Yet t h e c onsc iousness of t h is fa c t .

b ecame so c omp let ely lost a s t o admit of t h e st riking p ec uliarit y

or rath er ina c c urac y of a p p ending t h o se su ix-forms w hich inc l ude
( ) fi
t h e p lural ending _ even t o t h e feminine p lural in 17 1 (13 17 70 1 1
1
3
1

, ,

7 1370 10
1

, so t ha tm realit y the result is a doub le indic at ion of

th e p l um] .
1

n S uc h i s t h e r ul e : t h e singul a r suffi , h ow ev e r (see b ) , al so oc c urs w it h t h e x

e n d i ng 17 7 (p rob a b l y t h ro ug h t h e i n fl ue nc e o f A ra m a ic ) , e g 1 17 77
1) .

( unl e ss i t be sing . for 7 1777 1! as, ac c o rding to Q imhi 1 11 h is Le ic on , x 7

17 J17 17 2 K
63 is for 7 17 7J1 17 ) ; 1 3 D t 28 59
( t 1 e at e d the an al o gy o f an
7 7 7 1
3 on

1
S ee a n a nal og ous c ase in g87 3. Cf . al so t h e doub le fe min ine e nding in
t h e 3 rd sing p erf . . o f v e rb s 17
”
5 , 75 i .
§ 9 1 o—
q ] T he N oun with P r onomina l S ufi x es 2 59

"
? 1I1 1 11S E z 6 52
On t h e ot h e r h an d 1 ( so B aer, G i nsb b ut Op it
1 1 13 13 T
'' 1 . .
. ,

9 is m e re l y w rit t e n de fe c t iv e ly , l ike
5
D 98 a c c ord in g t o B a er
1
11 9 1 1 n

( n ot G in sb ) in P r . I n t h e 3 rd p lur t h e use o f t h e si ng ul a r su ffi is . x
e ve n t h e r ul e i n t h e e a rl ie r B o o ks ( se e t h e i n s t a n c e s i n D ie h l , l c , p . . .

e g . D l
fl. DR ( th eir fa th ers) o ft e n e r t h a n 1
3 1 1
113 5
1 ( t h is o n l y i n 1 4
15
,
a nd in IK
Je r, E z r, Ne h , an d Ch [in IK , Je r, E z r, h o w e v e r, [311 13 3 is m or e co mm o n ] )
so al w ay s 0 11 113 2) 111 113 2) th eir names, 0 11 11 11 th eir g enera tions . F r o m p al a l l e l

p a ssag e s l ike 2 S 2 246 c o m p are d w it h 11: 1 8 46, I s 24 w it h i 4 3 , i t a p p e a rs t h a t M

in m an y c a se s t h e l on g e r form i n nn~ _ c a n o n ly sub se q ue n t l y h av e t ak en
t h e p l ac e of U
T ,

4 . Th e follo w ing Para dig m of a masc uline a nd feminine noun 0

w it h suf
fi x es is b a sed up on a mono syllab ic noun w it h o ne unc h ang eab le

v ow el . W it h rega rd t o t he endin
g in t h e c onstr . st . of t h e fem .

it sh ould b e fur th er re marked t h a t t he sh ort a of t h is e nding is only

re t ained b efore t h e g rave suffi x es DD and ii? b efore all t he ot h ers

( t h e light suffixes) it is leng t h ene d t o a .

S ingula r
M
.

a sc uline . F emin ine .

0 19 a h orse .
1 1D
11 9 a ma re .

co m .
“
0 10 my horse . my mar e .

9 n i n thy ma re
1
1 ? t hy h orse .
a g a .

31139 11 th ma re
f .
T19 1 0 t h h orse
y .
? y .

m lDi D e uus eius 117 19 1?

.
q ( ) suns . equ a eiu s
( ) sua .

“ 0 10
(
equus eiu s suus
) .
131139 ? eq ua
( )
eius sua .

co m .
iJDl D our hor se . our ma re .

0 3 0 1? y our h orse .
0 3 1319 1?1 y our ma re .

f
.
y our hors 13 1319 1 1? y our ma re .

m .
09 0 equ us coru
( ) m suns . 111139 31
? egu a earu
) m ( sua .

equus ca rum suns n ear um sua )

19 10 ( ) .
Di
i D equa ( .

P lura l
M
.

a scu lin e. F emin ine .

D Dl D h orses 11 10 10 ma r es
‘
. .

co m .
’
Di D my horses .
’D lDl
? my ma res .

m . thy h orses .
1 5113 1 ? t hy ma res
1 11 .

f 1 610 thy horses 3 1 1113 1 9 thy ma res

1
. . .

m .
11 13 1 0 equ i ezu s ( sui
) . 111 10 11
? equ a e eius ( ) su a e .

f .

m
7 ”l equ z ezu s
( su i
) .

2
3 1 1111
3 11
?

1 10 1
e u a s eius (sua e)
g .

Plur . 1 . co .
1J‘ Dl D our hor ses . 11 1 1 ? 1 ma r es
o ur .

m D? D1 9 y our h orses 13: 1 1 11D

1 1D our ma res
‘

1
'

. .
' y .

f h or ses 1 1119 113 yo ur ma res

1
.
y ou r . 9 .

m D 9“
3 1
? equ i eor w m ( su i) Damien : e ua e eorum (sua e)
. .
q .

f . e
qui earum su i ( ) . irrnimo equa e ea rum (sua e) .
 2 60 Th e N oun 9 2 a —d

92 . Vow el Cha ng es in the N ou n .

a 1 . Vo wel c h ang es in t h e noun may b e caused b y dep e ndence (a )

on a follo wing g enit ive; ( b) b y c onnexion w ith p ronominal suffix es ,

() c b y t h e p l ural a nd dua l t e rminat ions, wh et h er in t h e form of t he

a b solut e st at e o r of the const ruc t
(b efore a fo llowing g enit iv e of

a noun or sufiix ) .

b 2 . I n all t h ese ca ses, t h e t one of t h e noun is moved forward eit h er

o ne or t wo syllab les, w hile t h e t one of the c on str uc t sta t e ma
y ev en
b e t h rown up on t h e following w ord . I n t h is way t h e following
ch ang es ma y arise

( )
a Wh en the t one is moved for wa rd only one p la ce, as is t h e c ase

w h en t h e p lural and dual ending s m a nd D’

l a re af
fi x ed , as

w ell as wit h all monosyllab ic o r p aro yt o ne suffi x x es , t h en in dissyllabic

nouns t h e orig inally sh ort v ow el o f t h e first yl lab le
( which w as
s

le ng t h ened as being in an op en syl la b le b efore t h e t one) b ec omes

S wa e
, sinc e it no long er st ands b efore t h e t one . On t h e o th er h and,
the orig inally sh ort , b ut t o ne-leng t h ene d v ow el, o f t he sec ond syllab le

is r et a ine d as b eing t h e p r et onic v ow el

no w ge . .
( g
7 3 “ w ord
round

fo r m d t er ), p lur
e .
W1 32“ ;
w
it h a lig h t suffi x b eg inni ng w it h a v owel,
W13 3 p lur .
”
133 ,
& c ; ’l; ?
. w ing , dual With an
"
unch ang eab le v ow el in t h e se cond syllab le : lVP?
r D T P
’
u ? over seer,
p ; .

j
'
‘
w it h t h e sa ice of th e sing .
”
T EE, ’-
l & c ; w it h t he sufi of t h e
. .

l
p ur .
‘
T P? , &c . With an unc h a ng eab le v ow el in t h e first

syllab le : D7 5“? etern ity , p lur E l .

fin] ,
w it h sufi
" ”P
.
5 13, & c .
‘

0 B ut in p art ic ip les o f t h e form SQ P, w it h t one-leng t h ened é (orig inally

in t h e se cond syllab le, t h e e reg ularly b eco mes S w d mobile b efore
le
i)
a t one-b earin x 3 my , 1 3 9 1
5 , w it h fi
‘
53 & c
5
3 ”
af
fi e 3 ene r su 3
g g ,
. . . . .

L ikew ise in w ords o f t h e fo rm &c .

( wit h e in t h e second

syllab le ; d, l, p ; 85 t a nd k), e .
g a e
.
l
s du mb, l ur
p .
mats .

d ()
b Wh e n t h e t one of the c on struc t sta te, p l ural or dual, is carried

over t o t h e follo w ing w ord, or, in c onseq ue nc e of the a ddit io n of

t he gra ve suflixes t o t h e c onstr st p l ur or dual, is moved forwa rd . . .

t wo p la ces w it hin t h e w ord it self, in such c a se s t h e orig inally sh ort

v owel o f the se c ond sylla b le b ec o mes S wd e

, wh ile t h e v ow el of t he
fi rst syllab le rev ert s t o it s orig inal sh o rt ne ss, e g 13 33? WEWt he w ords . . .

of the eo le, our w or ds, t heir w ords ( in all w h ic h

p p y
inst a nc es t h e t o f t h e first syllab le is a t t enuat ed from a n o r ig inal a) .

1
T h e p a rt ic ip les N ip h
'
al D t 3 0 4, 2 S 1
1 4 3 , a nd so me p lurals of t h e
partic ip le Nip h . of ve rb s Wsform an ex ce p t i on
’
c f. 93 oo.
 2 62 T he N oun 93 a —d

93 . P ara dig ms f
o M a scu lin e Nouns .
1

a M ascul ine nouns fi om t h e simp le st em may, a s reg a rds t h eir form

and the v ow e l ch a ng e s c o nnec t ed wit h it , b e divided int o four classes.

A p sis of t h em is g iv en on pp 2 6 4 , 2 6 5 , a nd t h ey are furt h er

syno .

e x p l ained b elow T w o g eneral remarks may b e p remised

.

(a ) Th at all feminines w it h o ut a dist inc tiv e t er mina t ion 1 22 h)

a re t reat ed like t h ese mascul ine nouns, e .
g .
f . sw or d, l ike m .

ki ng , e x cep t t h at in t he p lur a l t h ey usually t ake t h e t erminat ion

11 13 7 11
t h us c onstr .
(and so a lways b efore fi xes,
sui see 9 5)
b ( )
b T h a t in t h e
p l ural o f t h e fir st t h ree c l a sses a c h a n ea b le vow el
g
is alwa ys ret ained ev e n be fore t h e li ht suffixes a s a l e n t h ened
g g ‘

p ret onic vow el,

‘
w h enev er it also st ands b efore t h e p l ural ending D

All suf
fi x es , e x c e p t DJ , 13 D” in 1
3 3 1
(-
7 ,
1
1 —r
2
,
DD” n
i T
’
) ,

c alled lig ht . Cf .
92 e.

E xp la na tions o
f the P a ra digms ( see pp . 2 64 ,

C 1 . Paradigm I
mp rise s t h e large c lass o f co seghola te nouns 8 4Ct
a— e first t h ree e x amp le s from a st rong st em t h e g round
e
) I n t h.
, ,

forms malls sip hr gudi h ave b een dev elop ed b y t he a dop t ion of a
’

, , ,

m W 5 15 i len t h ened o
h elp ing S eghol t o ( i h odified t o é
) (
'

w t a g t ,

V IJ5 u leng t h ened t o e ne x t t h ree e x amp les inst ead of t h e

( Th ,

h elp ing S ghol h ave a h e lp ing P a tha h o n acc ount of t h e middl e (d, f )
e
, ,

or fi nal g ut t ural (e) I n all t h ese c ases t h e constr . . st . sing . c oinc ides

e x act ly w it h t h e a bsolu te Th e sing ula r sufli xes . a re added to the

g roun d-form ; b ut in fc a nd
6 t akes t h e p l
anac e o f t h e o ri inal a,
g
a nd in d a nd f the g ut t ural req uires a rep et it ion of th e a and 6 in t h e
“

form of a H at ep h b e fore a follow ing f ced

a
t h is H a t ep h

p asses int o a si mp le h elp ing v ow el ( a, a c cordin

g t o 28 c h ence
&c .

(Z I n t h e p lural an a -sound almost always ap p ears b efore t h e t one

b earing a ffix DL ,
( ou the a nalo
gy of forms w it h orig inal a in t h e

1 A sor t of d e t a il e d c o mm e n t ary o n t h e fol l ow in g sc h e me o f H eb re w

d e c l e nsi o n s is supp lie d b y E K on ig in h is H ist -h it L eh rgeb der h eb r S p r , . . . .

I
.

ii 1 if
’ p
. . .

g t o P H a up t of N ah um in t h e Journ
'

2 A c c o r din
.
‘
Th e b ook ’
. o f bib l L it
. ,

th e in 1 5 5 an d th e in are n ot l o ng b ut a c ce n t e d, and
'
1
9 7, p
0 . 2
9 ,
e o

601 t h e ory unknow n a t any rat e t o th e

'
h e n c e t o b e p ron oun c e d o cqbp , a

Je w ish g rammaria ns .
§ 93 e—h ] P a ra dig ms of M asculine N ouns 2 63

second syllab le ; cf . 8 4“ a
) , in t h e form of p ret onic
a Oumes , wh ilst
t h e short v ow el of t h e first sylla b le b ec omes v oc a j w d
l Th e ori
ginal
e
.

a of the 2 nd syllab le i s elide d in t h e constru ct st a t e, so t h at t h e

sh ort v ow el under t h e first ra dic al t h en st an ds in a c losed syllab le .

Th e o mission of D a g es in a follow ing B ega dkep b a th ( ?

1
D D , not ”
SB D,

&c .
) 1s due t o t h e loss of a vow el b et w een 5 and J . On t h e o ther

h and, t h e p ret onic Qa mes of t h e a bsolute sta t e is ret ained b efore t h e

l ig h t p lural suffi x es, Whil st t he grav e suffi x e s a re a dded t o t h e form
t he -Th e endin th e
of construc t st a te .
g of a bsolut e st a te of t h e dual
is added, as a rule, t o t h e ground-form ( so in a —d and h, b ut cf .

T he constr uc t sta t e o f t h e dual is g enerally t h e same as t h a t of th e

p lural, e x c ep t ,
of course, in c a ses like m .

Paradigms g and h e x h ib it forms w it h middle u and i 8 4“ c , y e

e ground forms ma ut and z a it are al ways c ont ract ed t o moth,
and 8
) t h
z éth, x
e cep t in t h e b
a sol. sing .
, wh ere u and i are c h ang ed int o t h e
c orresp onding c onsonant s 1 and 1 .

Paradigm i e x hib it s one of t h e numerous forms in w h ic h the

c ont ract ion of a middle u or i h as already t aken p lace in t h e a bsol .

sing
( .
g m
rount
d a ut )
-for .

Para dig m lo i s a format ion from a st em Ws 8 4 “ c e)

’
.
,

Para digms l, m, n are forms from st ems v {v, and h ence (see 6 7 a ) f
’ [

o rig inal ly b ilit e i al, ya m im, bug wit h t h e reg ular l engt h ening t o
’
, ,

D , 13 13 , Ph B f re format iv e a ddit ions a sh arp ening as in t h e

} e o .
,

'
), t akes p l ace in t h e
it s sec ond radical,
“ D8
infiexion o f v erb s e .
g .
,

13 1 13 3, & c
(see 84 “
. c,

R EM K AR S.

A On I a a nd at (g round fo rm qa tl) I n p ause t h e ful l l e ngt h en ing t o d

1 . . .

< <
.

g
g e neral l y t ake s p l ace , t h us 0 1 3 vineya rd, 1 113 113 1 seed ( from an d so
“

al w ays ( e x c ep t in
r 1 1< ea rth w ith t h e a rt ic l e ,
W3
1 0 , a c co rdi n
gt o 5 35 0
i n t h e LXX t h e forms ABeA, I a cpee for
’
H ow ev er, t h e
’ ’ '

( c f. al so

form w it h e is a l so so me t im e s foun d in p ause , a l ong w it h t h a t in d, e g . .

‘
1 0 11

w it h a n d v ery fre q ue nt l y on l y t e fo m w
h h
1
1 513
“ e
t oge t h e r 10 11 ; r it S g h ol, c. g .

NU ! g rass, 11 3 3 p erp etuity, N55 wonder , p7 3 rig hteousness, 0 1 3 th e E a st, 1121 35

“
a

i<
h elp , &c — W it h t w o S
.
e
gh ols, a lt h o ug h w it h a middle g ut t ural , w e fi nd 0 11 )
bread ( in p ause 0 11 5 ) an d 0 13 i womb ( in p a use b e sides 0 11 1 J 11 5 3°
( in p ause
Ah e l p ing S eg h ol al w ay s st a nds b e fore a fi n al N, as R9 11, N36 ( w it h
su fi
‘

. S
N E th e ( a l so w rit t e n e x c ep t i n N1 3 , se e c .

B . Th e cons r. st.
t i s a l most al w ay s the sa t he a bsolute
me as S o me t imes, .
It
fi na l g ut t u a l or 1, Pa t h a h ap p ea rs in t h e
“
h ow ev e r, un der t h e infl ue nc e of a r

sec o nd sy ll ab l e as t h e p rincip al v ow e l ( se e b e low , 13 3 it 8 23 ; 111 1

“
e .
g . 1
 2 66 T he N oun 93 l —n

( onl y in N u 1 1 7, b e fore Mq q a ep h ), r mJu 3 24

(b ut Ct 3 4 '
m
m) llm ,
1 11 0 as

w el l as &c . c f. , mo re ov e r NJ ?] ,
2 K 1 29 ( for DUI) , infi n . constr. from np S) .

i G locale is, ac c ording t o 5 90 z, reg ul arl y a dde d t o th e a l ready

‘

d ev el op e d form , "‘ 4
x/ 1 1 61 1 3 :
-
nuns 1 G 11 to the door ; b ut al so w it h
e. g . I IJJ /
fi rmly un der t h e i n fl ue n ce o f a gut t ural or J
“
a c l ose d sy ll ab l e nag; E x
rn m 1
1 21 3 , in p ause
'
mm: ( cf rm
!) 1 Ch 1 41 6: from ” 75>
k D . x
T h e su ffi es o f t h e sin g ul a r are lik e w ise a dde d t o t h e g round-form, b ut
‘e
forms w i t h m idd le g ut t ural t a ke H a tep h Pa th ak inst e a d o f t h e S wa q uiescens
17
171 , &c .
( b ut al so JD H S ”212
1, In a rat h e r l arg e n um b e r of ga ll fo r ms,
-

w
h o e v er, b e fo re suffi es in t h e x sing . w el l as in t h e constr st p l ur a n d
as . .

d ual, t h e a o f t h e fi st syl lab l e 1s at t en ua t e d t o t h us JJtQB my womb , T V ”

so in 1 15 1115, ng f, 11 3 6
9, m
eg ,
1113 5
3, p7 5
: wg é,
many ot h ers . I n some c ase s of t h is kin d b e side s t h e f0 1 m w i t h a t h e re mo st
p rob a b l y e x ist e d a no t h e r w i t h orig inal 1 i n t h e fi rst syl la b l e ; t h us c e rt ainly
,

ngg , &c amim,

e
w it h v b eside yr
” NYJ b eside .
(A c c ording t o t h e D iqduqe h a t
<

3 6, t h e in suc h t ake s th e c f. lj J N u 3 0 4 ( a b sal.

'
a b solute st. case s e, constr. e

law A m 6°
.

a nd T ] ; 30 1 0 ( L 2°
( a nd (constr ) A c c ording
“ “
constr. a bsol
DU v 24 . .

t o th i st h e ory ’3 N55 ( so t h e b e st a ut h orit ies) I s

5
9 w ould b e t h e constr st , . .

al t h o ug h th e a c ce n t uat ion l e q u ires a n a b sol st — A w ea ken in g o f t h e fi rml y

. .

c l ose d sy l la b l e oc c urs i n JJ &c fro m IJD a nd Dt i n b ot h

‘
JJ , .
1 3 2
c a se s e v ide nt l y o w ing t o t he infl ue nc e of
t h e p al at al in t h e m i d d l e of t h e
st e m W it h S g h ol for
e 1
5m [n " J'

JJJ &c
”

. z : .

l I n t h e p l ural t h e t e rmin at ion

E . m 1s found as w ell as DJ_ ,nfiwe; e. g .

ru p m
t o g e t h e r w i t h DJ
W (
DJ E z 1 3
20
[b ut re a d DJWDH ; se e c o m m j ) , &c . .

-
constr. st. 11 110 5 1 . Ot h e r n ouns h av e o nl y the e nding m ,
e . g. n1xx x_, constr .

nJXJ N fr om YJ N W it h out Qa mes b e fore th e e nd ing w e fi nd

'

( bowels) mercy O n t h e nume ral s [3 l l twenty, &c , c f 5 9 7 f, no te 2

. . . . M or e

u
°

ov er a is n o t in se rt e d b e for e p l ura l s fli xe s w it h t h e t o ne on t h e p e nul t ima

<

in &c p rop e rl y th y ha p p iness ! ( 9 w ord w h ic h 1 s on l y use d l n t h e constr

. . .

st. pl . a nd a t a n e arl y p e rio d b e c a me st e re ot yp e d as a k in d o f int e r e c tion ) j .

770 F I n t h e constr st p lural a fi rml y c l o se d sy ll ab l e is so m e t im e s fo un d ,

m
. . .

c on t rary t o t h e rule , DH B DBJ

G n 4 225 -35 " Ct 86 J
gfi 64
7 )
1
g ( ?
‘
e. g .
; t ) e
i n DJ JB DJ N 11
O

Ez 9
1 7 ;
J
j DJ I s
’
a n d so a l wa y s 2
9
39
, DDJB DJ OJ
1 64, &c .
(on
ha nd in
.

th e o t h er a c c ord ing t o t h e b e st a ut h or it ie s not J'

llDl l I s 5 53 , &c
'

, .
,

t h oug h i n 1 0 7 43 G insb u1 g rea d s c f. 5 46 d . E v en wit h a midd le

g ut t ura l E st 1 1 7 20. — Th e a t t e n ua t ion of a to i al so oc c urs so me t i mes

i n t h is fo rm ( se e a b ov e , k) , e. g. J
UDY, &c .
, ev n
e J'
J
I JIs 5 7 4 b esid e J‘
IJ ‘

Ho
' J'
G I n t h e dua l b e side forms l ik e DJ SJ ! feet, w it h
T
'

sufi . J J J JJ J, &c
'
a bset.
' '

77, . J .

DJEJN two th ousa nd DJ S yJ sa nda ls, D DJB knees ( a

J a t t e nua t e d to i
,
constr. st JDJ B .

w it h a fi i m ly c l ose d sy ll ab l e , ) w it h sufiixe s JB J B , &c .

( c f , h ow ev e r, 0 1 211 ;
.

Ju form s w it h p re t on ic Qa mes ar e a l so fo un d ( in c onse q u e n ce of the

1 A c c ord ing t o ML . mb e rt R E ] 1 8 96 p z
t e nds t o 1 e ma in w it h l a b ial s
a , .
, . I , a
so i n I 4 c ase s o ut o f 2 2 m a sc u lin e s , a nd i n 3
o ut o f 6 fe m in in e s .

2 P ro b a b l
y o n l y a t h e o ry o f o n e p a rt ic ul ar sc h o ol a n d no t g e ne ral ly ac cep t ed,
or at a ny ra te not c onsist e nt ly c a rrie d o ut c f K on ig, Leh rg eb , ii 2 2 . . . .
§ 93 o—r ] P a ra dig ms o
f M asculine N ouns 267

t e nde nc y t o a ssi milat e t h e dual t o t h e p l ural in form : so K 6nig , L eh rgeb .

,
3 3
ii D JJ ? h orns, w it h w ill J Jfi ? ’
(D n 8 e l se w h ere a l w ays D J JP J '

. as J

JJ ’ '
IP, &c . an d so al w ay s
-
1
13 1 1 1 5 , constr. st. JIJ SWf olding -doors, DJST J doub le

wa y
j
.

2. On P a radigms b and e. W ith a fi nal N re e c t e d ( b ut re t a ine d or t h o ~ 0

g rap h ica l ly) w e fi nd NDU sin A n i nit ial gut t ural b e fore suffi e s g e ne rally . x
re c e iv e s S eg h él in st e a d o f t h e orig inal i , e g 1
p n "17 &c so i n t h e constr st
9, , . . 5 . . .

p lur . &c .
°
NDll form
'
s J
NDl
‘

J K 2 1 02
9
,
&c .
,
re t ain ing t h e Qa mes of DJNDH
b e fore t h e w eak N —
Th e .
p ausal forms ll lD
" '

an d W( out DD of p a use a l w ay s

'
Jlj D DD
‘
W) go b ac k t o b y f
- or ms 11l “
DQ W -Oh. DJDWL
] ( n t co s r. st. p l ur . of 21 W? )
Pr g h
2; ; D DP sycamo
J
res, cfit h out 20 W w Qamas b efore t h e t e rm in a t ion
Mis
.

D _ ( se e ab ov e , l ), is p rob a b ly from t h e sing

‘
.
'

l Wf un d o in th e na .

3 O n P ara digms c a n d f
. D Po c c urs in P1 . W 221 2
w it h out a h e l p i ng v o w el ,
p
w it h a middl e g ut t ural 525 , &c .
, b ut w it h n al so a 11 5 ;
1 w it h a fi n al

g ut t ural ’uly
1 211 &c . , b ut w it h N, NDJ w it h a fi rmly c l ose d sy l l ab le E O
J
N
Mi 7
,
1

B e fore suf
fi x es t h e orig in a l it so me t imes re ap p e ars in t h e sin g , e . g . JJlJ (1 '

1 50
2
) b es id JSW
e J , from JJJ greatne s JJEJD (w it h s ,
D a g es forte dirimens, a nd

the u rep ea t e d in t h e form of a H atep h -Qa mes, c f. 10 h ) I s 93 , &c . TID W

J
Ez 22 24
.
— Corres
p onding t o t h e form 0 3 17 715 p 6 6l kh em w e fi n d 5 7
'
‘ “

p up 7 17
Ho
e v en w it h out a middl e gut t ural ; si m il arl y JJD P ( so J ab l o nsk 1 a n d Op it ius)

K
<

1 2 Ch from [DPlittle fi nger ; b ut t h e b e t t e r re ad in g is, no d oub t ,

’
JDlD
'
7 l7
( so e d . Mnt a .
,
‘
th e p p ro le p t ic al ly assumi ng the v o w el o f t h e fol l ow i ng
sy ll ab l e a nd t h e fo rm is t o b e d e riv e d, w i t h K 6 nig ,
’

; K 6 n ig , Leh rgeb , ii . .

from f DP, n ot qutun, as B ro c ke l ma n n q uo t es h im, in Grundriss, p 1 0 3 Th e . .

rea di ng JJD P ( B aer a nd G in sb urg ) is p ro b a b ly no t d ue t o a c onfusio n of t h e

F
ab ov e t wo readings ,
b ut is mere l y in t e nde d t o mark t h e v ow e l e p re ssl y x
as 6 . I n t h e forms 151 3 I s 1 31
1- (fo r JJVD) a nd JlNl l
' '
I s 5 21 4 ( for
‘
a
'

l l 1 S
t h e l e n gt h e ning o f t h e or ig in al u t o 6 h as b ee n re t a in e d e v e n b e fore t h e suffi x
c f. 63 p and 5 Gn — In th e sa me w a y 6 re m ain s b e fore

locale, e.g . 24 6 ,
7
&c . D issim il a t ion of th e v ow e l (o r
‘
b y form l lDJ ms t o i n JHDJ E x 2 Ez 46 9
for ll IJ
‘

J
'
a se e o c c ur 14 , ,
o

th e g e n er a l ly b e c o m es S w a b e f0 1 e t h e Qa mes, r
e
In th e a bsol. st. p lur. origi n al u
’

JB from 1 p:
H
“
morning, 0 6175 works, D HD Jlances, DJ J
s h a ndfuls (constr
'
J’
e. g D . .

st. E2 1 3
19
) on th e ot h e r h a n d, w it h an i n it ia l g ut t ura l t h e u so un d re
a pp ea rs as H a tep h Qa mes, e .
g D .
J
WIIJm '
onth s, DJj Dv g a z elles, n lN wa ys ; a n d m '

so e ven w it h out an i nit ial g ut t ural , mm mth 7 7 3

“
e th resh ing fl oors
,
1 S Jo 224 ;
D WIP
J
I nctu i a nd
'

7 IT
sa a r es
, D J
WJW
"
'

7
roots ( q6dh asim, &c .
,
W i t h 6 for al so J WT J
[b ut TWIE J WIP n
<

D] , w h ere , h ow ev e r, t h e fre q ue n t ly fl uc tuat e s

’
rea d i ng
‘ J '
o ce

’ ’ ’ ‘
b et w e e n D and p ; w it h
'
th e artic l e a c c o r di ng t o B e er a nd
pg P J

G insb urg . On t h e se forms c f. e sp ec ia l l

y 9 11. F rom SJN t nt‘
e , b oth
D JJNB J and
J
DJ DN ( of 5 2 3 h and JBVB a b ov e ) foun d ; w i t h l ig h t sufii xe s
'
. are
0
7 7 3 "

J nnJN) —h e n c e
l N, &c fro m l lJ Nwa y, I nnJ
N
J a l so J w it h i n it ia l N
on l y
‘

(
‘
. so
' '
J ‘

t ic ul a t io n ( K 6 n ig , Leh rgeb , 1 1 I t see ms t h a t

‘
o n a c c ou n t o f i t s
’
w e ak al . .

b y t h ese d iffe rent w ays o f w ri ting a dist inc t ion w as i nt e n de d b e t w e e n t h e

 2 68 T he N oun 93 s—v

p l ural of fir ms: cara van ,

and of 11 1 6: wa y ; h ow ever, nim51 is a l so fo und i n
-
t h e forme r 61 9 a n d 11 111 1 1 i n t h e l a t te r ( Jb
5
97
sen se (i n constr . st. Jb ) e. g. 1 3
3
’ J
a c c ord ing t o th e re ading of B e n N ap h t a l i a nd Q imh i) c f. al so i
n J
N 2 Ch 8 1 9

K ih e
.
(
’
JN Q re) — Th e
e
. constr. st p l u ra l of
[
'
l; th umb is mJilJ Ju '
as if fro m

FlJJ brig h tness, I s 5 9 l lJfi JJ t h e se q t6l forms, — It

[n
9 e
of ( t)
'

a sin g . c f.
'
on .

J’ JJ N Pr 25 1 1 1 8 n o t d ual b ut p l ura l ( se e t h e L e ic on ) i t is t h e n a nal og ous t o x

th e e xamp l e s, g iv e n i n l a n d o, o f p l ur a l s w i t h out a p re t o ni c Qa mes
; c f D’
JDJ .

p istach io nuts , p rob ab l y from a sin g . HJ

DJ . A c c o rd ing t o B a rt h , Z D MG x lii .
,

3 45 f ‘
JJ JN i s . a sing .
( ’
J ,
J N t h e g roun d-for m of nJJN, w i t h sufiix ) .

I n th e constr. st. p lur t h e . o nly e x amp l e w it h orig inal u is DJ 1 ‘ '

;
1 3 1 21
o t h er

w ise l ik e J
WJP JJJ N &c , .

