2.1 ‘Stotethe lave massand | ‘charge ofa proton, netron sr eccron * Define proton number and ruceon somber + Use proton number to ean thebmisthe Pec be xT 2 Atoms, elements and compounds ‘smallest uncharged parle htc take patna chemical change fet even atoms heneshes remade up oft sar parties led subatomic par Atte centre of an atom ia tiny nucleus. The nucleus is made up 0 protons and neutrons. The genral name gent protons and reutonsis nucleons ~ because thay are found in The umber of proton plus nevitore inthe mca cle the nucleon hhumber oF mass number uted the nels the electrons whe around nares which ate Caled electron shells energy love. The sls area cetin distance rom the nucleus Tee canbe seal ection shel further and fuer avy rom the ruc Each ofthese can Nok a certain turner of lacron, he tre subatomic pats have fee These are shown nthe abe 1964 a props subatomic lave charge proton pt i { ‘elecvon | 00054 f Yu conse that natal the mate f the ator inthe nucleus ‘arge ad the eatrons havea negative) charge. Anatom has 0 ‘veal charge ts eetcaly real. This because the number of ostve protons equa! fo the umber of negative ecto, The importance of proton number number fey sto tof protons. Kyrogen has one proton ints rules 0 6 proton number ot atom number. Sock hes 11 poten, 30 ts proton number 1 In the Peto able o deren the elements are aanged in order of thst proton number You ea the Pvc Table ke aback. ine by ne starting fom he tat te bottom et of top eft Netee th ‘ha proton ramos ame slement na the same the bal far sch element. The chem propels of he cements depend onthe elecvone ut the number of tors in av otom if 1 Copy and complete using the words below slectrons equal neutrons no fucleons positive protons “shells ‘The nucleus ofan atom contains and_—_. The ‘general name for protons and neurons # Protons faves charge but neutrons have charge, Outside he mucus are the which are nagatvely shared. The elton are aanged in ——~ or energy lve “he nur of patencinan stom dsctrons tothe numberof ‘iceons dest contain? a 3 0y refering to subatomic parties, epin why an atom of regen ecialy neta. ‘SxaMINER Says, sete ena eee Perea tcl oh muontere teneloe fn tom. You Can ease ‘eto alae te mene ef necrone (ecthenee this 1 The sbstomic particles in _afoms are poten, neitons and eectrom. 2 Aproton has a postive charge an electron has 2 regatie charge and 2 ruiton has ano charge. The protons and neutrons make Up the vast majorty ofthe ‘mass fan atom, 3 Axons are neutral because ‘he number of paste protons equals he umber Sf ngatve eecrons 4 Atoms are aanged inthe Peed Table in ore of ‘har proton number* Deine the tm Botope “Sate the diference between ‘adoacbe and non-oacive ‘ope: + State ane medial and one indus sof otopes How many neutrons? Ever element has ison poten number -it hata particular rambar of protons. The numb of neuton pus protons inthe udeus fhe nueleon number cr mage number We show the rueon number and proton rambsr ofan atom ike this 3 a Proton number \ ie can use the mucgon number and proton number to workout the umber of neutrons nan tor "Number of neutens = nuceon number proton number or Numb f neutrons mass number atomic number For example: Sodum as 23 miclons and 11 gotors So the number of nesronsinaadum stom is23~11 = 12 neatons. What are isotopes? Atoms ofthese element lays ave these proton num, However in mary elements some ofthe atoms have ferent numba of naasons rom ater Atom cf these elerent th arent umber of neutons ave cles topes. atop have oeent rudeon numb Fer eam, thee ae trea ates of yarogen RRR ee aera Many elements are mitre of iotopes. or example, n natural ‘cen chlorine molecules about of the stars ave 18 nets ane abou nave 20 eutons [numberof neutrons Percentage of