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Atlas of Sharks and Rays in the Syrian marine waters ‫أﻃﻠﺲ أﺳﻤﺎك اﻟﻘﺮش واﻟﺸﻔﺎﻧﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﻮرﻳﺔ‬

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 ‫أطلس أمساك القرش والشفانني‬
‫يف املياه البحريّة السّوريّة‬
‫أ‪ .‬د‪ .‬أديب ي‬
‫عل سعد‬
‫القصيي‬
‫ر‬ ‫د‪ .‬حسن هيثم‬

‫‪2022‬‬
 ) ( )
(

. . .

–
*

2022 :
 Atlas (illustrated guide) of cartilaginous fishes (sharks,
rays, and chimeras) in Syrian marine waters; How to
identify and classify them, their biological properties,
their range of distribution

By

Adib Ali Saad 1* and Hasan Haytham Alkusairy2

1- Professor of ichthyology and aquatic environment, Faculty of Agricultural
Engineering - Tishreen University/ * President of the Syrian Society for
Aquatic Environment Protection (SSAEP).

2- Researcher at the General Commission for Fish Resources and Aquatic

Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Lattakia/ Jablah.

Atlas (guide illustré) des poissons cartilagineux (requins, raies

et chimères) des eaux marines syriennes ; Comment les
identifier et les classer, leurs propriétés biologiques, leur aire de
répartition
 I
IV
1
2
4 Definition of the atlas
5 Définition de l'atlas
7
7
13
13
14
22
28 Chimaeras )
25 Chimaeriformes
25 Chimaeridae
25 Chimaera monstrosa (Linnaeus, 1758)
26 Hydrolagus mirabilis (Collett, 1904)
29 (Batoids) Batomorphi
30 Myliobatiformes
30 (Stingrays) Dasyatidae
30 Bathytoshia centroura (Mitchill, 1815)
31 Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758)
32 Dasyatis tortonesei (Capapé, 1975)
33 Himantura leoparda (Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2008)
34 Himantura uarnak (Gmelin, 1789)
35 Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832)
36 Taeniurops grabatus (Geoffroy St-Hilaire, 1817)
38 Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays)
38 Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758)
39 Mobulidae (Mantas and devil rays)
39 Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788)
40 Myliobatidae (Eagle rays)
40 Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758)
41 Aetomylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)
42 Rhinopteridae (Cownose rays)

I
42 Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy St-Hilaire, 1817)
43 (Skates and Rays) Rajiformes
43 Rajidae (Skates)
43 Dipturus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus, 1758)
44 Leucoraja circularis (Couch, 1838)
45 Leucoraja fullonica (Linnaeus, 1758)
46 Raja clavata (Linnaeus, 1758)
48 Raja miraletus (Linnaeus, 1758)
49 Raja radula (Delaroche, 1809)
50 (Shovelnose rays) Rhinopristiformes
50 (Giant Guitarfishes) Glaucostegidae
50 Glaucostegus cemiculus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)
51 Rhinobatidae (Guitarfish)
51 Rhinobatos rhinobatos (Linnaeus, 1758)
52 Pristidae (Sawfishes)
52 Pristis pectinatus (Latham, 1794)
53 (Electric rays) Torpediniformes ( )
53 (Electric rays) Torpinidea
53 Torpedo marmorata (Risso, 1810)
54 Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte, 1758)
55 Torpedo sinuspersici (Olfers, 1831)
56 Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758)
58 (Sharks) Selachii
58 Galeomorphi
58 (Ground sharks) Carcharhiniformes
58 (Requiem sharks) Carcharhinidae
58 Carcharhinus obscurs (Lesueur, 1818)
59 Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827)
60 (Catsharks) Scyliorhinidae
60 Galeus melastomus (Rafinesque, 1810)
61 Syliorhinus canicula (Linnaeus, 1758)
62 Scyliorhinus stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758)
64 (Hammerhead sharks) Sphyrnidae
64 Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758)
65 (Hound sharks) Triakidae
65 Mustelus mustelus (Linnaeus, 1758)
65 (Mackerel sharks) Lamniformes

II
65 (Thresher sharks) Alopiidae
65 Alopias superciliosus (Lowe, 1841)
66 (Basking shark) Cetorhinidae
66 Cetrohinus maximus (Gunnerus, 1765)
67 (Mackerel sharks) Lamnidae
67 Isurus oxyrinchus (Rafinesque, 1810)
68 Squalomorphi
68 (Cow sharks) Hexanchiformes
68 (Cow sharks) Hexanchidae
68 Heptranchias perlo (Bonnaterre, 1788)
69 Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre, 1788)
70 (Dogfish sharks) Squaliformes
70 (Gluper Sharks) Centrophoridae
70 Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801)
71 Centrophorus uyato (Rafinesque, 1810)
72 (Kitefin sharks) Dalatiidae
72 Dalatias licha (Bonnaterre, 1788)
73 (Lantern sharks) Etmopteridae
73 Etmopterus spinax (Linnaeus, 1758)
73 (Rough sharks) Oxynotidae
73 Oxynotus centrina (Linnaeus, 1758)
74 (Sleeper sharks) Somniosidae
74 Somniosus rostratus (Risso, 1810)
75 (Dogfishes) Squalidae
75 Squalus acanthias (Linnaeus, 1758)
75 Squaulus blainville (Risso, 1827)
76 Squalus megalops (Macleay, 1881)
77 (Angel sharks) Squatiniformes
77 (Angel sharks) Squatinidae
77 Squatina aculeate (Cuvier, 1829)
78 Squatina oculata (Bonaparte, 1840)
79 Squatina squatina (Linnaeus, 1758)

III
Elasmobranches
Sharks
Batoids
Rays
Skates ( )
By catch
Targeted
Clasper ( )
Total length
Disc width
Oophagy
Embryophagy
Oviparous
Viviparous
Ovoviviparous
Egg case
Benthic
Epibenthic/Demersal
Mesopelagic
Benthopelagic
Epipelagic

TL
DW
EN
VU
NT
CR
DD

IV
 (Research gate)
.