8 4 B e sides t h e forms t re at e d h i t h e rt o W e h av e t o c onsider a l so a serie s of

.

forma t ions, w h ic h h a ve t h e ir c h a ra c t e rist ic v ow e l unde r t h e second rad ic al ,

a s is o rd in a ri l t h e c a se in A ramaic on t h e o ri in o f t h e se forms see furt h e r
y g , (
5 84
“
e) . T h us (a) of t h e form JDIJ; WJ J h oney, DQD little ; i n p a use, WJ
'
l

DVD ; lJJ ma n and

'

(el sew h ere al w ays

26
( as constr h ),
'
. st. , se e a b ov e , 1 8 lJ J) ,
infi nitives l ike JJ W 45 c ; on nl lJ,
‘
see a b o ve , h ) ; DJ W sh oulder ,
a b e i ng

modifi e d t o e ( b ut in p a use DJ W) ; l oc at iv e DDJ W ,

al so nDJ W H 0 69 W ith
suf
fi x es in t h e usua l man ne r 'DJ W ’ IJ J W Gn 19
” 35
( an i n fi n w it h . sufiix,

t h e r e fo1 e n o t FIJ J
W ) . On t h e ot h e r h an d , t h e a is re ta ine d i n t h e p lur . a bsol.

by sh a r
p e n in g t h e fi n al co nsona n t . D DJN’
(constr .
J
DJN) ma rsh es, B ‘
DJ fl
myraes, tz1
a few .

t (b) Of t h e form $1913 :

'
1113 d 5 1 wolf, &c
well, 3 1 . loca tive na15 zi , w it h
'
su fl
'

- 1
nsw
’

11 1 115 3 ;
’J
NJ “ p lur 1 :1s
1 b ut 111 constr. on t h e infi n constr . .

cf .
76 b .

() c of t h e fo rm JDJ WNJ : stench

(w it h su fi lW
‘

. NJ , j ust as
"
DJ D oc c urs in
Jer 4"a lo ng w it h t h e constr "
J D 0 5
c f. for t h e D ag e s, 5 h ), p e1 h ap s
st.
[ 1 74 20
°
.

a l so DN na tion
, p
l D ’
DN S . S
u 5 . Paradig ms g i co mp rise t h e segh ol a t e forms w it h middl e l or J .
(a ) of th e
form qa tl w i t h Waw a s a st ro ng c onso n a nt , in w h ic h c a se s th e orig i nal a is
a l mo st a l w a s l e ng t h en e d t o a Pa ra d i m
( g) , t h us DJD N va nity 5 3) iniquity
y g [J 1 , ,

1 midst ; w it h fi n a l N NJ fa lseh ood ;

1111-
W c f. h o w e v er , a l so 111
1 .
sp a ce . I n th e
constr. st. c o nt ra c t i o n a l w a s o c c urs
y , 11 113 , 81 0 .
( from 01 ig in a l ma ut) , an d l ike

w ise b e fore sufiixe s 111113 , & c . E x c e p t i on , SJ}! as constr. st. Ez ( ac c ording

to Q imhi) an d w it h sufi .
'

5
1 19 . Th e c ont ra c t ion re ma in s al so in a l l c a se s in
t h e p l ural (b ut se e b e l ow , to) .

1) ( 6) O f t h e for m t l w it h c onso nant al Y6dh (Pa ra d ig m h ) . W it h fi nal N

NJJ ( a l so ’ J) , in I s 40 4 NJ , in t h e constr st ( al so a bsal Zc . . . ND (a l so JJ) ;
p l ur . 2 K 2 13
a nd E z 63 K th a
. a c co rd ing t o B a er l lJNJ, i
’
e doub t l ess 11 11
51
( cf .
'

[ DJJ
N J E z 35
3 ’
a c c ording to a n o t h e r rea ding [a nd so G insb urg ]
l

1 Th e p rop osa l of H aup t ( S B OT 4 4 if read lNJ , J N] ,

)
‘
. Pr ove rb s ’
, p . . to
&c , d oe s n o t see m t o b e w arra nt e d Th e c ase h e re is q uit e d iffe re nt fi o m
M
. .

t h a t m P r 1 22 w h e re t h e asora req u ire s JJ

a o d oub t on t h e a na l ogy of
'
n
lNJ &c fo r JJ Ta w h ic h w as p rob abl y int e nde d, 5 63 m
'
.
, , see .
 2 70 T he N oun 93 aa—dd

73
( ?
: al so 7D 1 m ,
&c ; in p a use 7 71 , &c , w t h 5 . i sufi . 17
'

571 , p l ur 7
3 7 7
3 71
. 5
m 7 5 37 bra
F ro nch , t h e re oc c urs in 10 1 0 41 2 t h e p l ur 0 7 77 5 37 ( a . n al o g o us to D
a B
&c .
,
se e a b o v e , as
) t h e K 6 711 e v id e n t l y in t e nds 73 7 8 5 37
:
( so Op it ius and o t h er s) .

D ual , w t h i N u 247 , b ucket (fro m 7 1 5 ,

for m ore c o r re c t l y, w it h t h e
M a so ra , 77 3 w t h 3 i Mn u ah fo r Mth e e g. Th i s un usual Mt h
e eg is t o b e t rea t ed
me n t ione d 1 n 9 17
'

fo ll o w i n g t h e a n al ogy o f t h e c ase s
'

as .

“ a 7 O n Pa 1 a dig ms l n :se g h ol at e f0 1 m s fro m st e m s (see 8 4 c, B )

“
. .

( a ) I n t h e ga u form t h e a o fth e c o nt rac t e d forma t ion i s som e t ime s l eng t h e ne d

i n t h e a bsal st , sing a s in 73 ( so al so in t h e constr st , e x c e p t 1 11 t h e c o m bi n a
:
o
. . . . .

t io n fiD ’l ‘

D th e R ed
‘
sea ; a nd e v e n b e fore M qq p h
a e , th e sa lt sea
‘

so m e t i m e s it re ma in s sh o rt , e .
g . ng morsel, D37 p eop le, b ut e v e n t h e se forma
t i o n s g e n e rally h av e Qa mes i n p a use , as w el l as a ft e r th e a rt ic l e (e .
g .

Ad j e c t iv e s un de r t h e i nfl ue n c e o f a g utt ural e it h e r h a v e forms l ike 73 7 7

1 5 ,

o r, w th i
mp ensa tory leng th en ing, 73 7 373 7 373
co In th e constr. st. 7 71 living

( in th e p l ura l [
3 77
7
1 a l so a sub st a n t iv e , if ) ,
l e a n d 73
! su fiiciency, a re c o nt rac t e d to
3
1 an
d As m l oc a t iv e form n ot ic e 71
ounta in Gn 1 1 0 (se e 5 2 q
3
7
71 a , 4 7 ) 7 7 to th e

b e side Th e st em is e x p a n de d t o a t r il it e ral form in 7 32771 (unl e ss i t is

7 7 ? .

simp l y d e ri v e d fro m a b y -for m o n t h e a nal og y of qcitdl-fo rm s) Jer 1 3

‘

7
b t m f r 7 1 3 1 1 ea d 7 3 3 1 ) an d G 1 4°
( u o n N u 2 7
3 , 7

&c .
(b ut on ly in p oe t ic al p assag e s) , w it h sufli x , 717 1 1 Q D t 8 9 ; 73 7 p Ju 5
14

( w h e re , h ow e v e r, re ad p rob a b l y Ne h 9 22 7
9 7 7 Ne h 9 24
7 3 e l sew h e re

73 7337, B e fo re xes a nd in t h e p l ur a is some t imes a t t e nua t e d t o z

7 - su fi
“

M S
.
,

e g
77
35 from 71 5
0 7 71-5 D7 5 9 a nd N ED (al so ED 2 1 7
28
) from F g u
;
. .

, , ,

B e for e 71 a is re t ain e d in a v irt ual ly sh a rp e ne d sy l lab l e , e . g 7

3 7
71 5 trap s
.
.

bb (b) Q form s :
ifl -
DN ? ) N fi re ( w it h sufi . 7
74977 b ut cf . al so 977
03 2
n t rili t e ra l fo rm , t h e p l ur
i a vour &C of a
Txy n
18
f , . .
77
( ) Qufl for ms :
c
| 71
3 53 tota li ty, b e fore Mqq p h
a e
“

73 71
“

527 w it h suff. 7 3 71
7 .
,
&c .

m issio n o f D a g e; forte ( a c c o1 d in g t o 5 20 m) alw ay s 1371 0 3 371 , b ut from

w it h o
“

s
w 1 737 73 3 737 for w h i c h 7 737 a nd 7737 are also fo und 7 9371 , e x p a nde d t o “
.

a t ril it e ra l fo rm , 5J u 15
a n d I s 1 0
1
g e ne ra lly e x p l a ine d a s a se c on da ry f0 1 m ,

of w it h a b n or mal w e ake n ing o f t h e a t o z, is mo re p rob a b ly t o b e 1 eferre d

t o a qitl-form — = A rab ic b i
gg .

CC Th e f0 1 ms w it h assim il a t e d middl e N an l ike w ise foll ow t h e a n al o

gy o f
Parad ig ms l- n, e g 5177 nose, a nger (7 9 3 , dual D7 B N, a lso f ace fo r a np ; T p al a te
fo1 lzznk, D 97fetters, 737 goa t, p l ur
. .
)
for ine, p rob a b l y
’

m
73
’
‘
7
737,
7
. a l so J N green h erb ,
for znb
’ ’

(I d 2 . Paradig m I I co mp rises all format ions wit h ori

g inal sh ort v owel s,
W h e t h e r in t h e first or sec ond syllab l e cf 8 4“ f—z, and t h e g eneral
’

; .

la w s of fo rmat io n, 92 b—g .

1 7
71 o n ly i n Dn 1 27 as constr. st. , sinc e in t h e asse v e ra t ive formul ae (ch
"
4 9 ) 1 373 5
7 71 7 71
5 1 ( o t h e rw ise o nly i n 2 1
7225 3
a ft e r 71771 7 7 71 a nd

A mos 7 71 i s a c ont 1 ac te d fo rm o f t h
e a bsol st ( p rop living is Ph a ra oh ! 81 0 . . . 7

I t 1 s e v ide n t ly on l y a rab b in ic a l r e fi ne me nt w h ic h make s t h e p l onun c iat io n

d ist i n c t iv e G od b y h imse l f) ,
7 71 o f a n oa t h b y G od ( or of as in t h e re g ula r

fo rmul ae
(
7
7
3 D 7:
35
7
33 a nd 13 1
1?1
 93 cc—kk ] P a ra dig ms of M asculine N ouns 271

R em . 1 . O n P a ra dig ms a a nd b : g rou n d -fo r m t dl T h e l e ng t h e n ing of t h e

.

se c o n d a t o a is m a int a ine d in t h e constr . st. sing. o nl y in Ws

-fo rms
’
,
e .
g .

ar my, N3 3 . F or t h e c o nst ruc t for m s mil k, 5 ,3

7 wh ite, G n 4 91 2, i n st ead of

th e o rd i n
a ry a bsolutes 3 73
3 , 73 3, a se c on d a
ry fo r m 3 371 1
.
, 73 5 must b e assum e d ;
7

from [0
7 7 smoke, t h e
3 73 37 oc c urs onc e , Ex b eside 735 37 , from 3 3 13
constr. st. 7
1

orna ment t h e constr . st. 331 3 D n i1 70 b e side t h e c ommo n form

,
— Th e p l ur .

h orses, I s 2 1 7 (i n s
tea d o f Di
pl
/ g g r o und form p aras i s n o
)
“
,
-
doub t d ue t o
a c on fusion w it h t h e qa tt a l-form W3 E3 h orsema n .

A . S ome t ime s a sh arp e ni ng of t h e t h ird r adic al t a ke s p l ac e , i n order t o 66

keep t h e p re c e d in g v o w el sh o r t , e . g . ca mels, 0 7 75 799 sma ll ones, 71 73 353
b roo ks ( see 20 a ) .
-T h e a t t e nua t io n o f th e d of t h e fi rst sy ll a b le t o i d o es n ot
t a ke p l a c e i n t h e constr. st. p lur . a s a r ul e a ft e r a n in it ia l g u t t ura l , as

7
3
137, b ut 7
9773, a nd ne v e r b e fo re a m i d dl e g u t t u r a l , e .
g . n or (ac c o rdin g
t o K on ig , o w in g t o t h e i n fl ue n c e o f t h e n asa l ) i n t h e n on -g ut t u ra l fo rms
71 73 31 ta ils, 7119 3 3 , a n d ( in t h e d ua l ) 7 9 33 wings, fro m 3 , 3 3 — T h e d ua l
33 3
0 7 343 fro m 3 3 ri ver, sh o w s a n a b n o r m al om issio n of t h e l e n gth e ning of th e
3 3
a b e fore a t o ne -b e a ring t ermina t i on , b ut cf . 88 c.

B . F rom st e ms, forms l ike

, 7337 ,
& 5573
c , b e l ong t o th is c l ass
7 7
. .
j
C T h e few n oun s o f t h e g rou nd-form qitdl fol l ow t h e same a n al o g y , such a s
gg
.

3h
o

33 strong d rink 3 7 rap e, & c F ro m a ir, in t h e constr st b e side s

eart,
, 3 g 3 h . . .

3 3772 t h e form 3 377 is ? a l so found (p e rh a p s a surv iv al o f a se c o n da ry form l ike

th ose in Para d ig m I , d) so from ri b ,

53 37 7
a n d e v en 33
37
7
2 S 1 61 3 (5 0 ed .

Mt an .
, G in sb . b ut B aer b ot h , p rob a bly ,
ol d se co n da ry forms ( al so
use d for t h e a b sol . st.
) of 7
33 37
1 c f. a l so 7 7
3 3
3 a nd 73753 , as w el l as th e constr . st.

p lur . 73 737 3 ; 5 a l so fro m 3 3 3 stra ng eness, t h e constr. st.

“
3 3 5 is found, D t 31 16
.

2 . On Pa rad ig ms c—e : g ro und -for m t il, de v e l op e d t o qatel ; w it h a fi nal

g ut t u ral , e. g .
373 74
) sa tisfi ed . I n th e constr . st t h e o rig in a l i o f t h e sec o n d syll a b l e ,

m
.

p rob ab ly on th e a n al og y o f t h e fo rms d isc usse d i n 69 0, b e c o me s a, e .

g .
7
53 71 3 71 , &c
37 .
,
b ut n o t b e fore suffi x e s, 7 5 733 ,
&c .
,
n or in for m s from it ” sst e ms ,

e 3
N 7; full, N p ; c f ,
.
g .
3 . more ov e r , 3 37 37 G 11 25 26 from 3 3 7 h eel,
3 and
'

53 5 t
i

mourning P a rad ig m d . re p r e se n t s fo rms w h ic h in t h e constr . st . i nstea d of

the ord in ary 75 7 3

13 ,
&c .
,
h av e a seg h o l a t e form, as
3 3 72 ,
3 3 3 313 7
, ,
53 37
(E z constr st. o f .
337
5 long , 3 3
3 w a ll,
3 : 3 thig h , 573 rob bery, 53 37 unci r cu mcised .

I n Is 1 1 1 4 71
1733 3 w ould b e a l t og e t h e r w i t h o ut p re c e de nt as a constr. st. (for
77
1 333 ) m ost p r ob ab l y t h e a bsol. st . is int e n de d b y t h e M a so ra ( ac c o rd ing to

Nolde ke ,
Gott Gel A nz eigen,
. . 1 871 , No .
9 . 7 4
’
2 3 [p 8 6 ] fo r 3 3 77 3 3 with one sh oulder,

i . e . sh oulder to sh oulder) [Cf . D riv e r, Tenses, 90 , 1

I n t h e p lur constr t h e . . e l e n g t h e n e d fro m i i s fre q ue n t l y re t a in ed in v e rb al ll

j
a d ec t iv e s o f t h is format io n
,
e .
g .
7
3 5 71 ; c f. a l so

77 7 3 3 33 3
( w it h 6 under t h e p ro t ec t ion of th e o
se c n da ry t on e) fro m 3 73
: tent-p eg .

On t h e ot h e r h a n d fro m N3 al w ay s c f. a l so 7
3733 1
20
from
:f ea ring , 17 35
— m
W it h it ( wit h
’

ya re t a in e d in t h e i nit ial syl lab l e e f. a l ius a v i rt ual

sh a r
p e n in g of th e — F r om st e ms co me forms l ike 71 73 dea d p erson, 3 3
resident stra nger
, 3 37 witness, w it h u nc h a ng ea b l e S ere h e nc e 73 7 7373
,
7
7373 , &c .

K indre d in c h arac t er are t h e format ions fr om t h e ground-form qagul . Th is [ck

 T he N oun 9 3 ll
~
oo

g roun d fo rm is reg ularl y l e ng t h e ne d t o t ol , e g 337 round, pb p deep , 5 nws red

’

. .
;
b u t b e fo re fo rma t ive add it ions t h e sh ort it re t urn s, p ro t e ct e d b y t h e sh a rp e n

i ng of t h e follow ing c on son a n t ( se e cc ab ov e , as ) O B

J37, &c
7
.
( b ut l n st em s w it h
a t h ird g ut tu ral or 3 3 3 3 J D7 3 71 W) . Th e form K 1 0 1 9, is ab nor mal ,

l i kew ise 13 P7D3 Pr 2 3 27

7 J ab l o n skl ( ed . Mnt a . 3 77 73 37, B ae r an d G insb urg 3 7 3 37)
1 37

ll 3 0 P a ra d ig m f : g round fo m t
On - r a l fro m st e ms A s i n v e rb s 7 7 7 0'
.
s
7 5 h , t h e g e ne ral rul e i s t h at b efo re t h e t e rminat io ns of t h e p l ur a nd d ua l .

a n d b e fo re su ffi e s b e g inn in
g x
w it h a v ow e l , t h e t h ird radic a l l s u su all y e l ide d
al t og e t h e 1 B ut b e side s 3 3 W t h e form 7 3 , w it h t h e fi nal Yodh re ta ine d , is
. W
a l sofo un d l n p o e t ry ( c f al so t h e sing ula rs w it h suffi e s, l ike D777 71 D, i n 3 3 )
. x W
in t h e same w ay fi nal 7 is re t a ine d i n 0 7 733 th e p oor, constr 7 17 37 The p l ur o f
7 . . .

71 1 Wi s 71 73 W n t 71 73 W(
, co s r . al so 7 3
W , un l e ss t h is 1 s a sing .
,
c on t l a c t e d fro m 7 3 W;
B ar t h Z DMG x l ii p Th e qi ta l-form ( 5 4 i) 3 73
8 S 37
1 61 6 ,
3
‘
“
so , .
, . see 2 1 5
1 K 4 5 i s re markab l e a s a constr. st. ( th e l e a d ing 3 373
1 of Op it ius a n d ot h ers is
o p p o se d to t h e e xp ress st a t e m e nt o f t h e M aso ra ) . To t h e c at e g o ry of t h e se
fo rm s a l so b e l on gs w it h out d oub t D7 35
3 9 , 0 3 3 9 , &c
_ face ( only 7
38 7 7
.
7

7727” I n a fe w forma t ions of t h is kind t h e v ow el of t h e se cond syll a b l e ap pea rs

t o h av e b e e n al re a dy l o st in t h e a bsal st sing so a c c o rdi ng t o t h e ord ina ry . . .

V i ew , in 3 7 7
w it h fi 7 b ut D3 3 7 ; p l ur 71 73 7 71 73 7 ,
“
h and, constr. 3 7 constr.
7 su . .

d ua l D73 7 7
3 7, w i t h su j
“
.
7
37 03 73 7 &c an d in D3 blood, constr. w it h

fi
”
7
D !
“
but 0 3 733 (d a t t e nua t e d t o i ) , p l ur D D3 7 7
D B ut p e rh ap s b o t h
“
su . .
7
and as Ol ig in al mono
t h e se n oun s are t o b e re g a rde d a s p ri mi t iv e
sy l l a b ic f0 1 mat io ns .

3 . Paradigm I I I co mp rises forms w it h an unch angeab le vow el

in t h e fi rst sylla b le , w h ilst t h e vo wel of th e second syl la b le h as b een

l eng t h ened from a n ori
g inal sh ort v ow el , a nd is t h erefore c h ang eab le .

Th e sp ec ial c ases are t o b e dist inguish ed in w hic h t h e o rig inal sh ort

v ow el is l eng t h ened b ot h in a nd befor e t h e t one , b ut in a n op en

sy l l a l
b e b c
e o me s g wa (
e
Pa ra dig m a ,
b ut c f al so e x a mp l e s like D7
3 3 7N .

w h eels, for 73 7 35 78 ,
a nd se condly . the c a ses in whic h t h e
v o wel b ec omes g wde
ev en before t h e t one ( Paradi m b ,
g ) a nd finally,
t h ose in w hic h t h e t erminat ion of 7
1
'
sformat ions is ent irely l ost
a ra di m
( P g c
) .

R em O n t h e mo de l 73 5737 ( w h ic h , more ov e r, is o b sc ure d from dla m) ,

'
. 1 . of

t h e fo l l o w ing fo rms al so a r e in fl e c t e d .
579 373 ( 5 8 5 h ) , in so me c ase s w it h
v i rt ua l sh arp e n ing o f th e th ird rad ic al ( se e 5 20 a , as ) 771 D3 D Je r 1 7
7
, p
1 4
5
0 ,

Jb 8 14
,
&c 5 nouns of t h is form main t ain t h e Q m in t h e n tr t p l u
.
, N
”
a es co s . s . r. ,

5 3 97; f o m x n o n t h e ot h r h a n d i n t h e p l u f t h e p ti ip l
l
‘
7
e .
g . 7 p r e ,
r. o ar c es

N ip h . 8 5 n) of e b Ws( w h ic h l ikew ise b el ong t o t h is c lass) are found

v r s
’
,

no t o n ly re g ul ar fo rms l ike 73 7 3 9; b ut a l so
5
7
D R3 71 J
7 J os O RDDJ E z
‘
2 0 3 0 7
,

1
D3 7 W 3 PD E z 24 or ’
7 f i D (fro m 3 ? D) is w h o lly i rreg ula r ; p erh ap s, W
‘
h ow e v e r, t h e p a rt Pi i t is i n te nded , w it h out D agel in t h e 7 ( ac c ording t o
“
.

5 20 m) .
 2 74 T he JVoun 93 t t- m

-
fl fpp
'
‘ th y ca ttle, I s 30 93
(p rob ab l y al so 1 K i n
T y; Ct 2 14
,
a nd mg 173
u

th e sig h t of h im, Jb 4 1 1
(w it h th e h ere re t a i n e d o rth og ra p h ic ally , ) $ 32;13
E z 4 0 3 1 , &c a re st il l t o b e e p l a in e d a s sin g ul ars - O h a fe w o t h e r e a m p l es x x
w h ic h m ay p e rh a p s b e t h us e p l a in e d , se e 5 1 2 4 k B e fo re t h e p l ura l e n d ing x .

t h e o rig ina l t e rmin a t ion a y rea p p e ars in 0 3 73 I s 2 5 ° (p art P u fr om

02 . .

mm)

4 . Paradig m I V co mp rises t h e forms w it h a c h an eab le v ow el

g (a b) , ,

or a v ow el w h ich h as al rea dy b e c ome é wd

e
(c ) ,
in t h e fi rst syllab le,

and a n unc h ang eab l e v ow el in t h e sec o n d . Wit h Paradigm c

( wh ic h ,

h ow ever, for t h e most p art consist s merely of fo rms b ased o n a nalog

y,
wit h out b ib l ic al p arallels) are a lso c onne c t ed a ll t he forms w h ich
h av e unch a ng eab l e v ow els in b o th syl lab les, a nd t h erefore ( like 3 11 3 )

canno t underg o any v owel c h ang e s .

uu R em . I . A nalog ous t o
“
Pg? ( g roun d-f r
o m p dqid) are 8 “
5 4 R, 911 3 ,
&c .

(w it h 6, n ot c h a ng eab l e 6 for 17) in sub st an t iv e s l ike Di ?t s) t h is 6 is demonstrab ly

o b sc ure d fro m 02 (A rab . sci lci m) ; ib id l, m, .
‘
HDtt , i‘ p s
i , &c ;
'
. 8 5 u, [fi g] ,

fi m fii
T

constr {VD} ; fim
l
nstr. l ‘
fi, constr.
i s
ll
; ( c f h ow e v e r, t h e fo rm s in

mp Mp
, co .
.

th e constr st. i a
,
a , a nd w it h t h e p lura l suffi x
q in E z m § 8 5 w, ‘

‘
'

wp w p tn;
' ’

g 8 5 l, nipp , &c
i
i
g,
g constr. .

DZ) 2 ”
31 (g roun d fo
.
3 rm -
‘
dniy , st e m my) re
p re se nt s forms i n w h ic h a fi nal
Yodh h as b e e n re sol v e d i nt o 5 ; b e fore forma t iv e ad d it io n s t h e o r ig in al Yodh
un d er t h e p r o t e c t i on o f a D ag e§ forte a g ai n b e c o m es a u d i b l e as a fi r m c o n so n ant ,
w h il st t h e ( o rig ina lly sh or t ) v ow e l o f t h e fi r st sy l l ab l e b e c ome s S e wd c f .

8 “
l " l E E; a n d
N 87 a
5 4 , p ,p u r
g . .

new 3 . 3 13? w it h unc h ang eab l e d in t h e se c o n d syl l a b l e , w h il st t h e fe wa is

w e ake ne d fro m sh or t v o w e l ( A ra b kttci b ) ; constr. st 3 11 3 E st 4 3 ( re a di ng s
”

a . .

l ike 2 Ch 35
4 a re in c orre c t , al t h oug h WE ” E st 1 4 a nd
“

3 11 3 4 8 a re su p p o r t e d

b y fa irl y g o od aut h o rit y ; h o w e v e r

,
t h e se g
e
tdl -for m s i n H e b re w
a re p ro b a b l y

al l l o a n -w o rd s fro m t h e A ram aic ) Th e o nl y p l ura l form fou n d i n t h e O T

. . .

i s DQ ‘ WJV th eir deeds, E c 91 . In a n a rro w e r se n se t h e form s e nu merat e d

I : T
“

i n 5 8 4“ n—p b e l o n g t o t h is c l a ss ; in a w ider se n se al l t h ose w h ic h h av e

u nc h a ng e a b l e vo w e l s t h roug h o ut , t h us 8 4“ u , 8 4 17 e ( 5t99 , cf .
,
h o w e ver , t h e
a no ma l o us fo rms m e n t io n e d t h e re ) , ib id f—t , m ( N o 3 4 ( No
’

. . 77. .
1)
( N o a l so p a r t l y 8 5 b ( p
—w e s e c ia ll
y l an d
mm
.

I n o p p osi t ion t o t h e a n o mal ous sh o rt e n in g o f t h e fo rm 5g ? (see ab ov e , )

c ase s a re a l so fou nd w h e re p re t o n ic v o w e l s a re re t a in e d e v e n i n t h e a nt e
p e nul t im a ( w it h t h e se c o n d ary t o n e ) c f ab ov e , i t a n d pp , al so o f t h e form .

5n ( p rop erl y t il) t h e e x a mp l e s D‘ p ‘ j

g ,
D‘ tj ‘ j g ,
w h i lst t h e constr.

st. sing . ac c ord ing to th e r ul e c h a ng e s t h e d in t o S ewd ( j

D‘
g r
‘j
g) .
( Th e se
a re n o t to be c o nfoun d e d w it h for ms l ike
w i l l) tyra nt, w h ic h is fo r a nd

Sl im
?

c o n se q ue nt l y h as an un c h a ng e ab l e Qa meg .
) Of t h e form ? (t fil) i n t h is
c l ass a re
yin? w eek , p l ur D .
W} I? a nd fi ll’Q
F
/
Y
z
,
constr. h ill }
y, b ut w i t h Mth g e e

o f t h e se c o n d ary t o n e in t h e fi ft h sy ll ab l e from t h e e n d, b D nl D
‘
W— On Nip ,

syn, &c .
, c f. 85 k .
§ 94 a- d ] Forma tion of Feminine N ouns 275

94 . F orma tion o f F emin i ne Nouns .

1 . Th e feminine ending “
7 ,
wh en app ended t o the masculine a
forms t reat ed in 9 3 , effec t s in almost all c a ses t he sa me c h anges

a s are
p roduc ed in t h e masculine forms b y t h e a ddit ion of a ligh t suffix ,
since in b ot h c ases t h e t one is
p lac e fa rt h er mov ed o ne forw ard (see
9 2 b) . Th e following sch eme is b ased o n t h e sa me division int o fo ur
c la sses, w it h t h eir sub div isions, as in 9 3 ; a few S p ec ial forms
will b e t reat ed in 9 5 in c onne x ion wit h th e p aradig ms of feminine
nouns .

Paradigm I : seg h olat e forms, w it h t h e feminine ending always I)

t o t h e ground-form, (a ) “ 2573 queen, “ 2
0

added 93 3 , and w it h att enuat ion

of d t o i ”
1
0 3 3 l a mb , h o t st on e,
I s 6 6
( from a n o t h e r ro o t “ 5
9 3 ” see

B a er on Ez Ef
l ! str eng th ”
( unless b elo ng ing t o Paradig m b) ;
c over ing ( ma sc m5 ) 5 71n
()
b . l
p ea sur e not t o b e c on

founded w it h t h e unch ang eab le forms w it h a

p refix ed D , de riv ed
from n
”
ms st e , 13 as ”
()
7? co mmand, p lur a .
P ; 0 “3 5mp rop er
name (i n mole
) “
b f ( ) ( ) a g '( ) ; ( f )
,
e ood 59 s ; at n e ir l a s nes .

Wills ; n i a ra digm i) ;
weed, p ur i ty
( ) ( )
g w rong ( a l so z p P ’

3
"3
() T
i “ Y v ic tua ls
( masc . Para digm h) ; from git l and qutl-fo rms,
1 3 , cf .

” 249 t em est r om {S
understa nd ing , p ; ( )
It
fa t t a i l ( as if f N
},
( ct at t enuat ed t o i) s
l wrea th (p rob ab ly a n
ca
p t iv ity fi l

orig inal git l- form) ; (l) 71 30 life 71117? mea su re (at t enuat ed fro m ” EQ )
,
.

j
Ad ect iv es deriv ed from 1) l’ st ems also b elong in fie x io n t o t hi s c la ss,
a s “ 3 3 mu lt a , w it h middle ra l ni p ma la ; m
3 .
g ut t u , ( ) ? p
ill ! la n
( )
n ”E r
!
sta tute Ph
( ) .

Para dig m II : g round-form t ctlctt , &c ( ) 717

9 23 ( DE
‘ ‘

.
,
a veng ea n ce c

(b) m9? “ ea r th
( ) 5c ” 9?
7
c orp se ; ( )
d ne wl a ng u ida ; (f bea ut if ul,
my? end (from “ 5 2
,

,
F r om st e ms a r ise suc h forms as

(masc p rop erly

.
p Q W W )f ema le w i tness F rom t h e
a rt . al from .

ground-form qatu l “ fili l

a! p r ofunda
’

( ma sc P7
31
3) 2
,
W 3 2 servitude & c .
, , .

Paradigm I II : unch ang eab le v ow el in t h e fi rst c h ang eab le in t he ( l ,

second syllab le, (a ) ” 7 51 a w oma n w ith child ( c f t he e x amp les in

1
.

25
th e re t e nt ion t h e e in t h e p a r t P i el, E x
‘
s, a nd of
§ 84 a
. 23 ;
in t h e H ithp a el
‘
I K b ut al so w it h the ch ang e of t he e
S wd
ie
i) int o 7l dwelling , N a 3 H ow ev er, in t h ese 8
(orig inally ,
1 .

p art ic ip ial forms t h e feminine is mostly indicat ed b y ( see b elow , h ;

)
()
c “
5 5 th ose o
f the ca
p tiv ity (masc . b ut al so w it h a ret urn

morous, Pr 7 and t h e e x amp les in 7 5 v

.

of t h e final Y6dh, T1379” c la .