his Wotan in naturally occuring oto ae propaty wien shaving the numberof prota ad rues: Home You vl common ee ote wen wth st the urbe of ruleans atoning he same the one cua, ‘xine 35 Dirt topes ofthe same erent have these ‘rem propets ut may have shy diferent physal popes, Some sotopes such as hydrogen ium) ae radioactive, othrs such chonine 35 ae nomatioactve an isotopes radioactive, ts nucleus unstable ard sit rks down ovr a pred of ime it days. Ast decays he nls ges ‘bu thy partes oF We cl these topes elsotopes ‘he adatin gin out by adoisctopes canbe harmful, can il calm your bod. Uses of isotopes _Alnough edisiscopes can be harmful, they hove many usin medic, Indus and fr rly purpoes Thy con ao be wed to date ancient reins adton some otopes are useful the home and wokoace For rama, the radioeatopeomericur 241 isso n smote cetcors One ofthe most important medal user of radsiopes isn cancer testment The adaton gv ut bythe olsotpe sed to ‘ance ells. Theradaton as tobe canta caret So hat tony [is the cance ls ard ot the healthy cls rou the uma A 'sotope cf cobs often usd orth her medal uses nce treatent of rate thy lan nd lcsng tout he dy acisotoes oe ao use to sterie meal ejuipment EXAMINER Says. You do mot need to eno the details about radioactivity or boat Beer Yradiation Dow t fry toremenberte of sez for radicisotopes dst remencber one medical Se Geer court The Gage eau connected taste whch = ‘oni th presse on the als which ol he par Thete ae rany industrial uses for adoztopes. They can be used tock for las l ond gr pipelines a rediohotpe alle’ the lo 93sin the pipsine ane a racation detector calcd a Giger ‘unter il give a hghe eading ove the re fhe sk 1 Copy and complete using the words below. diferent clement industrial sotopes 1 The numberof neutrons mele eestor Insesor hrsion The ——_ roberto tt nto | |i ri ean and protons present. Atoms of an —__ with —_ a ber of msrrs ae aed” —Radeones he | | 2 soup ae tn ithe any ae malo arignbrel pace 2 Who ou rtd byte em ge? Beteeent nbn Stet nif mates hel tps em am bc © Me oF nonradioactive,+ Describe the bl up of tector in shal | + Explain the ignieance ofthe fble gas eleevonie stuctre nd valency lecrons Electron shells Electrons move so rapidly hat we cannot all where they are at ny pont nine So we hae to make asimple model hich iheeaperimentalevdence. In ths model we magine the ects bsg someatere in sania eons at etn dstances fom the ces. dificult to daw spheres oe nie another 30 we draw {hetero asf thy enti ear bk around the nucleus These orbit ar cal shells or energy levels. ‘Theft shal inet tothe nucleus nd can hala masa of 0 ican The netchel out an hol mnemum of ght ecto. ‘nen the hed shel has ht actos the out shel stats ing Theartangement ofthe actors in sha ical the electronic ructure or electron configuration. 9 vodum atom, thee ae tnodlecronsin the fst shell ght elecronsin the second and hein thet. have sortnand way of wring the ‘ee rite the eleekoncanigration of sodium 3528, Arranging the electrons ‘The Hoiaontl ows inthe Period Table are called periods. As we roses api, each erent has one more eco to int {sete shal Pe elections ll up theses ne by ane stating for theshel neoret othe nus When one sl ul the elections {int the next el ot rom the nudes, Hrcogen fas on tron, Tis consis st hat. Hr Meeecrom, so ese econ are ato ts fest shel. chur hss tes eleons Tao of harkens ar ma fs hal the hd (oss the second she cae the int shel an oy hols ‘zone ths wy the electors are patito the shes gue 232 Shows he econ stcuerand een cofigaon fhe rt ‘Aveta column the Ptod Tbe calle group. Yo {ectho the tons of eksmertin te ome group have the sa umber of lectronsin thar outer hell These ar ale the valence Clectrons or valoney electrons The cel properties