Skates ) Batoids Sharks

( ) Rays (
.

.
.

.Elasmobranches

51
25

1
 Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758)
.Raja clavata
1 ( ) Elasmobranchs .
)
1984 26000 .(
.( ) 2015 14000
97
200 " "
200
.
.

.
)
(Elasmobranch
.

73

2
 ( 53) 39
.
( )
.
.
) By catch
.
) Targeted
.
49) 51
. (

.
.
)

.
/51/
) )

3
Definition of the atlas

The Mediterranean is known to be an important habitat for cartilaginous

fish and is thought to encompass unique breeding grounds for species such as the
white shark Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758) and the thornback ray
Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758. Forty-nine sharks and thirty-six rays were recorded
in this region. Elasmobranchs represent about 1 percent of the total fish landings.
These landings decrease from about 26,000 tons in 1984 to about 14,000 in 2015
(official statistic FAO). Going back in the history, it has been demonstrated that
sharks in the Mediterranean Sea have declined by more than 97 percent in number
and “catch weight” over the last 200 years. They risk extinction if current fishing
pressure continues .The last 200 years have seen a dramatic decline of large
predatory sharks in the Mediterranean Sea. This loss of top predators could hold
serious implications for the entire marine ecosystem, greatly affecting food webs
throughout this region. There is evidence that the elasmobranchs of the
Mediterranean are declining in abundance, diversity, and range due to the intense
fishing activity primarily in response to the rapidly increasing demand for their
various body parts such as the meat, fins, liver, teeth and the cartilage. While
shark fins are considered as a delicacy fetching increased export market, their
liver oil is utilized in pharmaceutical industry. Shark teeth is used for ornamental
purposes and their hide for a variety of leather products
However, this direct fishing mortality is not the only impact on
elasmobranch populations. There are fishing impacts on habitats through
disturbance of biotic communities and substrates. Shipping and underwater
exploration, construction, mining, and electrical installation and aquaculture
offshore in cages also affect habitats, and increasing ambient sound, light,
electromagnetic fields, and chemical contamination stimulate the sensory
systems of these fishes. Cartilaginous species, including sharks, rays, and
chimaeras, are by far the most endangered group of marine fish in the
Mediterranean Sea; among 73 assessed species in the Mediterranean, the Red List
status of Chondrichthyans shows that 39 (53% of all) are critically endangered,
endangered, or vulnerable. The biological characteristics of elasmobranches (low
fecundity, late maturity, slow growth) make them more vulnerable to fishing
pressure than most teleost fish. Overfishing, the wide use of non selective fishing
practices and habitat degradation are leading to dramatic declines of these species
in the Mediterranean Sea. In general, elasmobranchs are not targeted but are
caught incidentally. In many fisheries they are, however, often landed and
marketed. Better understanding of the composition of incidental and targeted
4
catches of sharks by commercial fisheries is fundamentally important for
conservation of these populations. This atlas is therefore prepared with a view to
describe all the above details for each of a total of 49 species of elasmobranchs
and two chimeras represented in their fishery from the Syrian marine waters.
Within the framework of the university’s commitment to society and to simplify
the results of scientific research and studies to become accessible to a wide
audience of society at different scientific and specialized levels, we have prepared
this illustrated guide to sharks, skate and rays that live in the Syrian marine
waters, and given the difficult economic situation that hinders the acquisition of
paper copies, and with the aim of placing them in access to all segments of
society, not only in Syria, but in all Arab-speaking countries bordering the
Mediterranean. We have published it electronically on the authors’ page in the
international research gate, with a link on social media pages in order to facilitate
the process of accessing this guide in any way. time and place.
This atlas deals with cartilaginous fish (Shark, ray, skates and chimeras), which
were recorded from the thirties of the last century until the date of preparing this
atlas in the Syrian marine waters, and which can be encountered in the landing
markets, popular markets, or at sea.
This atlas presents a taxonomic presentation of cartilaginous fish in
which it reviews the latest references regarding the classification of groups and
species of these cartilaginous fish with schematic forms showing technical terms
and measurements for each group of cartilaginous fish, with an explanation of the
risks that may result from some of these species. We have explained /51 / species
with their taxonomic status, scientific, English and Arabic names common to the
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), data on body measurements (total
length, disc width), habitat and Some of the biological characteristics, the
abundance of these species and the main means of fishing in the Syrian marine
waters, and their global distribution and spread, in addition to the field pictures
illustrating these species.

Définition de l'atlas
Dans le cadre de l'engagement de l'université envers la société et pour
simplifier les résultats de la recherche et des études scientifiques afin qu'ils
deviennent accessibles à un large public de la société à différents niveaux
scientifiques et spécialisés, nous avons préparé ce guide illustré des requins et

5
des raies qui vivent dans les eaux marines de Syrie ( Côte orientale de la
Méditerranée) , et compte tenu de la situation économique difficile qui entrave
l'acquisition de copies papier, et dans le but de les placer en Accès à toutes les
couches de la société, non seulement en Syrie, mais dans tous les pays
arabophones bordant la Méditerranée. Nous l'avons publié électroniquement sur
la page des auteurs dans la fenêtre de recherche internationale (Research
Gate), avec un lien sur les pages des médias sociaux afin de faciliter le
processus d'accès à ce guide de quelque manière que ce soit. Lieu et temps.
Cet atlas traite des poissons cartilagineux (requins , rais, et chimères), qui ont
été répertoriés depuis les années trente du siècle dernier jusqu'à la date de
préparation de cet atlas dans les eaux marines syriennes, et que l'on peut
rencontrer sur les leux de débarquement, marchés populaires, ou en mer.
Cet atlas contiens une présentation taxonomique des poissons
cartilagineux dans laquelle il passe en revue les dernières références concernant
la classification des groupes et des espèces de ces poissons cartilagineux avec
des formes schématiques montrant les termes techniques et les mesures pour
chaque groupe de poissons cartilagineux, avec une explication des risques qui
peuvent résulter de certaines de ces espèces. Nous avons expliqué /51/
espèces avec leur statut taxonomique, les noms scientifiques, anglais et arabes
communs à l'Organisation mondiale pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture (FAO),
les données sur les mesures corporelles (longueur totale, largeur du disque),
l'habitat et certaines des caractéristiques biologiques , l'abondance de ces
espèces et les principaux moyens de pêche dans les eaux marines syriennes,
ainsi que leur répartition et diffusion mondiales, en plus des photos prise par les
auteurs illustrant ces espèces.

