ANAPHY LECTURE

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

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 ANAPHY LECTURE
 Sensation
Integumentary System
- has sensory receptors that can detect heat, cold, touch,
- consists of the skin and accessory structures, such as hair,
pressure, and pain
glands, and nails
 Temperature Regulation
- its appearance can also indicate physiological imbalances
- plays a major role in regulating body temperature
in the body
through the modulation of blood flow through the skin
and the activity of sweat glands
 Vitamin D Production
- when exposed to ultraviolet light, the skin produces a
molecule that can be transformed into vitamin D, an
important regulator of calcium homeostasis
 Excretion
- small amounts of waste products are excreted through
the skin and glands
Skin
- is made up made up of two major tissue layers, the
epidermis and the dermis
- rests on the subcutaneous tissue which is a layer of
subcutaneous tissue
 the subcutaneous tissue is not part of the skin

Epidermis
FUNCTIONS OF THE INTERGUMENTARY SYSTEM:
 Protection
- skin is the covering of the body
- reduces the negative and harmful effects of ultraviolet
light as well as abrasion
- keeps microorganisms from entering the body and
reduces water loss from the body, preventing
dehydration
EPIDERMIS
- is the most superficial layer of the skin that rests on the
dermis
- prevents water loss and resists abrasion
- known as the cutaneous tissue, is a keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium
- composed of distinct layers called strata
- the stratum corneum, the most superficial stratum of the
epidermis, consists of dead squamous cells filled with
keratin
- Keratin – gives stratum corneum its structural strength
- cells of the deepest strata performs mitosis
- as new cells form, they push older cells to the surface
where they slough or flake of
Keratinization – process where cells accumulate keratin 2

