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Introduction To E-Commerce
Introduction To E-Commerce
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SAIMUNUR RAHMAN (AUTHOR)
2.0 E-Business
E-Business is the term used to describe the information systems and applications that support and drive
business processes, most often using web technologies.
E-Business allows companies to link their internal and external processes more efficiently and effectively, and
work more closely with suppliers and partners to better satisfy the needs and expectations of their customers,
leading to improvements in overall business performance.
While a website is one of the most common implementations, E-Business is much more than just a web
presence. There are a vast array of internet technologies all designed to help businesses work smarter not
harder. Think about collaboration tools, mobile and wireless technology, Customer Relationship Management
and social media to name a few.
E-commerce refers to online transactions - buying and selling of goods and/or services over the Internet.
E-business covers online transactions, but also extends to all Internet based interactions with business partners,
suppliers and customers such as: selling direct to consumers, manufacturers and suppliers; monitoring and
exchanging information; auctioning surplus inventory; and collaborative product design. These online
interactions are aimed at improving or transforming business processes and efficiency.
Communication: It is the ability to deliver products, services, information, or payments via networks like the
internet.
Interface: E-commerce means information and transaction exchange: (Business to business, Business to
consumer, Consumer to consumer, and business to government.)
Business process: E-Commerce means activities that support commerce electronically by networked
connections. For Example business processes like manufacturing and inventory etc.
Online: E commerce is an electronic environment that allows sellers to buy and sell products, services, and
information on the internet. The Products may be physical like Cars, Computers, Books or services like news
or consulting.
Structure: Ecommerce deals with various media: data, text, video, web pages, and internet telephony.
Market: E-commerce is a worldwide network. A local store can open a web storefront and find the world at
doorstep- customers, suppliers, competitors, and payments services, Of course, an advertising presence is
essential.
The architectural framework for e-commerce consists of six layers of functionality or services as follows:
1. Application services.
2. Brokerage services, data or transaction management.
3. Interface and support layers.
4. Secure messaging, security and electronic document interchange.
5. Middleware and structured document interchange, and
6. Network infrastructure and the basic communication services.
Another aspect of the brokerage function is the support for data management and traditional transaction
services. Brokerages may provide tools to accomplish more sophisticated, time-delayed updates or future-
compensating transactions.
Interactive catalogs are the customized interface to customer applications such as home shopping. Interactive
catalogs are very similar to the paper-based catalog. The only difference between the interactive catalog and
paper-based catalog is that the first one has the additional features such as use of graphics and video to make
the advertising more attractive.
Directory services have the functions necessary for information search and access. The directories attempt to
organize the enormous amount of information and transactions generated to facilitate e-commerce.
The main difference between the interactive catalogs and directory services is that the interactive catalogs deal
with people while directory support services interact directly with software applications.
The electronic messaging has changed the way the business operates. The major advantage of the electronic
messaging is the ability to access the right information at the right time across diverse work groups.
The main constraints of the electronic messaging are security, privacy, and confidentiality through data
encryption and authentication techniques.
- EDI (Electronic Data Interchange): It provide secure B2B connection over value added network(Van’s)
- Extranet: which provide secure B2B connection over internet.
- EFT (Electronic Fund Transfer): Electronic Fund Transfer from one account to another.
- Electronic Forms: Online (web-pages) forms on internet.
- Shared Data Base: information stored in repositories (collection of data) shared by trading partners
- Supply Chain Management: Co-operation between company and its suppliers and customers regarding
demand forecasting, inventory management and order fulfillment.
With the help of B2B e-commerce, companies are able to improve the efficiency of several common business
functions, including supplier management, inventory management and payment management.
Using e-commerce enabled business applications, companies are able to better control their supplier costs by
reducing PO (purchase order) processing costs and cycle times. This has the added benefit of being able to
process more POs at a lesser cost in the same amount of time. E-commerce technology can also serve to
shorten the order-ship- bill cycle of inventory management by linking business partners together with the
company to provide faster data access. Businesses can improve their inventory auditing capabilities by tracking
order shipments electronically, which results in reduced inventory levels and improves upon the ability of the
company to provide “just-in- time” service.
This e-commerce technology is also being used to improve the efficiency of managing payments between a
business and its partners and distributors. By processing payments electronically, companies are able to lower
the number of clerical errors and increase the speed of processing invoices, which results in lowered
transaction fees.