On t h e d of the a rt 1 c ip les of v erb s ” 11, wh ich also b elong t o t h is

p
cl ass, such as Tl“ ? c f.
p er egrina, 72 g .

T 2
 2 76 T he N oun 94 e—h , 95 a

6 Paradig m I V : orig inally ch ang eable vo wel in t h e first syllab le,

unc h angeab le in t h e second, (a ) mag na , ” T D” storlc, p rop erly
p ia g P
” 311 3 vir in , ro erl seiun c t a
p p y ( )
b m i ser a .

mp le n is added a s feminine ending in fo rms l ike

.

f 2 . A si
[
w eep ing (masc 9 3 a a ) c ov
. ena n t b ut em
f inine/ p a rt ic ip les
t
, ,

l
y , nsrb , may b e due t o c o nt rac tion from yosé et,
’

o f v erb s as t -
’
/
/

& c (h ardly t o leng t h ening of t h e i in t h e g round-form mosi) w h ilst

m
.
,

forms l ike “ fi l , WW? (see 7 4 i) a re t o b e e x p lained o n t h e analogy

o f t h e forms t reat ed in A p art from t h e n 5 fo rmat io ns we
”
93 t .
,

fi nd t h e simp le n in t h e p ar t ic ip le 11 1 n I K I c ont ract ed from

8 7 5“ O u J
"
71 0 l B t is t h e g round-form of t h e
: u u p tcp .

“ II? “ a s in t h e sa me connexion in G11 1 7 19 I s

( c f 8 0 d and t h e ,
.

Q e
re 031
0
,
&c .
,
discussed in go n .

g Th e forms wh ich arise by ap p ending t h e n feminine t o masc uline

nouns wit h a ch an ea b le v ow el in a c losed final syllab le are as a rule,
g
develop ed x
e ac t ly in t h e me way as sa masc uline segh olat e forms .

Th us t h ere arise in Pa radigm I (a ) from g in al

g birt ;
e ”1 3 3
( for o ri

69 c
) , t h e form “ W5 3 mist ess (b ut o y
r nl in con str u ct st ; in I 7
s 4 7 al so .

t h e a bsolu te st is rung ; from

"
ill are t o b e t aken t og et h er ; .
)
5 aradig m I I , a ; mag nn9 = n” é it I N 1
( i ) ( P )
55
17 13 73 , queen n P 3 ;

( 0) W? wa ll, h f (from R H az
g dir t ; c f. iP} a s constru ct of IPI) ;
‘
e
” st . on

t he ot h er h and, is construct st . of five ,

w it h leng th ening of

t he o rig inal of ” W73 9 .

lt F ormat ions wit h a c h ang eabl e o in t h e second syllab le b elong ing t o

'

t h is c l ass br onz e (from “ 353 t h e of h al

are c on str . st .
? c oa t,

11 3 53 from 3 132
p erh ap s also wr iting ( unless it b e ob sc ure d 13 , 93,
Paradigm I V, — Paradi m I II rom nml ll m l lfl
c
)
.
g , ( )
a 17 790 ”
(f ), a sc Dj .

(6) ( ) (
4
sea l ro erly sucking i 11“ e Ex 26
'

; p p sp r out n p a use, e .
g .
,

an d so most feminines
p O n t his t ransit ion of art ic i
p l e s PDP .

round-form 5 59 i) re ularl b efore suffi x es in lnPQl ,

of t h e
g got i lt t o
( g y T
”47 5 ,
7 cf 6 9 c g b t a lt ser v
. es as t h e g round-
for m under t h e in

fluence of a g utt ural as w el l as b e ore suffi x es, e g “ QT , feminine of

f . .

Y” kno wing in a w ider sen se, 5

11 3 55 skull may also b e inc luded h ere ,

see 9 5 , Paradig m I V, 0 .

O n t h e ending s m and nl
see 8 6 k, l , 95 at th e end .

95 . P a ra digms o f F eminine Nouns .

a In wit h t h e g eneral format iv e la w s, st at ed in

ac c orda nce 2 b—lo,
9
the following cases have chiefly t o b e considered in t h e flexion of
 2 78 T he N oun 95 c—
f

S ing . a bsolu te

(sp rout)
construc t

w ith lig ht suf

w ith gra ve suj

'

P lur . a bsolute

c onstr uc t

with suj
'

D ua l a bsolu te

c onstr uct

R EM K AR S.

d 1 . P ara d ig m I : feminine s o f se gh ol at e forms .

( a) Th e l ocat iv e of t h is
c l ass h a s t h e form rin s; towa rds Gibea h (masc I n some c ases, e sp ec ial ly
g .

w it h in it ial g ut t ural , t h e re
an 13 no mean s o f de c iding w h e t h e r t h e form i n
q uest ion is t o b e re fe rr ed t o a t l or a gift b ase , e .
g TIP!” strengt h ( of new
. .

u nde r b) A dua l of t h is form oc c urs in L - mes ( c f 113 V fem

.
av 1113 10 seven ti . seven, .

A nal og ous t o masc ul ine fo rms l ike W211 ( 5 93 )

s is n mn my tl
7
r e. —F rom
masc ul in es of t h e form "15 ( Ws c f 5 9 3 I , k) fem in ine s met ime s l ike
’
. a rise so

NJ 71
1 5? ( se e ab ov e , 5 94 b ), so me t imes l ike nJDB ( 5 94 f) oc c asio n

a ll yt h e fi n al nI S ret ained b e fore t h e p lura l e n d ing , as i f it b e l ong e d t o t h e

st e m (cf . 8 7 k) , e .
g . m
inun p s ea rs. F orms l ik e ( c f nus
. a qut t form)
are d e riv e d d ire c t l y from t h e masc ul in e form s ”'l
J kid, ’ JN a fl eet. — (b) F rom

a st e m men whea t (for man) , p lur D‘

lb
. fl —
() c F rom foreskin, t h e

p lur . a bsal. is 111 53 1 ( c f. mnis

i
93, Paradigm I , f ), constr. 5
11 3 1 11 — ( d)
E x a mp le of a fe min ine seg h ol a t e fo rm fro m m 17W ( ground-form qutl ,
a st e

l ike ” 0 of t h e fo rm 96 41, an of th e form gill) , w it h 6 fo r a, m n I 17

3 ] a t error ,
s 1 9
( A rama ic o rt h og rap h y for ngg ) ;
e ( e) To t h e l ist o f segh o la t e forms w it h n fe m b e l ong al so t h e in fi n it iv es of .

VD w h ic h h av e rej e c t ed t h e w eak c onsonant at t h e b eg inning ,

”
v erb s 1 D a nd

as h )
( fro m m -
11 11 1 ( from DWI ( from WJJ) , a s w e l l as nnp ( from
1113 5) cf . 69 m an d 5 66 b a nd g . n
Th e i fi nit iv e s of ve rb s Y b ’
a1 e , h ow e ve r,

a l so foun d in t h e fo rm WIS mug a nd o f the sa me or ig in a l so a re my

congreg a tion ( fi om my counsel ( fro m m
r ) ,
'
1 l sleep (fro m constr.

DJ? ) w h il e i n t h e constr. forms m

y) swea t, On ( from pp to fl ow) , a nd

may excr e
ment , E 2 4 1 2, t h e S e re h a s re ma ine d fi rm .

f F rom a st e m my ( c f. 7 53
P to b e a sh a med) is nvn sh ame, w it h
’

sufiix MW?
"

( p oe t ic ) form for D Jtl

'

1
On nizg l e ss fre q uent ‘
5 8 7 11
‘
as a see .
 § 95 g ] —l P a ra dig ms Qf Feminine N ouns 2 79

F rom a st e m W s 3 53
(
’
c f. , h ow ev e r, B a rt h , ZD MG . 1 8 8 7, p . 60 7, w h o
assu mes a st e m th e m asc ul ine 53 a p p e ars t o h av e b e en forme d a fte r the
j
re ec t i on of t h e fi na l Yodh , a nd a ft e rw ards t h e fe minine 71 3 door ; b ut i n 5
t h e p lura l 13 513 53 constr. a s
3 th e n of th e t e i m ina t io n is re t a ine d

(see a b ov e , d, ninug ) . I n a simil a r w ay 0 3 3 23 sta lls, H i) h as arise n, if it 19

from t h e st e m 3
1 5 3 a nd npjw trough ( from 3 l D), of w h ic h t h e masc must
a
3 .

h a v e b een 3
| D= J
PD ; on th e ot h e r h a nd, t h e p lur . constr . n1n3 DG n 3 0 33
(ag ain
re t a in in
g t h e fe min ine n as a n ap p are nt rad ic al ) c an onl y be a n ab n0 1 mal
forma t ion from t h e singula r no t from a ki n dre d form DPD 0 1 “ PD ‘

P a ra digm I I : g round -for

2. m galaldt, &c c f. Pa radig m I I , a an d b
94
g
.
, c, .

A na l og ous t o t h e masc ul in e forms l ike {D3 p l ur D JD3 w e fi n d 31 D3 p a rva ,

‘
.

J
&c —Th e forms, like 13 33 ? qa th ) , a re di st ing uish e d b y t h e
(
e
. constr. si dh v oc al

S ewa (5 IO d ) from t h e se gh ol a t e forms ,

l i ke men: (kibh -sa th
) . Con se q u e nt ly t h e
constr . st. [3 3 3 3 Gin 28 ,
4
&c (from blessing ) , a nd 133 3 11 1 S 1 41 ,
5
( from &c .

3 33 “ trembling ) , a re ab n or mal — U n d e r t h e infl ue nce of a

1 a .
g u tt u1 a1 ( se e
P ara dig m b ) t h e o rig ina l a is re t a ine d in t h e fi rst sy l l ab l e in t h e constr. st.

( c f. a l so 13
D 3D earth , h D3 D) in o t h e r cases i t is m odifie d t o S egh ol, e. g 3
1 .
531)
'
wag on , J
D JJ}! F req uent ly from an a bsol. st. in th e constr. is forme d w it h

t h e t e rmina t io n 13 , e. g . may c rown, c o nst r. n3 Dy ( from mp g) a l on g w it h

3 3 21}
1 a sse mbly, 13 3 3 1} is found usual l y , e v e n in t h e a b sol . st. , nD3 J( fro m D3 :
leoi ) b e fo re suffi x es i s p oint e d as in a nd t h us e n t i re l y a gi e e s w it h
r
n3 3 J ( Pa1 adigm I e) F ro m a st e m] ”
5 (7D
DD) formed ( 1 om a mant,
f ’
'

. is h DD truth
a nd t h is n o d oub t for a n o1 ig inal ’
a mint, 5 69 6 ) b e fore suffi x es J nDD , &c .

F rom t h e masc form . 5D3 (qa til) a re forme d, ac c o rd in g to rul e , i 3 3 J wa ll,

3 I] ,

3 3J
1 5 corp se, c on st r.
3
13 3 “ 3 D3 3 ca ttle, c onst 1 . nD3 3 ( for h D 3 3 ) , w it h suffi x

3131D3 3 Lv M o re fre q uent ly, h ow ev er, t h e e o f th e se c o nd syllab l e is

re t a i ne d b e fore t h e t er mination a th of th e constr . st. ,

t h us from
"
l
n o nc e

“
5
13 3 3 I s 26 19
, a nd a l w ay s 13 33 3 p ool, 11 51? p rey , nDDD unclean, ” m: / D full , Is 1
21

(w it h H ireq comp aginis, se e 5 90 l) , '

lj 3
3 J D b 1 6‘3 "
; 13 DD 5 IS 1 27 , &c .
( w it h
e lision of t h e D, 3n 3 D S a l so JJ
J
S DD Jb 68 Cf t h e a nal og ous forms
‘
1 . .

o f t h e constr. st . p la gue , l ID3 3 Fl deep sleep , from HDJD, 13 3 3 13

D
'

As d ual w e fi nd 0 3 3 3 : 5 sides
( c f. $13 3 3 J
G 4 9 , from t h e ob sol e t e i13 3
n 13
; 2
fe mi n ine of th e constr. st. J n3 i s p e rh ap s t o b e re ferre d to a seg h o l a t e
J
‘
3 3 ) 3

form
3 cf .
33 J ) ,
unl e ss t h e c l o se d sy llab le b e d ue t o
as const r. st. o f 3 3

t h e a n al og y o f 33 33 3 an d 13 3 3 “ ( see g ) .

I n t h e forms w it h simp l e n fe minine t h e g round form qa tilt is de v el op e d A ?

69 )
c t o getalt, an d t h is aga i n regul a rl y t o 11 0 9 5 . Th us t h e fe m inine of 33 7
3
mp a nion is 333 3” ( w it h suffi x 3 13 3 3 ” Ml f Fir-JJ3 D E x of 3 3
J fe m

m
co a c . .

h 3 3 J b e side s 31 3 3 J — Of J ?
”
st e ms t h e se g h o l a t e fo r s nnJ rest and nnw p it
mm:
.

( fro DJD ) b el ong t o t h is c l ass ,

B ot t c h e r ( Gra m . i 41 1 )
. rig h t l y d ist in

guish e d t h e l a t t e r from me corrup tion ( st e m DOD) in t h e sa me w ay a l so

nnnrest i s d ist inc t fro m nm a lig h ting dou n (st em nIJJ)

'
.

Th e feminines of t h e fo rm qa it f1 om st ems J v, as 13 13 79 mortua , 3 3 3) fe m

1 . l
 2 80 T he N oun 95 m—
q

witness ( from MD ,
h av e l ikew ise a n u nc h a n ea g bl e v ow e l in t h e fi rst
s y ll bl a e . Cf , . on th e o t h er h an d, t h e f or ms f ro m J”
B st e ms me nt ione d ab ov e ,
W DJW ; more ov e1 , 11D l l
'

u n de r 6 , suc h c o n st r. st .
' '
FI ang er, c o n st r. st .
as
J sleep ,

m
J

a ] ( b ut a na lea th ern b ottle, i n p a use man [so B aer, G insb .

,
b ut K it t el
'
n]
Gn 21
15
, c nstr.
o st. m nun) D DD E
DJ I G 11 4
21 1 , p e rh a p f s ro m a st e .

fit f
Th e e m in ines o f t h e or m «1 11111 1, l i e .1{ Dy (ma sc D
J 13 2 ) , m ain t a in t h e f k ‘
.

o rig in a l 11 by sh ar e ni ng t h e o ll ow ing c on sonan t p

( c f 5 9 3 lck) ; on t h e o t h e 1 f .

h an d, b y a pp
en ding t h e fe m n, se gh o l a t e orm s a rise l i e nv ng, b e ore sufl . f k f ‘

DHWHJ, &c D ua l DJB WTJ

J( see P gm II
a radi , a ) b ut cf mm .
1
; La 3 7
.

A fe w (a i ama isin g) fe min in es f m n5 t ms ( Pa1 a dig 1

11 II ) a r found
”
77 .
io s e , c e

w it h t h e e n d in a th , d ue t o t h e re e c t i on g j of
t h e fi n al d o r Yodh a n d c on

t rac t ion o f t h e p 1 e c e d in g a w it h t h e a o f t h e t e rm i n a t io n a th ; t h us nJ
D

p ortion ( for ma na ya th or ma na wa th ) , r m
; e nd ( a l so 1
1 3 2 an d pl ur . 11 11 2
1;
Ex 3 8"
n1NJ
? 8 an d ‘
st N e h
. D ( Ne h 11 13 cf 39 a nd .
37
K eth o n n NJ va lleys, se e
.
93 11 — N R sign ( st em ms) is o b sc ure d r om T1135
J
. f
a n d t h is is c on t rac t e d r om dya th = dwa ya th l ur mni s, w it h t h e d oub le f p
’
.

fe m in ine e n d in g of a b ov e f a n d 5 8 7 — Th e rete nt ion of t h e a in t h e fi rst

. . , k .

s yll b l a e in 111 18 , &c U

5
7 'r
.
, Gn 2 44
1
, &c .
,
is a bn or m al .

0 3 . Pal adig m III , c f. th e v a r io us f or ms i n 5 94 d a n d f—h . lj D1l1

T h e dua l DJ
'

t wo wa lls, I s 22
11
, &c .
,
ta k en d i1 e c t ly f rom th e fo r DJa ,
is
p p
l

a bn m al ( c f 5 8 7 s, a n d t h e ro e r
or . na me D DJ W
J J Jos
‘
— A m ong t h e
f orms re se m lin g b
a rt ic i l es Qa l o f v e r p p b s
”
1 11, suc h as nJ (m asc
'

J .
“
1
1 f ro m zdir,
'

h e nc e w i t h unc h an g bl
ea e d), must b e knd rec o e al so mg; h igh p la ce (f ro m
w h ic h h as for it s constr. st .
p lur th
. pl n e eo ast ic f or m 1
11 113
5 , or w r it t e n

de f ec tiv e l y J
DDJ ( see 87 s ) for t h i th M s e a sor a e v e r yw h e re re q u ire s
J
TJ
DB ’
‘ 1 : 11

w h ic h i s t o b e re ad bd m thé o
(n o t bom th é) , w it h
o
an a n o mal ous sh ort en ing of

th e 6 to b ut w it h su ffi x es ij J
J - &c
B
D ,
lT
.

p In a W i de r se nse th e f e m in in e s of th e f or m 5 1213_ 8 45 e ) b el on g t o t h is
c l a ss, in so fa 1 as th e y sh o r t e n th e a of th e se c o n d s y ll bl b f t h t m n
a e e o re e er i a

i infl a mma tion (f m uff 1 11 1 1 1: E 6 ; 71? n 52

t i on g l11 da lla qt) , w it h 1 3
'
8 . . ro s . 2 1
o
.

S ig net a l so fe m of th e f
or ms JD P a nd J 8 "
D P( 5 4 c a nd d) , as 11 s folly ( for
; .

’
iwwa lt) , an d o f a l l th e f
or m s w h ic h h av e a c h an g blea e v ow e l 1 n th e se c ond

s yll a b l e , a n d a re f or me d w ith t h e p re fi x D (5 8 5 g k) , - e. g . F D DD
'
J ki ng dom,

constr a l w a . y s DD SDD ;nJD1D ( not use d 1 n t h e sing ) p ,

l r n1 lD1D . ru ni ng-h oo k pu .
‘

nJ DV
/ D rewa rd, w it h sufi JD J BW D ; c f a l so t h e e a m l es g ive n in 5 8 5 g an dp ,
'

. . x p
l ike
"
l
-
n b irth ( b ut
‘

f
ro m W s iltJJJD
’

,
‘
’
outgoing , ) 717 5111 3
genera tion, HJ WJ
abo mina tzo
fin
(
1 S o m e t im es t h e pl u1 a 1 o f t h e se f or ms is
'

t o b e t ra c e d t o a se c onda r yf or m,

f or m e d on t h e a n a l og y f tho e o th er pl u r fe m . of p ar tic ip les Qa l, is t o b e

1 e fe1 1 e d to a Cf , m ore ov e1 ,
. WJ HD
p loug h sh a re, p l ur DJ .

( a s i f from the ot h e r h a n d , l llWTJD ital s o f c ol u m ns) , an d

'
on cap
(
ninmn rep roofs, a1 e th e re gul ar p l u1 a ls of 11 1 11 3 a nd 11 1 3 111 .

1
111 5 1i A sta rte w h ic h w as fo rme i l y i nc l ude d a mong
t h e se e x mp l
a e s, is most p i o b ably due t o an i nt ent ional t
al e ra tion of th e
 T he N oun

S ing . a bsolut e

constr uct
fi of I
'

with su . sin g . T

ma sc 5
1 5 ri m 1 11 i
1
2 .
1

w as 111 111
5 1111 111 1:

W i 111 135
( ( )
1
)
1
s 1 11 1:

11 mm
new : [ canins
]

Dfl 11 N
'
1

P lur . a bsol ute .

c onstru ct
w ith suj
'

.
f
o I sing .
”
11 3 113 ms} , p
"
a use NR l
”fi ’ fl N
Y t

ma sc m f/ JN
'

i 1
1 ”f
2 .
1 v

1 165 71361 111

w e w as

2 ma sc . 13 3 111 3 113 0 11 N
3 1
13 3 1 11 111 N D ? )
3 1

3 ma sc ,
(1
-1 -
3 11 1 1 11
3) 13 133 1: owns umn ns ‘ -
11 11
. mg awe:

; w m
‘

v
r

R E MA R S K .

DN fa th er ; th e constr. ‘
3 N, l i k e 1 1 1N a n d 1 3 3
'

( w h ic h o ccurs o nc e ,
) b e l o ngs t o
t h e c o n ne c t iv e f or ms di sc usse d in k
9 0 , w hic h se rv e a s t h e mod e l for t h e
H ireq comp a ginis . H w o e v e r, 3 N al so oc c urs in c o m o un ro p dp p er na me s, e g . .

0 1510 3 15 id D15W 3 N 11D 1 3 N fo r pu p

4 "
b es 1 &c al so Gn th e of
'

, e ,
1 7 1 r o se

ex pl ain i ng t h e name DHDJJN O n t h e p l ur 11 13 N . se e 5 87 p .

11 N b roth er . Th e pl u r. a bsol. !3 11 N h as D ag el forte imp licitum ( 5

‘ ‘
22 c ) ; 1‘
1:1N
st an d s fo r 1‘ 1:1N a cc or d ing to th e ph n ti l w
o e c a st a t e d in 27 q , a n d so a l s o
” 11
3
1 in p a use fo r 1 11 N . Th e sh a r p n i ng f t h
e o e 11 me re l y se 1 ve s to k p ee the

p r ece d i ng Pa th a h s hort , as S
in D‘ DQ, &c .
93 ee ) .

"
11:1N one
( fo r 1 1:1N . li k e w ise w i t h D a gel‘ forte unp licit um, 5 22 0, c f. 27 q) ,

constr . a nd o t h e rw ise in c l o se c onnexion,

"
1: N, G 4
11 11 8 22
, 2 S 1 7
22
, Is
§ 9 6J N o uns of P eculia r F orma tion 283

1 193
1 1 11 3

( h a ndma id) ( h ouse) ( da ugh ter ) ( da y) ( vessel )

ms na uh
vans

a use 353 11 3
"
1 11
1 13 13 i 1’131
p 1 , p ause3
arm
int -
1

0 3 1713

ninns

vnnng ,
7

7 11 11 t

a m i ss
ta m

Zc 117 ; and e s p ec ia ll y be f
ore
713 ( p ) G 11 Ex N u 1
15
6 , Ju 1 7
5
, IS9 3
,

Ez fem . nUNuna ( for 1511 11 18 , ac c or d ing t o d

5 1 9 ) , in p ause ngN O nc e .

1 1] masc (b y . a ph ae resis, 1 9 E2 as i n A ra maic ; l ur D‘ j DN some, p .

b ut a l so iidem .

1 1111N sister,
' '

f ro m a lza wa t or
’
l
a za ya t, w it h e l isio n o f the 1 or 1 and w it h t h e a,

w h ic h h a s a ri se n fro m aa , o b sc ure d to I n N u 6 11111N st a n 7 ' '

d s fo r 111 11 N
( w it h v i r t ual sh ai p e ning o f th e Th e pl u r . a b sol.
(11 1 1 11
11
) d o es n o t happ en

1
Th is ex pl a n at ion o f 11 111N ( a nd 11 113 11
'
q . v .
) st il l see ms t o us more p ro b ab le
p
t h a n t h e assum t io n t h a t t h e fe m e n ing a th is l e ng t h e n e d d t o c o m p e nsa t e
k
.

d
fo r t h e l o ss o f t h e 3 rd ra ic a l ( so W e l l h a use n , S izz en, v i o r t h at t h e

mm
.

f or m is e ri v e df1 o m d
, the o ld se m it i c constr st of t h e ac cusa t ive , w it h

M
. .

f
e m in ine so B a rt h , Z D
( G 1 8 99, p .
 T he N oun 96

be
can
(na me) (h eaven)
c onstruct DW
.

,
7 32
9

w ith suf . o
fI sin
g .

2 ma sc .

re

'

2 ma sc ,
D3 1 5 i ss
Dav
-
1
111 1; 13 .re /1 h
or
g
7101 11
7

P lur a bsolu te 1

c onstru ct
w ith suj i of I sing .
’Q ’Q

2 ma sc .

2 m asc .

nninw
’

onus»:

to o c c u r. I n E2 6
16 2 7111 11 1 15
1 oc c ur s ( for th e for ms 1
11111N

Jos 2 13
K th a
.
,
‘'
z
j 1 1111 N E 7
' ‘
. 1 65 1 55 6 1
(t o b e re a d a l so 1 n v e rse 4 5 fo r m il w h ic h
y
h as b e e n e rro n e o usl a ssimil a t e t o t h e sin g ul a r d oc c u rrin g i n v v .

a n d 133 1 11 111N H o 23 ( fo r w h ic h , h o w e v e r, re a
'

13 3 11 111N) t h e t h ii d d '
ra di c al h as
b ee n e n t ire l yl ost .

L
’
fl N ma n, ac c or d ing t o th e co m mon o p in i on e it h e r i nc or re c t l yl e ng t h e ne d
fo r WN( fro m w i th a ssi m il a t io n of t h e N 1211 of t h e g rou n df- m
or
'
in} , w h i c h
a g ai n h as b ee n a t t e n ua t e df ro m
’
an } fro m t h e st e m WQN) , o r so ft e ne d di re c t l y
f ro m ’
ini‘ . I t is, h ow ev e r , p r ob a b l e t h at a se p a ra t e st e m (k t/“ N to b e stron ?
g ) is
to be a ssu me d fo r th e sing u l a r
‘
; c o n se qu en tl y th e st e m WN to b e soc ia ble,
g

y
S o a l re a d G e se n ius in h is Th es l ing uae H ebr , i 8 3 f , a nd r e c e n t l
1
. . . . y a g a in
F r ie d r D e l it z sc h , P rotegg
'
p
1 6 0 ff , P i a e t o rius in K uh n s 0 1 wa tt L -B 1 8 8 4,
M
. .
.
,
p
.

p 1 9 6 ; K on ig , L eh rg eb , i i 3 8 ; w h il e N ol dc ke ( ZD G 1 8 8 6 ,
. . .
‘

. p .

d
D e l i t zsc h , w o ul c o n ne c t b o t h W‘ N a nd O‘ J w it h t h e st em WJN W
2 86 T he N oun 97 a

113 d a ugh ter (from bant an d

t h is ag a in, ac c or ing t o t h e l aw st at e
, d d i n 5 69 c,

fo r bint, fe m . of w it h sufi 1 11 3 for 1 11 J3 Pl ur 11 1J3

'

. ro m t h e . f si ng . 11 J3
co mp D1 J3 . sons.

13 11 h usb a n d '
s fa ther, o nl y w it h suh
’
1 1311
.

; a nd 11 113 11 h usb an
31 13 1
1
1 1 d ’
s moth er,
o nl y w it h sufi .
‘ "
111113 11 1 1 113 11
1 Cf 3 N 11 N , and e s e c ia l l 11 111 1:
. p y 2
13 11 da y ( A rab p lu 13 131 i p b b ly f m
.
yau m) ,
1
du al 13 1 1511 ; t h e r. 1 s ro a ro a

d iff n t ing ( D1y m) n t 13 nd (p t i ll y) 11 113 1 D 1 3 1 9

e re s . a , co s r.
1 1 a oe ca : 7
2 , 1 0
15

53 1 l in p u 53 ( w it h ufi 1 53 D t 3 ) f m
vesse
,
a se 1 t nt in p l u s
‘

.
1 2 25
ro o co a ,
r.

13 53 (1 if f m 53 1 53 ; as d ing t Konig
ro h t n d f m kilyim) a c c or o , s or e e ro .

D 75 w t 1 n th pl u f 8 8 d
a er o e r . c . .

T h p l u {3 1 11 i l y y n p t d f m 0 1 11 it i p in t d
"1 1
1 31 ity
1
c . e r. s sc arc e s co a e ro 1 as s o e
,
1

i n J IO (n d ub t 11 n 4
u l y in imi t t i n f t h
o o p d in g 13 1 111
e rro lt ) eo s , a o o e rec e 1 ass co s ,

b ut f m k ind d ing 1 11 w h i h t ill u in p p n m

ro a re s .
,
c s oc c rs ro er a e s.

h p; m uth n t t 3 (fo ig in l 3
,
co s r1 5: It ig in i
. s . t il l d i p ut d
1 or or a 1 1 s or s s s e .

A o d i ng t G
cc r n iu n d K on ig ( ii o 1 3 t nd f
e se 115 3 ( g un d f m
s a . 1 s a s or 1 ro - or

p i y) f m 1 N3 t b d ing t oOl h u n f 3 f m t n
'
a th t b l w ;
ro 1 o rea e, o o ac c o r s a se ,
or 1 ro a s er
,

1
1
1 3 1 3
1 B ut p
or ll l w it h t h H b w 1 53
1 . A y ara
p i A b fu f m e e e re 1 a re ss r. t, ra .
, a ,

j mm fumm b ib l A m 13 9 M
a
,
3D S y p um p uma
, . th t Bra th ZDM G.
, ,
r. , , so a ar , .

xl i p 6 3 4 , um . tw f m fd
,
a ssl p m nt f m t h es m t m o i or so eve o e ro e sa e s e v z.

fm nd fw a 53 my m uth f m p i y ; f
.
1
13 11 3 w fi n d in ; o
5 8 5 9 113 5, ro - or 1 e 1
7
,
13 1
,

Th upp e sd p l u 13 3 I S 3 i g n l ly p l in d
ose r. nt 1 ti n f m 1 21
s e era ex a e as a co rac o ro

13 3 b ut t h t t i
11
,
l t g th up t
e Th ex p lu 11 1 3 f t h dg f
s a o e e r c o rr . e r. 1
, or e e es o

a s w d u in P 5
or ,
d up l i t d 11 1 5 5 I 4 11
oc c rs r 4 re ca e 1 1 s 1
15
,

WN1 h d ( b u d f m WN1 = i) p l u D WN1 ( f D WN1

'
ea o sc re
3 ) ;
ro ra
’
r.
1
or
1
,
2 c

1W 1
N1 nl y i n I 5 o s 1
2

117 1h d f m ll ttl ( h p
a ea g t
o
) n t
s t 1 W aw i t h ufi
ca un i te S 4
e s ee or oa ,
co s r. s . 1
,
s
'

. l 1 34

d K f m g und f m i y b ut
o

nd i W D t
a
f i ng t o 2 21 , ac c or
n ig ii 3 o , . 1 1, ro a ro - or s
’
a ,

a c co r d ing t D L g d U b i h t 8 f f m t m W1 o e a ar e, e ers c ,
1 .
, ro a s e 1

nw m ll y r
aw( nl y ix t im
’ “

n t g n na e, co s r. f 13 e e ra o s es c .
,

[NE Wh eaven ( 5 8 8 d)
\
.

97 . N u mer a ls .
( )
a Ca rdi na l N u mbers .

B roc ke l mann, S em Sp ra ch wiss . .

,
p I I 6 ff
. . Grun di r ss, i 4 8 4 if
. .