Dandruff
- excessive sloughing of stratum corneum cells from the
surface of the scalp
Callus
- is the thickened area produced as the number of layers in
the stratum corneum increases when the skin if subjected to
friction
Corn
- a corn-shaped structure when the stratum corneum
thickens
LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS:
o Stratum Corneum
- most superficial stratum of the epidermis
- composed of 25 or more layers of dead, overlapping
squamous cells joined by desmosomes
- consists of cornified cells, which are dead cells, with a
hard protein envelope, filled with the protein keratin.
Keratin is a mixture of keratin fibers and keratohyalin
ANAPHY LECTURE
o Stratum Lucidum
- a thin, clear zone above the stratum granulosum
- consists of several layers of dead cells with indistinct
boundaries
- cells are dead and contains dispersed keratohyalin
o Stratum Granulosum
- consists of two to five layers of somewhat flattened,
diamond-shaped cells
- derives its name for producing protein granules of
keratohyalin which accumulate in the cytoplasm of the
cell
- in the most superficial layers of the stratum granulosum,
the nucleus and other organelles degenerate, and the
cell dies
- the keratin fibers and keratohyalin granules within the
cytoplasm do not degenerate
o Stratum Spinosum
- consisting of 8–10 layers of many-sided cells
- cells in this stratum are pushed to the surface, they
flatten; desmosomes break apart, and new desmosomes
form
- produces keratin fibers, lamellar bodies, a membrane
bound-organelle form inside keratinocytes
o Stratum Basale
- deepest portion of the epidermis is a single layer of
cuboidal or columnar cells
- single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells
- basement membrane of the epidermis attaches to the
dermis
- produces cells of the most superficial strata
- melanocytes produce and contribute melanin, which
protects against ultraviolet light
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DERMIS
Dermis
- is a layer of dense connective tissue
- composed of collagenous connective tissue containing
fibroblasts, adipocytes, and macrophages
- nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, and
lymphatic vessels extend into the dermis
- collagen fibers that are oriented in many directions and
elastic fibers are responsible for the structural strength of
the dermis and resistance to stretch
Cleavage Lines
- when collagen fibers are oriented in more direction than
others
- or tension lines which are more resistant to stretch
- an incision made parallel with these lines tends to gap less
and produce less scar tissue
Stretch Marks
- if the skin is overstretched for any reason where the dermis
can be damaged
Dermal Papillae
- are projections towards the epidermis found it the upper
part of the dermis
- contains many blood vessels
- shapes into fingerprints and footprints in the palms of the
hands, soles of the feet, and the tips of the digits arranged
in parallel, curving ridges
Thick Skin
- has all five epithelial strata, and the stratum corneum has
many layers of cells
- found in areas subject to pressure or friction, such as the
palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, and the fingertips
Thin Skin
- covers the rest of the body and is more flexible than thick skin
- each of its strata contains fewer layers of cells than are found
in thick skin; the stratum granulosum frequently consists of
only one or two layers of cells, and the stratum lucidum is
generally absent
- hairs are only found in think skin
ANAPHY LECTURE
SKIN COLOR
Skin Color
- factors that determines skin color: pigments in the skin,
blood circulating through skin, and the thickness of the
stratum corneum
- two primary pigments: melanin & carotene
Melanin
- the group of pigments primarily responsible for skin, hair,
and eye color
- most melanin molecules are brown to black pigments but
there are some that are yellowish and reddish
- provides protection against ultraviolet light from the sun
- are produced by melanocytes, are irregularly shaped cells
with many long processes that extend between the
keratinocytes of the stratum basale and the stratum
spinosum
- packaged into vesicles called melanosomes, which moves
into the cell processes of melanocytes
- epithelial cells phagocytize the tips of the melanocyte cell
- large amount of melanin form freckles or moles in some
regions of the skin
- melanin production is determined by genetic factors,
exposure to light, and hormones
- genetic factors are primarily responsible for the variations in
skin color among different races and among people of the
same races
- racial variations is determined by: the amount, type, and
distribution of the melanin
Suntan
- exposure to ultraviolet light like sunlight, stimulates
melanocytes to increase melanin production
Albinism
- melanin production was prevented due to a mutation
- causes a deficiency or an absence of melanin, resulting in
fair skin, and unpigmented irises in the eyes
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 ANAPHY LECTURE
Carotene - rare type
- a yellow pigment found in plants such as squash and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE
carrots Subcutaneous Tissue
- a lipid-soluble that when consumed, accumulates in the - is not part of the skin
lipids of the stratum corneum and in the adipocytes of the - sometimes called hypodermis
dermis and subcutaneous tissue - the skin (cutaneous membrane) rests on the subcutaneous
- skin can become yellowish when large amount of carotene tissue
is consumed - attaches the skin to underlying bone and muscle and
Cyanosis supplies it with blood vessels and nerves
- the color of the blood in the dermis contributes to skin color, - is a loose connective tissue, including adipose tissue that
a decrease in blood flow can make the skin appear pale contains about half of the body’s stored lipids
- a bluish color of the skin caused by the decrease in the - subcutaneous tissue can be used to estimate total number
blood O2 content of body fat
- acceptable percentage of body fat varies from 21% to 30%
Skin Cancer for females : 13% to 20% for males
- most common cancer
- mainly caused by UV light exposure Adipose Tissue
- fair-skinned people are more prone - amount of adipose tissue vary with age, sex, and diet
- can be prevented by limiting sun exposure and using - functions as padding and insulation
sunscreen
- sunscreen can block UVA and UVB rays HAIR
UVA rays Hair
can cause tan and is associated with malignant melanomas - in humans, hair is found everywhere on the skin, except on
the palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of genitalia, and the
UVB rays distal segments of the fingers and toes
can cause sunburn - each hair arises from a hair follicle, an invagination of the
epidermis that extends deep into the dermis
TYPES OF SKIN CANCER: - a hair shaft protrudes above the surface of the skin, the
o Basal Cell Carcinoma root below the surface and the hair bulb is the expanded
- cells in stratum basale are affected base of the root
- cancer can be removed by surgery - a hair has a hard cortex, which surrounds a softer center,
o Squamous Cell Carcinoma the medulla
- cells above stratum basale are affected - cortex ix covered by the cuticle, a single layer of
- can cause death overlapping cells that holds the hair in the hair follicle
o Malignant Melanoma - hair is produced in the hair bulb, which rests on the hair
papilla
- arises from melanocytes in a mole

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 ANAPHY LECTURE
- the hair papilla is an extension of the dermis that protrudes
into the hair bulb and contains blood vessels
 Hair color is determined by varying amounts and types of
melanin.
 With age, the the amount of melanin in here can decrease,
causing the hair color to become faded or the hair can contain
no melanin and be white.
 Each hair follicle is attached to smooth muscle cells called the
arrector pili muscle, which can contract and cause the hair to
become perpendicular to the skin’s surface.