6
 (Chondrichthyes : )
)
.
) 450
(
. 18 17 Elven sagre
- ( ) -
.
)
.

. 7 5

)
) )
) Clasper (

(Oviparous)
(Ovoviviparous)
(Viviparous)

7
 -1

." "
6 .
. 9
) (I )
.

.
.
.

) .I
.

400 %40

8
 Bamboo sharks
Wobbegong
Carpet sharks
Horn (bullhead) sharks )
Swell sharks
catsharks

(EGGCASE
.
.

. ( )
.
.(II )

(Ovoviviparity) -2

. .
.
.Oophagy

Whale :( )
Thresher sharks Basking sharks sharks
Shortfin mako sharks Sawfish
Lantern sharks Tiger sharks

9
Dogfish Angelsharks Frilled sharks
.sharks

:II

10
 .III
)
. (

Embryophagy and Oophagy

(Oophagy )
.(Embryophagy)
.
.
Shortfin mako Sharks white Oophagy
.Sandtiger sharks

Viviparity -3

.
. 10

11
 .
Bull sharks
Lemon sharks Blue sharks
.Hammerhead sharks

.
.

.
Zebra Blacktips Bonnetheads .(" " )
.Sharks

. .
( ) .
. ( )

( )
. ( )

( ) .

) Manta

12
 .

.
.

Greenland - -1
150 400
-2
Greeneye . 12-9 - -3
31 Dogfish
Bigeye Thresher 2 - ) -4
) 135
.
- -5
-6

. -7

.
.
.

.
.

)
13
 .
) .
.
.

:(Ebert et al., 2013, a; Nelson et al., 2016)

Kingdom: Animalia :

Phylum: Chordata :

Subphylum: Vertebrata :

Superclass: Gnathostomata :

Class: Chondrichthyes :

Subclass: Elasmobranchii :

Subclass: Holocephali :

Division Neoselachii
Subdivision Subdivision Selachii
.(Compagno et al., 2005, b; Nelson, 2006) Batoidae

(Ebert and Stehmann, 2013; Ebert, et

:al., 2013, a ; Nelson et al., 2016)

Elasmobranchii .1

:(1 ) (Sharks) Division Selachii

.
.(2 )

14
 Skates ) (Batoids) Division Batomorphi
Electricrays Stingrays Rays
Rays Skates :(3 ) (Guitarfishes Sawfishes
.

.(4 )

Stingrays Rays) Skates

: (Electricrays

.Viviparous Oviparous
)
.(Electricrays

.(Electricrays )

220 ( )

. ( )

: Holocephali .2
:Chimaeras ( )

.(5 )
.

15
 .

(Nelson, et Fauna %3.2

.(Compagno, et al., 2005, a) al., 2016)
1198 195 54
(Nelson, et al., 2016)
(1) (Weigmann, 2016)
2016 2005

.
9 38 17 49 89
.(Meléndez et al., 2017)

16
( ) :1
2016 2005

1168 30–43 537–631 417–494 Compagno et al. (2005)

1200 - - - Musick (2005)
970 33 534 403 Nelson (2006)
1102 Ebert & Compagno (2007)
Kyne & Simpfendorfer
1193 49 646 498
(2007)
1115 - - - Camhi et al. (2009)
1200 < - - - Last & Stevens (2009)
1169 - - - Ebert & Winton (2010)
1159 46 621 492 Ferretti et al. (2010)
Kyne & Simpfendorfer
1144/1198 45 482 671
(2010)
White & Sommerville
1150 - - -
(2010)
1170 - - - Aschliman et al. (2012)
1185 - - - White & Last (2012)
1200 - - - Ebert et al. (2013a)
1202 47 645 510 Ebert et al. (2013b)
1000 - - - Worm et al. (2013)
1207 50 649 508 Cotton & Grubbs (2015)
1208 49 648 511 Ebert & van Hees (2015)
1118 49 630 509 Weigmann (2016)
1197 48 636 513 Nelson et al. (2016)

17
(Compagno, 1984) Sharks :1

18
() : Sharks :2
(Serena, 2005) ( )

19
(Serena, 2005) Batoids :3

20
() : Skates ( ) :4
(Serena, 2005) ) ( )

21
 Chimaeras :5
(Bariche, 2012)

Nelson et al.
. ) Weigmann (2016) (2016)
Mancuci et al. (2020) Serena et al. (2020)
Alkusairy and Saad (2019)
.(2019)

:Sharks .