In this type of e-commerce, consumers get a choice of a wide variety of commodities and services, along with
the opportunity to specify the range of prices they can afford or are willing to pay for a particular item, service
or commodity. As a result, it reduces the bargaining time, increases the flexibility and creates ease at the point
of sale for both the merchant and the consumer.
Lack of Awareness: Lack of awareness of the technology and its potential benefits are also equally responsible
for the poor growth of e-commerce. Lack of interest and willingness to make a paradigm shift has become a
crucial issue. Many companies are not willing to accept that their businesses need a revolutionary change to
subsist in the potentially digital world. The single most important challenge today pertains to increasing
awareness of the benefits of e-commerce to potential customers, educate the market and the customers will
themselves opt for these services.
Lack of Infrastructure: E-commerce infrastructure development is at its infancy stage in Bangladesh. This
unsatisfactory development is yet another major bottleneck for successful net business in Bangladesh. This
high cost of infrastructure development for e-business is also including the cost of leased lines.
Lack of Confidence: The people in Bangladesh still show hesitancy in buying through the Net. Lack of quality
products, timely delivery of products as some of them tend to go out of stock, lack of solutions security are the
potential reasons for not developing e-commerce. People do not understand this new way of buying and selling
products, i.e. the services in a digital environment which are available online.
Skeptic Attitude: Though the Internet is continuing to grow at a rapid rate, along with e- commerce
transactions, the shoppers are still skeptical about safety and have not been quick to trust sending personal
information such as credit card numbers or address over the Net. Lack of adequate imagination and
understanding of what web- based technologies can do to markets and competition only adds to the delay in
economic development. The old business habits are demanding and controlling the business. The risk adverse
attitude of the people is conspicuous and waiting for others to lead is also another attitude.
Credit Cards Frauds: In Bangladesh, distribution channels are just one part of the problem related to e-
payments. The bigger problem is that of security. All credit cards related transactions are approved offline and
given the high incidence of frauds, the banks are extremely wary of approving them. In-fact, there are some
unconfirmed reports of a multi-national bank refusing to approve credit card transactions carried out by a large
Bangladesh portal.
Absence of Tax Laws: E-commerce over the Net has effectively eliminated national borders. This has posed an
important question as to tax on the transactions over the internet. Net business posed many peculiar
technological and legal problems making it difficult to impose tax and formulate a sound taxation policy.
Cyber Laws: Another important problem is lack of comprehensive cyber laws so as to ensure safety and
protection. There should not be any legal regulations, or barriers to faster and increased development of e-
commerce. The crying need of the hour is urgent action to be taken by the Government to enact cyber laws
including electronic fund transfer, and amendments of official Secrets Act.
Stock Dilemma: Many people are not too happy with e-commerce trends. Though online shopping may be
growing but so is frustration with it. A key source of dissatisfaction is the out of stock dilemma. In most cases,
advertised products or services are not available. The options of feedback and not receiving suggestions are
also reasons for annoyance. Many online consumers want more detailed information on their purchases but are
not available. The Net is becoming more mainstream and the expectations are also becoming more
mainstream.
Lack of Skills and Expertise: Lack of skilled and trained personnel impedes the growth of implementation of
IT related e-commerce. The use of the Net for trade requires a complex introduction of servers, browser
software and knowledge of web design, hosting, promotion and many more skills. It requires understanding
many new things. Many Bangladeshi businesses are not prepared to approach electronic commerce. For many
business houses for which commerce over internet may not work, would take a lot of efforts for every little
return.
Internet Outrage: Failures in networks and the Net itself can play havoc. We read of frequent press reports of
internet outrages. The IT industry is notyet attempting to improve network reliability to prevent these outrages.
Reliability is a major issue in net business that needs to be attended.
Absence of Cyber Brand Image: Another problem is that advertising and the Net tends to focus on e-commerce
rather than on brands found in the real world. This would prove to be a deterrent in ensuring consumer loyalty.
The biggest thing going for it is a brand image and power. Though the already existing name is known and
trusted, the issue is how to extend it into the new cyber reality. A concern should be to preserve the old values
of trust and dependability of the brand, and at the same time, keep it upon on the Net. At the same time, the
whole business structure will have to undergo a change re-engineered.