HAIR GROWTH
- hair is produced in cycles, with a growth stage and resting
stage
- when the next growth stage begins, a new hair is formed,
and the old hair falls out
- the duration of each stage depends on the individual hair
- loss of hair normally means that the hair is being replaced
because the old hair falls out of the hair follicle when the new
hair begins to grow
Growth Stage
- hair is formed by mitosis of epithelial cells within the hair
bulb and these cells divide and undergo keratinization
Resting Stage
- growth stops and the hair is held in the hair follicle
GLANDS
Glands
- two major glands: sebaceous glands & sweat glands
Sebaceous Glands
- are simple, branched acinar glands. with most being
connected by a duct to the superficial part of a hair follicle
- they produce sebum – an oily, white substance rich in lipids
- the sebum is released by holocrine secretion and lubricates
the hair and the surface of the skin, which prevents drying
and protects against some bacteria
Sweat Glands: Eccrine Sweat Glands & Apocrine Sweat Glands
Eccrine Sweat Glands
- are simple, coiled, tubular glands and released by sweat by
merocrine secretion
- located in almost every part of the skin but most numerous
in the palms and soles
- not found on the margin of the lips, the labia minora, and
the tips of the penis and clitoris
- produce a secretion that is mostly water with few salts
- have ducts that open onto the surface of the skin, through
sweat pores and are for thermal regulation
Sweat
- hypoosmotic fluid that leaves the duct