of an ekment depend cn its numberof Vales ceevons Tis why elements winsome groupe of he ode Table nave sar enema proparies. You cn also see that thenumber of eetsns the outer shel she sae othe grup unber So ston of Group | ements al have one electron inthe utr shel, ators of Group I elanents have we ad 30 on ‘The noble gas structure ‘hen compounds ar formed by ine tor she ave tances shred. Group O cements, ) ¢ i EXAMINER says, aT maak sure that You cam the noble gases, have 2 full outer shell of electrons, This type of row the tectrote stresture tenoble gris met te lecture | piiefimaaedanntst fl ‘lectrons very easy. Ths stability of a full outer shel of electrons toe containing dectrons. | cr a sae Tay oon cane wh econ sead Sees geeccracisncsoraasion, Reames | Pee | fight levels maximum shells two valence ‘The electrns in an atom ate ranged in or energy 1 econs in atoms are rand the mueas Ama of —— ers Se ee ee Ite we sed shee cas He crore ected te decors 2 The umber of valence 2 tow mary excors do ats of exch he folowing havein | | tors outer tell terres m ecto) nano, Mevpcrest 6 captions era Pecos aces: -Asoms of lrent in the 3 Write the conic structure in shorthand form forthe Salen fooveng eens ‘Sie he sme moe Silene cron 2 catbon b potassum ¢ chlotine aluminiumElements fuer substance ound us ie made up of atoms. Tere re just over 10 fren ype of stom. A substance made up o only Oe Pe of stom ale on element Flerments cannot Been down nto nything spor by chemical estos Each elment is grena symbol For exam, fuotne has the Syal Fad thes for 2 ee Unt), ements ave particular proper which astiigush then rom ather cents. For ‘ump, shets3shiy slid, conn ea gran gas and bromine ‘red row qu ‘The atoms of eanents general combine to frm moleeues or giant Strugures of ators ese Unt 3.5). Thay aay eet on ther om The Enkjening the some call 9 chemical bond, ‘Compounds “he toms of diferent slamants cn jin together to form Compounds A compound i 2 substance made up of two o more ‘Steen pes cfatom joined together y chemical bonds. lions ‘of compound ar known tous and mye one are beng ‘Second ayo. aerating ths) ‘compound alway has fad amount of each dement init ‘later twas as te Hydrogen atoms fr evr ane angen atom. Copper) oude days conte BOS coppr and 20% angen by ras Te afe to types of compaune: + mole compounds where atom ate bonded together Waters + onc compounds where many ons (hated atoms) aejoined together For earpl saaium corde sal eos woe tne Ya Raa ans gage a ‘Compeuns have vey ferent proper ram the clans from hich ey aremide Fr samp» compas of sedum and chine ‘Gos ole eerent Fem the dean's chine ad socks, ‘heclensin nompound cannot Se separates by pil means though might psn to separate then by chee mans Making sodium chloride from its elements J kh sett AS Sodium s a eatve sey meta, Clonine ia poisonous geen 42s. The sour fs mlted on a speci spoon and paced na {ij ehlnne The sodium turns in he coine white ower et onthe se ofthe gas Ts sadn code — | Sst sot that we an put on our food! Mixtures ‘A mixture contains two or moe elamnts or compounds that are ‘ot chamialy bonded together A mitre does not nae a faed Srount ofeach element or compound inf. For eae, 8 mitre ‘fon and slur ould conan various amounts of on and slur Sc they are not bonded together, the elements oZompounds in amature still ve thee characters properties We ean separate the nbstances ina mitre by one othe physi methods deseribed in Units 16 an 17. For exam we an Separate a miaure of snd and sat by dsluing the satin watt, feng off the send then evaporating the wate to lene ak. 1 copy and compet sing the words below ‘atoms bonds compound ions ‘When to or more ——join together, 3 —__ some. The atoms or —— na compound are held together