Inadequate Government Role: The government is not taking a serious view of e- commerce related information
technology in terms of its promotion. Spreading awareness, imparting education, of the benefits of e-
commerce, enacting new cyber laws, amendments to existing commercial laws, developing strong,
communication infrastructure are the key domestic roles for the government to play.
No Encouragement from Business Community: The business community is extremely an important sector to
be targeted for the introduction of any technological innovations in business. It means it is the business
community that sustains e-commerce and greatly influences the thinking and adoption process of various
segments of the society to move forward in the field of information technology. It motivates the people who
share the courage and conviction to move the new business paradigm.
Preferring Foreign Sites: Online shoppers in Bangladesh do not prefer Bangladeshi websites to a large extent
and prefer US and other foreign websites. There are many reasons for this as they provide better selection,
prices, stock, quality products, shipping, payment process security, customer service and wide variety of sites
among other things.
Difficulty of Reengineering: The web business structure will have to undergo a drastic change and be
reengineered. It is not just about having a website or about sticking a web address on conventional advertising
or transferring a few people to a new division and designation. It is about breaking free and creating new web
services to satisfy the existing customers.
Internet for Small Business: Another problem is that for major project, a large consumer product company
needs profiling of customers who undertake transaction through e-commerce. E-commerce is still being
dominated by large corporations. Small and medium sized business houses have to take advantage of
everything on the Net. Online shopping is clearly catching on with consumers and retailers need to keep pace
with growing demands.
Infant Stages: Electronic commerce is still in its infant stage. Bangladeshi commerce is establishing itself in
the area of internet business. The concept of e-commerce is still in evolutionary stage, it is a job that still needs
to be defined. The IT function has not grown beyond the marketing department and credit cards, merchant
accounts, digital signatures and prompt payment and one has to realize that the e-commerce role is more about
harnessing technological resources to deliver profits to the Net users. Only a few Bangladeshi big houses have
gone online to explore the potentials of e-commerce.
E-commerce has yet to take off in Bangladesh, because Bangladeshi consumers are wary of leaving their re
credit card numbers on the Net. They eye the neighborhood shopkeeper with suspicion and drive a hard
bargain. So, e-commerce websites are losing thousands of customers.
11.1 Sales
Your online presence creates a stronger company profile and yields access to new local and foreign markets.
The increased availability of your products to a larger customer base via an electronic payment system extends
your current mail-order services, and reaches other potential customers and local businesses through increased
exposure. An online catalog, with online ordering and payment functions, to sell your products provides the
added benefit that you can display information about each item for sale and indicate whether it is available
from stock. Displaying related products on the pages viewed is also a subtle sales promotion that might induce
the customer to purchase more products.
12.3 Fees
Management courses have taught us that there is an opportunity cost for every choice we make. Surprisingly,
OPS are no different. Since the core business of many organizations is not IT based and more specifically not
specialized in Online Payment Systems an outside vendor is required to provide the online payment services.
An Online Payment Systems vendor like PayPal requires the merchant to pay a convenience fee ranging
between 2.2%-3.9%. Would it be beneficial to use their services as opposed to alternative payment methods?
For corporate organizations this fee may prove to be inconsequential. However, for the small business owner
these fees could equate to astronomical figures eating away at the bottom line.
13.2 Internet
This is a unique payment system that allows transactions to occur online. There are normally different sites
through which you can be able to do this but the two most commonly practiced methods of online payments
are direct transfers from one bank account to another or the use of cards.
13.3 Use of mobile phones
Mobile phones are turning out to be more than just a communication gadget. They are even referred to as smart
phones due to the many additional features that they have. Although it will give you limited transactions to
carry out, the best kinds of payment system available for mobile phones are mobile banks. There are a number
of mobile subscriber firms that have developed the app that allows the mobile users to have an account that
they can gain access to through their mobile phone number.
Even though E-Commerce has spread its roots throughout the country, it still hasn’t reached the places where
people have no broadband or no computer. M-Commerce could and will change this.
16.5 Security
Mobile platforms are still relatively free from viruses and other threats. And even in case of a fraudulent
activity, credit tracking by GSM/GPRS/GPS is easy and quick. Thus increasing the credibility, and giving
better assurance to the skeptical Bangladesh population. Also, seldom do people part from their phones, so
there are less chances of misuse of login information that may happen on computer systems.