1 . Th e fo
c ardi nal numb ers from 3 t o 1 0 (on I and 2
r ma ti on of t h e
se e b elow ) h as th i s p e c uli a r ity t h a t numera l s c onne ct ed with a masou ,

1
Cf N 6 1d e ke , B eitra ge,
.
5 8 , ya um, r ob ab l an e x t e n sio n o f a b il it eral p . p y
d
w o r w h ic h h a s su l v iv e d i n 0 1 13 1
3
1
1 B a rt h , h o w e ve r , Or ient S tu ien,
1 . d
p .
79 1 ( se e a b o v e o n FI N) ,
W se es in 0 1 19 1 17
91 11 113 1 n ew f or mat i on s in H e b re w ,

c a u se d b y t h e n a t u ra l l y c l o se c o nne xio n and a sso c ia t io n of t h e se plu ra l s

w it h D1 J W 9W111JWy 1 ea rs, t o w h ic h t h e yb ec a me a ssi mila t e d in f or m . Th e

v ie w me re l a n inc orre c t ob sc uring o f D , a n d t h e re fo re d ist inc t
t h at 0 11 is
1 y
from t h e A rab yaum, is c ont ra d ic t e d b y t h e inv ariab le spell ing D11 , &c ,
. .

n ot w i t h st a n d ing t h e sp el l i ng D 3 1 in t h e S iloam insol ip t ion, l ine 3

1

( c f. 5 7f) , and 13 1 513 H o Cf also t h enot e

3 1 . on l oo g .
§ 97 a ] N umera ls . Ca r dina l N umbers 28 7

l ine sub st ant iv e t a ke t h e feminine form, and t h ose w it h a feminine

sub st a nt iv e t a ke t h e masc uline form . Th e co mmon e x p la na t ion of t h is
st rang e p h e nomenon used t o b e t h at t h e p rimary fo rm o f t h e numeral
ab st rac t noun in t h e feminine c f
w as an ( T his wa s orig inal ly
.

at t a ch ed in t h e t o t h e w ord q ualifie d, t h en came t o b e al so

con str . st .

used in ap p osit ion t o it , and finally w a s p la c ed aft er it l ike a n a d ec t iv e j .

Th e c onseq uenc e of t h e ap p ositio nal, a nd finally adj ec t ival, constr uc t ion

was, t h at for numeral s c o nnec t ed w it h feminine nouns a sp ec ial sh or ter
form ca me t o b e used, w h ilst t h e orig inal forms, w it h t h e ab st rac t

feminine g , w ere used in

e ndin c onne x ion w it h ma sc uline nouns, a ft er

as w ell a s b efore t h em .

O n t h is t h e h i st o rica l p roc e ss w oul d h av e b e e n t h a t orig in al l y t h e

v ie w
ab st rac t numera l s like L at i n tri a s, decas, G re e k v ex
/ 7 69 66 x69 , &c ) w e re p lac e d
( , .

in t h e constr . st. b e fore m asc ul in e s a nd fe min in e s a l ike , e . g . D JB nWS

‘
Wt
r ia s

th e i
e xa n p l e s m e nt io ne d un d e r 0 , l ike Q WJ nWJW—
'
F urt h e r i t w a s p ossib l e t o

say D‘ JD n WBWt i r as, se . fi lm, as w ell as nWSW D‘

JE fi lm, tr ia s . F ro m t h i s
se c o n d ap p osi tion al i t “ a s on l y a st e p t o t h e t re a t me n t o f
c o n st r uc t io n
j
t h e a b st rac t n ume ra l as a n a d e c t iv e , fi lii tres S imi la rly t h e sub se q u e n t l y
.

sh o rt e n e d form s o f t h e a b st ra c t n u me ra l , w h ic h w e re use d i n c o nn e i o n w it h x
fe m i n in e s, m ig h t st a n d e it h e 1 in t h e constr st b e fore , 0 1 i n ap p o sit io n b e fo re
. .

o r a ft e r t h e w ord nu mb e re d, t h us nian WSWtrias fi lia rum, or hi m WSWt i r as

,

SC fi lia e, or W11 533

Ws fi liae, trias, j
o r a d e c t iv a ll y fi lia e tres .

A different and much more int ellig ib le e x p la nat ion of t h e striking

disag reement b et w een t h e g ender of t h e numera l and t h a t o f t h e w ord
numb ered h a s r ec ent ly b e en g iv en b y R ec kendo rf, D ie syn ta ktisch e n

Ver kd ltm sse des Ar a bischen, p t 1 1 , L eide n, 1 8 9 8 , p 2 6 5 if H e also

'

. . .

c onsiders t h at t h e e a rliest forms w ere a b st ra c t numerals wh ich w ere

p l aced in t h e c on str . st . b efore t h e no un numb e re d, t h e l at t er dep ending

on t h em in t h e g enit iv e . Th e orig inal form, h o wev e r, o f t h e a b st rac t
numeral s from 3 t o 9 is not t h e fe minine , b ut t h e ma sculine, used fo r
b ot h g e nders, as it st ill is in t h e t ens, 2 0 , 3 0 , & c Th e fe minine .

ab st ra ct numeral w as fi rst dist ing uish ed b y a s e c ial form in t h e

p
numb ers from 1 3 t o 1 9 ( see furt her, b elow ) w h en c onnec t ed w it h

masculines a nd t his dist inc t ion w as aft erw ards e x t ende d t o t h e numb er s
,

from 3 t o 1 0 This e x p la nat ion does not a ffec t t h e v iew st a t ed ab ove

‘

t h a t t h e app osit ional and a dj ec t iv al use of t h e ab st rac t numerals w as

only ado t o t h eir use in t h e g enit ive c o nst ruc t ion
p t ed la t er in addit ion .

T h e d iffe re n t ia t io n o f t h e nume ral s ( o r ig ina l l y o f c om mo n g e nde r ) i n t o

ma sc ul ine and fe m in ine fo rms i n t h e se c o nd d e c a d e , w a s o c c a sio n e d , ac c o rd
i ng t o R ec ke ndorf, b y t h e use of th e ab st ra c t feminin e WNW}? in co mp ounds .
 288 T he N oun 9 7 11

S o l o ng as i t w a s fe l t t h a t a y WSWsimp l y me a nt th e th ree o f th e decade, t h e

g e n d e r o f t h e n ou n numb e re d ma de n o d iffe re nc e W h e n , h ow ev er, t h e .

c o n sc io usn ess o f t h is me a n i ng b e c am e w e a ke n e d a n d t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f
u ni t s a n d t e n s c a me t o b e fe l t as a c o p ul a t iv e ra t h e r t h a n a g e n it i v e r e l at io n ,
i t se e m e d su it a b l e t o c o n n e c t o n ly fe mi nin e n oun s w it h t h e fe m i n i n e fo r m
form s we re t h e re for e inv ent e d, b o t h of t h e unit s a nd t h e t e n s,
for u se w it h m asc uline n oun s T h e fo rm e r, h o w e v e r, n o l on g e r h ad t h e
.

fo r m o f t h e constr b ut o f t h e ab so l ut e st a t e , c l ea rl y sh ow ing t h at t h e c on
.

sc iou sn e ss of th e o rig inal sy n t ac t ic al 1 e l a t ion in MW}! WsW & , c , . w as l ost .

x
O n t h e ot h e r h a nd , a ft e r t h e e t e n sion o f t h e se n e w fo rm a tio n s t o t h e fi r st
d e c a d e , t h e ne w fe m inin e fo r m s re a dily c a me t o b e use d al so i n t h e g e n it ive
c on st r uc t io n
(a nd t h e refore i n t h e constr st ) on t h e anal ogy of t h e e arl ie r . .

ma sc ul in e for ms .

Of t h e first t w o numerals, one, wit h it s fem 7 10 8 .

( see may
be g niz e d, fro m it s form and use ,
re co j
a s an a d ec tiv e, al t h oug h ev en so
"
it admit s of such c omb ina t ions a s IDS unus e mont ibus .
_
Th e
nume ral t w o, as w oul d b e e x p ec t ed ,
app ea rs as an ab st rac t in t h e
d ua l, b ut , like t h e ot h er nu merals ,
c a n a lso st a nd in app osit ion to
t h e noun numb ered . I n for m it alw ays ag rees w it h t h e g ender of

it s noun. Ac c ording ly, t h e numera ls from I to 10 are a s fol lows

Wit h t he M a scu line.

Absol . Con str

fi ns ans

m
ph
? nr/ Sw
‘ '

w
-
a s s1s
nu
fi
nest
: w as

nee nu5
” 3W
. '

3 nyg r
e

n
ug} mb w
‘

3t
”3 ! “ W’s
"
mm mtfzv
‘

— o

1
S h o rt e n e d fi o m D‘ fiJ W whi
, ch w oul d b e t h e l e g ul a r fe m in in e fo rm of

D JW N e v e r t h e l e ss, t h e Da gek in D‘ H W& n D Jo n W

’
‘
.
,
c .
( e v e n aft e r
i ;
t) D ‘

c f. , h o w e v e 1 , ”n D W Ju c an b y no me a n s b e ‘
re g a rde d a s a D ag el forte ar isin g

fi om assi m il a t ion of t h e N un , fo r in t h a t c ase t h e w ord c oul d o n ly b e B‘ mW

(c f . A rab tintant )
. . Th is form d oe s occ u r in t h e Co de xB ab yl o n ien s o f A n. 9 1 6,
MS
.

b ut i t is o n ly a l at e r c o rre c t i o n fo r D‘ fi W w h il
,
e i n t h e B e rli n . or .
qu . 68 0
d e sc rib e d b y K a h l e ( Lp z 1 9 0 2 ) t h e re is n o t ra c e o f t h e D ag e s I t is ra t h e r
‘’

. .

t o b e re a d fta yim, i te ( w it h Da gel‘ lene) , c f D fi tj , re p re se n t i ng t h e l a t e 1 W}

'

j .

Pa l est inia n p ro n unc ia t io n ( Ph ilip p i, ZD G li M x x .

, p . and A ra b i tna ta m .
’ ’

( w it h a kind of p r ost h e t ic N ; c f 5 1 9 m) , as . a furt h e r fe minine form o f

 2 90 T he N o un 97 e,
f

c onnec t ed wit h “ W? and mWy ,

‘

and t h at t h e contrac t ion is founded on

a n e arly and corr ec t t radit ion . Th e sec ond e x planat ion is sup p ort ed

b y t h e l arg e numb er of e amp l es of D’ JW x ( 6 6) a nd D'nW It

w o uld b e st rang e if t h e M asora re
q uired t h e alt era t ion o f t h e far
co mmoner forms on a c co unt o f isola t ed Wa nd WW
inst anc es of J_ ”
. As
a mat t er of fa ct even in reg ard t o t h e lat t er forms t h e t ra di t ion oft en

va ries Wand DZEW, &c

b et w een A ”
.
,
of. e .
g Ginsb urg
. on Jcs We
c a nnot t h ere fore a ssu me a Q e
re
p erp et uum .

A cc ordingly t h e numb ers from 1 1 up w ards a re

M a scu lin e .

3 m
“
s fr
/1
"

“W3! 13 W?
“

a nu
(g s;
“

y
" Wi’ ”PF;
1
3 .
WW}! nW SW
&c .
, on th e l g y of t h e la st
a na o Th ese numeral s reg ul arly h av e . only

t he a b ove form I n rega rd t o t h eir synt a x , c f

. 1 34f . .

V e ry r a re ly t h e un it s app ear in t h e masc i n t h e constr. st. , a s WW? 11 a

‘

S 19 ;
.

Ju
fifteen, 2
18 '
lWll l1
'

n eig h teen, Ju 20 25 .
-Con n ec t e d b y l w e fi nd
'

m
f

n w
’

i
ur
g ;g p m E x 45 12
.

Th e t ens from 3 0 t o 9 0 a re e x p re ssed b y t h e p lural forms o f t h e

f 3 .

unit s ( so t h a t t h e l ral h e r e a lw a s st ands fo r t en t imes t h e unit ,

p u y )
t h us, D‘ Ws
W3 0 50 , 60 , , 40 , D‘ W DQ D’ W
W WWW7 0 , 13 ‘ n 80,
D’ QW ” B i x d b DW W l of WW}? t en
Q p
'

2
9 0 u t t w en t y s e p re ss
.e y ,
ur . .

T h ese numera ls ar e all o f c ommon g ender, and do not admit of th e

— In mp ound numerals, like t h e unit s
c onst ruc t st a te co 2 2 , 23 , 4 4, & c .
,

1 ’B
WQ , w h ic h re main e d for a l o ng t im e u n e p l a ine d , w as x re c og n iz e d ( fi rst
b y J Op p e rt ) i n t h e A ssy ro -B a b y l o n ia n insc rip t ion s i n t h e form ii ti n o r il‘ten
.

c f F rie d r
. D e lit zsc h , A ssyrisch e Gra mma tile, p
. a nd P H a up t , i n t h e -
. .

A merica n J ourna l of Ph ilology, v i i i 2 7 9 A c c ord ing l y , lW " Ij Wy i s a c omp oun d ,

Q
'

. .

l ike t h e S a nsk ékdda ga n, gif t s/ca , undeci m (a n a l og o us t o t h e c o mb in at i o n o f

.

un it s a nd t e n s in t h e n um e ral s fro m 1 2 t o a n d is u se d a t t h e sa m e t i m e i n

t h e c o m p o si t io n o f t h e fe m i n in e nu m e ra l e l e v e n O n t h e g ra dua l sub st it ut io n .

’
o f v ’ ljl y fo r
’
WV 01 5 a n d ’
Il nns se e G ie se b r e c h t i n Z A W 1 8 8 1 , p 2 2 6 ; . .

’
li ’h
WQ o c c u rs o n l
yi n t h e p ro l og ue t o D e ut e ro n o my
in Je n , in
t h e Pr ie st l y Co d e , a n d i n p assag e s u n do ub t e d ly p ost -e il i c , so t h a t i t x ma y
v e ry w e l l b e a l oa n -w ord fro m t h e B a b y l o n ia n .

2 F or D’ TW
Q ,
D QD ‘
W £3 ? l,
”
( fro m t h e seg h ola tes fl Wi) VQ W vWfi) , w e sh oul d , ,

e xp ec t
‘a
sd ri m, l b h a im,
‘e ‘
t ia im
e ‘
. I s t h is v e ry unusua l d e v ia t io n fro m t h e
co mmo n fo rm at io n ( se e a b ov e , 5 9 3 l, o, r
) c o nn ec t e dw i t h t h e sp e c ia l m e a ni ng
of t h e se p l ural s, or are t h e se surv i va l s o f a n o l der fo r m o f t h e p l ur al of
se g h o l a t es ?
§ 97 g i]
-
N umera ls . Ca r dina l N umbers
may p rec ede ( two a nd t wenty , as in Arab ic and E ngli sh ), g Nu 3 e . .

Very freq uent ly, h ow ev er, t h e r ev erse o rder is foun d ( twenty

a nd tw o, a s in S yriac, of Frenc h and E nglish t wenty -two) , g . e . .

I Ch 1 8
5 1
I n all c ases t h e unit s and t ens are c onnect ed b y t h e
.

c oloula , ordina rily 1 , b ut 1 b e fo re numeral s w it h t h e t one on t h e

p enul t i ma , 1 b efore 1 b efo re f t ed ;

e
see 10 4 d, e, g .

Th e re ma ining numerals are t h e sub st a nt ives

1 00 m5? fem , . co nstr. 11 8 7-

13 .

Di m from D§5 § D
? dual ( cont rac t ed cf 23 c
)
°

20 0 g
. .

300 map as? p l ur .

( b ut in 2 K xfl
e w-w
,
K at nrss a) . .

1 000 ’ 1553 ma sc .

20 0 0 méSs dual .

3 0 0 0 E a t
”
: s p lur a nd so o n ( x e ce t D E
p PQN nj ’
'
w in 2 S 1 8 3
,

2 K 24
“
K at/1 3 . el sewh ere al w ays 0 553 5
1
1 ,

1 0000 in t h e lat er b o oks t h e ara maising 2

forms 53 7 ,
F 53 1 ,

(prop erly mult itu de ,

c f ,a
.
v is) .

z o o oo Djfla ! dual (see b elow

'
'
.

,
b ut m3 "”NW Neh 77° (also
.
.
”
PW
.

3 53 7 N eh .

4 0 0 0 0 N33“ .
”3 1 8 N eh 7 66
.

6 0 0 0 0 ” NBT WT
L
? E zr 2
59
(B aer and Ginsb urg as in D n I 1

773 3 " t hou sa nds o f my ria ds , Gn 24

6°

R em . I . Th e d ua l form w h ich oc c ur s in so me of t h e un it s h as t h e me an ing It

o f our e n d ing ; old, e g 0 1 921 6 3 fouigfold, 2 S 1 23 ; DI EQDW f Gn 1 5 -24
‘ ‘

f . . seven old , 4 ,

12 Th e d ual [3 7 32 ( xpl in
18
Is 3 0
26
,
-
I 27 , 79 ( cf . 1 34 r
) . 11 ;
1 68 e a ed by

th ousa nds f dup lica tion) i s no t me ant t o b e t ak e n in t h e se n se o f two m riaclsb r

o u
twice th e number of myria ds, b u t in a m ul t i p l ic a t iv e se n se 3 — B e si de s t h e p l ural .

w h ic h de n o t e s t h e t e n s, t h e re a r e al so t h e p l ural s mag s; so me, al so i taem, an d

may }; d eca des ( n ot decent) E x 1 8 2k”

.

2 . Th e su fi ixes t o n u m e r a l s a re , a s w it h ot h e r nou n s, p rop e rl y g e nit iv e s, i

al t h o ug h t h ey a re t ra nsl a t e d i n E ng l ish as no m inat iv e s, e g np nw w your
. .

b
w
.

tr ia d, i . e. you th ree, Nu 1 2
4
; hen h is fifty ( i . e. t h e 50 b el ong in g t o h im)
2 K an d
T i/h m2 K
t 1 1 0-1 2

1 A c c ord in g t o t h e c o nc l usio ns o f K onig ( D e Criticae S aci ae A rg umento, p 6 1 , '

a n d Leh rg eb , ii p 21 5 t h e sma ll e r n um b e r m o re c o m mo n l y p re c e d e s i n
. . .

E ze k a n d t h e P rie st l y C o de , b u t t h e l arg e r a l w ay s e l se w h e re
. S H e rn e r . .

( S ynta x d er Z a h lworter im A T , Lun d , 1 8 9 3 , p 7 1 ff ) a r ri ve s a t t h e same . . . .

x
c o n c l usion b y a full e a m ina t io n o f t h e st a t ist ic s ; c f a l so h is re m a rks on .

K on ig in Z A W 1 8 9 6, p 1 2 3 , a nd K on i g ’ s re p ly , ibi d , p 3 2 8 f
. . . . .

2
C f K a ut z sc h , D ie A ra ma ismen im A T ( H a ll e , p 79 f
M
. . . . .

3
Cf D H . ul l e r, ‘ D ie n u m e ra l ia mu l t ip lic a t iv a in d e n A marna t afe l n 11
. . .

S emitica, i, W ie n , 1 9 0 6, p 1 3 fl
im "
. .

U 2
 292 T he N oun 98 a, b

§ 98 . Numera ls .
(b) Ordin a l Numbers .

a The ordinal nu mb ers from 2 to 1 0 are formed from t h e c orresp ond

ing c a rdinals by adding t h e t erminat ion 8 6 h) , b efo re wh ic h

a not h er also is g enerally insert ed b et ween t h e second a nd
”J?
t h ird rad c a ls.
i Th ey are as follow s : (l ike
”
second, if“
Vi } ,
”f l , w it h out t h e p rost h et ic R , w h ic h app ears in ”3 1 8 ,

it/DI
”
( h ich a c c ordin
g t o S track, is al w ays t o b e read
or
} w ,

We "
W m, ”r ig/ g Th e ordinal fi r st is ex
‘ ’

for e u, , .

pressed b y fi W N1
( cf . 27 w ), from WNW h ea d beginning w ith t h e
, ,

t erminat ion [l 8 6f ) . On t h e use of 7 LN a s a n o rdinal in numb er in

g
t h e days of the
3 4 p ; in suc h c ases month , of. 1 as Gn 1 ,
5
the
meaning offirst is deriv ed solely fro m t h e c ont e x t .

b Th e feminine forms h av e t h e t ermina t ion 11 more rarely

(a nd

o nly in t h e c ase o f 3 a nd 1 0
) 3
7 —r Th ey are mp loye d a lso t o x p ress
M
1 e e

M? fif h
.

fifth
”
frac t ions, e .
g . “K ” t or
p a rt ,
-T
! a nd t en th p a rt .

S ide b y side w it h t h ese, in t h e same sense, th ere are also forms like
a nd 17215 a qu a r ter W . t? ” a fifl h p a r t , and w it h t h e afformat iv e ii,
,

(plur . a t en th
p a rt ; t h ese are t o b e rega rded as ab st rac t s ,

a nd a re denominat iv es from t h e c ardinal numb ers Cf fina lly . .

a w eek ; fi ll
5,8 8 0 d , ( )
” ? a decade of days , and also t h e tenth da
y .

On t h e xp re ssio n o f t h e o t h e r re l at io n s o f n umb e r, for w h ich t h e H e b re w

q
e

h as no sp e c ial forms, se e t h e S y n t a , 1 34 x a nd r .
 2 94 T h e P a r ticles 9 9 d, e, 1 0 0 a—c

suc h p art icles cannot st and b y t h emsel v es, b ut a re unit ed, as p re fix es,
wit h t h e following word v ery much like t h e p reformat ives of

t h e imp erfe c t 47 a- d
)
.

T h e v ie w t h at t h is sh or t e ning o f w h ol e w o rds t o single l e t t e rs h as a c t ual l y

t ake n p l ac e in t h e g ra d ual c ourse o f l ing uist ic d e v e lo p me n t i s re ndere d
h ig h l y p r ob ab l e b y t h e fa c t t h a t si mil ar ab b re v iat io n s i n l at e r H e b re w a nd
i n A ram a ic , i e a s t h e d e v e l o p me n t o f t h e o rig i n a l S e m it ic sp e e c h p r og re sse s,
. .

b e c ome mo re an d m ore st rikin g a n d fre q ue n t Th us t h e B ib l ic al A ra ma ic “ I .

b e c ome s l at e r p e rio d 1 ; in mo d e r n A rab ic , e g h a lla q ( n ow ) is from

“
at a . .

h a lwa q t ; lei ( w h y ? ) fro m li-a yyi-ia iin, &c C f a l so th e a n a l og ou s c ase s m e n . .

t io n e d a b ov e from t h e W e st e r n l an guag e s N ev e rt h e l ess, t h e use o f t h e .

simp l est p a r t ic l e s i s fo u n d al ready in t h e ea rl ie st p erio ds o f t h e H e b re w

l an g ua g e , o r , a t a ny ra t e , in t h e ea rlie st d oc ume n t s w h ic h h av e c om e
,

dow n t o us .

Less frequently p art icl es are fo rmed b y

3 . co mp osition ; as

quid edoctus ? (n qu id c ogn itum

’
w her e
fore fo r Ou w
’
or

( from 5; a nd t ag) besides ; ( from in, 5 nav

‘
p ) from

a bove, a bove.

M o re fre q ue nt is t h e c o mb ina tion o f t w o w o rd s i nt o o ne w it h out c ont rac t io n ,

e .
g .
-
;g fi ns
I
” 3
3 13 , DN“ 3 ,
62L
3 "? c f. a l so th e co mp ou n ds of i t
s w it h

rim r
?
-
.

de monst ra t iv e p ro n ouns, ; m wh a t ? ; fi t“ a: wh erefore [R V h ow]

as
( f ro . . .

S ee t h e l e ic on unde r "N x
100 . A dver bs .

O n de monst rat iv e a dv erb s c f B roc kel mann , Grundriss; i 3 2 3 ; . . on int e rro

a t iv e a d ve rb s, ibid , i 3 2 8 o n a d v e rb s i n g e ne ra l , i 4 9 2 f
f
g . . . .

a 1 . Th e negat iv e N 5 not ,
and a few p art icles of p l ace a nd t ime, as

}
e th er e,
ar a r e of o b sc ure o rig in.

b 2 . Forms of ot h er p art s of s
p eech , w h ich are used adv erb ially

w ith out furt h er c h ang e, a re

( ) a S ub stant iv es w it h p rep osit ions ,

e .
g .
(
w it h mig h t ) v ery ;
r a p a r t , w it h sufli x a lone ;
( a lon e F )
p ro p . I
in sep ar a tion , .

”Ti l? from within, within ; c f also WDNB (as one) togeth er , a nd .

a r t o, c orresp onding to , l ike,

( g
o ri inall
y in conn exion w i th ) ne

& c , cf . 1 61 b . .

C ( )
b S ub st ant iv es in t h e ac c usat iv e ( t h e a dv e rb ia l case of t h e S emit es,
<

1 1 8 an
) ,
c f f in. dpxfiv, Swp edv, e .
g .
( mig h t ) v ery , DER
( c essat ion
"
)
DVD b) , t o-morr o w, 10 2
'
more (
'

day) t o-da y lfl D
no , ( th e cf . 1 26

c ont inue d t o b e used, t h oug h rarely,

( union ) t og eth er . S ev era l o f t h ese
as sub st a n t iv es, e a nd ru
r al? c ircuit , as a dve rb
.
g .
p lur .

1
G e ne ra l l y d e r iv e d fro m t h e p tcp . P ua l
‘
W3 50 m ehar e’
m e’
ohhd r) a nd

h e nc e t o b e re a d mohar (c f . mm morn ing) b ut a c c ording t o P H aup t

.
( no t es
t o E st h e r, p . 1 5 9 ) fro m $ l Di” .
 1 00 d—h ] A dver bs 2 95

circu m, a round ; oth ers h av e q uit e ceased t o g 1 ( g )

3 3 le n t h b e so used, e . .

long a go [Aram z only in lip (rep et ition, durat ion) aga in or fu r th er

"
. .

j
( 0) A d ec t iv es, esp ecially in t h e feminine ( corre sp onding t o the d
I ndo -Germa nic neut er ) , e .
g .
fl iw
g t qp ri mwm former ly (more freq uent ly
,

mu ltum much en ough ;

“ 21 and “ 3 1
[b o th rare
] , ,

s-
E
niN/ ‘DJ w onderfully (p rop erly mira bilibus, se modis)
. n n nw ew ish
J , ,

i e in t h e J ew ish la ng uag e
. . .

( )
d V erb s in t h e in finit iv e a b sol ut e, esp ec ially in H ip h i l, wh ich 3
a re likew ise t o b e reg a rded as ac cusa t iv es 1 13 h), e g (p rop . . .

a multip ly ing) much [freq uent ] ”3 7 0 ? [ra re , a nd la te

] in mult it ud e ;
W} (ma ne fa ciendo) ear ly ; l l i (vesp ere fa ciendo) in the even ing
09 2 m .

()
e Pr on ouns a nd n ume ra ls e g ”I (p p
ro t h er e = a t this
p l )
a c e her e
,
. . .
,
f
“ 5
2 her e h ither (also of t ime
, ,
r i
u s till
n n ow , c f . t h e lat e a nd rare my
a nd ngfig tn w) ; 31 13 8 z
'

,
once, t wice, seven t imes, a

h undr ed t imes ; for th e second t ime .

3 S ome a dverb s a re formed b y t h e addit ion of fo rmat ive syllab les

.
g
( mo st fre
q u e nt ly D t o sub sta nt ive s o r adj ec t iv es, e g 0 2 3 a nd
73 1 . .

DQDN t ru ly from fil mt r ut h Di n by favour gr a t is fr om n

( ) ( ) ( i gra t ia )
D “
B in va in , frustra ,
mp ty ( from
b ut al so e emp ty ,
em t iness,
p
m), R u a rallel w it h t h e fem ” 53 573 u ll ; D? by da y ( fro m i ) ;
D ” 1
f
”
va nu p .

w ith 6 in t h e la st sylla b le , ai m s fo r in a ,
t w inkling , sudden ly

rom 3113 5 a tw in kling , t h e 6 b eing p rob a b ly ob sc ured from a n orig inal

( f ?
M
o reov er, c f n é l ll t ba ckw a rd , a nd Wi l M
l

(iv — a rkly a t tired, al

fi
'
l
. d '

I n b ot h t h ese c ases, t h e fo rma t iv e syllab le a n h a s b een first at t ac h ed

to t he st e m, a nd t h en t h e feminine ending ith, w h ic h is el sew h e re

used t o form a dv erb s, h as b een a dde d t o it .

Th e t e r mina t ion oc curs al so in t h e fo rma t ion o f sub st an t iv e s, e .

g .
It
§
D § N p orch , and h enc e th e ab o v e a d v e rb s may e q ua l l y w el l b e re
g arde d as

n oun s use d a dv rb ia l l y , so t h at
g D __
T
w o ul d c or re sp o nd to l? ii 8 5,
N os 5 3 , . c f. DSHBB (w it h p rep ) sudde nly, 2 C h A c c ordi ng t o o t h e rs,
.

t h is a m is an ob sol et e a c c usa t iv e e n ding , t o b e c omp are d w it h t h e i n de t e r

minat e ac c usat iv e sing . in an in A rab ic .

1 I s t h is D— an in st anc e of t h e l oc a t iv e or t e m p o ral t er minat io n (cf .

MG
r
e sp e c ial ly D b lX) m e nt io ne d i n 88 ? N b l d e ke , Z D 11 1. c onside rs
‘ ‘
c .
p .
7 21 ,

nl‘ a sec o n dary sub st a n tiv al fo rm ( use d a d ve rb ia l ly l ike )

noct u , c o rre

sp e n d in g t o t h e Ph oe n ic ia n a nd A ramaic DD ”
,
S yr .
’
imama ; cf . on th e o th e r

h and , K en ig , ii 2 5 5 , w h o fol low s Ol sh ause n in m ain t a in ing t h a t t h e am i s a n

.

a dv e rb ia l t e rm i nat i on
j
.

2
DE W-I s ilent ( a n ad e c t iv e in I s 4 75 , La a sub st a n t i v e in K b w h ic h
w a s forme rl y in c l ude d unde r t h is h e ad, is b e tt e r take n , w i t h B art h (N omina l
b ildung, p .
3 5 2, R e m . as a p a rt ic ip l e form e d l ike 3 3 W} 559 , ,
so t h at D ”
?
( perh ap s assimil at e d t o ni “ ) st ands for orig ina l D l‘ l
p Q
 T he P a r ticles 1 00 i—o

i 4 . A numb er o f forms st anding in v er y cl ose rel a t ion t o the

demonst ra t ive p ronoun may b e rega rded a s p rimit iv e a dverb s, sinc e

t h ey a rise direc tly from a c omb inat ion of demonst rat iv e sounds. Some
of t h ese h av e sub seq uent ly suffere d g rea t mut ilat ion, t h e e x t ent of

whic h , h ow ev er , c a n n ow v e ry rarely be a sc ert a ned i wit h cert aint y.

S uc h a re e .
g . TN th en , f
u
r f} h ere
(ac c ording B a rt h Sp ra chwiss
to ,
.

Abha n dlung en, p 1 6, formed from t h e t w o . demonst rat ive element s b in

)
and n a , 7 ,
3 “ 3 5 t h us (c f “ Z’
N ,
ni D’N
|
h ow .
7 7
? IN on l , iDN trul
y y (o n all
t h e se ad verb s, se e t h e Le ic o n) , x a nd es
p y t he c ia ll
e int erro a t ive D
g
( H e interr og a tivum) , e .
g .
N5? ! D t
( 3
11 l
Fie? nonne l , DJ ! n um etia m
)
“

l
This H e in terroga t ivum is p erh ap s sh ort ened fi om 53 , wh ic h 1 s st ill

used in Arab ic , and, a c cording t o t h e v iew of a c ert ain sch ool of

M a soret es, oc c urs also in H eb rew in D t 3 2 6 1

.

k Th e n in t e rrog at iv e t akes H atep h -Pa th ah g e ne rally b e f0 1 e n on-gut t ura l s

( ev e n b e fo re W) ,
w it h a fi im v ow e l , e . g . a ny n hast th ou set ? see t h e int e 1 ro g a~
t iv e c l a us , 5 5
e 1 0 1
0 ( 3 19 3 Lv 0
1 1 1 9 1 s a n e c e t ion
p ) x .