480

Galeocerdo cuvier Tiger shark :

Carcharhinus Bull shark Carcharodon carcharias Great white shark
Carcharhinus Oceanic whitetip shark leucas
.(IASF. Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark, no date) longimanus

22
Hammerhead Isurus oxyrinchus Shortfin mako
Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos Gray reef Carcharhinus galapagensis Galapagos
Carcharhinus falciformis Silky shark Blacktip Lemon Negaprion brevirostris
(IASF. Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark, Prionace glauca Blue sharks
.no date)

.(Grabianowski, no date)

.(Grabianowski, no date)

)
:(Burgess, no date)

: .1

(Burgess, no .
.date)

23
 : .2

: .3
"( ) "
)
(
.(Burgess, no date)
Ampullae of Lorenzini
.(Grabianowski, no date)
.(Grabianowski, no date)
International Shark Attack George H. Burgess
": File
.(Shark attacks at record high, no date) "

(Edmonds, no date)

.(Bass et al., 1973)

.(Martin, no date)

International Attack
33 160 828 Shark File (IASF)

10 Isurus oxyrinchus :
Carcharinus obscurus 5 Carcharhinus plumbeus
.(IASF. Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark, no date)

24
 :Batoids .

Torpindidae
(Stingrays) Dasyatidae Myliobatiformes
.Gymnuridae

(Torpedo ) Electric rays

.(6 ) (Gotter et al., 2012)

Bioelectricity
.
.(Gotter et al., 2012) Electrocytes Electroplax

(Torpedo ) :6
Gotter et al. ) ( )
(2012)

25
 (Compagno, 1986) Torpedo sinuspersici
(Reiner, 1996) 200 Torpedo marmorata
.(Lieske and Myers, 1994) 220

.
.
(Slaughter et al., 2009) ( )
.(Clark et al., 2007)

( ) Trauma
(Slaughter et al., 2009)
.(Stingray Injury Case Reports, 2012)
.(Taylor, 2000; Yamane, 2004)
.(Slaughter et al., 2009)

Vasodentin
.
.(7 )
Vasodentin
.

Stingray :7
Wikipedia

30 48

26
 60
.(Dehghani et al., 2009)
Diaz
. (2008)

:
45 ) (2018 )
(Slaughter et al., 2009) (

.(Slaughter et al., 2009)

.(Atkinson et al., 2006)

( )
Regional nerve blockade
(Slaughter et .(Slaughter et al., 2009)
al., 2009)

.(Flint and Sugrue, 1999)

:(2018) :

. -
-

27
 -
.

:Chimaeras )

:Chimaeriformes
Chimaera monstrosa Chimaeridae
Hydrolagus mirabilis (Collett, 1904) (Serena, 2005; Bariche, 2012)
.(Hassan, 2013)

:(Shortnose chimaeras) Chimaeridae .1

(8 ) :Chimaera monstrosa (Linnaeus, 1758)

Rabbit fish :
.( ) :
:
.Gruvel (1931)
(Serena et al., NT
.2020)

) 85 50 :(TL)
.(Serena, 2005) 100 (2019

____________________Chimaera monstrosa :8

28
-200 Benthopelagic
70 Serena (2005) 700

(Serena et al., 2020)

) .(Bariche, 2012)
.(Alkusairy and Saad, 2019 2019

(9 ) :Hydrolagus mirabilis (Collett, 1904)

large-eyed rabbitfish :
:

Hassan (2013)
. 500 73

1200-450 Bathydemersal
.(Krefft, 1990)

.(Serena et al ., 2020) :

Hydrolagus mirabilis :9

:(Batoids) Batomorphi

Rajiformes Myliobatiformes
( ) Rhinopristiformes
Torpediniformes

29
 :(Stingrays) Myliobatiformes
Gymnuridae Dasyatidae :
(Serena, 2005; Rhinopteridae Myliopatidea Mobulidae
.Weigmann; 2016)
:(Stingrays) Dasyatidae .1
(10 ) :Bathytoshia centroura (Mitchill, 1815)
Roughtail stingray :
.
:
.(Serena, 2005) VU
Compagno (1999, Serena (2005) Dasyatis centroura
Weigmann (2016) Ebert and Stehmann (2013) 2005)
Dasyatis Last et al. (2016, a) Bathytoshia
.

Bathytoshia centroura :10

.(2019)

30
 188 77 :(DW)
.(2019 ) 110 84
.(Serena, 2005; Ebert and Stehmann, 2013) 260-210
200 Demersal /Benthic
(Ebert and 6-2 Ovoviviparous
4 2 Serena (2005) Stehmann, 2013)
36-34
:
.(Bariche, 2012)
.(2019 )

(11 ) :Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758)

Common stingray :
. :
:

10

Dasyatis pastinaca :11

31
 .Gruvel (1931)
.(Mancusi et al ., 2020) VU
79 13
(Ebert 60 .(2019 ) 44 31
Dasyatis tortonesei Serena (2005) and Stehmann, 2013)
140 D. pastinaca
200 Demersal /Benthic
(Serena, 2005; 9-4 Ovoviviparous .
(Ebert and Stehmann, 8 Ebert and Stehmann, 2013)
.2013)
(Bariche, 2012) :
)
.(2019 2006

.(2018 )
(12 ) :Dasyatis tortonesei (Capapé, 1975)
Tortonese's stingray :
:
:
.(Saad et al., 2004) 2003
Ebert and Stehmann (2013) Serena (2005)
Compagno (1999, 2005) D. pastinaca
Weigmann (2016) Saadaoui et al. (2010)
. (Last et al., 2016, a)
.(Serena et al., 2020)
75 33 :
.(2019 ) 45 34

32
 Dasyatis tortonesei :12
100 -
46 38
.(Capapé, 1978) 4
Serena et al.
.(2020)
.(2019 )

) :Himantura leoparda (Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2008)

(13
Leopard whipray :
. :
:
Saad et al. (2021)
131 295.5
33
 120-110 . 54

Himantura leoparda :13

..(Serena et al., 2020) :
70
.(Manjaji-Matsumoto and Last 2008)
(Serena et al., 2020)
(Manjaji-Matsumoto
.and Last 2008)

(14 ) :Himantura uarnak (Gmelin, 1789)

Honeycomb stingray :
. :
:

34
 Ali et al. (2010, b)
.2008 ( )
.(Serena et al ., 2020)

Himantura uarnak :14

135 75 :(DW)
.(2019 ) 45 37
200 Benthic
.(Serena, 2005) 125

(Bariche, 2012; Serena et al., 2020)

.(2019 )

(15 ) :Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832)

Violet stingray :
. :
:

35
 .(Ali et al., 2010) 2009
.(Serena et al., 2020) LC
75 30 :(DW)
80 (2019 ) 45 37
.(Serena, 2005)

Pteroplatytrygon violacea :15

100 Pelagic
24-14 (Serena, 2005) 6-5
.(Ebert and Stehmann, 2013)
(Serena et al., 2020)
.(Bariche, 2012)
.(2019 )

(16 ) :Taeniurops grabatus (Geoffroy St-Hilaire, 1817)

Round stingray :
:
:
.Ali et al. (2013)
.(Serena et al., 2020) DD

36
 130 36 :(DW)
(2019 ) 45 37
.(Serena, 2005) 100
(Serena, 100 Benthic
.2005)
Serena (2005)
-
Ebert and Stehmann (2013)
.(Serena et al., 2020) .
.(2019 )

Taeniurops grabatus :16

37
 :(Butterfly rays) Gymnuridae .2
(17 ) :Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758)
Spiny butterfly ray :
. :
:

.(Saad et al., 2004) 2003

.(Serena et al., 2020) CR

Gymnura altavela :17

137 38
-200 .(2019 ) 104 73
.(Serena, 2005) 400
60 Benthic
.(Serena, 2005)
4-1 96.1 77.1
Alkusairy et al., 30.7
.(2013 2014)

38
 (Serena et al., 2020)
.(Bariche, 2012)
.(2019 )

:(Mantas and devil rays) Mobulidae .3

(18 ) :Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788)
Devil ray :

.(Saad et al., 2004) 2003

.Serena et al. (2020) EN
235 150 :(DW)
520 .(2019 ) 115 79
.(Serena, 2005)

Mobula mobular :18

39
(Serena, :
180-160 2-1 .2005)
.(Serena, 2005; Ebert and Stehmann, 2013) 25
(Serena et al., 2020)
.(Bariche, 2012)
.(2019 )

:(Eagle rays) Myliobatidae .4

(19 ) :Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758)
Common eagle ray :
:
:
.Gruvel (1931)
.(Serena et al., 2020) VU :

Myliobatis aquila :19

(2019 ) 50 40 :
60
300 10 :
. 7-3
(Serena et al., 2020)

40
 ) :Aetomylaeus bovinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)
(20
Bull ray :
:
:
(Compagno, 2005; Serena, 2005; Pteromylaeus bovinus
Pteromylaeus Ebert and Stehmann, 2013)
.(White, 2014) Aetomylaeus
.(Saad et al., 2004) 2003
.(Serena et al ., 2020) CR
152 40 :(DW)
.(2019 ) 115 79
(Serena, 2005) 250

Aetomylaeus bovinus :20

100 Semi-pelagic
6-4
.(Serena, 2005) 45

41
 (Serena et al., 2020)
(Bariche, 2012)
.(2019 )

:(Cownose rays) Rhinopteridae .5

(21 ) :Rhinoptera marginata (Geoffroy St-Hilaire, 1817)
Lusitanian cownose ray :
:
:

.(Anon, 1976) 1976

.(Serena et al., 2020) DD

Rhinoptera marginata :21

100 35 :(DW)
(Serena, 200 .(2019 ) 115 79
.2005)
30 Semi-pelagic
.(Serena, 2005) 6-2

42
 (Serena et al., 2020) :
.(Bariche, 2012)
.(2019 )

:(Skates and Rays) Rajiformes

Rajidae

Nelson et :(Skates) Rajidae .1

Rajinae (Hardnose skates) al. (2016)
Arhynchobatinae (Softnose 6)
.skates)

(22 ) :Dipturus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Longnose skate :
:
:
.(Saad et al., 2004) 2003
(Serena et al., NT
.2020)
69 24 :(DW)
.(Serena, 2005) 150 .(2019 ) 55 37
Demersal /Benthic
.(Serena, 2005; Ebert and Stehmann, 2013 900-90
.(Serena, 2005) Oviparous .(Ebert and Stehmann, 2013 17
54.8 48.2
100-50
.(2019 Alkusairy and Saad, 2017)
(Serena et al., 2020)
.(Bariche, 2012)
.(2019 )

43
 10

Dipturus oxyrinchus :22

(23 ) :Leucoraja circularis (Couch, 1838)

Sandy Skate :
:
:

62.8 36.4 40.3 Alkusairy and Saad (2018, b)

. 880 1240 ( 58.0
. 10 120

.(Serena et al., 2020) CR

44
 275-70 Demersal /Benthic
.(Serena, 2005; Ebert and Stehmann, 2013) 70 DW 120 TL
.(Serena et al., 2020)

Leucoraja circularis :23

(24 ) :Leucoraja fullonica (Linnaeus, 1758)
Shagreen ray :
. :
:
.(Serena et al .,2020) CR
( )
183 36.5 21.0
.(Saad and Alkusairy, 2019) 340

45
TL 550-30 Demersal /Benthic
.(Serena, 2005; Ebert and Stehmann, 2013) 100
.(Serena et al., 2020)

Leucoraja fullonica :24

(25 ) :Raja clavata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Thornback ray :

:
.Gruvel (1931)
(Serena et al., NT
.2020)

46
 Malacoraja
.(Ishihara et al., 2012) Malacoraja
. 50 14 :(DW)
.(Serena, 2005) 110 (2019 ) 37 30

Raja clavata :25

Demersal /Benthic
.(Ebert and stehmann, 2013) 300-10 (Serena, 2005) 700-20
.(Ebert and stehmann, 2013) 11-10 Oviparous
40.6 33.3
.(2018 ) 178 89
(Serena et al., 2020)
.(Bariche, 2012)
.(2019 )