16.9 Personalization
In a true sense Personal Computers are not really personal. Desktops and even laptops are shared by multiple
people living in the same family or working together in an office. However the same isn’t true in case of
cellphones. Whichever strata of the society a person may belong to, a phone has become an indispensable
extension of oneself. People are more comfortable using their phones for various activities, as it gives them a
sense of privacy and security, while offering easy usability. Since already there are way more mobiles in
Bangladesh than computers, M-Commerce could gradually grow bigger than E-Commerce.
After the appearances of a new technology a remarkable growth occurs in it. This has been the same in mobile
commerce.
Mobile Commerce has gained increasing acceptance amongst various sections society in last few years. The
reasons for its growth can be traced back to technological and demographical developments that have
influenced many aspects of the socio-cultural behavior in today‘s world. Mobile services have registered
impressive growth in preceding years and m-commerce is slowly but surely showing signs of a healthy growth.
The major mobile commerce applications along with details of each is given below:
17.2 Commerce
Commerce is the exchange or buying and selling of commodities on a large scale involving transportation of
goods from place to place. It is boosted by the convenience and ubiquity conveyed by mobile commerce
technology. There are many examples showing how mobile commerce helps commerce. For example,
consumers can buy products from a vending machine or pay a parking fee by using their cellular phones, and
mobile users can check their bank accounts and perform account balance transfers without needing to go to a
bank.
17.3 Education
Similar to other wired technologies, mobile wireless technologies have first been used in industry sectors such
as business. The movement of mobile wireless technologies in education is a recent trend, and it is now
becoming the hottest technology in higher education.
17.5 Entertainment
Entertainment has always played a crucial role in Internet applications and is probably the most popular
application for the younger generation. Mobile commerce makes it possible to download
game/image/music/video files at anytime and anywhere, and it also makes on-line games and gambling much
easier to access and play. It is projected that by 2005, 80 percent of all mobile users in the United States and
Western Europe will play mobile games at least occasionally.
17.8 Traffic
Traffic is the movement of vehicles or pedestrians through an area or along a route. The passengers in the
vehicles and the pedestrians are all mobile objects, ideal clients of mobile commerce. Also, traffic control is
usually a major headache for many metropolitan areas. Using the technology of mobile commerce can easily
improve the flow of traffic in many ways. For example, a mobile handheld device can have the capabilities of a
GPS, such as determining the driver‘s exact position, giving directions, and advising on the current status of
traffic in the area. A traffic control center could also monitor and control the traffic according to the signals
sent from mobile devices in the vehicles.
18.1 Bandwidth
The limited bandwidth that can be support by mobile devices currently is very small which causes web
developers to reduce the usage of rich data.
As the name would suggest, 1G was the first generation of mobile networks. Here basically, radio signals were
transmitted in ‘Analogue’ form and expectedly, one was not able to do much other than sending text
messaging and making calls. But the biggest disadvantage, however came in the form of limited network
availability, as in the network was available only within the country.
2G networks on the other hand, were based on narrow band digital networks. Signals were transmitted in the
digital format and this dramatically improved the quality of calls and also reduced the complexity of data
transmission. The other advantage of the 2G network came in the form of Semi Global Roaming System,
which enabled the connectivity all over the world.
Between 2G and 3G there was a short phase in between where mobile phones became sleeker and more
‘pocketable’ if we can call it that. This is popularly referred to as 2.5G where the quantity of radio waves to be
transmitted was much lower. This in turn had an effect on the shape and structure of mobile phones. But most
of all, 2.5G helped in the ushering of GPRS (General Pocket Radio Service).
The 3rd generation of mobile networks has become popular largely thanks to the ability of users to access the
Internet over devices like mobiles and tablets. The speed of data transmission on a 3G network ranges between
384KBPS to 2MBPS. This means a 3G network actually allows for more data transmission and therefore the
network enables voice and video calling, file transmission, internet surfing, online TV, view high definition
videos, play games and much more. 3G is the best option for users who need to always stay connected to
Internet.
4th Generation mobile networks are believed to provide many value added features. In addition to all the 3G
facilities, data transmission is believed to go through the roof with speeds ranging between 100MBPs to
1GBPS. Phew! Happy talking, surfing, conferencing, chatting, networking, partying, or whatever you want to
do on your mobile phone.