1 ( )
2 B e fo re a c o n so n a n t w i t h S e
wa , usual ly Pa th ah w it h out a fol l ow in g D ages
33 1 7 5 15 31
f orte, e . g . G n 27 , c f. 1 8 , 29 3 0 , 34 ; l e ss fre q ue n t l y ( in ab out t en

p a ssag es) , P a th a h w it h a fol l o w ing Dages forte, e. g . mum i n via , E z

13 5 8 9 1 , 3 73 2, Nu 1 3 1 9 , J b ev e n in fi , 1 S 1 0 24 , 1 7 25 , 2 63 2 K
17
3 Gn 1 7 ,
1 .

m (3) B e fo re g ut t u ra l s,
n ot p o i n t e d w i t h e i t h e r Qa me s o r H a tep h - a mes it t a ke s
Q ,

Pa th ah , e. g ? LN
.
Q S sh a ll I go 1a
3 num tu ? , DNj num si ; nx tN l
‘ '
Ml a 113 ;
l
a os i n Ju 6 31
read nmsu ( n ot
f
s m) , l ike w ise n i n Ju 1 25 , Je r 8 19
, Neh 6 11
.

I n U Nal Nu ’ ‘
1 6 22
,
th e M a sora i n t e n ds t h e a rt ic l e ; rea d W Nfl‘
,
a n d c f. Dt 20
19
;
i n E 0 311 rea d ns
vaj a nd ma n; th e art ic l e is a c orre c t ion d ue t o doc t rina l
c o nsid e ra t i on s .

’
ll ( 4) n t ake s S Th e
e
g h ét b e fo r e g ut t ura l s p o in t e d w i t h Qa mes o r
( a s in J u 99 11

H tp Q
a e h - a mes e
, g W QD N i 2 7
;
'
j. J b . Jo 1 2
, n P
yM n u G n 2 4
11
n
'

h
0

(c f t h e an al og ous i nst a n c e s in 5 2 2 c , § 3 5 k,
. 63 k) T h e p l a c e o f t is in t e r .

ro g at iv e p a r t ic l e i s a l w ay s a t t h e b e g in n i i g o f t h e c l au se
[b u t see b 34 ,
31 i J
N e h 1 3 27 , Je r 2 21 5 , w h e re o n e or more w o rd s are p r e fi e d for e mp h a sis] x .

"
x ion W
"
0 5 . S ome a dv e i b s occ ur also in conne w it h suflixes, t h us
th ou a r t th ere, 3 rd sing . masc 13 W” ( b ut see not e b elow ) 2 nd p lur ,
.

masc ‘
JQ’ N I m n ot , 2 nd sing IJ N fem 313 N 3 rd sing iJQ N
'
'
1 ’
. a .
, . , ,
.
,

fem .
” BJ’ N z ud p lur
,
.
N 3 rd
DDJ‘ p l ur masc . .
DJ’ N— Also 1 3 7 1” I a m yet
-
a d N
( l
" o nly in " ll?
fi " l l ? l l W l
W
v ( La 4 17 - i j
'

T l lj ,
l 076 r g
‘
l l 6 fi
n

1
Th e se p a ra t io n o f t h e il
'
at t h e b e g inning of D t e p re ssl y n o t ic e d b y x
Q imh i ( e d R it t e nb . .
, p .
40 b ) as an un iq ue i n st a nce, is p e rh ap s a p ro t est

a g a in st a d m i t t ing a p ar tic l e 5T!

9 T h is fo rm , w h ic h o ec u1 s in D c 1 S 1 4
39
, 23 1151 E st is t e t ual l y x v ery

d o ub t ful, a nd c a n n ot be sup p o rt e d by th e doub t ful ‘IJQ P fo r

e q ual ly
(
N u 2 3
18
Mt p rob a b ly , w it h S t ad e , Gramm
os 3 7o h , and P Ha up t , S B OT
M
. .

N umb ers, p 5 7, .l in e 3 7, w e sh ou ld rea d U“

 T he P a r ticles 1 0 1 c , 1 0 2 a —d

i . e . the co mmand of
*
) a c cording to ; 5533 (in t he c oncern o f
) on

a ccoun t o
( for t h e uf ; 7b
r ose o f on a c coun t of
p p ) .

2 S ub st a nt iv es used a dverb ial ly v ery freq uent ly b ec ome p re p o si

’

t io ns in t h is w ay, e g 5
( 3 ,
3 l’
N? ,
0 5 5
3 (
53 w it h
. c essa t ion
.
)
wit hou t , Will? ( in t h e durat ion of) duri ng ; “
”7 3 ” 13
(acco rding to th e
re uire
q ment of
) for ,
a cc ording to .

§ 102 . P refixed P r ep osi tions .

O f th e w ords ment ioned in it? from, f frequent ly

”

a 1 . 1 0 1 ,
out o ,

p re fix
o cc urs a s a 9 9 c ) , with it s Nun assimilat ed t o t h e following
consona nt ( b y mea ns of D a g el for te , e g
‘
) W
"
i f f
lli? out o a orest . . .

6 R em . Th e sep a ra t e ,l? .
(al w ays w it h a fo l l o w ing Mqq p h ) i
a e s usual ( b ut n ot

nec e ssary , c f J u 20 14 w it h v e rse 1 5, Ez on l y b efore t h e a r t ic l e , 9 .

g
m
. .

r ga and me t ime s b e fore t h e soft er c on so n an t s,

'

fi , so o c c urs e. g .

Jer 4 41 3 , “
23 7 1; Jo 1 1 2, 1 Ch 5 1 8 ; c f. Ex 1 8 1 4 , Lv 1 14
,
Ju 7 23 , 1 0 11,
.

( 2 K 2 3 b e fore 1 ; a l so b e fo re p i n it
7 °°
gt a n d e l se w h e re i n t h e l at er
“
10 4
b ooks (a s in A rama ic ) 1 ; t h ere is b e sid es a p oe tic b y -form ”3p ( c f 5 9 0 m) a nd .

”
373 I s 3 0 1 1 I t s form is m ost c ommo nly l; with a following Dages w h ic h may
.
'
, ,

h o w e ve r, b e omitt e d in l et t e rs w h ic h h av e Semi ( c f 5 20 m) W ith a fo ll ow . .

i ng t h e p is, as a rul e, c o nt rac t e d t o " p , e g ’j ‘p ”3 9

73 or “3 371? (b ut c f . . .

Jw b D n 1 22 ; W h ich ”: 2 Ch 2 0 1 1 ) b e fore gut t ura l s i t b e com es 73 ( a c c ording

'

f
‘
0 17
"J

t o 5 2 2 c) , e g 0 1 1 3 2, 0 3 79 b e fo re n t h e 7; oc c urs w it h t h e gut t ura l v irt ua l l y

3 3 . .

m; m m
7

sh a rp e n e d i n on th e outside a n d i n m : G n 1 4
2°
b e for e 71 in ru mp ( c f , .

5 28 63 q
b and
T h e c l ose d sy l l ab le h e re
. 18 i nc o nsist e nt w it h t h e re q uir e d

v irt ua l sh a rp e n ing o f t h e n b b l nl‘ is m ere ly d ue to th e a n al o gy o f

p ro a y ij
p
fi lm )
? si milarly I s 1 43 b e fore W; b ut in 1 S 8
23 2 , 2 S 1 81° is t o b e r ea d ,

a c c o rd ing to 2 2 s.

c 2 . Th ere are a l so t h ree p art icles, t h e most c ommonly used

ot h er

p rep o sit io ns and t h e art ic le o f com arison, wh ic h h av e b een r educ ed

p p
S wd (b ut
l
b y abb rev ia t io n 9 9 c) t o a sing le refi x ed c onsonant w it h
e
p
see b elo w , a nd
)
1 0 3 e , v iz

[p o et . lDljfl] in , a t, with .

5 [p oet t owa rds, ( b ) f

elong ing t o, or , L a t . a d.

[ him like, mnant

3
p oet
] a s, a c c or din
g to ( no doub t t h e re o f a sub

st a nt ive w ith t h e mea n ing of ma tter, kind in sta r) ,

.

d W it h re g a rd
t o t h e p oint in g it is t o b e ob serv e d t h a t
( )
a Th e S e
wd mobile, w it h w h ic h t h e ab o v e p re fi e s are usual ly p ro n ounc e d , x
h a s re sul t e d from t h e w e a ke n ing o f a sh o r t v o w el ( a n or ig i n a l d, ac c o rdi ng
v

t o f ) 2 ; t h e sh o rt vo w e l is reg ul a rl y re t a in e d b e fo re fewa b e fore Sf wd simp lex .

K on ig , E inleitung ins A T , p 3 9 3 (c f a l so t h e al most e h aust iv e st a t ist ic s

1
. . . . x
in h is Leh rgeb aude, ii 29 2 e numera t e s e ig h t i n st a nc e s o f t b e fore a w o rd
i;
'

w it h o ut t h e art ic l e i n 2 S a m ue l a nd K in g s, an d fo rt y -fi v e in C h ro n ic l e s .

2
Je ro me ( se e S ie g frie d, Z A W i v 7 9 ) almost al w ay s rep rese nt s b y ba . . .
 1 0 2 e- l] P r efix ed P r ep ositions 2 99

i n t h e form of an i, a t t e n ua t e d from a : b efore a H a tep h t h e p re fi t akes t h e x

v ow e l o f th e Ha tep h , e .
g .
11
3 3 for fruit, 11 53 as a lion, 1 3173 bo ni in afil tc tion
o
,
‘

( somet ime s w it h t h e sy ll ab le sub se q uen t ly c losed c f 2 8 b , an d t h e in fin it iv e s ,

.

w it h 3 5 6 3 i) : b e fo r e w e ak c o n so n a nt s i t fo l l o w s t h e rul e g i v e n i n 5 24 c, e g . .

11 1 11 1 fo1 ’ 1 3
3 1 W h e n t h e p re fi x e s 3
. 1 3 3 p re c e de 0 1
1
1 3 11 Go d,
t h e é e
wd

a nd H a ep h S g h él
t e
regul a rl y c oal e sc e i n S ere, e. 3123 &c
g 0 11
.
1 1
, .
,
for ’
3N3 ; s

w it h su ffi x es 1 11
1 3 3 1 , 81 0 .
( on c e a l s o 1 n th e si ng . 1 1 3113 H b 1 )
1
11
a l so r eg ul a rl y

1 13 11 3t o sa y, for 1 13 3 3 se e , 5 23 d .

( b) W h e n efixes p
r ec e d e t h e a rtic l e t h e 0 i s a l most a l w a s dro pp e d 6
’
th e p r , y ,

a n d t h e y t a ke i t s v ow e l S e e fur t h e r in 5 3 5 n . .

( ) I m m d l b f h -s l l ab l e i e b e fore mo n osy ll ab l es a nd d is
0 e ia t e y e o re t e t o n e y ,
syll ab l e s w i t h t h e t o n e o n t h e p e n ul t im a ( in t h e fore t o n e
) , t h ey t a ke Qames
. .

f
( undoub t e dly a l e ng t h e n ing of a n o rig inal d, c f 2 6 e, 2 8 a , b ut on l y 1 n
) .

t h e fo ll ow ing c ase s :

( )
da
3 b e fo re infi ni t iv e s of th e ab ov e- me n t io ne d fo i ms, as 11 11 3t o g ive, [1 3
1

to j udge, 13 3 to p lunder, 13 3 to sh ea r, 1 11
3 to keep a festiva l, 11 1 33 to bring for th ,

11 3 33t o g o, 11 11 13 3 to ta ke, e xc ep t
(as a nomen reg ens) is c l ose l y
w h en t h e i n fi n it iv e
c o nne c t e d w it h ano t h er w ord ( e sp e c ia ll y i t s sub j e c t , 5 1 1 5 e) , a nd c o n se q ue n t ly,

as b e in g m a so rt of constr. sta te, l ose s t h e p rin c ip al t on e , e. g Ex 1 9

1
,

11 3 12 G n 3 1 63 , a nd so al w ay s 11 1311 N3 3 N u 1 3 3 1 , &c .
( in suc h c ase s a s

E x 5 21 t h e d i s p r o t e c t e d b y t h e se c o n da ry t one , b e fo re in fi n it i v e s of v e 1 bs
th e
3
1 s re t a in e d e v e n in c l ose c o nn e ion ; c f E z 2 1 2°
25
, 2 23
) x .

( b b) b e for e ma ny p ro nomin al forms, g 11 13 (so al so i n 1 S n ot 0 13 ),

e . 1
g
3
11 1 1 13
1 11 S 1 3 ( in c l o se c onn e xi on , h ow ev e r, 11 161 3 Gn 22
3
; mg} ; G 11

3 0 11 3 0 11 3
3
1 113
1 as th ese a n d e sp e c ia l l y 03 3 03 03 3
( 03 3
) and 0 11 3
see 5 10 3 e

( cc) 3 b e fore m on o sy l la b le s or fore t one d n o uns in suc h co mb ina t i o ns as It

13
1
3 13
1 mouth to mouth , 2 K1 2
0 1, 011
33 0 15 1
[ 31
between wa ters and wa ters, G n 16 ;

111 13 3f r a to roub le, Is b ut a l w ay s b e fo re t h e p ri n c ip al p a use . T h e i nst r uc t i ve

e x a m pl e in Dt 1 7
8
a l so sh ow s t h a t t h e p un c t ua t io n
3 is only p o ssi b l e w it h at

l east t h e l e sse r p ause aft e r it ; in I s 2 8 1 0 1 3 t h e

b e fore t h e sm al l a n d sma ll e st d is un c t iv e s ;
3 t w ic e r ep e at e d, e v e n

j
3 1

x
( dd) in c e rt a in st a nd ing e p re ssio ns, w h ic h h ave b e c ome st e re ot y p e d a l most 2
a s a d ve rb s, e .
g . 1 11
3 to eternity, 31
3 in mul titude, 11 133 3 in security, 113 3
3 to

efcrnity , b ut 0 1 1 3 ) 113 3 3t o a ll eternity, Is Cf . a l so W3 33 for th e dea d ,

Lv 1 9 23 , N u 5 2, 9 1 0 .

(d) W it h t h e i nt e rrog at iv e 11 1 t h ey 3 a rep o i nt e d a s in 11 13 3 ; in p a use a nd 11?

22
b e fore N in 1 1 3 by wh a t ? ( b e fo re t i
fol l o w in g re l a v e c l i E
as
3 a a u se , as n 0 3 ,

11 3 ; o f.
D e l it z sc h , Jesa ia , 4 t h e d , o n I s 1 1 3 h ow much ? b ut a l so 11 13 3
1
3 1
3 .

1 K 2 21 6 , in c l o se c o n n e io n a n d a t a
,
x
g re a t e r dist a n c e fro m t h e p a use Th e .

S e g h él i n t h e se forms a r ise s fr o m a mo difi c a t io n o f t h e o rig ina l 11, w h ile t h e

13 i s sh a rp e ne d i n o rde r t o ma in t a in t h e o rig ina l 0 o f t h e p re fi e s . x .

W h en 3 ( p rop . l a ) i s unit e d t o 11 1
3 ,
it t a ke s, ac c o rd in g to 5 g , t h e form I
0 13
3 (Jb
” 2°
S 1“ 1 13
1
3 ,
a ll Mil ‘

el , a nd h e nc e t h e a i n t h e t o n e is

le ng t h e n e d t o d ) for wh a t ? wh y ? B e fo re t h e g ut t ura l s R 11 31 11 13 3 is use d

for e up h onic ma sons ( e x c ep t io n s 1 S 2 S Je t 1

5
13
, b e fo
re 11 2 S 292,
 3 0 0 The Pa rticles 102 m , 1 0 3 a, b

b e fore N)
35 ma in s b e fore B e fore l e tt e rs wh ic h
6
49 711 ,
h ow e v e r, re a re

n o t g utt ura l s, 5 is found m it

7313 ( imme d iat ely aft e r a t one syl l ab l e ) .

R em Th e d iv in e nam e 71 3 w h ic h h as n ot i ts o ri g i na l v ow e l s
.
11 ,
( 1113 2
)
b u t t h ose o f 13 3 N ( s_
ee 1 7 e x cept t h at t h e s h a s si mp l e not co mp o und
t ake s t h e p re fi x es al so, a ft e r th e manne i of 1 J' 1
N, t h us 13 711 1
1 njnm

1
3 11 113 ( sin c e t h ey a re to b e re ad for t h e N of

1 J"1N
_ ,
as o f 1
3 1N , D’ JW
'
N , &c .
( see b el o w
) , quiesces a ft er t h e p re fi x es 3 3 E
) 1
b ut is a udib le a ft e r 13 ( for 27 ( no i nst an c e i n t h e O T an d ( in 13 1
a
‘
. . 3
Dt 1 017, gt 1 63 th e
3 , a rt ic l e , n o t 3 in t e rr og i s int e nde d ; t h e only e
. x a mp l e
w it h i J 8 19
is t o b e i t d i 1
J3 N3 , n ot
'
1 n t e rrog, e r p o n e e
,
1
H en c e t h e r ul e , N ¥ 113 1 “
10 13 M oses b rough t out ( i . e . 13 :W ,
'
1 make t h e N a ud ib le ) ,
N
D J3 13 3 53 1 a nd Ca leb brough t in (i . e. 1 3 5 3 al l o w i t t o q uiesc e ) 1 _
_As
re g ai ds t h e ot h e 1 p l ura l fo rm s of
11 1N ,
'
i
e l sion of th e N al w a ys t ake s
p lace
5 x i n t h e fo rm
pi
'

c ep t 1
a ft e r
”
Jfl N t h us 1 ) &c
“
a 3 e . b ut
- s5
1
11 15 5 ,
&c 13 1
3 13 5 , se , nnu u ‘

103 . P rep osit ions w ith P ron om ina l S ufibces a nd i n the ‘

P lur a l F orm .

a 1 . As all p rep osit ions w ere original ly nouns 10 1

) i n t h e acc usat ive ,

— 1 5X
t h ey may b e unit ed w it h t h e noun-suffixes 9 1 b l) e g ,
N
( p
p l o . . .

at my side) by me, ”
13 3
(n
i my p ro x imit y) with me , 3 (
3 131 13 in t h eir lac e
p )
inst ea d o
f them ,
like t h e La t in mea ca u sa ,
f or my sa ke.

b R em Th e p re p o sit ion nN ( usual ly 7 11 ) nea r, with , is d isting uish e d

. 1 .
5
from nN( see b e l o w , a nd 5 1 1 7 a , n o t e t h e sig n o f t h e d e fin it e ac c usat iv e
x
( 5 1 1 7 a ), in it s c on ne ion w it h sufiixe s, b y a d iffe re nc e of p oint i ng , t h e
for m e r ma k ing JI3N, 1 1 N, i n p ause ll N , 2 n d fe m 3I N (I s 5 41 0 ins
'

3 3 .

3 ,

HDN, 1JI3N , D3 TIN , DI3 N ( a lso in t h e l a t e r b oo ks, e sp e c ial ly i n K ing s, a nd

'

a l w a ys i n J er a nd E z ek . in c orrec tl y 1 131N w ith me I 1

33 3N1 from th ee 1 K 20 25 ;
1DN13 f m h im ,
1 K 2
ro2 7
; DUNw ith th em) , w h il e t h e l a t t e 1 re t a in s i ts 0 ( ob sc ured
fro m a ) b e fo re t h e l ig h t sufii xe s, b ut b e fore g rav e suffi e s i s p o in t e d w i t h x
e
S g h ol T h s S g h o l i s t o b e e p la in e d, w i t h P ra e t o ri us, Z D G IV 3 6 9 f , as t h e
i .
°
x M . . .

mod ifica t io n o f a n a w h ic h aga in w a s sh o rt e n e d fro m orig ina l a ( in ath i , ’ dth é, ’

&c ) in a c l o se d syl l a b l e ( ath hem, &c T h e sa me sh o rt e ning a nd m o d ifi c a t ion

’
. .

-
of th e t ake s p l a ce b e fo re w o rds i n c l ose c on ne io n, h e n c e 3
o rig inal a x 5 n135,
&c . W h e n not in c lo se c o nne io n , t h e t onele ss nN b e c o mes t on e l ong x nN
-W
e. g. D‘ D H nN G 11 H e nce t h e fo l low ing forms a rise
07

S i ng . P l ur .

UNme ” .

m 717 11 p ause 1113N

37 .
,

f .
O 0 O 0 0 0 l 0

m 1nNh im
. . DUN, ra re l y mm:
ms
’

f 11 13s
. h er. yang , ra re l y

1 A no t h er vox memor is . a ll is h idden in h im .

 302 T h e P a rt icles 1 03 g, h

g 3 t akes suffi es in t h e x sa me manner : ( E x 7 , 2 \I

/ 1
4 1
29
S 8

g a , as in
ra C m2 7 37
,
2 s Is 3 6 m
y? [fo r z ud fe m a t h e K t hibh e s
e
.
?
o c c urs in 2 K 4 2
, Gt 9 c f. 1 in, & c x c ep t t h a t for t h e grd
e

l
p ru .
,
b eside s D” ?
( p
es ec ially in t h e la t er b ooks) and ” 13 5? (only in
Ex 30 , Eh I ;“ 4
o nly in or t h e form 13 ? i s also used ; J
a nd fo r t h e fe minine b esides ” 512 t h re e t ime s , 1D?
, 3 ( ) i s foun d fi fteen

t imes, a nd 171? only in I S 3 , 1 I 7

s 3 8 E z — A c c ordin t o t h e
16
g
M
,

5 t imes for 15 as c onv ersely in IS

16 2
a sora , N is found fift een 2 , 20

15 for I S ( a nd, h a s b ee n
3 2 3
g Ex
8
e . . 21 ,
Is 9 ,
2 , l
xr t o o as c on

j e c t ured, al so b J c f D elit z sc h on lr
x 1 00
3 — I n N u 2 42 Zc
3
M
. .
,

Ru t he asora requires inst ead of H ? (in t h ree p lac es b efore

all

a foll ow ing t one-syllab l e ; c f. § 23 h, and the anal ogous c ases of t h e

loss of Mp p iq i
a n 5 8 g, 91 e ) .

3 wi th P r onomina l S w ixes
()
b fl .

S ing .

131152 a s w e
3 .

ra rel y m
ains
as th ou . as ye .

m with , as he . c an,
[any mails] ,
union
as th ey .

f 1 113 ?
3 a s s e. h 7 1 13 1
9 ?

3
Th e q uest io n w h e t h e r 113
5 c an al so st a n d for t h e sing . 15, w h ic h R od ig e r

a n d r ec e n t l y W . D ie h l ( D as Pronomen p ars . su des H eb r .

p 20 f ) a nd
, . .

P H a up t Pr a c o nt ra c t io n o f mtt ) h av e a l t og e t h e r d e n ie d
‘

.
( S B OT . on 2 la -h u ,

m ust b e a n sw e re d in t h e af
fir m a t iv e u nl e ss w e c o n c l ud e w i t h D ie h l a nd

H a up t t h a t a ll t h e i n st anc e s c o n c e rn e d a re d ue t o c o rrup t io n s o f th e te t x .

I t is t r ue t h at i n
,
suc h p la c e s 61 11 9 25 3 7 , D t 3 3 2, I s
as gt 7 3
10
( a l l in or
i mm e d ia t e l y b e fo re t h e p r i n c ip al p a u se i n D t 2
3 3 w it h Z a qep h qa t on a t l east )
113 5 c an b e b e t t er e xpl a in e d as p l ural ( in re fe re n c e to c o l l e c t iv e n o uns ) a nd

i n I s 5 3 8 fo r
?
in 1735 w e sh oul d re a d w i t h t h e L xx 11 17
55 p gg . On t h e ot h e r

h an , d i n I 44
s
1 5 its e x
p l a n a t ion as p l ura l w oul d b e e t re me l y fo rce d E ve n x .

t h e n t h er e w oul d r e main— p resuming t h e t ra di t ional t e t t o b e c o rrec t x

it 1 17 a nd 113 1 533 Jb 27
23
,
as w e ll as
5
113 1 11, 7
t h r e e t ime s, Jb 20 3 ,
2
2 7 23

( b e sid e a n d e sp e c iall y Jb 2 2 2. In all t h e se p l a c e s t h e mo st e xt re me

e x e g e t ic al a r t ifi c e s c a n o nl y be avoide d by si mp ly a dmit t ing a singul ar sufii x
‘

(w as,
7 7
was n gh — O h
, i t h e q ue st ion of th e a nt iq uit y of th e suffi x es in in
see 91 l .

4
T h e fo rm m? t
in R u 1 13 i s A ramaic
5
Th e use of 1 3 h e re fo r (c f . ab ov e , d) m igh t b e due t o e up h o n ic

r e ason s
( defec t ively ) on ly i n t h e Pe nt at e uc h , 1 5
1 32 Ex
§ i o3 i - m] P rep ositio ns with P r onomina l S u was 30 3

() 11? w ith P ro nomina l S ufi xes

“

c .

S ing .

1313 13
1
3
5 1313 ,
1
p o et .
”
lal?
[4 t im ]
es , in p a use fr om u s .

e s fro mme
[ m ]
1
al so 313 6 t i .

i in p a use
ll
f m t
roh ee .
from y ou .

11111173

in p a use 313 313 [113 313 [ ]

12
3DD13 Jb 4 D3 13 ”13 3 13 t w 1 c e

ro m m Jb
]f
1 13 213 : see b elo w 2°
or h i . 1 1 3 3 313
1
71 1 D
33 f ro m her 17
1 1
3
, 9
7 1 7113
[ mes]
7 t i

Th e syl lab le 113 ( i n A rab ic mci N13 = H e b 113 wh a t) in 1

31133 ( p rob ab l y fr om
“
.

”
as “ DB , p r0 p . according to wh a t I , fo r as I ) i s, in p oe t ry , ap p e n d e d to the

t h ree si m p l e p re fi x e s 3 3 3 ev e n w it h ou t suf
fi x es, so t h at 113 3 113 3 113 5
ap p e ar as i nde p e nd e nt w o rds, e q uiv a l e n t in mea n ing t o 3 3 5
_ . P o e t ry is

h ere dist ing uish e d fr o m p rose b y t h e use of l ong e r fo rm s ; in t h e c a se of 113

on th e o t h er h an d, it p re fe rs t h e sh ort e r, w h ic h re se mb l e t h e S y riac a nd

A ra b ic .

T h e fo rm 13 713 ,
e n c l o se d i n b rac ke t s ab ov e , o c c urs on l y in 2 K ( in l
p a use) , mafia o n
lyi n J er 3 632
( in p a use) ; ( B aer fo l l ow ing Q imh i 1113 ) o nly

M
1 T T T

in E z 1 8 14
. Cf F re n sd orfi ,
.
‘

assora Mg na a, p . 23 4 iii — F or 0 3 3
. '
as ye, Q im h i
re q u ire s D3 3 ( i nv a ria b ly or o n l y in Jb 1 64 in Jo s 1
1 5, J u 8 2, E zr 4 2 B ae r

g iv es 13 3 3 ,

W it h reg ard t o 113 w it h suffi x e s, "

f
g gp from me is usual ly e xp l a ine d a s a rising ,

by a re du pl ic at ion of
113, from a n orig inal 1 3 13 313 , ju t s as 131313 f r m h im
o , fro m

m mm- 5 1:
ident ic a l in fo rm w it h 131 1
m f m u-mm w h il e 11 3 rm
, f
ro us,
ro , 1 13 f
3 o

h er , g oe s b ac k t o 11 313 313 . F a r simp l e r, h ow ev e r, is My a er L amb e r t

’
se xp lan a t io n

(RE J . xx iii .
30 2 t h at 1
3
31 13, &c .
,
h av e ar isen fro m 1 3 313, &c .
,
an d t h at t h e

forms of t h e suf
fi x e s are t o be e xp l a in e d o n the a na l og y o f BE
" N ,
133111, 71 1
71111
3 3
5 1 00 o .
—Th e b rac ke t e d fo rm 1115
13 ,
for w h i c h B a e r, fo ll o w in g Q imh i an d
ot h ers, w rit e s 113 313 , in it 6 8 24, and is t h e re reg ard e d by e l it z sc h ,
o c c urs o nl y
p
H up fe l d , a nd o t h rs (f l low ing
e o S im o n is) a s a sub st an t iv e (11
3 = ort ion he
-
e xp re ssio n sin p; ( fo r 131 13 3 Is is v e ry st ru ge .
— fl@ p
} f o c c u rs o nl y in
12
a nd
Je r 1 0 2, B e 1 2 (Jb 11113 ( so B aer G insb urg , fo ll o w ing t h e

b e st a u t h o rit ie s, in st e a d of th e o rd ina ry re a d ing

13 13) o nly in E 2

1 Th e B a b yl on ian M asora w r it es 13
3
13
1 (t o dist ing uish i t from t h e 3 rd sing ) ,
w h ic h is j u t ly b l
s a me d b y I b n Ez ra .
 30 4 T he P a r ticles 10
3 n, o

n 3 . S ev era l p rep osit ions, e sp ec ia lly t h ose w h ic h e x p ress relat ions o f

sp ac e a nd t ime , are (lik e t h e German w egen
) p ro erl
p y p lu ral nouns

1 2 4 a , a nd are, t h erefore, j oined w it h t h e

(fo r t h e rea son, se e
) p ro

nominal sufiixes in t h e form of t h e p lural con stru ct st a te, j ust like ot h er

p l ural 9 1 g)nounsOn the ot h er h a nd, t h e a a r ent c onnex ion o f
.
p p
19 , 59 w it h l ra l suffi x e s is e x p l ained from t h e fo rms
“ “

p u g rou nd-

r e osit ions from st ems W 5 b fi

( )
”
o f t h o se g (c ont rac t ed t o
“
e:
p p
325
”
,

0 W it h out t h ese p rep osit ions are

suf
fi xes
3 08 , "
more frequent ly HIP S (p rop h inder p a r t s) behind, aft er . .

p oet [4 t imes in Job ] also

.
( g )
re ion, dir ect ion , t ow a r ds, t o,

a ccor ding to .

PE } (in terva l) betw een ; t h e suffix es indic a t ing t h e singular ar e a dded

t o t h e singul a r 1 & c ( O u 1 6 3 32
5
t h us
1
21 1
3 t h e sec ond Y6dh
,
.
,

is h owev e r mark ed w it h a p oint a s cr it ic ally doub t ful w hic h

M
, ,

o c c urs t h ree t imes, is o nly t eh a soret ic Q r e fo r ” Q , wh ic h is fo und

e

e g in Gn
. . On t h e o t h er h a nd, t h e suffix es indic a t ing a p l ural
are at t a ch ed t o t h e p l ural forms or

3 13 9
( c ir cuit
) a round, a s a p rep osit ion, alw ays h as t h e p lural form,
so met imes masc .
7 5
11
1 30 ,
&c .
[1 0 t imes , b ut muc h more fre uent l
] q y in

t h e fe m (
17
) In E2 43 3 3 9 is1
. su rr oun ding s . a c orrup t ion

of 3 1
3 9 3 11
3
; [in 1 K 6
5
a lso is so cont ra ry t o usag e, t h at it

must b e due t o some t e x t ual error

] .