47
 (26 ) :Raja miraletus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Brown ray :
. :
. :
.Gruvel (1931) 1930
.LC :
35 8 :(DW)
60 .(2019 ) 33 25
(Serena, 2005)
150-50 Demersal /Benthic
Oviparous .(Ebert and Stehmann, 2013) 300-10 (Serena, 2005)
72-40 .(Ebert and Stehmann, 2013) 11-10
.(Bor, 2011)

Raja miraletus :26

48
(Serena et al., 2020)
.(Bariche, 2012)
.(2019 )

(27 ) :Raja radula (Delaroche, 1809)

Rough ray :
. :
:
.(Saad et al. 2006) 2004
.(Serena et al., 2020) EN
35 23 :(DW)
.(Serena, 2005) 70 .(2019 ) 33 25

Raja radula :27

(Serena, 350 / :
.(Bor, 2011) 72-40 Oviparous .2005)

49
 (Serena et al., 2020) :
.(Bariche, 2012)
.(2019 )

:(Shovelnose rays) Rhinopristiformes

Naylor et al. (2012)
Nelson et al. (2016) Pristiformes Rhinobatidae
Rhinopristiformes Weigmann (2016) Rhinobatiformes
Pristidae Glaucostegidae Last et al. (2016, a, b)
Rhinobatidae

:(Giant Guitarfishes) Glaucostegidae .1

:Glaucostegus cemiculus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)

(28 )
Blackchin guitarfish :
. :
:
(Saad et al., 2004) 2003
Glaucostegus cimiculus Rhinobatus cemiculus
2012
110 68 166 36
.(Serena, 2005) 180 .(2019 )

Glaucostegus cemiculus :28

50
.(Mancusi et al., 2020)
Benthic
.(Serena, 2005) Ovoviviparous 100
31.3 12-2
.(2009 ) 87 86
(Serena et al., 2020)
.(Bariche, 2012)
)
.(2019
:(Guitarfish) Rhinobatidae .2
(29a 29 ) :Rhinobatos rhinobatos (Linnaeus, 1758)
Common guitarfish :
:
:
(Anon ,1976) 1976
.(Mancusi et al.,2020)
110 75 140 43
.(Eber and Stehmann, 2013) 160-140 .(2019 )

Rhinobatos rhinobatos :29

Benthic
(Serena, 2005) Ovoviviparous 100
.(Eber and Stehmann, 2013) 34 16-9

51
 (Serena et al., 2020)
.(Bariche, 2012)
.(2019 2003 2003 2002 )

Rhinobatus rhinobatus :29a

) 5 2004

:(Sawfishes) Pristidae .3
(30 ) :Pristis pectinatus (Latham, 1794)
Smalltooth sawfish :
:
Gruvel (1931)
.(Serena et al., 2020) CR
.(Bariche, 2012) 500 200-100
/
(Bariche, 20-15 100-5
.2012)

52
 Pristis pectinatus :30
(Serena et al., 2020)

4
- (Gruvel, 1931) 100

(30a )

Pristis pectinatus :30 a

.
.(Gruvel ;1931; Anon, 1976)

:(Electric rays) Torpediniformes ( )

:(Electric rays) Torpinidea

(31 ) :Torpedo marmorata (Risso, 1810)
Marbled electric ray :

53
 . :
:
.Gruvel (1931)
.(Serena et al., 2020) LC

Torpedo marmorata :31

50-43) 40 33
.(Bariche, 2012) 100 .(2019 )
500-5 :
40 29 .(Bariche, 2012) 13-2
.(Serena, 2005)
(Serena et al., 2020)
.(Bariche, 2012)
.(2019 )

200

(32 ) :Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte, 1758)

Electric ray :
. :
:

.(2002 ) 2001

54
 .(Serena et al ., 2020) :
( 55-50) 45 41
.(Serena, 2005) 180 .(2019 )

Tetronarce nobiliana :32

.(Serena, 2005) 150-10

(Serena et al., 2020)
.(Bariche, 2012)
.(2019 )
200

(33 ) :Torpedo sinuspersici (Olfers, 1831)

Variable torpedo ray :
. :
:
.(Saad et al., 2004) 2003
.(Serena et al.,2020) :
45-34 40-33
.(2019 )

55
.(Serena, 2005) 22-9 200
.(Serena et al., 2020)

Torpedo sinuspersici :33

(34 ) :Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758)

Common torpedo :
.( :
.(Serena et al., 2020) LC :

)
.

.
Gruvel (1931) Torpedo oculata
.

56
 70
.(Serena, 2005) 21
(Serena et al., 2020)
.(34a ) (Bariche, 2012)
200

( ) :(34)

( ) :
) IUCN
.(

57
 T . torbido ( ) :34a

:(Sharks) Selachii

.Squalomorphi Galeomorphi :

Carcharhiniformes : :Galeomorphi
Lamniformes

:(Ground sharks) Carcharhiniformes

Triakidae Sphyrnidae Scyliorhinidae Carcharhinidae

:(Requiem sharks) Carcharhinidae .1

(35 ) :Carcharhinus obscurs (Lesueur, 1818)
Dusky shark
:
:
.(Mancusi et al., 2020) DD : :
.(2003)
265 150 . 340 86
. 400

58
 Coastal-pelagic
-3 100-69 Viviparous 400
.(Compagno, 1984; Serena, 2005; Ebert and Stehmann, 2013) 14

Carcharhinus obscurs :35

. (Serena et al., 2020) :
)
.(2019 2003 2002
(36 ) :Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827)
Sandbar shark
:
:
.(Mancusi et al., 2020) EN :
160 125 300 45
. 300 (Alkusairy and Saad, 2018, a)