by 2 Moke a ist ofthe dtferences between a compound and 2 mie, Some are iron powder was este in veddsh-broun bromine vapow A elowish-areen powder was farmed 15 the lowish-green powder a werent, a compound 8 mur? Excan your answer Not eres a found roty Some ae mae teil and can only exit for “action of 2 second, An atom ‘fruthetorum 260 ony ‘ists for seconds before breaking down. 1 Elements contain ony one ‘ype of atom, 2 A compound isa substance Containing two or more Gitferent pes of atoms bonded together 2 Mires donot have» fed ‘ompositn, The sibstances Ina mature canbe separated by physical means.“Desebe the itferences between metals and ‘pon metals “Recognise that Some metals land non-metal have properte that are exceptions Te these general ules EXAMINER says, yar att nw toler bese a met a noe met te ey al forertertons tre Benoa rcs =... ‘Metals and non-metals Mastf the leant in he Periodic able ae metas, or xamle ion sodium, tn an aluminium re metal The ret ore non-metal (atonal, chorne and hem are soma. though metas Faverony properties a consmon, thee ba wd ration a these proper Non meta usuly have te oppaste properties to etal, Fetter san eten wider variation in thar proper he test way ttl substance isa metal ora non-metal o look tsone of ts physleal properties ysl properties ae those Slehar dene sling pomt a electra conductivity (PRACTICAL Comparing electrical conductivity ‘Setup the cut witha town substance betsen the cocoie cls ad se the bul ight fit des, the substance san ‘erncal conductor Repet the eiperment wth ferent metals rower much substance you use. chemist, the density of Subsnca's measute in grams pr cenbmet cubed gl rast) densi in ge) aune ine “The abe opposite shows the sx best hse ifeences between 2 metal and non meta. Ther ate some exceptions but no 00 mary “There are ao some physical properties that are ss useful fr ting the ference bets meta and non metal ‘Many metas nave high denstes. xceptions: Group | metas and Some others glum hae low dente, + Mest nant have low dans. {Group metal and mercury have low meling ana Boag pots. + Mny nonmetal have low meting and boing points, Exceptions: (aiton sr sean + Many metals re ard they cannot be seratced sl nd tong, Ereeptons Group | metals mercy gala + Many non metal sft and can be seated aay Expo Sismond ee metal [does not conduct fexcetion: graphite [ralsbie— can be Beaten into dierent | malobe ‘Bape wth 3 hammer break easily wen Nt ict con be drawn atnta wee ‘| ctle Tosrous Far a shiny sacs whe [sonorous maker ringing su woth herd oe Ween also use some chemical properties tthe erence between metal and non mets. hemes properties te od ith ‘hemca esctons and energy changes dsr te recone Hee ate ste iterences + Many mata oxides re bai + wen they 284, nonmetal form negative ns by gaining ection. (Exception: hogan can Tor peter, by esing ectrons Te ast two ofthese points ae the best chemical dtntion between amet and» non-metal ee Unie 3.1) 4 Copy and complete using the words be ‘conductors ductile graphite heat low opposite 1 Meas ae good —__ofeectcy nd___ and sre mmalesle and -—— Nonmetals usualy have properties | to those of metals. Tete are some exceptions 53 non-metal that conducts electty Meru 2 metal that hase oling point 2 State the names of 9 two meta that ate oft 1 a non-metal that conduct ectriy, 2 Ustfour physical properties that help yout tel the aference ea metal ard a nonmetal ot mala, Nov- meals are brite they not duce. Non-etas ar bile they | rakes ul suace (exceptions graphite ond dine | ve shiny sures) sound when hit th 2 had object, 3 uling forces ped ‘Metals are good conductors of elect and eat andrrr ere ee re ee eee eee rere eee 1 foreach ofthe flowing sub-atomic partes teseribe ()ispasion in the atom