"
1?
( c ont inua tion , dura t ion, from 1 731
3) as fa r a s, un to, p oet 31 [1 2 .
“1

t imes Jb "
] In 0
3 w ith t h e a ret a ined in t h e secondary t one,
3 13
2
.
3 ,

is ab normal . Also in 2 K9 18
for D713 ? rea d 0 7 11
71 1 1 ,

5? up on , over f t he
. 513 height [see L ex ic on] from
ra re sub st . ,

0 t ime s a nd 2 Q re
) [ ]
1 e
a scend
to , p oet .
4 ,
.

T10 7 w ha t is benea t h) O n 931 0 73 & c ; c f a b ov e d ”

3 under ( p rop . .
,
. .
,
.

1
Th e re fe re nc e o f t h e se forms t o orig inal p l ura l s h as b e e n ag a in e p re ssly x
sup p o rt e d b y D e L ag a rd e , S ymmicta , ii 1 0 1 ff ; N a ch rich ten der G g G , 1 8 8 1 , . . .

M
. .

p 3 7 6,
. cf
itth eilungen, 1 8 8 4 , p 6 3 ; a l so
. . G GA 1 8 8 4 , p 2 8 0 f
. A c c ording
. .

t o B art h , ZD MG x lii . .
p 3 48 iii ,
. and N omina lbildung , p .
3 75 iii ,
3
1
1
1 3
1 17
1,
&c
3 .
,

w as o nl y forme d on th e a nal og y o f
351 1 , &c .
,
a nd
T35 15 , &c .
, on l y o n the

an a l ogy o f ,
1
33 5 p l u ra l fo rms
&c .
, sin c e th e re a l ough t to b e 1
1
1 51 11
12
&c c f , h ow e v e r, K on ig , Leh rg ebciude, i i 3 0 5 f
'

. . . .

2
On t h e use of t h is p art ic le see 5 1 1 9 g .
 30 6 T he Pa rticles b—g

( in t h e n ot et ea rlier, be ore, for w h ch D l léb i s also used

y ) f O n t h e i '

c o mb na t o n of t wo i p a i
rt c les t o e
p r ess com le
p dea s
( g Q l
e
‘
t ti i x x i . .
' '

a dded to th is, th a t z mu ch more , see t h e S nta ,

) y 1 63 f x .

ii i i ii j i
'

b c) Prep os t o ns, w h ch w th t h e add t on of t h e c n unc t o n P

'
JN
( o
t og et h e r fo rm i j ti n “ WN 792because p rop
'

or o ne s ng le c on unc o ,
e .
g .
, .

o n a cc oun t o f the f a ct t ha t ; wa s ,
fir m and more frequent ly
“
Wm mt: “
-
3

a
f ter th a t WWNB a ccordin
g as
( w t h i ”
3 J QQ and WQ N JP}! in c onse

quence of th e fa c t th a t , for the r ea son th a t , becau se . S omet mes, h ow i

eve r , t he c on j un t i n in u h
c o i s c ca ses s o mi t t ed , and t h e p rep o s t i ion
it self used a s a co nj un t i n g 52 ( f a ltho ugh , b J
“

c o ,
e. . or

S o, at any r at e , a cc o r d ing t l in g uist ic p inc ip l e s

o our I t w oul d, h ow e v e , r . r
b e mo r e co rr ec t to say , t h at in st ea d o f t h e int e me dia y ln
"
t h e w h ol e o f t h e r r
suc c ee di ng se nt e nc e is r ega rd e d a s one sub st an t iv al ide a , un d e t h e imm e d ia t e r
r
g o v e n me n t of t h e p e p o si t io n r . I n t h e same w ay , a ll p ep o sit io n s g ov e n in g r r
r
t h e g e un d i n E ng l ish may b e r r
p a ap h a se d b y c on unc t ion s w it h t h e fi ni t e j
r
v e b , se e 1 1 4 a n d 1 1 5 , p assim .

C 2 . i
B es des t h ose already ment i oned, t h ere are c e r t ai n ot h er s mall
r
w o ds now used j
a s c on unc t o ns, of i wh i ch t h e de r i vat i on
ri g i nal or o

mean i ng is al t og e t h e r ob sc ur e t h us IN or if (a lso or b efo r e t h e

'
, ,

sec ond memb er of a do ub le q uest- ion), “15 a lso 1 a nd and ot h er s , .

d Re m
T h e p oi nt ing o f t h e 1 ( o ig inal ly
. r a s st il l b e fo r e Ha tep h Pa th a h
a n d— w it h a fo l l o w ing D agel fo te — in w aw
‘
r c onsecutive of t h e i m p e fe c t ; r c f.

5 4 9 f ) is in many re p s e c t s a n al og ou s t o t h at of th e p r fixe es 3
,
3 ,
5(5102 d
b ut as b e in g a w k
ea c o n son a nt , t h e waw cop ula tive h as so m e fu t h er r p e cu
l ia ri t i es
( ) a U sual ly i t t a k e s si m p l e Sewa 1
()
( b) B e fo re w o rd s w h i c h b e g in w i t h a gu t t u al h av ing a comp ound r
it t a k es th e v o w e l w it h w h ic h t h e § wd i s c o mp o unde d ( a c c o di n g t o
e
r 28 b) ,

e. g 0 9 111
. a nd be th ou w ise, (3 ’ i
r
-
a :
a n d serva nts, 11731 1 a nd streng th , than a nd eat

th ou, fin: a nd s ickness. On 0 3 55 51

,
‘j
l SRl l
&c .
,
se e 5 102 d; on "1 3 1 &c
i .
,

se e 10 2 m; o n suc h c a se s a s Jb 4 2, c f. g 28 b .

e (c) B e fo r e r
w o d s w it h si mp l e u n de r th e fi r st c o nson a n t ( e x c ep t in t h e
c ase s un de r f ) ,
th e wow b e c ome s t h e vo w e l a (c f 5 . 26 a ), e .
g . a nd to a ll,

(e x c e p t r g) r
i

so al so in t h e c a se un de b e fo e th e c o g n at e l ab ia l s 3 , t ) , D , h e nc e

3 55 7 1 . On t h e c a se s in w h ic h si mp le gewa h a s b e c om e a H a tep h a ft e ri cop ula tive

( e g nnn G n
. . cf . 10 g .

W i t h a fo l lo w i ng th e 1 c oal e sc e s t o fo m i t r rd ing t 5 b, as ”T
N
f
acc o o 24

a nd let h im b e On t h e p e c ulia r p un c t ua t io n o f th e w h o cop ula tt re b e fo r e fo msr

w i h i i l s ws f r m fi x! to b e a n d Fl ;
y nnu mJo s Fill ) G n
?
e
t n i t a o to l ive ( e. g .

of . 63 q .

( )
e I mm e d ia t e l y b e fo r e t h e t o n e -sy l l . b le it f r que e n t ly ta k es Qa mes, l i k e
g
3 ,
5 ( see 5 l oa f ) , b u t i n mo st c ase s o n l y a t the en d o f a se n t e nc e or c la use

(b ut K r r
i

c f. a l so 12
N) hp Ex ( on th e ot h e h a nd, i n
; 2 e .
g .

! 21 v e se 29
 1 0 5 a, b] Conj unctions 30 7
N D! i s in c l ose rl og ic al c onnexion w i t h w h at fol l ow s) 2 } 33m
K 7 or m unm
4
J
’
T ’ A7 7

nnm R u 3 m I S 9 {fit} ; S 1 3 KSI; E

.

and
9 5
11 3 51 ; 30
1 1 01 a
5 4
2
26
z 47
9 c f.

(wit h T ip h h 2 S 15 e ry fr q u n t on n x i
13 12
al so ) G n 33 , a Th . e v e e c e on o f n o un s
xp r k r l y t o c on sid e rat io n s o f
.

e ssing in d e d ideas, b y me a n s of m is d ue si
e
1 , p
r h yt h m ,
fo r ev en in such c a se s th e d must imme diat e l y p re c gde t h e t on e
sy l l a b l e , w h ic h m ust b e mark e d b y a d isj unc t iv e ac c e nt , e g an? i nnG n 1 2,
) . .

Di"G n 8 22
( se e al so th e p re v io us e x a mp le s) Gn 1 3
14
r
( t h ic e ) ; E x 25 3

qg f
g; 3
3 51 ; ago it); ring ;
? "
t
a 76
7
me; 3 3 33 ; Gn 7 18
11 5 u
33 gh h en
:
as;
-
xx 2 1 1 0

mnn ; '
nl bl th us a nd th us ; E st I8 at th e e n d of th e v e se ,r
b ut i n 87 5
WW; in sp it e o f th e D ‘
Zn w ith
’

th e se c o n d Wh it , b ec ause it i s
l
c ose l y c o nne c t e d w it h t h e fol l ow ing p re d i c at e . Al so w it h th re e w o ds r
H ? 11 05
!E 1 I s 241 7 . On t h e ot h e r h a nd, t h e r p id p ronunc i t i
a a on 1.
oc c u s r
b e fo r e a c on j un c t iv e a c c e nt ( and , w h e n fa t h e r r r m d fr m t h
e ov e pr in c ip al o e

p ause , e v en w it h t h e s ma lle r d isj unc t iv e s, in sp i t e of a fo l l o w ing t o ne-sy l la b l e ) ,

e. g W ily) IN? G n
.
.
c f. Gn L v 7 23 , D t 221 , and a mon g t h e e amp l e s x
g v en ; b o ( E x c ep t ions np rp l re e
7
v ide n t l y
13
i and 11 7 6
‘
v e Gn 1 Gn whe
7
m
.
,

the
1 i s in t e n de d t o e n su e r th e sl o w a nd sol e hr e c it at io n o f th e p r o mise ,
b ut al so
al l) J. !) n
08 1 5
55
,
1 1 97 ,
m 9
m 1 2
,
5
, all im me d ia t e l y b e fo re t h e p ause .
)
F or t h e sa m e r h y t h mic a l
( n o t 1) is use d r e g ula rly w it h ce rt a in
monosy ll ab l e s w h ic h , b y t h ei r natu e , r l e a n mo r e c l ose l y up o n t h e foll ow in g

r
w o d , t h us mg } ,
031 R5) (t o b e dist ing uish ed from if?
) if not, w it h Z aqep h
gadol, 2 K a nd oth e s. r

105 . I n terj ecti ons .

1 . Among th e i nterj e t i c ons so me ( as in a ll lang uag es) a re s i mp ly a

nat ural sounds, or, a s it w e e, v oc al g est u es, c alled fort h nvo r r i lunt a r i ly
b y cert a in i mp e i ns o sensat i on e r ss o r s, .
g .
( )
HUN E z 3 0 2 ND , 3 a h ! ” Nil m
/ ( f thi m i b us and b us ut ina m x
i
31
ah a 5 al
o o n. s s s Ex 3 2 &c ,
. .

( G n 5 0 i
7 s t
f) h ! (fr 1
o m F
1
2
5 nd N2) t h r w i a a ,
o e se w r i t ten 2 K 20
3
,

Jn 1 V ’ 1 1 6 ; 4
also ( p
i n a DB
u se D D e v en in t h e p lur al 313 5 h old y our ,

p ea ce ! N eh hush ! “
in ( A m 5
16
in in
) ha w o e
”
ix ,
”
355: m
( i
x
'

"
( in 55 s? E c
)
‘ 16
N 10 woe !
2 . O th ers h ow ev er, , i nd p end nt i d as and b or i gin al ly e xp resse d e e e ,

b eco m i nt rj t i n e nly b y ap i d p r nun i t i n

e ec o nd b y u g e g
s o r o c a o a sa e, . .

if! nwe b h ld ! (p p h ) ; m
or 3“ b h ld ( p r p i mp e t i e) ;
e o ro . ere ,
e o o . ra v

71;
p l u fi flfl
(p r op g i i mp er t i
r f I Q; t t h t ne c f . ve, a ve o as o e o , .

co m t h L t i n ge git / “ 25 ( l o as
e, e a
) (p p g o i mp r t i
a ,
a e
3
a s , ro .
,
e a ve

w i t h t h e s m me ni ng f ( p f m )
1
of b i t / ap p d nu e f a ar e ro . a ro a

1
m
m (Dt 719 6 an d 719 5a re al so use d in c on n e xi on w it h t h e fe m in in e

a nd t h e p lu r al, w h ic h p r ov e s t h a t t h ey h av e b e come quit r

e st e e ot yp e d as
rj
int e e c t ions .
3 8
0 T he P a r ticles z.

”
3
(
see t h e Le x i con) I b s e h e e c ,
hea r me N2
p r ay ! used t o emp h as z e i
a demand, w ar ni ng or ent e ,
r a t y, and a lways p lac ed aft er the e x p res
s oni t o wh i ch it b elong s ?

1
N
; se v es r to e xp r e ss th e most v arious sh ade s o f e xp r e ssion , w h ic h a re

disc usse d in t h e ri us p rt of t h yn t x I t is us d p c ially ( ) ft r

va o a s e s a . e es e a a e

th imp
e ti it h r in
er a mm n d ve, e nt r ty e n d ; ( b ) w it h t h
co a s or e ea ,
see o e
imp f t it h r in t h
er ec , e h r t at i ( 5 1 8 b ) o j u i ( 5 1 0 9 b) ( ) on w it h
e e co o ve 0 r ss v e c ce

p rf t G n 4 ( d) ft r ri u p rti l Ng flgfl b h ld n w ; p rt i ul arly

14 '

e ec , 0 a e va o s a c es : e o o a c

a ft r t h
e onj un t i ns e c and Dtt
j reg
-
5gc: n qu o n d N 1 » if n w
2 ; i p : e a eso a o ,
g ne
,

eiu f in
or e d p r c t ry
,
i
,
n xp r si of p l it n s
a e e a o m d ty I n se se, e es ve o e e s or o es .

Nu 1 21 3
N2 t and ft r n oun ; b ut w
s oug h t
s a rt inl y t o re d NQ SN
e a e ce a a
'
.

I n p l i t l ng u g t h i p rt i l is us d on t n t ly in al l t h
o e a a e s w ay G n 1 8
a c e e c s a ese s, 34
,
a nd 0 17
5 .

2
Ag a in st t h e usua l v iew w h ic h r eg a rds N; as a r r r
h o t at o y p a t ic l e up

co me ! a na l og o us t o th e o rig inal i mp e rat ive s 719 73 a nd ug h and t h e E t h iop ic

w
r
no d, p o p e l y h ith er, a l so come r P a up t , i n t h e Joh ns H op kins University H .

C
.

x j
irculars, iii , n o 1 1 4, p 1 0 9 , ust l y ob se v e s t h a t w e sh ou l d t h en e p e c t t h e
. . r x
r
p a tic le t o b e p r fix d t
e e o t h e i mp e r at i ve , &c . He p r op ose s r
t o de sc i b e N
; as a n

e mp h at ic p a r t ic l e . H aup t s
’
sugg e st e d ident ifi c a t ion of t h is x; w it h t h e
A ri Ar E t h iop ic p a t ic l e ma ( w h ic h i s a l so r
.

ssy an , a b ic , a nd an e n c l i t ic of
mp h si s , ) a nd ul t ima t e l y w i t h t h e in t e og a t iv e ma, w e rr sh al l n ot d is
a
e

c uss l e re .
 3 1 0 T he P a r ts o
f p
S eech c— f

or long er dur a t i on ,
were t erm in a t ed in th e p ast , and h enc e are finally
c onc lude d, v iz

( ) a Cor r esp ondi ng t o t h e pe rfec t

p rop er in Lat n and t h e E ngl sh i i
p erfec t defin t e, in i i i
asse r t ons, neg a t ons, c onfirmat ons, nt e r rog a t ons, i i i
t hen S a ra h denied, sa ying , I la ugh ed n ot (N5
15
&c .
, e .
g . G 11 1 8
a nd he sa id, N a y , but thou didst la ug h B PW
)
“
( Gn 3
“
73 w h o t old thee l Cf 3 .
13
Al o s i i
p o nt ng t o some
undefine d t i me in t h e p ast , e . g. I s 6 6 FIN) ? ”Pg
8
w ho ha th (ever yet )
h ea rd such a thing 2

c R e m I n O p p o sit ion t o t h is e p e ss use of t h e p e fe c t t o emp h a size t h e

. x r r
c o mp l e t i o n o f a n e v e n t , t h e imp e rfe c t is n o t i nf e ue n t l y use d t o e mp h asi z e rq
t h a t w h ic h is st il l fut u e , e g cs 1
5
a s 1 was with r
oses, so will .be . J M I
( 1 13 3
5
3
) with th ee ; Jos Ex D t 3 221 , 1 K 23 8
,
I s 464-1 1 , Jo 22, Be 1
9
,

d (b) A s a i mp le
s t emp us historic um (corresp ondi ng to the G re k
e

a ori st
) in na ra r t i ng p ast ev ent s, e g G n 4 . .
‘
a nd Abel, he a lso br ought
& c ; Gn 7
.
1°
t he w a ters did p r eva il &c ; . J b I th e w ‘
er as

a ma n ( fi ? g
WN) ‘
in the land o f Uz , & c ; . e ven in el t i ng
r a ep eat d r e

a c t ons, 1 i S 1 8 30

e R em A x
s t h e ab ov e e a mp l e s ind ic a t e , t h e p e fe c t o f narra ti on o c cu s r r
J
.

e sp e c ia l ly a t t h e h e a d o f an e n t i e n a
1 1
a t iv e ( b 1 ; c f D n 2 ) o r a n i n d e e n
p r rr .

de n t se n t e nc e ( e g G n 71 1 b ut in c c -o d in at e se n t e n c e s, a s a ul e , o nl y
. . r r
r r
w h e n t h e v e b is se p a a t e d f om t h e c o p ul a t i ve 1 b y o n e o r mo e w o d s ( c f r r r .

4
a b ov e G n 4 a n d I n o t h e c a se s, t h e na a t ive i s c o n t in ue d i n t h e r rr
r
i m p e fe c t c o n se c ut iv e , ac c o d in g t o 5 1 1 1 0s Th e di e c t c o nn e io n o f t h e r . r x
na rr r
a t iv e p e fe c t w it h 1 c o p ul a t iv e ( no t t o b e c o n fo unde d w it h t h e p e fe c t r
c o nse c ut iv e p op e , 5 1 1 2) ag ee s r
at h e w it h r
a m aic syn t a ( c f aut z sc h , r r r Ar x . K
Gra mm des B iblisch -A ra m , 5 7 1 , 1 b)
. O n t h e e amp l es ( w h ic h a re i n ma ny
. . x
r
esp e c t s do u b t ful ) in t h e e a l i e te t s, se e 5 1 1 2 p p - uu r r x .

f () c To r ep resent a c t o ns,i &c .

, wh i c h w ere alrea dy co mp leted in t h e
p a st , a t t h e t me wh en i ot her i
ac t o ns o r c ond i t i ons t o ok l
p ac e (pl u
p e r fec t ) ,
l
e .
g . IS 28
3
n ow S a muel w a s ( long since) dea d 2
a nd S a ul

ha d p ut a wa ha d fa milia r sp ir it s
y out of the la nd th ose t ha t .

B ot h t h ese st a t e me nt s, b e ng as it w er e in p a r ent h eses, me r ely ass g n i i

a reaso n for t h e n ar r a t v e b g
e n n n g a t v e se
r 6 Cf I 8 9 , 2 5 ,
15 21
i i i . .

2 S 1 S ‘B
.
— Gn (f or th e L ord h a d fa st closed up , & c ) .

Dt a nd in a neg a t v e i st at eme nt , G n 2
5
for the Lord God ha d n ot

( up t o t h a t t me) i ca u sed it t o ra in, &c . Th i s is esp ec ally i fr equent ,

fr o m t h e na t u e of r th e c a se, in i
rela t ve , ca usal , and t emp o r al c la uses
w h en t h e mai n c la use c ont a ns a i t ense r efe rr i ng t o t h e p a st e.
g G n 2 .

m
,

an d he rested from a ll his work w hich he ha d ma de ( y

? ) O n
9
7 ,

Cf P H a up t in t h e N otes on E sth er,

1
. .

2
I rr
nc o e c t l y , e g i n t h e V ul gat e , S amuel . . a ute m mortuus est erS a ul a bstulit
ma gos, &c .
§ 1 0 6 g —i ] Use of t he Perfect 31 1
1
27
9 , & c ; 2 9 now when J a cob ha d seen R a chel
. WE
/ N3
T
) J a cob
went nea r, & c ; so also in c lauses w h c h e p . i x re ss t he co mp let i on or

in co mp leteness of one a c t on , i &c .

, on the occ urrenc e o f ano t h er, as in
C m2 4 23
,
&c ; . c f. 1 6 4 b, w t h t h e not e, i a nd c .

To re r esent ac t ons, ev ent s, or st at es,

p i wh i c h , a l th ou
g h co mp let ed g
in t h e p ast , neve rt h eless e t end t h e r nfluenc e x i i i nt o t h e p r esent ( in

i
E ng l sh g ener ally rendered b y t h e p r esent )
x i
E p ress ng fac t s w h ch w e r e acc omp l sh e d long b efore, or c on
(a ) i i
i
dit ions a nd att r b ut es w h ch w ere a c q u red long b efore , b ut of w h ch i i i
th e effec t s st il l re mai n in t h e p resent (p r esent p erfec t
) ,
e. g .
(I; 1 0

(a nd still keep s it hidden) \1 1 4 3

'

J he ha th h idden his fa ce 6
lI l T
‘

, /

lb l a I
lf ha ve sp r ea d for th my h a nds (a nd still keep them sp rea d for th )
‘

g
Th i s ap l es
p i
p a r t c ula r ly i t o a la r g e numb er o f p e rfec t s ( al most ex
c lusively of i nt r ansit i ve
‘
v erb s, denot i ng af
fec t- ons or i st a t es of the
mi nd) wh i ch in E ngli sh c a n be rende ed o nl
y r b y t h e p r esent , or , in
the ment i oned a b ov e under f b y t he i mp er fec t 2
h us, T f
E l !"
“
c ase , .

I know (p r op I ha ve p erceii ed, ha ve exp er ienced) J b 9 ,

.
2
1 0
2
,
‘
nl fi ‘ h
is

I lenow not O n 4 , & c ; on t h e o th er h and, e g in Gn . . . N u 22

34
,

the x t qui s I hn w not ;

c ont e w re re e member N u 1 1 ;
e re she
5

r fu eth J b 6
e V513
s i t exu l t t h ; “
( WWI j
‘
e r e oic e 1 S 2
1
WP3 he requir eth
Is ; i
I
”
I w a i t G n 1 11 ‘
49 , ]i ; 1 3 0
(p a r a l le l W l l Pu
ffin 18
i i “

I delight 111 4 0 (most ly n ega t ve, I s II ,

2 " "
132l I love G n 2 7 i ,

"
N OW I ha te m y 3 1
7
,
? l s I de s
p ise A m 5
21
;
“
315 1213
1 t h ey a bh or me

Jb
“
I trust h l I m 2 2 fl Pl I m
‘ ‘ ‘ '
D0 9 3
'
D l
t ; i 25
p u t y t rust II
I 3 1 ; a

ghteous Jb 3 4 2
We may
n lP
25 I h a ve dec ided to requite I S 2 —
‘ '

ri

m
5 1
°
.

i
furt h er nc l ude a nu b e r of ver b s w h ch e p ress b od ly c h ara c t er st c s i x i i i
0 1 st at es, suc h as 13 51 3 t hou a r t g rea t (I
"
f 1 0 4 , 13 l I a m lit t le G n
111 9
1
4 th ey a re h igh Is 5 5 ,
271 1 1
1 they sta nd a loo f Jb 23 5 the
y a re

g oodly Nu 24
5
“ NJ they bea u tiful I s 5 2
a re
7
; W P
T I ’
a m old Gn 1 8 13
;
m w eary 6 ; urg e I a m full Is
7
“
1311 1 ” I
3
“
a &c .

Re m . To t h e ry p rob b ly b l ng al
sa me c at ego a e o so t h e p e fe c t s afte r 1, r I
Ex 1 03 h w l ng h t th u al r
o o dy b n fu ing ( nd
as o ea ee re s a re fu se st st ill w h ic h
r ea lly a m un t t h w l ng wilt th u r fu
o s o ] 8 P o o o e se a;
5
0 , r
r 1 22 ( c o -o d in at e w it h t h e
- Ex
n d ft r m ic fly 2
a a Kb 1
e .

()
b I n d i re c t r
na rat o n t o e i x p r es s ac t ons i wh i ch , ghalt h ou real ly i
o nly in p r oce ss o f accomp l sh ment , i a re neve r t h eless mea nt t o b e re re
p

1 W it h r g rd t o t h g r t b ut
e a p e ponde a n c e o f int a nsi t iv e
e ea ve ry n at u a l r r r r
r
v e b s (e e ss x p r ing a n x i t ing t
e s s at e ) , c f t h e l ist s i n K nud t z on ( se e a b o v e , .

p 3 0 9 , no t e
.
p p 1 1 7 a n d 1 2 2 in t h e D a n ish t e t . x .

; al ba , p ep vqy ax, c oma , b éb opxa , xexpa y a

2 C f novi odi memini
’
in t h e N ew
’
'

, ,
.

Test a me nt , fiAme a, hyampra .

 3 12 T he Parts of Sp eech k—n

se nt ed as alrea dy acc omp l sh ed

. i in t h e c oncep t on of i the sp eake r , e.
g .

I lift up (my h and in rat fy i i ng an oat h

) Gn 1 4
22
; I swea r
f
Je r 5
22 ;
‘
D ll f I test ify D t 8
l j 19 ”
7:7 1
!l I c ounsel 2 S 1 7
11
(b ut in a

i
d ffe r ent c ont e xt in v er. 1 5 I h a ve
, c ounselled
); (p rop I . sa y )
I decide ( I c onsider as hereby set t led ) 9 2 I
S dec la re 1
30
J b
16 () c To e xp r e ss fac t s w h i ch h av e formerly t aken p lac e, a nd are st i ll
o f c onst ant rec u rr enc e ,
and h ence a re mat t ers of c o mmon e x p er i en e c

(t h e G reek gnomic a or ist

)
, e .
g .
9
11
f or th ou, Lord, h a st not f orsa ken

them th a t seek thee

3 “
a nd Gn 4 9
4°
. Cf . v er . 1 3 , also t
i 10 ,
1 1
9
( 933
)
l R em I n m ost al l t h e c ases discusse d in N o 2 ( inc l ude d unde r t h e E ngl ish
. al .

p re se n t ) t h e i mp e r fec t c a n b e use d inst e ad of t h e p e rfe c t , w h e r ev e r t h e ac t ion

o r st a t e in q uest ion is r e g a rde d , n o t a s al re a dy c o m p l e t e d , b ut as st il l c o n

t inn ing j u t t aking p l ( s 5 1 0 7 ) Th u ” 155: N5 I m n t bl t 40

or s ac e ee a . s, 1 a o a ei 13

and 53 K N5 G n 3 1 h p r t i lly t h me m n ing H n

35 ls it
av e ry ac ca e sa ea . e ce a o ve

fr q u n t l y h p p n t h t t h imp r f t
e e a rr p on d t u h p rf t in p t i
e s a e e ec co es s o s c e ec s oe c

o p r p h e t i p r ll li m
r o g Isc it a a P Jb 3
e s ,
e. . r 17
.

m 3 . To e xpre ss future ac t ons, i wh en t h e speaker i nt ends by an

ex p ress a s u an e t o s r c rep resent t h em as fin sh ed, i or as e u v alent q i to

a c mp l i sh ed f ct s
c o a

(a ) In c ont ra ct s o r o t h er e xp ress st ip ul t i ons ( a i

ag a n corres ond ng
p i
to t h e E ngl i sh p resent , and t h erefo r e clo sely relat ed t o t h e i nst ances
-5
not ed unde r i ), e g G n 2 3 thefield I g ive ( 2) thee ; c f v er 1 3 and
“ ‘
l1. .
,
. .

48
22
, 2 S 24
23
, Je in a t h reat , 1
r 40
4
2 , 2 5 ( unl ess, w t h S 16
S 6
i
W ellhausen ,
is t o b e read) — E sp ec ally in p r om ses made b y God, . i i
‘s 2
Gn 1 5 , Ju 1 .

n ()
b To xp r ess f c ts wh i ch a e und ub t edly i mmi n nt
e a r o e ,
and , t h erefo r e,
in t h e i m gin tion of t h e sp eak
a a l r dy c ompl i h er , a ea a c s ed
(p er fectum
iJWJ N
fi
27
c on dent i )
ae , e .
g . Nu 1 7 iY Y
”p
it 33 1 1 If! behold, we er ish, we
3 3 p
a re un done, w e a r e a ll undone . Gn 3 0 13
,
Is 6 5
I a m
Pr 4 2
. E v e n in i nt r e rog a t v e sent e nc es,i Gn Nu Ju
Zc 4 1°
Pr 2
Thi s
p erfec t occ ur s most fre q uent ly in
use o f t h e

p rop h et c i l a ng uag e er ectum

(p f p r op het ic um
) T h e pro h et so t rans
p .

1
. r
O f t h e simil a use o f b uAa ( & éqsoopa s, I t 1 5 1 28 ) a nd p e n ! On t h e
’
M . . r
k r r
in d e d use o f t h e p e fe c t in c ond it i o n a l se n t e n c e s, c f b e l ow , .

9 I n Gn
4 0 “ a p rf
e c on fi d entia e ( a ft e ”
3 ; .b u t cf 1 63 d ) a p p e a s t o b e r . r
u se d in t h e e xp r e ssio n of a n ea nest r de si r e t h at so me t h ing m ay h ap p en ( b ut
h a ve me in th y memb ra nce
Ne it h e t h is p a ssag e , h ow e v e , n or t h e use o f
re , r r
t h e p e fe c t in r Ar x r
a b ic t o e p ess a w ish o r imp e c at i o n , ust ifi e s us i n a ssum ing r j
x
t h e e ist e n c e o f a p eca tive p e fe c t i n eb e w r In b r
2 21 9 , a l so t a n sl a t e
,
H r . J r
th e counsel of th e wicked is far f om me Cf D iv e , Tenses a, p 2 5 f r
I n I s 439 . . r r . .

e it h e r r
3 3 9; is imp e a tive (see 5 1 0 ) or w e must ead 33 2 co
, esp o ndi ng t o r 39 7
rr
wow w hich fol l ow s .
 3 4
1 7 726 P a r ts
Qf p
S eech [§ 1 0 7 b , c

K nudt z on ( see ab ov e, Re m on 5 1 0 6 a ) , c omp a ing t h e A ss -B ab usa ge , . r .

r r r
w o uld p efe t h e t e m p esent a t h e t h a n i mp e fe c t , on t h e g o un d t h at t h e r r r r r
x r
t e n se e p e sse s w h at is e it h e a c t ua l ly o r me n t a ll y p e se n t I n any c a ste , r r .

r
t h e e sse n t ia l d iffe e nc e b e t w e e n t h e p e fe c t a n d imp e fe c t c o nsist s, h e a gues, r r r
r
i n t h is, t h a t t h e p e fe c t simp ly i n d ic a t e s w h at is a c t ual ly c o mp l e t e , w h il e
r
t h e i mp e fe c t p l a c es t h e ac t ion, &c , in a m o e di e c t e l a t ion t o t h e udg e me n t . r r r j
o r fe e l ing o f t h e sp ea e k r .