Carcharhinus plumbeus :36

59
 280 Coastal-pelagic :
14-1 75-56 Viviparous
.(Compagno, 1984; Serena, 2005; Ebert and Stehmann, 2013)
)
. Serena et al. (2020) (Bariche, 2012)
2003 )
.(2019

:(Catsharks) Scyliorhinidae .2
(37 ) :Galeus melastomus (Rafinesque, 1810)
Blackmouth catshark :
:
. :
.(Serena et al., 2020) LC
.(Saad et al., 2006) 2003
265 150 70 27 :
(Bariche, 90 (Alkusairy and Saad, 2018, a)
.2012)

Galeus melastomus :37

500-200 Deep-water
(Compagno, 1984; Serena, 2005; Ebert and Stehmann,
.2013)

60
 (Serena et al., 2020)
.(Bariche, 2012)
.(2019 2006 )

(38 ) :Syliorhinus canicula (Linnaeus, 1758)

Pristis pectinatus :
:
:
.(Serena et al., 2020) LC
.(Gruvel, 1931)
50 35 50 30
. 100 .(Alkusairy and Saad, 2018, a)

15

Syliorhinus canicula :38

110
(Compagno, 1984; Serena, 2005; Ebert 10-9 Oviparous
38 37 .and Stehmann, 2013)
.(2013 )
(Serena et al., 2020)
.(2019 ) .(38a )

Pristis pectinatus :38a

61
 (39 ) :Scyliorhinus stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758)
Nursehound
. :
:
(Gruvel, 1931; Saad et
(2019 al., 2004
.(Serena et al., 2020) NT :
200 120 70
. 100 5

(Serena et al ., 2020)
.(39a )

Scyliorhinus stellaris :39

60-20

(S. canicula)
.
.
.
. nursehound

62
 . Scyliorhinus stellaris :39a
(39b )
12 10 .
16 . 7
. 0.56-0.45 . 12-10
79-77
. 19 .
(IUCN)
.

Nursehound: Scyliorhinus stellaris :39b

63
 :(Hammerhead sharks) Sphyrnidae .3
(40 ) :Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758)
Smooth hammerhead :
:
:
.(Gruvel, 1931; Saad et al., 2006) 1930
.(Mancusi et al., 2020) CR
(Serena, 400 250-180
. 2005; Bianchi, 2012)
200 :
. 37
(Serena et al., 2020) :

)
.(2018

Sphyrna zygaena :40

64
 :(Hound sharks) Triakidae .4
(41 ) :Mustelus mustelus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Smoothhound :
:
:
.(Serena et al., 2020) VU
.(Gruvel, 1931)

Mustelus mustelus :41

100 73 141 50
. 164 .(Alkusairy and Saad, 2018, a)

Viviparous (2019 2003 ) 250-10

21-3 36
.(2009 ) 105 101
(Serena et al., 2020) :
.
.(2019 )

:(Mackerel sharks) Lamniformes

Lamnidae Cetorhinidea Alopiidae
:(Thresher sharks) Alopiidae .1
(42 ) :Alopias superciliosus (Lowe, 1841)
Bigeye thresher :
65
 :
:
.(Mancusi et al., 2020) EN
.(2003 )

Alopias superciliosus :42

. 230 195 255 180
. 460 .(Alkusairy and Saad, 2018, a)
/Coastal /Epipelagic :
500 Oceanic
.(Compagno, 1984; Serena, 2005) 4-2 106-64
(Serena et al., 2020)
.
.(2019 )

:(Basking shark) Cetorhinidae .2

(43 ) :Cetrohinus maximus (Gunnerus, 1765)
Basking shark
:
:
.(Mancusi et al., 2020) EN
Ali et al. (2012)
34 2.5 690

66
 1500 700 500

Cetrohinus maximus :43

Oceanic / Epipelagic
(Compagno, 1984; Serena,
.2005)
(Serena et al., 2020)

:(Mackerel sharks) Lamnidae .3

(44 ) :Isurus oxyrinchus (Rafinesque, 1810)
Shortfin mako
:
:
.(Mancusi et al., 2020) CR :
.(Saad et al., 2004) 2002
130 72 195 66 :
. 394 .(Alkusairy and Saad, 2018, a)
/Coastal /Epipelagic
70-60 460 Oceanic

67
(Compagno, 1984; Serena, 2005; Ebert and 25-4
.Stehmann, 2013)

Isurus oxyrinchus :44

(Serena et al., 2020)
.
.(2019 )

Hexanchiformes :Squalomorphi
Squatiniformes Squaliformes
:(Cow sharks) Hexanchiformes
:(Cow sharks) Hexanchidae
:
(45 ) :Heptranchias perlo (Bonnaterre, 1788)
Sharpnose seven-gill shark :
. :
. :
.(Serena et al., 2020) LC :
.(Saad et al., 2004) 2002
55 124 20
140-137 .(Alkusairy and Saad, 2018, a) 100
.

68
 Heptranchias perlo :45
Epibenthic /Benthic :
Ovoviviparous 720-27 (Deep-water )
(Compagno, 1984; 27-26 20-6
81 .Serena, 2005; Ebert and Stehmann, 2013)
) 97
.(2013
Serena et al. (2020)
.
.(2019 )

(46 ) :Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre, 1788)

Bluntnose six-gill shark :
:
:
.(Mancusi et al ., 2020) LC

Hexanchus griseus :46

69
155 . 345 85
. 482 275
-1875 Benthopelagic
108-22 Ovoviviparous 2500
(Compagno, 1984; Serena, 2005; Ebert and Stehmann, 74-61
.2013)
(Serena et al., 2020)
.
(2019 )

:(Dogfish sharks) Squaliformes

Oxynotidae Etmopteridae Dalatidae Centrophoridae
Squalidae Somniosidae

:(Gluper Sharks) Centrophoridae .1

:Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801)
(47 )
Gluper shark :
. ) :
:
.(Serena, 2005) VU