i is reative moss and (is choge (@)prcton (w)retion (eta 2 Copy ad comalte the tablet show the umber of pretons,retlons and electors in ‘he isotopes shown, tom [mr of [mor fae pro” |puone | econ Ey =p x 7a 2 Gi fino of te loving tems: (owden (005 Ome (eareound 4 Draw adayam ofa boron atom to show the core number and postions ofthe ‘ecto, rotons and neutons Use the Peo ane to ep you. '5 Match eoch woud on thelet withthe comet descriptor on the raht. «substance containing 60 ote ormore element chericaly bonded together ‘dement atoms ofthe same element with ferent numbers of neutrons compound a positively charged parle in the nucleus proton a ubstance containing ony one type atom 6 copy each ofthe following physical properties then write meta oF ron etal” Seren one (2) conducts het (iis brite (@isaninsuatr (casa dl surface (e) ives ringing sound when it (f conducts elecity CUES + nigh one of these statements about an atom of cicones? [A ithas 1 eecrons ad 6 protons 1B hae® protons and 6 nets. © has 6 alcrons an @newtons 1 ihar 6 proton and 14 neutrons (Paper) ” 2 wn one ofthe fllowing statements is [A lets make» du sound when ht. B Al nonmetal ae ouctie {© Mercuy' sls at room temperate 1. Grapite 3 non-metal that conducts sleet (Paper 1) ” 3 Chorne has wo isotopes, 1 and CL (a) iat do you vderstand by the term atope? m (6) te down te ruber of neurons in ich ofthese topes of ering. 12) {raw and bea agra ofan atom of horn show “the nudes the lt shal, withthe conect uber of secronsin each tel, (eA chloride on has ight actos in its Suter shee. What the imprtance of this ‘estrone confusion? 1 Pape" 2) 4 tronisa grey magnetic metal that rcs wits frorochor at produce hyorogen. Sutur ‘yellow non-metal that doer not eet with so. iron sulideic a brawn bck compound, Nisa sold tats net magnetic when pure vest with Pyroelore acid produce "tall hydrogen sli ga. (2) What do you understand by he tx ‘compour " (by bezcbet9o ferences between mature of won and sutra 9 ampound of ton and sur hs Po (0. Give th wacom configuation of sulfur or (How does this electron configuration ‘Shaw tat sufris in Group tof the Pero Tle? 1 (a vat determines the postion af an tementinthe Peed able) 11) (o) State thee ferences betieen the properties of ton and str ha have not bron dscabed inthis queton, (Paver 23 ‘61 5 lotopes can be cada aoacte oF (a) What do you unestand bythe erm radiotve? ” (©) Scat one media use of a radouctve ‘atone ny (stot one instil use of 2 tadeacte soto, (© Deuserum, isa nonradioactive (awa diagram to show the complete ‘omic suture of deve, Lael your diagram 4) (0) How does an tor of seterom flr tom 3 naa! hyagen tor? if (Pepe 2) 6 Sodium's a sof shiny metal wath low iting pint Chiasine poisonous green os. Sodium reacts th cornet orm sodium oie, 2 white, eystaline sll wath igh ring poi (@) (Describe ree properties shown by ‘ost eto, BI (Describe 190 properties of sor that make tan unusial meta. 2) (6) Give 140 teasers why clone i cased ae nonmetal, a (© Use the information above to explain vy Sodium chloride sa compouns of sodium ad hain rather than a mire oF Sosiumand core 2 (2) tse se electronic configuration of ( sedum stom a nm oe 7 The dectronic structure ofthe ates of fe ‘ements 8D and E, ae shown below A282 8 286 C21 D218 © 26 (a) Which one of thes elements in ‘Groop of he Feros TBe? Ge 3 feosn for your ansnet m (©) Wich two ofthese elements areia the sameqjoupin the Peed Table? 1) {1 Wien one ofthese laments asthe highest proton number? m (@) clement Eis angen. An sotope of on gen has eght neutrons (0) Wat do you understand bythe tern ‘sotepe? 1 {State the ruceon number ofthis istope of oxygen m (6) emer Cis thm ini isa meta Des thee diflerenes between the ry properties of tim ar cayoen ‘a (Paper 2