Mr o e i
p r ec sely t h e mp erfec t i serves

1 . In t h e sp h ere ofp a st t ime

( ) a To exp r ess a c t ons, i &c .

, wh i ch contin ue d t h rough out a longer
or sh o r t er pe i r o d, ‘
e .
g Gn . 2
6
a mist w en t up c o nt nually i ( N
P
R?) 2
23
,

37
7
,
Ex 1
12
,
8 20
,
I3 Nu 20 f.

,
23
7
, Ju 2
1
, 5
8
,
I S3 2
,

13
1 7 12
,
2 S 2
28
,
23
10
,
I 4 8
K 3 , 7 , 21
6
,
IS 1
21
, 6 4
1
7
lof .

, 5 1
21
,
J er 1 3
7
,

18
36 , q , 24
2
, mi
( J)
ge s-
, 47
6
, 1 0 4 10 6 19
,
1 0 7
1 8 29
,

Jb 1 5
"
— 7
fr eq uent ly al ternat ng i w th i a
4 v ery

p e rfe c t ( esp ec i ally w th i a freq uent a t i e p f t ; f Nuv er ec c . and

1 1 2 e
) , or w h en t h e narrat i on is cont i nued b y m ns of an i mp ea e rfec t

c onse c ut v e i .
2

C R em . 1 . T h e imp e fe c r t is f req u e n t ly used in t h is w ay a ft e t h e p a t ic l e s r r

it} th en, 0 1 13 D1 5 3 bf r until, 0 g E x 1 5 1 nd b fl ‘ g
l
“
not yet, IQ th en sa ng
e o e, . .
t
M
s

oses, &c N 11 2 1 1 7,Jos 1 0 1 2, 1

Dt K 8 1 , it: 1 262, Jb 3 8 21 ( Th e p e fect . r
is u se d a ft e r t§ w h en st e ss is t o b e l aid r o n t h e fa c t t h at t h e ac t ion h a s eal l y r
ta k en p l a c e , a nd n ot up on it s g r a d ual a c co mp l ish me n t or du r a t ion in t h e
p a st , e g G n 4 26
. . 5 0 111 “5 th en began, &c ; G n 4 94 , E x . 1 5
15
,
Jos 22 31
,
Ju 5 11
,

t
i 3
mé 0 i b f r th y l y d wn ;
A ft r 6 e D1 9 .
g . G n 1 9‘ tfi ' e o e e a o G n 2
5
,
2
45
4 ,
1 S 3 3 -7
, n f u p lu
p j tt ( I n G n 4 i n t
a l w ay s i n t he d f t h p rf se se o o r er e . 2 15 s ea o e e .

11 53 t h i mp rf h ul d b r d e in r 4 5 ; s l in 1 S 3
e . s o n e ea ,
as v e se o a so
7 a

imp rf i rdin t d w ith

e . A fte r [3 1 63 ( om t imes l o simp l y D1 5
s c o -o a e s e a s

Ex J g J 1 5
am B 1 63 b f r th u
os m t f th G n 2 7
e. .
37 er e o e o ca es or
33
,
13
,

Ru 3 (p r h p s a l so i n t 9
2 n im
14
p r f w as int nde d i ns
e a t ad of 11 a 0 a e . e e

c f W l lh u n n
. e S 3 b ut n t l P
a se i n a im il r o nt x t b f r th
o 2 2
o e a so r s a c e ,
e o e e

m unt in w r ttl d 113 9 3 1 t h p red i t b ing r t ed fr m D1 5 3 b y

22
o a s e e se e e ca e e se a a o
p , ,

a in t
s A ft r 1 2 J 1 t 7 3 7 (until I w nt) Ch
i e n th
“

t h er 03 0 13, i 1 e ,
2 o e o

1 Cf t h e. Mesa i n sc rip t i n l 5 mm o , .
, : W73 3 313112” "
J for Ch emosh wa s a ngry

with As
h is lan d ve , e ses, r. ed , 5 27, 1 a , em a D ri r T n 3 d
s, t h i s v i v id . r rk
re a l iz a t i on o f t h e a c c om lish me n t o f t h e a c t ion i s e s e c ial l
p p y f e ue nt in rq
p oe t ic a n d p op h e t ic st y l e r
M r
.

3
A
c c o d ing t o t h e r
a so a suc h i mp e fec t s oc c u i n I s 1 0 1 3 b f“
(w h e e, r r r
r
h ow e v e , fi p tfi m ig h t a l so me a n I am wont to remove,
“
I s 4 8 3 , 5 71 7 ,
a l so ( ac c o rding t o 49 c ) in 2 S 1 1 ° an d E2 In so me r ot h e
i i c ase s s no

d oub t a me nda t io n for

d og ma t ic e
1 ( imp erf . consec . ) in o rd r t r p r e o e ese nt

h ist o r ic a l st a t e me nt s as p r o mises c f. Is [ nt r t d w i t h
co as e
1 2 b“ 3
a nd t h e not e o n
5 53 p
°

, .

3
A ft r it} e th en ( t o a n n ounc e fut u r e e v e nt s ) t h e imp e f is na t u r . r a ll y used i n

t h e s e nse of a fut u re ,
Gn Ex Mi 3 4
, Z p 3 9, t
i
 mf fi
/
§ 1 0 7 cl g ~

] Use f
( the I n er ec 315
h an d, w it h t h e p e f , r . e. g . J 0 5 2 22. As a ft e r us , so a l so a

r
rd ing t t h n t ex t
"
IQ t h e imp e f . may b e use d, ac c o o e co ,

futur K I Jb 1 ; ft r 19
9
g Is Th 0 21
“

g e, e . . 2 2 , s a e e . . e

in t h n f u p r nt ft r [3 1 5
e se se o
9 in E x o 1 r ese a e 0
7
.

2 D ri . r (T n p 3 5 f ) rig h t lyl y
ve tr s
e ses , up n t h i nh r nt d i t in t i n d
. . a s s e ss o e e e s c o

b tw n th p
e ee ti ip l xp r ing m r d ur t i n n d t h imp rf t
e ar c e as e x ess e e a o , a e e ec as e

pr ing p g
e ss i d ur t ion ( in t h p r
ro ress ve nt p t fut ur ) Th u t h w r d
a e e se , as , or e . s e o s

N § l
1 a l Gn
g r p r nt t h r i r f P ar di
2
1°
ge ing ut of E d n in
e se e ve o a se as o o e

a nt i nu us un in t e rrup t d st r am b ut
co o , w h i h im m d i t ly f l l w e e ,
c e a e o o s,

d sc r ib
e h w t h e p r t ing f i t w t r i
es o l w y s t k ing p l a fr h I n th o s a e s s a a a ac e a es . e

sa m w y e Gn a r p r n t n w mi t n t nt ly ri ing n d N51?
26 e e se s e s s as c o s a a s ,
a

I 6 n w l ud
s
4
ef m k A l t h a t i n & w h i h migh t b r g rd d
c o s o s o e. so o se c o s, c., c e e a e

in t h m l e ing l n m m nt ry a
se ve s a s s it w r b r k n up b y
e or e v e o e a ,
re , as e e, o e

t h e i mp rf t in t t h i r e mp n nt p r t
ec nd p i t ur d
o eg r d u l lyco m o e a s, a so c e as a a co

p l t ing t h m l
e H n ”3 253 131 E x 5 ( ft r p f
e se ve s. in r 4)
e ce 1 12 a e a er . as v e se 1

r p r nt th e Egyp t i n in a v i id p ti d rip t i n
e e se s b i ng sw ll w d
a s, v oe c e sc o as e a o e

nd m
, ,

up o n ft r not h r
e a y : Nu 2 3 t h l adin g n b y t g
e a e , a & 7 e e o s a e s, c.

(b) To e xp ress a ct ons, i &c .

, wh i ch were re ea ted
p in t h e p ast , eith er 6
at fi x ed i nt r e v a ls or oc cas ona lly i (t h e modus rei re
p et ita e
), g e . . Jb 1
5

t hus did ( 5 ) 71 7 21 J ob c ont inua lly

( a ft er eac h oc ca s on i o f h is sons
’

fest i v i t i es) ; 2
9
73
Gn 29
2
, (I used

to bea r t he lo ss o f it) , E x 1 9
12
, 1 33
7“
used t o t a ke e v e y t r im ) e ,

Nu 9 17 t 20 1r .

’
4
Ju 6 , 1 4
10
,
21
25
,
I S 1
7
,
2
22
, 9
9
,
1 3
19
, 1 8
5
,

27
g
2 S 1
22
,
1 2
3
, 1
3
13
,
1 K 5 25
( of t r i b ut e re
p eat ed yea r b y yea r ) 1 0
5

I 3 1 4
23
,
K 4 , 8 , 1 3 , 25
2 Je r 3 6 , 8
42 , 44
29 20 14
,
23
W 5 3
,

E st ev e n in a ne a t v e de endent c l ause, 1 K
g p i
I n t h e sp h ere of p r esent t ime, aga n i
2 .

x i i f
( a ) To e p ress ac t ons, event s, or st at es, wh ch are c on t inued fo r
a sh o r t er or lo ng e r t i m e,
1
e .
g G n 37.
15
WP
nDfl
'

nD w ha t seekest th ou ?

S EAR S S Other x mp l
'

19 35
I 3 1 , Is Gn
'

1 9 ca nn ot ; 24 e a es a re

1 S 1
3
,
1 1
5
, 1 K 3
7
, 4x 2
2
,
a nd in t h e p ro p h et i f mul
”
in M
N
c
" or a
” ”

sa ith t he L ord, I s &c .

,
c f. S o e s ec p i l ly t x
a p r f t o e ess ac s

kn ow n b y e x p r i ene ce, wh i ch oc c u r at a ll t ime nd n eq u nt ly

s, a co s e

h old g oo d at a ny moment ,
e.
g . Pr a w ise son ma keth a
g la d

f a th er ; h enc e es
p ec a lly i fre q uent in Job a nd Pr o v e r b s . In an

i nt err i
og a t ve sent enc e, e .
g . Jb is mor ta l ma n j ust before God 2 I n
a neg a t ve se nt enc e, i Jb &c .

( )
b T o e xp r ess a c ti n o s, &c wh i h may b e r e ea ted
p at a ny i
t me ,
.
,
c
g
i n ludi ng t h r ef r t h e p r e ent
c e o e s ,
or are c ust o ma r ily re ea t ed
p on a

gi n i n ( f ab o ( med t o
“
ve
) g
oc cas o c . v e, e ,
e . . Dt 1 as bees do are ac c ust o

I t is no t a l w ay s p o ssib l e t o ca rry ut w it h r t
o ce a in t y t h e d ist inc t io n b e t w e e n
con tinued a nd rep ea ted a c t io n s. S me f t h e ex
o o a mp l es g ive n un do f m ig h t r
e qu a ll
y be r e fe rr ed to g .
 31 6 T he Parts of Sp eech [§ xc 7 h - m

do) ; Gn 32 43
32
, Ju 1 1 1 S 2
8
, 5
5
5 , Is 1 , 3
,
20
2
,
2 S 1
32
.
23

4» 1
3
So . ag a n i ( see f) es e c ally
p i to e x p r ess fa c t s know n b y e p eri enc e x
wh i ch may at a ny t i me co me i nto ef
fe ct a g a n, i 9. g Ex 23
“
a gift
Ml
.

blindeth &c ; . Gn 2
24
,
Am 3 Is 7
,
a 1
6
,
Jb 2
4
,
&c .

Of t h e me ki nd also is t h e i
sa relat i ve c l auses
( see mp erfec t in such
as Gn 4 9
27
B enj a min is al l? ) Diff! a wolf t ha t ravineth (p rop e rly,
is accust omed t o rav i n) F i nally, comp a r e also th e formul ae . it
is (w ont t o b e
) sa id
(t o i nt roduce
p roverb al i e xp es i r s o ns
) Gn 10
9
,

&c . 79 it is not (went t o b e) so done (a nd h ence ma y

not , sh a ll not be, see u
) , Gn 2 9 26
,
20
9
, 34
7
,
2 S
h ()
c To exp r ess ac t o ns, i &c .
,
wh i ch alt h oug h , st r c t ly sp eak ng , i i t h ey
are alrea dy fin sh ed,i are r egarded a s st i ll last i ng on i nt o t h e p resent
t im e, or c ont nu ng i i t o op er at e in it , e. g . Gn 3 2 3°
wh e refore is it t ha t

th ou dost a sk a
fter my na me ? Ex 5 , 2
44
7
,
15
S 1 6 9
. In
suc h ca ses, na t u a lly, r t h e p e fec t is also r i i
a dm ss b le, and is so met i mes
found in t h e me fo r mula as t h e mp e fect , i r Jb ( ) lis
7 2
sa e 1 2 p
.
g .

whence co mest thou j( u t now) 1 b ut G 6 (

s o 1
8
c f. 42
7
) “ N; w hence
ca mest th ou ? Th e i mp erfec t rep ent s t h e res co mi ng as st i ll in it s last
st ag e, wh ereas t h e p erfe c t re
p r e sent s it as an a c c o mp li sh ed fac t .

i 3 . In the sp h ere of futu re t ime . x

To e p ress ac t o ns, & c , wh ch i . i
a re to be re resent ed as ab o ut
p to t ake p lac e, and as cont nu ng a i i
sh ort er o r l onger t me in t h e fut ure,i or a s be i ng re
p eat ed ; t h us
( ) Fr om
a the st andp o nt i of th e s eake
p r s p r esent t i me e g E x 4
’
,
. .
1

t hey w ill not me ,

n or hearken Om it
) unto my voice
”

will sa y ( min& c
5
for they 31
,
.
, 9 ,
&c .

k ()
b I n d ep e ndent c la uses t o re
p resent ac t o ns, i &c .
,
wh i c h from
i
some p o nt o f t me in t he p a st i are to b e r ep r esent ed a s futur e , e.
g .

Gn 4 3 7
c ould w e in any w i se know tha t he w ould say 2
19
, 43
25
,

35 3 1 WN
'
27 5 3
Ex K 3 q ui regna tu rus era t ; Jon 4 Jb 3 ,
'

Q
'

2 ,

ra tion to come mi ht know, 37 93?

6
tha t th e
3
Be 2 , } 78
x; g en e g the

c hildren whic h should be born ( q ui n a scit ur i essent ; t h e m p erfec t i

h ere w t h t h e i colla t eral id ea o f t h e oc c ur rence b e n
g re eat ed in t h e
p i
fut ur e) .

( )
c To r
rep e sent a f u turum exa ct um ; cf . Is 6 “
( c o-o r di nat ed
w thi a p e r fec t used in t h e same sense, see 10 6 o ) so a lso so met i mes
t h e t empo r al p art c les 7 9 , 4, i nd T m ill
"
a ft er
8
a unt il, Gn 2 9 ,

Nu m ”
,
&c .

m 4 . F i nally t o t he S p h ere of fut ure t me b el ong i al so t h ose c ases in

wh i ch the (modal ) i mp erfect se v es r to e xp ress ac t ons, i ev ent s, or

st a t es, t he oc currenc e of wh i ch is t o b e re resent ed as

p w l led i ( o r not
 3 18 T he Pa rts Qf Sp eech q
—u

q ( 3) I n dep endent clauses aft er final c on unc t ons j i 1 65 b), as

Gn 1 1
7 N5 "
lit/ N t ha t the
y ma y not understand) ; 1 2; G n 2 1
33 30

Ex &c ; .
"
M 795?i
N
:
N u 1 7 ; 79
5
3 Dt 6 6
l ; 5 1 , 7 8 , a nd i l 5? ] l
'
l-N
, ? ,
Ez 1 2
12
,
in order th a t
”
; th a t not , Ex 20
2
2 S 1 4
“
also

aft er
“

i? tha t n ot lest G n 3 , ,
22
,
&c .
3
c f a l so
. i
t h e nst ance s nt ro i
duc ed b y N51 in 1 09
g
— I n Lv 9 such a n i mp e r fec t (or j ussi v e ? see
6
.

x amp l o t h e e x r essi on o f t h e c ommand

the e es in 1 09
f) is a dded t p
by a n asyndet on , and in La 1
19
to the ~
) rinc ip al c l ause s i mp ly by )
-
while they sough t them f oo i g g us 3212
d Br 511 to r e reshf their souls (c f .

al so L a it is g ood a nd let h im hop e, e tha t h e sh ou ld hop e) ; so i . .

aft er a n i nt errog at v e i c lause, E x 2

7
F nally also in a relat ve clause, . i i
i
lf li
'

j i
n in the wa y which thou shouldst go
? .

7
”

(b) To ex i
p r ess ac t ons, & c , wh c h a re t o b e rep resent ed . i as p oss ib ly
t ak i ng
p lac e or not t ak ng p lac e (somet mes i i rr esp onding t o t h e
co

p otent ia l of t h e class c al la ng ua g es, as also t o i our p e r i p h ra ses wi t h

c a n, ma y, should Mr o e pa r t i cular ly such i mp e rfec t s are used

3 ( ) mi ssi ve sense,
1 In a p er e .
g . Gn 2
16
o f every tree o f the g a rden

Bass 53 m i t e in ve
(
37
( 5)
2
th ou a y est f y
r eel ea t the o
p p os rse 3 , 42 ,

Lv Jb 21
3
. I n t he 1 st p ers .
i
xt 5
8
,
22
18
( I ma y ,
or ca n, t ell ; ) in
a neg at v e sent ence, e . i g .
5 4,
5
.

t i nt rr i l M
( 2)
9
In
'
e og a t v e sent enc es, 9 g Pr 2 0 D u is dixeri t ?
g . .

Cf Gn 43
S 12
2 K 5
12
D”? V Dj N N fl ma I ot wa sh
?
'

.
31 ,
1 1 1 , y n

in them ? I s l
‘’ EC 5 5
S o esp ec i a lly in a q uest i on ex
.

r si n r p r i se 34
p es g g G n 3 9 h ow th en ca n I
su 44 , a ft e r TN , e. .
9

Is it 1 3 7 , a nd ev en w t h reg a r d t o some p o nt of t me in t h e p a st ,
4
i i i
i
l ook ng fo r w a r d fr om wh ch a n ev ent m gh t h av e b een e p ec t ed t o i i x
7
t ake p lac e, eg G n.
4 3 3
.
71 2
1 c ould we in ,
a ny wi se kn ow
Cf 2 3
33
. S ( m :
9 w a s A bner t o die a s a
l-
fool, i . e. w a s he dest ined t o
die a nd so
p r ob ab ly a lso Gn 3 4 81
( shou ld he dea l Ve r y
c l osely c onnec t ed w th th i is i s t h e use of th e i mp rf c t e e

’
tt (3 ) In a c onsec ut v e i c la use dep end i ng o n n i nt rr
a e i
og at v e c l ause,

e .
g Ex . wh o a m I ( S ?I N P) tha t I sh ould
'
(oug ht ,
c ou ld go ?) 1 6 7
,

Nu 1 1
12
,
Ju 1 S 1 8 18
,
2 K 8 , I s 2 9 , Jb
13 16
21 i i
s m la r ly a fte r

1 B ut
“
lg
/ E; {if} in a c a usa l se n se ( because, since ) , e. g . Ju 2 20 ( as
“
1t Gn 3 4 27
)
is fo l lo w e d by t h e p e fe c t On Jo s 4 24 see ab ov e , 74 g r . .

2
[ R V b eca use h e sh a ll n ot see ] .

3
I n 2 K 2 1 6 15 o c c u s w it h t h e p e f in a v iv id p e se nt m en t o f t h e t ime
“

r r . r
r
w h e n t h e fe a is e al ize d a n d t h e e me dy c o me s t oo l a t er ( I n 2 2 0 6 si nc e
,
r . S
a p erfec t c onsec fo ll ow s, e a d w i t h D iv e . r r r
r
B y t h is, o f c ou se , is n o t me a nt t h a t t h e se fi ne dist in c t io n s w e e c o n
4 r r
sc io usly p e se n t t o t h e e b e w min d r H r
h e y a re at h e m e e e p e d ie n t s fo r . T r r r x
k
ma ing int e ll ig ib le t o ou se l ve s t h e full sig nifi c ance of t h e e mit ic imp e fe c t r S r .
§§ 107 v Use of the I mp erfect 319
R e m I n p assag e s l i e 1
. k
it 8 , 1 1 4 , t h e c on t e t sh ow s t h a t t h e U S 1 1 5,
5 5
x ’

r rr
i mp e fe c t c o e sp o n d s at h e t o ou r p e se n t r r
I n suc h se n t e n c e s t h e p e fe c t r . r
a l so i s n a t u a ll y u sed i n e fe r
ing t o c o mp l e t e d ac t io ns, e g G n r rr
u 1 8 23 , . J
S
.

19 I 1
2 7 , s 2 2 .

( 4) In n ega t ive sen tences to e xp r e ss a c t o ns, i &c .

,
wh i ch canno t or w
"
sh ould not h app en, g e. . Gn IF 1
5 s w hic h ca n not be
1 7

numbered f or mult itude ; 20

9
deeds ( tw
p é
-
r 1 1)/ N tha t ough t not to
)
5
be done ( c f ab ov e ,
.
V
’
5 .

( 5) In c on ditiona l c la uses ( t h e modus condit ion a lis c or esp ond ng r i a

'

t o t h e Lat in p resent or i mp er f ec t c on unc t v e j i ) b ot h in t h e p r ot as i s

iin t h e l a t t e r , (l; ? m
'

and ap odos s, o r only

'
4
v1 NT N R g
‘

23

th ough I w a lk (or ha d t o wa lk I w ould fea r)

yea , ) I f ea r
( or no

evil ; Jb 9
20
th ough I be righ teous, mi ne own mouth sha ll c ond e mn me .

Aft r a p rfe t in
e e c t h e p ro tas s, e g J b i . . V e r y fr eq uent ly al so in
an p d i ath p o os s, e ro t as s i t o wh i ch must b e su
pp l i
ed fr om t h e cont e t x
e g J b 5 b ut me I God ( w e r e I in t h y p lac e ) ;
8
. .
f as or , w ould seek un t o

dz 5 5
13
,
Ru H ow ev e r ,
some of t h e mp e r fec t s in t h ese i
e a x mp les are p r ob ab ly i nt end e d as j us iv e forms
s . Cf . 10 9 h .

§ 108 . Use o f th e Coh or ta t ive .

Th e coh ort a t v e , i i . e. ac co rdi ng to § 48 c, th e I st pe s r .

1
s ngi . or a

p lur . of t he i mp er fec t le ng t h ened b y t h e end ng i '

nL _ 2
re p esent sr in

g enera l an ende avour a de fin t e ob e c t i

d r ec t e d e p r essly t o wards x i j .

Wh le t h e c orresp ond ng forms o f t h e ndicat ve r at her e p r e ss t h e

i i i i x
mere announcement t h at an ac t on w ll b e unde r taken, t h e c oh o rt at v e i i i
lays r
st ess on t he det er m i n ti a on unde rlyi ng the ac t on, i a nd t he

p r
e sonal i nt r e e st in it .

I t s use s may b e d i i d d i nt o v e

1 . Th e coh o rt t i a t ndi ngve s a al one, or c o-o r di nat ed i w th a no t h er 6

c oh ort at v e , i a nd fr e quent ly r
st e ng t h ened b y the addi t i on of the

pa r t i cle N;
( )
a To e xp r ess self-enc ou a e
g r ment ,
e .
g E x 3 .
11 N
é nj éN I w ill
3 ’ '

t urn a side n ow, a nd see So e sp ec i ally a s t h e r esul t of nw a r d i

del b e r ati i on
(in so l il oqu es i ) ,
e. g . Gn ( r ar ely so used a ft e r
”

sN ,
Gn 2 1 16
let me n ot look Jer 1 8 ‘s
) ,
a nd a lso a s a mo r e or l ess
e mp h a t i c st at e ment of a fi x ed det e r m nat i i on, e .
g Is 5
.
1
I w ill sing
3

5
6
, 31
8
. Cf . a lso Gn 4 6 30
no w let me die (I a m willing to die) ,

1 F o r t h e fe w e x a m p l e s o f c o h o r t a t iv e s in t h e 3 rd sing .
, se e 5 48 d .

2 B ut ve rb s I
”
5 , ac c o rding t o 5 75 l ,
ev e n in t h e c oh o rt a t ive , a l most a l w a y s
h av e t h e e n din g n c f. e .
g in D t
. ri ms aft e r nqvf
i os .

[
3
R V let me sing ]
.
 3 20 The Parts of Sp eech [§ 1 0 8 c —g

since I h a ve seen t hy fa ce ; and t 31

8
. In the 1 st p ers p lur t h e . .

c oh ort a t v e i in c ludes a su mmons t o ot h ers t o h elp in do i ng so met hi ng ,

3
“ 11 33 co me
2 let brea k a sunder ! & c a nd
3
e. g .
]
l! 2 us .
, Gn 1 1 .

C () o
b T e xp r e ss a w i sh , o r a re uest
q for p er m ss on, t h at o ne sh ould i i
be all ow ed t o do so meth i ng ,
e .
g . Dt HQ B PN ma y I be a llowed t o

( l m
th rough h g )
h ! N N n
g jjj l l é ma 17 '

p a ss et e p a ss t rou u 2 0
y w e be
a llowed t o p a ss throu h
g er 4 0
15
let me g o, I p ra y th ee / & c ; 2 9
1 6 ; J . S
so a ft er N5 2 S 1 8
“
aft er BN 2 S J or 1 7 , if 2 5
18 2
let
‘

me not be a sha med ; of .

43 ; ,
1
20 1 8
Aft r e eg
r Jo n
d 2 Th e
. c oh ort at ve i in dep endenc e on o t h er moods, as w ell as in
c ond it i onal sent enc es
( )
a I n dep endence ( w t h w aw i c op ula tive ; t
i 9
15

a ft er on an i mp e at i r v e or ju i ss v e to e xp ress a n i nt ent on i or

i nt ended con equenc s g G n 2 7

e, brin g it et o. m e, fi
. s
J N} t ha t I ma y 4

5
w ill I ea t ; Ga 1 9 , 2 3 ,
4 25 21
t h en
34
ea t , ro
p p. 27 , 29 , 42 ,
Dt Ho if
8
; 2 , Jb 1 0 20
o ne; I s a nd let the counsel o
f
t he H oly One f
o I sr a el dra w nig h a nd c ome, fi l m
!) th a t w e may know
(i t ) ! Gn 2 6 .
28
,
1 S 2 7
5
. Al ft er
so a neg a t v e i “

sent enc e s, Gn 1 8 30 3 2
,

Ju 6 39
, a nd a ft e r i nt erroga t i e sent en
v c es, 1 K 22
7
,
I s 40 95
, 41
26
,
Am 8 5
.

e (b) I n c ond i t ion l nt a se en e (w i t h

c s or i
w t h out UN) t o e xp r ess a con

t i ng ent i nt e nt i on e g J b , . . 1 6 6
WQ IN ' '

DN sh ou ld I determin e t o sp ea k,

my gr ief is not a ssua ged , E

“ DTUNI a nd should I forbea r, wha t a mI ea sed

i Jb ere , h owev er, ” s

n N is rob ab ly i nte nded)
(
13
w t h o ut DN
26
h
‘
1 9 , 30 w l p
( unl ess
’
nN) ,
sh ould be read
) , After t h e g rd p e rson ,

Jb 1 1
17
t h ough it be da rk, & c . S o p e r h ap s al so 2 S 22
38 ” Q T TN
if
I det er mined t o p ur sue, then b ut of it 1 8 38
. .

i i is it i Jb "
f (c ) L kew se in t h e ap odos of c ond ona l sent enc e s, e .
g .
31
7

if my N th en let me
'

st ep h a th t ur ned out o f the w a y “

P I sow ; c f.

I a lso could s
p ea k a s ye do, if . So ev e n wh en t h e c on

dt ii on must b e sup p l ed i fr o m t h e c on t e xt
g ip 4 o else w ould I
,
e . .
“

dec la r e a nd sp ea k o f them ;51 else

18
would I (g la dly) g ive it , e if i . .

t h ou d dst i r equi re it ( of t h e p r ec sely s m la r

.
N E ‘l’ 5 5 ) Jb
l Nl 13
i i i ,

I n t he 1 st p lur J er To t h e same c at ego r y b elong t h e c oh o r t a t i ves

i ng w i h M Q
.

a ft e r t h e fo r mula e p ress x a s TV ,
‘
fiflj w
Jl
‘

g e r 9 oh , tha t
e. . J 1

“ Q TP I th n i e if I h d w ould I ) lea ve my
I ha d N ( ) he u ld I ( . . a s o or

p eo
p le, 81 0 J u 9 w i th out d I
29
l 55 Jb s l!
7
,
23
4
( c f a lso v e se
. r
g Rem Th e . ue st ion, w h e t h e
1. aq e sol ut ion fo me d un de c o m p ul sion r r r r
( a necessity) is al so e p es x r
se d b y t h e c oh o t at i ve ( so , ac c o di ng t o t h e p e v a il ing r r r
5 r r
‘
3 -1 8 5 w h e e h o w e ve
o p in io n, in I s 3 8
10
1 9 s: Je r 3 25 ,
1 o
t 55 57 , , ,

w it h H up fe l d,
7 | Y
sh oul d be r e ad ; 77
7
,
88 16
,
and in t h e 1 st p lu r . Is
r
i s t o b e a n sw e e d in t h e sense t h a t i n t h e se e am p l es t h e c o h o t at iv e form is x r
use d a ft e r
i t s m e a n ing h a s b ec om e e n t i e l y l o st , m e e l y for t h e sa e o f i t s r r k
r
full e soun d , i nst e ad of t h e o di na y imp e fe c t h is v ie w is st o ng ly r r r . T r
 3 22 T he P a r ts S
y p eech d—f

g E x 34 N
l s N W N n eit
e h e
.r let .a ny ma n be se en ! P r 3
7 3 '
f' ‘

b e n ot w ise in th in e own eyes ! b 15 l31

sN ne c onfida t I n J ‘

t h e fo r m of a r e que st ( p r aye r ), D t 9 26 ” HW W BN destr oy n ot ! 1 K

9 18
l, 2l 7 , 69

d R em . mp le s of N5 w it h t h e j ussiv e c ould at mo st h av e
1 . T h e fe w e x a

a r ise n fro m t h e a t t e mp t t o m od e ra t e sub se q ue n t l y b y me a ns o f t h e j ussiv e

( v o l un t a t iv e ) fo r m w h at w a s a t fi rst i n t e n d e d t o b e a st ric t c om mand

( N5 w it h imp e rf i nd ie ) p rob a b ly h ow e v e r , t h ey a re e it h e r c ases in w h ic h
. .
,

t h e d e fe c t iv e w r it i ng h a s b e e n m isun de rst o o d ( a s i n 1 K Ez o r (as

i n G m 2 48 ) i n st a nc e s o f t h e p u r e l y r h y t h m ic a l j ussiv e fo r m t rea t e d b e lo w ,
u nd e r k o re ov e r, c f
.
qp N5
l‘ J oM 2
2
a nd fr o m t h e sa m e v e r b "
G n 4 ( unl ess .

i t is t o b e re fe rre d t o h ) an d D t T h e sam e fo r m h o w e v e r ap p e a r s a l so , ,

t o st a n d t h ree t im e s for t h e c oh o rt a t iv e ( se e b e l o w ) , a n d i n N u 2 2 1 9 for t h e

o r d in a ry i m p e r fe c t ( b ut se e b e l o w , i) Th us i t is do ub t ful w h e t h e r a n
M
.

i m ag in a r y b y -fo rm o f t h e o r di na ry imp e rf i s n o t in t e nd e d b y t h e aso ra in .

a ll t h e se c ase s, a n d w h et h e r c o n se qu e nt ly
l
‘
,
&c .
, sh o uld n o t be r r
e st o e d .