Centrophorus granulosus :47

70
Centophorus (2003) Gruvel (1931)
Centrophorus machiquensis acus

90 77 105 46
. 130-120 .(Alkusairy and Saad, 2018, a)
1400-150 Benthic
(Compagno, 1984; Ovoviviparous
.Serena, 2005; Ebert and Stehmann)
. - ( )
)
.(2019
(48 ) :Centrophorus uyato (Rafinesque, 1810)
Little gulper shark :
:
. :
.(Serena et al ., 2020) CR
.(Saad et al., 2004) 2003
89 70 100 47
. 100 .(Alkusairy and Saad, 2018, a)

Centrophorus uyato :48

1400-50
50-40 Ovoviviparous
86.7 79.2 .(Compagno, 1984; Serena, 2005)

71
 .(2013 )
(Serena et al., :
2013 ) 2020)
.(2019

:(Kitefin sharks) Dalatiidae .2

(49 ) :Dalatias licha (Bonnaterre, 1788)
Kitefin shark :
:
:
.(Serena et al., 2020) VU
.(2003 )
100 80 120 69
. 180-159 (Alkusairy and Saad, 2018, a)

Dalatias licha :49

Mesopelagic /Benthic :
30 Ovoviviparous 1000-90
.(Compagno, 1984; Serena, 2005) 16-3
(Serena et al., :
. 2020)
.(2019 )

72
 :(Lantern sharks) Etmopteridae .3
(50 ) :Etmopterus spinax (Linnaeus, 1758)
Velvet belly
:
:
.(Serena et al., 2020) LC :
60 45 40
Capapé and Ali
208 35.4 ( ) .(2017)
(Saad and Alkusairy,
.2018, a)

Etmopterus spinax :50

500-200 :
. 20-6 14-12
(Serena et al., 2020)

:(Rough sharks) Oxynotidae .4

(51 ) :Oxynotus centrina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Angular rough shark :
.( )
. :
.(Serena et al ., 2020) CR :

73
 51 45 52 45
150 .(Alkusairy and Saad, 2018, a)

Oxynotus centrina :51

660-60 Benthic
.(Compagno, 1984; Serena, 2005) 8-7
(Serena et al., :
2020)
.(2019 )

:(Sleeper sharks) Somniosidae .5

(52 ) :Somniosus rostratus (Risso, 1810)
Little sleeper shark :
:

.(Serena, 2005) DD

.Somniosus rostratus :52

74
 .(Saad et al., 2004) 2003
100 :
100 200 :
.(Serena et al., 2020) :

:(Dogfishes) Squalidae .6
(53 ) :Squalus acanthias (Linnaeus, 1758)
Spotted spiny dogfish
:
:
.(Gruvel, 1931)
.(Serena et al ., 2020) CR :

Squalus acanthias :53

160 60 50 :
1000 10 :
(Serena, 20-1
.2005)
(Serena et al., :
. 2020)

(54 ) :Squaulus blainville (Risso, 1827)

Longnose spurdog
:
:

75
 .(Serena et al., 2020)
.(Saad et al., 2004) 2002

Squaulus blainville :54

58 44 82 28 :
110 .(Alkusairy and Saad, 2018, a)
Demersal /Benthic
-1 22-19 720-15
.(Compagno, 1984; Serena, 2005; Ebert and Stehmann, 2013) 9
(Serena et al.,
. 2020)
.(2019 )

(55 ) :Squalus megalops (Macleay, 1881)

Shortnose spurdog
:
:
(Serena et al., DD :
.2020)
.(Saad et al., 2004) 2003
58 44 66 40 :
77-70 .(Alkusairy and Saad, 2018, a)

76
 Squalus megalops :55
Demersal :
22-19 750
(Compagno, 1984; Serena, 2005; Ebert and 6-1
.Stehmann, 2013)
.Serena et al. (2020)
)
.(2019

:(Angel sharks) Squatiniformes

Squatinidae
:(Angel sharks) Squatinidae
(56 ) :Squatina aculeate (Cuvier, 1829)
Sawback angelshark
. :
:
.(Mancusi et al., 2020) CR
.(Saad et al., 2004) 2002
60 133 42
200 .(Alkusairy and Saad, 2018, a) 110

77
 Squatina aculeate :56
500-30
.(Compagno, 1984; Serena, 2005)
(Serena et al., 2020)
(Alkusairy and Saad, .
.2018, a)

(57 ) :Squatina oculata (Bonaparte, 1840)

Smoothback angelshark

:
.(Mancusi et al., 2020) CR
125 69 140 61
200 .(Alkusairy and Saad, 2018, a)
560-20
.(Compagno, 1984; Serena, 2005) 27-24

78
 (Serena et al., 2020) :
.
.(2019 )

Squatina oculata :57

(58 ) :Squatina squatina (Linnaeus, 1758)

Angelshark
:

.(Mancusi et al., 2020) CR

Gruvel (1931)
(2019) (Saad et al., 2004 2003 ) 2002

250 150 70 :
. 200 5

79
(Serena et al., 2020) :

Squatina squatina ( ) :58

80
 References :

.(2006)

35

.(2013)
. . Gymnura altavela........
)

( ) .(2019)
. . Dipturus oxyrhincus
.

.(2006)

38

.(2018)
Raja clavata L., 1758 (Elasmobranchii: " "
.133-121 :2 (15) . ( Rajidae

. .(2018)
112 .

.(2003)
)
28

.(2003)
184) ) . ......

.(2003)
.76-45 :(17)
81
Mustelus .(2009)
Rhinobatos cemiculus & mustelus……..
)

.(2013)
.
57 .

. .(2002)
25

82
Anonymous (1976). Commercial fish species collected by the Korean mission
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 Atlas of Sharks and Batoids in Syrian
marine waters

Prof. Adib Ali Saad Dr. Hasan Alkusairy

2022

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