Eyelashes Scalp Hair 6

Growth: 30 days Growth: 3 years
Rest: 105 days Rest: 1 to 2 years
 ANAPHY LECTURE
- can be released in the palms, soles, and axillae as a result Nail Fold
of emotional stress - skin covering the lateral and proximal edges of the nail
Emotional
Apocrine Sweating
Sweat Glands Nail Groove
- is used in
- simple, coiled,lie detector
tubulartest because
glands that sweat
usuallygland
openactivity
into hair - holds the edges of the nail
may increase when a person tells a lie
follicles superficial to the opening of the sebaceous glands Cuticle
- found in the axillae and genitalia (scrotum and labia majora) - or eponychium, is stratum corneum of the nail fold grows
and around the anus onto the nail body and the nail root extends distally from the
- do not help regulate temperature in humans nail matrix
- become active at puberty as a result of sex hormones Hyponychium
- secretes organic substances like 3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid, - a thickened region of the stratum corneum beneath the free
that are essentially odorless when first released but are edge of the nail body
quickly metabolized by bacteria to cause what is commonly Nail Matrix
known as body odor - the extension of the nail under the skin
- an epithelial tissue with a stratum basale that gives rise to
Ceruminous Glands the cells that form the nail
- are modified eccrine sweat glands located in the ear canal - thicker than the nail bed and produces nearly all of the nail
Cerumen Nail Bed
- or earwax, is composed of the combined secretions of - epithelial tissue, with a stratum basale that gives rise to the
ceruminous glands and sebaceous glands cells that form the nail
- along with hair, protects the tympanic membrane by - visible through the clear nail and appears pink because of
preventing dirt and small insects from moving too deeply blood vessels in the dermis
into the ear canal Lunula
Mammary Glands - small part of the nail matrix
- are modified apocrine sweat glands located in the breasts - is seen through the nail body as a
- produces milk whitish, crescent-shaped area at
the base of the nail
NAILS
Nail
- is a thin plate consisting of layers of dead stratum corneum
cells that contain a very hard type of keratin
- located on the distal ends of the digits (fingers and toes)
Nail Body
- is the visible part of the nail
Nail Root
- the part of nail that is covered by skin
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HOW INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM PERFORM PROTECTION:
 Reduction in body water loss
 Acts as a barrier that prevents microorganisms and other
foreign substances from entering the body
 Protects underlying structures against abrasion
 Melanin absorbs ultraviolet light and protects underlying
structures from its damaging effects
ROLES OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
1. Sensory Receptors
- are associated with the skin
- receptors in the epidermis and dermis can detect pain,
heat, cold, and pressure
- hair does not have a nerve supply, but hair follicles has
sensory receptors that can detect movement of hair
2. Vitamin D Production
- UV light causes the skin to produce a precursor
molecule of vitamin D
- The precursor molecule is carried by the blood to the
liver where it is enzymatically converted
- The enzymatically converted molecule is carried by the
blood to the kidneys where it is converted again to the
active form of vitamin D
- Vitamin D stimulates the small intestine absorb calcium
and phosphate for many body functions
3. Temperature Regulation
- Regulation of body temperature is important because
the rate of chemical reactions within the body can be
increased or decreased by changes in body temperature
ANAPHY LECTURE
- Even slight changes in temperature can make enzymes
operate less efficiently and disrupt the normal rates of
chemical changes in the body
- Exercise, fever, and an increase in environmental
temperature tend to raise body temperature
- In order to maintain homeostasis, the body must rid itself
of excess heat
- Blood vessels in the dermis dilate and enable more
blood to flow within the skin, thus causing heat dissipate
from the body
- Sweat also assists in loss of heat through evaporative
cooling
4. Excretion
- The integumentary system plays a minor role in
excretion, the removal of waste products from the body
- In addition to water loss and salts, sweat contains small
amounts of waste products, such as urea, uric acid, and
ammonia
- Even though the body can lose large amount of sweat,
the sweat glands do not play a significant role in the
excretion of waste products
5. Diagnostic Aid
- The integumentary system is useful in diagnosis
because it is observed easily
- Cyanosis, a bluish color to the skin caused by
decreased blood O2 content, is an indication of impaired
circulatory or respiratory function
- A yellowish skin color, called jaundice, can occur when
the liver is damaged by a disease, such as viral hepatitis
- Rashes and lesions in the skin can be symptoms of
problems elsewhere in the body
BURNS
Burn
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 ANAPHY LECTURE
- is an injury to a tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, - amputation or complete removal of the damaged tissue is
chemicals, electricity, or radiation required
- are classified to their depth Split Skin Grafts
- Partial-Thickness Burns are classified as first-degree and - a procedure wherein the epidermis and part of the dermis
second-degree burn are removed from another part of the body and placed over
- Full-Thickness Burns is a third-degree burn the burn
First-Degree Burn
- is superficial and involves only in the epidermis and is red
and painful Aging and the Integumentary System
- slight edema / swelling may be present  Blood flow decreases and skin becomes thinner due to the
- can be caused by sunburn or brief exposure to very hot or decreased amounts of collagen
cold objects, and they heal without scarring in about a week  Decreased activity of sebaceous and sweat glands make
Second-Degree Burn temperature regulation more difficult
- is partial-thickness and involves damages in both  Loss of elastic fibers cause skin sag and wrinkle
epidermis and dermis
- if dermal damage is minimal, symptoms only include
redness, pain, edema, and blisters
- healing takes about 2 week and no scarring results
- if the burn goes deep into the dermis, the wound appears
red, tan, or white; can take several months to heal and
might scar
Third-Degree Burn
- is full-thickness and damages the complete epidermis and
dermis
- the region of burn is usually painless because the sensory
receptors has been destroyed
- appears to be white, tan, brown, black, or deep cherry red
Fourth-Degree Burns
- extremely severe burns that affects tissues deeper than the
subcutaneous tissue
- often damage muscles, born, and other tissues associated
with them
- are usually painless due to the destruction of the pain
receptors

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ANAPHY LECTURE

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