On
“

my DlnD
‘

NS, &c
‘
.
, Dt 1 3
9
, &c .
, Ez &c .
,
c f. 5 72 r ,
ac c o r ding to
w h ic h c a m; sh o ul d p r b b ly b
o r d in a ry e ea ev e c ase . — j us i Th e s ve a pp r ea s in

t h e p l ace of th e h rt t i ft r N5 S 4 36
(1 N253 N51 ordin t a ed w it h
'

co o a ve a e 1 1 00-
‘

two c oh o rt a t ive s , ) 2 S 7 ; f I 4 1 K ih 12 o . s 1 23 e
. N1 5} ft r , a e a n ot h e r
c oh o rt a t iv e ) a l so ( see a b o v e ) flDN N5 D t 1 8 1 6, H 0 9 1 5 , a n d e ve n w it h o u t N5
E z 513 .

e 2 .
‘

SN w it h th e ju ssiv e ( o r im p e r f , c f . . 10 7 p ) i s use d so me t ime s t o e xp r ess

th e c o nv i c t io n t h at so m e t h in g c ann o t o r sh oul d n o t h ap p e n c f. Is 29 ( w h e re ,
h ow e v e r , t h e t e t is x ve ry d oub t ful ) DH
? Nfflf
l
g SNl
‘

a nd th ou ca nst not p ossib ly

forgive th em [R V therefore forg ive th em not]

3 3 3
. .
(l 3 4
3
, 1
4 , 50 ,
1 2 1 Pr 3 25 ,

Jb 5
22
NT B
'

E
’ N neith e rn eedest th ou b e afra id 4 0 32

2 Th e ussive de p e nd
. j i ng on ot h e r moods ,
or in c ond t ii onal sent enc es

( ) a D ep end i ng ‘
(w i t h d ) on a n i mp r t i e e a v or c oh o r t at i ve to
e xp re ss an i nt i
en t on o r an a ssu a nc e o r f nt i ng nt
a co e oc c u rr enc e , e .
g .

Gn 24
51
t a ke her an d go >
a nd let her be ( m p r op
”U
. a nd sh e w ill be) .

3
30
3
, 31
37
, 38
24
,
Ex 8 4
,
1 4
2
,
Jos Ju 1 S 7 , 1 K

t
i 1 44
5
,
Pr 20
22
,
Jb 1 4
6
. Al so a ft e r i nt e rr ogat i ve sent ences i h i n l ude ,
wh c c

a demand, E st 7 (say) wha t is thy desir e ”

WEN nd it h ll ( i in a s a . e .

o r de r t h a t it may be g r a nted ! 1 K
) I s J b 3 8 D p ndi ng n 34 “
e e o

a c oh o r t at i v e e g Gn 1 9 ,
. .
20
N “Q
? SDN oh ,
let me escap e t h ithe r
“
7459 3 mm tha t my soul ma y live ; e v en a ft e r a s i mp l i mp er f (
e . c f.

b el o w , g ) , 1 K 1 3 w h osoever w ould, h e c onsecr a t ed him ” ! th a t h e

”
33
E
mig ht be a p r iest ( r ead in? ) of the high p la ces, b ut p r ob ab ly t h e LXX
’
ul ‘
i
r ead ng l i s t o b e p refe rred '

1
Th i
d oe s n o t in c l ud e t h e c a se s in w h ic h t h e ussiv e is n o t l o g ic a ll y
s j
d e p e nde n t o n a p e c e d ing imp e ra t , b ut is m e e y c o o d n t ,
l - i a e d e rg G n 20
7
, . r r . .

d &c .
§ 109 g k]
- Use Qf the J ussiv e 3 23
R em . In 2 Ch 3 5 21
a ne g at iv e fi nal c l ause w it h
‘

BNQ i s dep ende nt on a n

g
im p e r at iv e , forbea r from ( me ddl in g w i t h ) God a
th t h e dest ry o th ee n ot .

As a rul e, h ow eve r , n e gat iv e fi n al c l ause s a re at t a ch ed t o t h e p in c ip a l r

se nt e n c e b y m e an s of N5) a nd a foll ow ing imp e fec t r so r
a ft e a n imp e at iv e , r
G n 4 22, 1 K 1 4 2, 1 8 44 ; a fte a ussiv e , E x N e h 69 ; a fte r j r a r
p e fe c t c o n sc e , .

E x 2 8 3 5 4 3 , 3 0 1 2, N u 1 8 5 ; aft e N w it h an imp e fec t , Lv r 5 r Nu 1 8 3 , D t 1 71 7

r multip ly wi ves unto h imself (il l s li b : N51) th a t h is h eart turn not
“
neithe sh a ll he

a wa y ; 1 S 20 14
,
2 S 21
17
,
Je r 1 1 21 ; a ft e r 5N w it h j u i
‘

ss v e , Lv 1 0 9 , 1 1 43 , 1 62,
2 S 1 3 Je 25
,
r 2 38
24
a ft e r th e a ss ev r t i DN w it h
e a ve t h e imp ft .
, G n 1
23
4 ;
eve n ft r a
a e si mp le imp e r fe c t , J er 1 04 with na ils th ey fa ste
n it (p g) : N51)
i th a t

it move not ; a ft e r a pa rti c ip l e , Jb 9

7
.

( 6) Freq uent ly in c ondi t i onal sent ences

( as in A rab c i ) ei t h ,
er in t h e It
p rot a s s or i in t h e ap o do s s, of i ; i .
] 45
12
1N0 3 should he desire th en

1 0 4
20 ” ”
U ! if t h ou ma kest da rkne ss, then it is n ight ; so also in
t he p rot asi s , Ex Lv Is 4 1 , E z 1 4
28 7 29
b 3 4 ; in t h e J
a p odos s, i E x 7 then w ill it (not , th en sha ll it ) become
9
a serp en t ; Pr 9
9

aft er an imp erat in t h e p r ota s s ; Jb 1 0 , 1 3 , 2 2

.
16 5 28
i . In a neg a t v e i
a po dos s, i Gn 4 12
( 1 1
“ 91 l b ut see ab ov e, d) In K 6 27
Width s ( f
'

. 2 i

x p l i ned a j ussi v e in
t he L ord do not help t hee, &c .
) is t o b e e a as

a neg a t v e i p r ot a s i s .

R e m Un d oub t e dl y t h is use of th e ussiv e ( in c on dit ional se nt e nc es) is b ase d 2

. j
r
o n i t s o ig in al volunta tive m e a n in g ; l e t som e t h in g b e so a nd so , t h e n t h i s or

t h a t mu st h ap p e n a s a c o n se ue nc e e t ai n o t h e q
e amp l e s o f t h e j ussive, . Cr r x
r
h ow e v e , sh o w t h a t in t h e c o n sc i o usne ss of t h e la ng uage t h e voluntati ve h a s
i n suc h c ase s b e c ome w e a e n e d a l most t o a p oten tia l m o o d, a n d h e nc e t h e k
r x r
j ussive se v e s t o e p e ss fac t s w h ic h m ay h ap p e n contingently, or may b e
x
e p e c t e d , e g N u 221 9 5
619 1 1 79 .b u t c.f ab ov , d)
e J 9 th ere is no da ysma n
b 33
.

b etw ixt us, th a t migh t la y h e n c e p l a inly a subj unctive = qui p ona t ; a l so i n

N u 2 31 9 th a t h e sh ould lie r
is p ob ab ly int e n de d a s a ussiv e) E 0 51 4 ; so j
a ft e r in t e rr og a t ive se n t e n c e s, Jer 91 1 wh o is th e wise man, q ui intelliga t h oc ? ;
Ho
M r o e o ve r
i n n o t a few c ase s, t h e ussiv e i s use d, w it h out a ny c o ll a t e a l C
, j r [
r r
se nse , fo r t h e o di n a y i m p e fe c t fe m a n d t h is o c c u s n o t a l on e in fo ms , r r . r r
r r
w h i c h ma y a ise f om a m isun d e st a n ding o f t h e d e fe c t iv e w it in g , a s D t 2 8 21 s“, r r '

2
3 ,
3
1 K 8 1
, I s 1 21
, i 4 9
3 , 5 , t
i 1 8 1 2
,
2 1 2
Q
‘
réM -
( ig rip K e
th B .

1 4, 1 0 20 25 (v e r se 7 S W
25 29
27 1 3 3
P J b 8 9, 22 11
36
14 8 24
Ec 1 2°
9 7 , r 1 5 , 1 3 , 5 , 1 2 7 33 3 ;
Midlj )
. , , , ,

b ut im me dia t e l y a ft e w a d s r r '

, D n 8 1 2, — b ut a l so in sh o rt e ne d r
fo m s,
l
suc h a s l} ? G u 49 1 7 ( S a m . Dt 28
3
,
1 S 1 0 5, 2 S H o 61 , 1 1 4, Am Mi 1 2,

Z p 21 3 , Z c 9 5 , 7 2 1“
( a ft e o t h e uss iv es ), 1 8 ,
r
1 2 20 23 4 6 4 3 2 3
,
rj
21
7 , 3 3 , 34 ,
37
Jb
R u 34 T j
h i s u se o f t h e ussiv e c a n h a dly b e d ue me e l y t o p o e t ic l ic e n c e , b ut
. r r
r r
i s a t h e t o b e e p l ain e d o n h y t h m ic a l g o u n d s x r
I n a l l t h e a b ov e -c it e d r .

x
e am p l es, i n fa c t , t h e j
ussiv e st an d s a t t h e b e g in n in g o f t h e se n t e n c e ( a n d
r
h e n c e e mo v e d as far a s p o ssib l e f o m t h e p i nc ip al t o ne ) , in o t h e s it is r r r
r r
i mme diate l y b e fo e t h e p in c ip a l p a u se ( I s 4 25 , 5 0 2, l/ / 6 8 1 5 , Pr 2 3 25 , J b 241 4 , 2 93 ,
o r a c t u a l l y in p a use ( D t 3 21 3 , J b 2 3 9 -1 1 L a a nd i s t h e n a sim p l y
M r
,
r r
h yt h mic al sh o t e nin g d ue t o t h e st on g i nfl ue n c e o f t h e t one o e ov e , r . r
sin c e t h e j
ussive in n um e ous c ase s i s n o t d ist in g u ish e d i n fo m f o m t h e r r r
i mp e fe c t r rq
4 8 g ) , i t is f e ue n t l y d o ub t ful w h ic h o f t h e t w o t h e w it e r r
i n t en d e d T
h is e sp ec ia l l y ap p lies t o t h o se c a se s, i n w h ic h a subj unctive i s t o b e
.

x r
e p esse d b
y o n e or o t h e o f t h e fo m s
( c f 5 7
1 0 k a n d m -x
)r r . .

Y 2
 T he Pa rts of Sp eech 1 1 0 a— f

§ 11 0 . Th e I mp era ti ve .

M aye r L amb e rt , S ur x
l a sy n t a e de l ’ imp é rat if e n h é b re u ,
I ll

R EJ 1 8 9 7 , p 1 0 6 if
. . .

a 1 . Th e mp erat i ive ,
‘
wh i c h , a c cord ng i to 4 6 , is rest r i c ted t o t he
z ud . i
p ers s ng a nd p lur , and t o p osit ive commands, & c , may
. . . st and

e i th er al one, or in s mp le co-ord nat on (a s in 1 K Is i i i 65 18

)
w th i r i mp erat i v es
o th e

( )
a To ex p r ess mmands, e g Gn 1 2 get thee out of t hy
r e al co . .
1

c ountry ; o r ( li ke t h e j ussi v e me r e admoni t i ons (H o 1 0

) ) and req uest s
12
,

o n t h e addi t i on o f N2see b elow Rem 1 Th e i mp er at i ve

22 3
a K 5 Is 5 , ,
. .

is used in t h e sense o f a n
“

i i
ron c al c h alleng e
(oft en in cl ud ng a i t h reat )
in 1 K 2
22
a sk
f him th
or e king dom a lso ; 22
15
, Ju Is 4 7 12
( w i
t h

) J er E z 2 0 , Am 4 , Jb i mp r at i
39
N2, 4
La Th e e ve

h as a c onc ess v e sense i

in Na 3 (t hough t h ou ma he thyself ma ny , 13

a nd in t h e c ases d sc ussed unde r f, e g I s 29

9
i . . .

b ()
b T o e p r ess
p e r m ss on, e
g 2 1 8 x
23
a ft er p r ev ous d ssuas i i . . S i i i on ,

(t h en) run (as far as I am c onc er ned) l I s 4

C (c) To e x press a di st i nc t assur a nc e (li ke our ex p r essi on t hou sha lt
‘

h ave it ) or p romi se e g I s 6 5 bu t be y e g la d & c ( i e ye w i ll h ave

2
,
. .
18
, . . .

c ont i nual ly occ a si on t o b e g l a d) ; a nd I s

2
4 1 1 0 ; in a t h reat / ,

J er So esp ec ally i in co mmands ,

t he fulfilment of wh i ch is
alt og et h er o ut of t h e p ow e r of t h e p erson addr essed e , .
g I s 54
. be f ar
“

from a nxiety (meani ng th o u needst not fea r a ny mo r e ) Gn 1 , & c ( fo r

28

Mt
.
,

o t h er e x amp les , suc h as 1 K 2 K se e b el ow , f ) . os c lea r ly

in t h e c a se of t h e imp era t ive N ip h a l w t h a p a ss v e mean ng , e g
‘
i i i . .

Gn 4 2 “ 16
Di m D S ! a nd y e sha ll be bou nd D t
D I s 4 9 (I s 4 5 , see
9 22

b elo w, f ) .

d R em . 1 . Th e p a t ic l e N
; r
5 ) is f e uen t ly a dde d t o t h e imp e at iv e ,
ag e !
(5 10 rq r
j
a s t o t h e ussiv e , so me t i me s t o soft e n d ow n a c o mm a n d , o r t o ma e a e ues t k r q
r r r
i n a mo e c o u t e ous fo m (se e a b ov e , a) , G n 1 21 3 , 2 42, so m e t im e s t o st e n g t h en r
r
a n e xh o t a t io n u tt e e d a s a e b u e or t h eat ( N u 1 626, r o r in idi c ule r k r r
(I s
8 2 Th e i
. m p e a t i v e a ft e t h e d e si d e a t ir
v e p a t ic l e 3 G n 2 r
3 ( at t h e e n d o f
13
r r 5
is n d j
‘
v e se s r 5 a nd 1 4 al so r ea d ’l
) for a oin i t t o t h e fol l o w in g i mp e r at iv e ) is
d ue t o a n a n ac o l ut h on . In t s ea d o f r
t h e i m p e fe c t w h ich w oul d b e e xp e c te d

he r e aft e r 15 , th e m o re fo rc ib l e imp e ra t iv e is use d in a n ew se nt e nc e .

f 2 . Th e mp erat i i ve in log i cal dep endenc e up on a p reced i ng i mp e ra

t i ve, j us i s ve
( o r c oh o rt at v e i ) ,
or a n i nt rr og t i ve
e a sent ence , serv es to

O n t h e c l o se e l a t io n b e t w e e n t h e i mp e
1
r r at iv e an d ju ssiv e ( b ot h i n mean
i ng a n d fo m ) , o f 46 a nd r
48 i . .

2
Lk
i e t h e t h ea t e n in g fo mul ae i n t h e r r L at in c o mic r r
w it e s, e . g . vap ula,

Te r Ph orm v .6, I o = vap ula re te iubeo, Plaut

. . . C ur e. v i. 4, 1 2.
 3 26 The Pa rts of Sp eech [§ m a—d

r
t h e four fo ms of t h e zud fem p lu imp era tive in I s 3 21 1 , e on e ousl y e p l a ine d
'

. r. rr x
r
h e e in fo me e d it ions, se e n o w r r 4 8 i ) I n N a 3 t h e in te c h ang e o f ma sc
15
. r .

a nd fe m . r
se ve s t o ex p e ss t o t a l it y ( t h e n a t ion i n a l l it s a sp e c t s) r
Cf , . .

r r r
mo e ov e , 1 4 5 p on ot h e not ic e ab l e at t e mp t s t o sub st itut e t h e c o e sp on ding rr
masc uline fo ms for t h e fe minin e r .

Th e I mp erfec t with Waw Consecutive

'

111 . .

a T
1 h e i m
.
p f
er ec t w t h w aw c onsecut iv e 49 a -
g ) ser v es t o exp reSs i
i
ac t o ns, ev ent s, or sta t es, w h c h are t o b e reg a r ded a s t h e t em o r al
p i
i
Or l og c al se quel o f a c t o ns, event s, or st at es ment oned mmedi at ely
1
i i i
b efo r e . Th e imp erfect consecut ive is used in t h s w ay most fr eq uent ly i
as t he n a rra tiv e t ense, c or resp o nd ng t o t h e G r ee k a or ist or t h e Lat n i i
h ist oric p erfec t . As a rule t h e na r rat i ve is i nt ro duce d
p erfec t ,by a

a nd t h en c ont nued i b y means of mp e r fect s i w i th w d w consecut ive ( on

th i i nt e
s rch an e
g of t enses c f. 49 a, a nd e sp ec al ly i a
) e g
,
. .

more lb w
1
Gn 3 n o w t h e serp en t wa s ( TIE !
) su bt il a nd he sa id
( !)
u nt o th e w oma n ;
19 12 m27 m
1 5 ,
1 1 ,

37

b Rem T o t h is c l ass b e l ong so me of t h e nume ous imp erfects consce afte

. 1. r . r
r x r
v a i ous e p essio n s o f t i me , w h e n ev e su c h e p e ssi on s a re e ui val e n t i n r x r q
m e an ing t o a p e fe c t 2 ( v iz r
it ca me to p ass) , e g I s 61 in th e yea th a t king . . . r
Uzz ia h died , I sa m
? 17
&c . Ou 2 24, Ju 1 S4 19
7 , ,
1 57
Ho 1 11

on t h e use of mut o c o n n ec t e xp r e ssions o f t ime , see b e l o w , g — I t is . o nl y in

l at e b oo k
p a ssag e s t h a t w e fi n d t h e simp l e p erfect m a c l ause fol l ow i ng
s or an
x r
e p e ssi o n o f t i me , a s 1 1 7 5 ( c f D iv e
5
0 11 t h e p a ssag e ) , 2 C h S . r r
Dn t h e P e fect a ft e ] and t h e sub e c t , 2 Ch 71 r r j .

c 2 Th e c o nt in ua t io n o f t h e na a t iv e b y me an s of t h e i mp e fe c t c onse c may
. rr r .

re su l t i n a se ie s o f a n y n u mb e r
o f su c h i mp e fe c t s, e g t h e e are fo t y -n ine r r . . r r
in G n 1 A s soo n , h ow e v e r, a s t h e c o nn e c t ing d
. . b e c o m es sep a a t e d r
r r
f om t h e v e b t o w h ic h i t b el o n g s, b y t h e in se t io n of a ny w o d , t h e p e fec t r r r
r k
n e c e ssa il y t a e s t h e p l ac e o f t h e imp e fe c t , e g G n 1 ° a nd God ca lled r .

th e da rkness ( mp ? [WHSDN igh t r 1 13 and

'
th e l ig h t D a y, a nd he ca lled , v e se 1 0 ,

f r qu
e e nt l y .

d 3 .O f t w o c o r
-o d in a t e im e ects consec utive t h e fo
p f r rme r ( as e q ui v al e n t to
a r
t e mp o a l c l ause) is m o st f e ue n t l y sub o din at e in rq r se nse t o t h e l at t e r ,
e .
g .

G I! 2 8“ 35 1 1 o l W}? N l’ l wh en E sa u
‘
sa w th a t . h e went, &c ; . so al so,

f r qu
e ently mWl ’
,
&c . G 11 3 7 21 , &c . O n th e ot h e r h a n d, a se c o n d imp erfect

consecutive is se l do m use d in an e xp l an a t o ry se nse , e . g . Ex 21 0 (

‘
lDNh l for sh e

sa id
) ; c f. 1 S7 12
. r x
O th e e a mp l e s of r
t h e imp e fe c t c onsec ut i v e , w h ic h
a p p a e n t ly r r pre e se nt a p r g o 1 e ss in t h e na rr
at iv e , i n eal it y o n l y e fe t o th er r r
sa me t ime , or e xp l a in w h at p r e c e d e s, se e G n 2
25
(1
1
711 1 th ey we r e; b ut Jos 4 9

1 K3 8
th ey a re ) ; G n 3 6“
3 632
(11 5m) , 1 K

1
On an ap p a ent e r x c ep t ion ( t h e imp erf . consec. at t h e b e g inn i ng of w h ol e
b oo k )
4 9 b no t e
s se e .

2 f 4
. r
C I s 4 5 w h e e t h e imp erf consec is oine d t o a n ab up t st at e me n t o f t h e . . j r
c ause, a n d J
b 367 , w h e e i t i s oine d to an a b up t st at ement of t h e p l ac e r j r .
§ 1 1 1 e~ h] T he I mp er
f ect with Waw Consec utiv e 3 7
2

4 r
T h e imp e fe c t c onse c ut iv e some time s h a s suc h a me el y externa l c o n 6
. r
ne x io n w i t h a n i mm e d iat e l y p e c e d in g p e fe c t , t h a t i n e a l it y it e p e se n t s r r r r r
an a tn it h e sis t o i t , e g G n 3 231
a nd e t m
(y ) y f l i e is pr e served ;.2 S .
3
3 a nd yet th ou
r
ch a g est me ; Jb 1 0 , 3 2 ; si m il a l y in d ep e n de n c e o n n o un-c l ause s, P r 3 0
9 3 25 m
r
2 . Th e i nt ro duc t on o f nde i i p endent na rr at v es, or of a ne w sec t o n i i f
of t h e nar ra t i ve ,
b y means o f a n imp erfect con secutiv e, l ke w se a ms i i i
a t a c o nne xi o n, t h oug h ag a n i lo ose a nd e x t rn e al, i
w t h t h at w h i ch h as
b een na rr at ed p rev ously i . S uch a co nn x i e on is esp ec ally i o ft en

est ab l sh ed i b y means of
”
0
2 1 (m i y ver o ) a nd it ca me t o p a ss a ft e r
’
c
’
e ,

w hi ch t h ere t h en follow s e i t h e r ( most c ommonly ) an imp er ec t c on

f
sec utive ( Gn 1 1
2
,
Ex 1 3
17
, or d i
w t h t h e p e fec t r
( sep a a t ed r fr om it ), G n 1 5
12
,
22
1
,
or ev e n a
p e r fec t w t h o ut i
d ( Gn 8
13
,
Ex 1 6 22
,
Nu Dt 1
3
,
1 S 2 K 8 21
,

or finally a no un-c ause l i nt r o duc ed by d , G m4 1 1

.

R em . 1. Th i l s o ose c onn e xi on b y m ea ns o f ”71 1 1

1
is e sp ec ia l l y co mm on ,
g
w h en t h e a n rr t i it b e g in s w ith a ny e p e ssio n
a v e or a n e w se c t io n of x r o f t im e ,

se e ab ov e , b ; c f , i n ad dit i o n t o t h e a b o v e -m e n t io ne d e a m p l es ( e g G 11 2 21
. x . .

a nd it came to p ass after th ese th ings, th a t God d id p ove A bra h a m) , t h e sim ila c ase s r r
i n G n 1 9 3 4, 2 1 22, 1 1 1
11 Ru 1 1
,
14
S
E l se w h e e t h e st a t em en t o f t im e is e p e sse d
1 7 -29 13
. r x r
a n in fi ni t iv e ( G 11 1 2 , 1 9
25
by E } or 3 w it h 39 , J u 1 6 ) or b y
an in dep e n d e nt se n t e n ce r
w it h t h e p e fe c t ( e uiv al e n t t o a p l up e fe c t , c f q r .

5 e .
g Cm 5
. 1 1
7
2 1 ,
5
4 , or b y a t e mp o al c l au se i n t oduc e d b y 1 3 wh en , r r
Gn 268 , 2 7
1
,
Ju fi We; wh en, G n 1 211
,
20 13
, f m th e
ro time th a t, G n 3 9 5 ;

o r, fi n al l y , b y a n oun -c l ause (c f g . 1 1 6 u , e. ) g . 2 K 1 3
21
Wt} Dfi g b an
a nd it ca me to p a ss, as th ey we r (j u
b urying a ma n ( p op t h ey b u y i n g ) ,
e st ) r . r
th a t . G n 4 23 5 , 2 K 2
11
( t h e ap o d o sis i n b ot h t h e se c a se s b e ing i nt od uc e d r
b y 7120 1) 1 S 2 S 1 3
30
,
2K 6
5 -26
1 3 7 = Is — In 1
, 9 1 0 11 1 1 11 2 223 1 2 S , ,
S , 5
a n oun st an ding a b so l ut e l y foll o w s (a s th e e qui val e nt of a co mp l et e
se n t e n c e se e b e l ow , h ) , a nd t h en an i mp erfect consecu tive fol l o w s .

2 . Cl o sel y r
t o t h e c ase s n ot ic e d i n g a re t h o se i n w h ic h t h e imp erfect 1,
e l a t ed 1
consecutive, e v e n w i t h out a p e c e d i ng ”W1 , in t o d uc e s t h e a p o dosis e it h e r r r
( a ) t o w h ole se nt e nc e s, o r ( b) t o w h a t a re e u iv alen t t o w h ol e se nt e n c e s, q
e sp e c ia l ly t o n o u n s st a n d i ng a b so l u t e l y A s i n c e t a in c a se s o f t h e p erf ect . r
consecu tive se e 5 1 1 2 as) , so t h e imp erfect consecu tive h as h e e a c u i e d a so t o f
( r q r r
in d e p e n d e n t fo c e r
Cf for ( a ) 1 S 1 5 23 b eca use th ou h ast rej ected t h e word of th e
. .

L ord
, flD§ D
°
1 h e h a th re ect ed
j th ee ( cf . Nu I s 4 8 4, w h e r e th e c ausa l c l a u se

pr e c e de s i n t h e fo rm of a n infi nit iv e w it h p r e p o sit io n , ) E x 9 21 ; fo r ( b) G n 2 224

131
'‘
lWQQ
"
'

(as t o ) h is concu bine 121 sh e b a re, &c ; E x Nu

P9 j a nd . .

1 S 4 , 7 1 1
1 ,
24 K
,
2 1 2 S
17
, 2 K 2 22 Je r
5 , 19 6 19 41
,
2 8 8
,
K e th . 1

44
25 2 —I n
1
. K 1 13
5 , 2 K 1 6 14
t h e p e c e d in g n o un , use d a b so l ut e l y , i s e v e n r
r r j
e g a de d as t h e o b e c t o f t h e foll o w i n g i mp e fe c t c on se c ut iv e , a nd i s t h e e fo e r r r
r
i n t o d uc e d b y DN
'

1 x
E h au st iv e st a t ist ic s o f t h e use o f ”F
11 1 in it s ma n y a nd v a ri o us c o n n e xi ons

are g iv e n b y K onig in Z A W 8 99 p 6 fi . 1 ,
2 0
'

M es in rip t i n 1 5 ( Om i) th
.

2
Cf t h e . a
‘
sc o ,
. r e king o f I srael, 13 9 1 he
1
op p r desse

Mb oa ,
& c — Th e
p e c u l ia i.m p e f e c t c o n se c ut iv e in G n 3 0 7 5
1
r
( in t h e e a e r rli r
x
e d it io n s e p l ai ne d a s e uiv a l e n t t o an o b e c t c l a use ) a i se s a t h e
- qf om a e j r r r r pr g
r
na n t b e v i t y o f e p essio n x r
I h a ve observed a nd h a v e c o me t o t h e c o nc l usio n , th e
Lro d h a th blessed me, &c — In G n 2 7
3‘
ead , w it h ,
1 711
1 b efo e 273 W;
. r L XX r
 3 28 The P a r ts
f p
o S eech 1 l l i_g

z 3 Th e imp erfect consecutive serv es, in t h e cases t r eat ed under a —h,

.

to re i
p resent e t h er e p r essly, or at l east t o a g r eat e t ent , a chrono x x
log ic a l i
succ ess on of a c t ons or e vent s ; i el sewh e e r it e xp r esses t h ose
ac t ons,i &c .
, wh i h p r ent t h log i l con equ nc e f wh t p re d d
c re es e ca s e o a ce e ,

or a result a r i i ng fr om it b y an i nh e
s nt nec i ty Thus t h e re ess .

imp erfect consecutive is used

lt'

( ) a As a final su mmi ng up of t he p r ec edi n

g narrat v e, e i .
g G n
. 2 ,

31 sl it
' "
D123! so (in t h i s way) t h e
field beca me (lega lly) th e p rop er ty

o f Abr a ha m, & c ; . 1 S 1 7
50
, 3 1
6
.

l (b) To e p ress x a l og ic al or necessa ry c onseq uenc e of t h a t wh i ch

i mmedi at ely
p recedes, e. g . J
G n 3 9 , b 2 a nd he st ill holdeth fa st his
2 3

integr ity ,
’
Jl Jfi‘ D
’ ‘
m so tha t t hou t hus ( as it now ap p ea r s) g r oundlessly

movedst me a
g a inst h im ; 1 , 65 9
so t ha t t h ey a re a r a id f ev en .

i it ion lly J Elm my

17 ”
a c onsequenc e wh ch h ap p ens c ond a , er 2 0 ,
so th a t

mot her should ha ve been A not h in t n e ei s a t h e k nd p e r h ap s (if

c of i
x Je ” Di! t ha t he dies ( must die)
)
9
the te t b e correc t 1s r
38 so .

m R em . Su h c c o n se c ut iv e c la use s f e ue n t l y o c c u a ft e in t e rq r r rrog at iv e se n

t e n oe s, e. g . Is 5 1 1 1 1
wh o art th ou i . e art t h o u so h elp less , 11 1
-1
( .
) m th a t th ou art

( must needs b e ) a fr a id ? t
i 1 44
3
( of. 8 5, w h e r e in a ve ry si m il a r c on t e xt 13 th a t

i s u se d w ith t h e i mp e fe c t) r Gn 1 21
9
3 1 27
3 5 5l
,
.
so th a t I migh t h a ve
sent th ee a wa y .

4 . As regards the ran e of

g t i me it i s to b e c arefully not c ed i
7 1, ( ) T h tat h i m p f at n u ti m y r e
p n t l l i t
er eci in th co sec ve a e r ese a v ar e es e

l ti n
re a ft n o nd m
s o d wh i h r ding t
e se a 7 f ll w f m oo ,
c ,
ac c o o 1 0 a, o o ro

th id ef t h i mp r f t ;
ea o e e ec

O ( )
b T h t t h e m p a i d t e m i n ti n f t h n
ore
g e f t i m t
re c se e r a o o e ra o e o

wh i h n imp f t c a n u ti l t mu t b i nf
er ec d in co hsec ve re a es s e erre ea c c a se

f m th ro h r t f th p
e c di ng t n
a ac er
( t n q u i o l nt
) t e rece e se or e se-e va e , o

wh i h it i t t h d in
c m e
s a l l el t i n
ac e t mp r l
, a or or e ss c ose r a o , as e o a or

l gi l o qu nca T h u th i mp rf t n uti
se e c e.