PAINTS

AND
ADHESIVES
Asierto, Karelle Kaye
Baldado, Allia Jenn
Renacia, Angelo
What is Paint?
A Paint is essentially a coating
or covering material applied
on metallic or non-metallic
surfaces for decorative or
protective purposes.
 History of Paint

1 2
The early history of painting as a form
can be traced to the archeological
findings in the Blombos cave.
Archeologists found the world’s
oldest drawings and engravings in
this cave, some of which are over
100,000 years old.
3
In 201l, archeologists Several decades later in
found toolkits that ancient Egypt, the Dendera
cavemen that dwelled walls were painted using
in the caves used to mineral substances and the
grind pigment first recorded case of an
additive in the paint.
 History of Paint
4 5
The practice of A few decades later, people
adding organic started hiring experienced
substances artists for interior walls of
their homes. A pestle and
mortar were used to crush
ingredients.
6
Painting buildings became a
popular practice. In 1718, an
Englishman, Marshall Smith
invented a Machine used for
grinding and mixing colors.
 History of Paint

7 8
However, it was not until the industrial Painting buildings was now the norm and
revolution in the 18th century that they in 1866, Sherwin-Williams opened as a
became officially recognized as a part of commercial paint maker and they
many economies. From the 1750s to the invented paints that could be used
early 19th century, paint mills increased in straight from the container.
number in Europe.
 History of Paint
Since then, paints have evolved. There are now
several factories, each with its brand of paint
type. There are also special types that are
designed for certain materials. We have
metallic paints for metal and steel surfaces,
aluminum paint, wood stain, masonry paint, and
many others.
Painting is typically carried
out for the following reasons:
· Simple maintenance
· Provides protection to surface against from solar radiation, insects,
rain and other external factors
· Improving the visual appeal of the surface
· Improving surface durability
· Waterproofing
Before choosing the type of paint to use, it’s
essential to consider the physical properties of it.
An excellent type of paint will efficiently offer the
following benefits:
· Forming a durable and hard coating
· Ease of application
· Formation of thin-film w/o cracking
· Reasonable or excellent drying period
· Not very harmful for users
· Its main performance must not get affected by weather conditions
An excellent-quality paint mix
is consisting of:
01 02 03 04 05

Pigment Solvent Binder Extender Additive

20% 15% 40% 20% 5%
BASIC COMPONENTS
OF PAINTS
Base Pigment
· It is a principal constituent of paint.
· It also possesses the binding properties.
· It forms an opaque coating.
· Commonly used bases for paints are white lead, red
lead, zinc oxide, iron oxide, titanium white, aluminium
powder and lithophone.
· A lead paint is suitable for painting iron and steel works,
as it sticks to them well. However, it is affected by
atmosphere action and hence should not be used as final
coat. While zinc forms good base but is costly.
Lithophone, which is a mixture of zinc sulphate and
barytes, is cheap. It gives good appearance but is
affected by day light. Hence it is used for interior works
only.
Vehicle or Binder
· The vehicles are the liquid substances which hold the
ingredients of a paint in liquid suspension and allow them
to be applied on the surface to be painted.

· Linseed oil, Tung oil and Nut oil are used as vehicles in
paints. Of the above four oils, linseed oil is very
commonly used vehicles. Boiling makes the oil thicker
and darker. Linseed oil reacts with oxygen and hardens
by forming a thin film.
Pigment
Pigments give required colour for paints. They are fine
particles and have a reinforcing effect on thin film of the
paint. The common pigments for different colours are:

Black - Lamp black, suit and charcoal black.

Red - venedion red, red lead and Indian red.
Brown - burned timber, raw and burned sienna
Green - chrome green, copper sulphate.
Blue - prussian blue and ultra marine
Yellow - ochre and chrome yellow.
Drier
· These are the compounds of metal like lead,
manganese, cobalt.
· The function of a drier is to absorb oxygen from the air
and supply it to the vehicle for hardening. It accelerates
the process of drying of the paint.
· The drier should not be added until the paint is about to
be used. The excess drier is harmful because it destroys
elasticity and causes flaking.
Thinner
· It is also known as solvent. It adjusts the viscosity of the
paint to suit the method of application.
· It makes paint thinner and hence increases the
coverage.
· It helps in spreading paint uniformly over the surface.
· Terpentine and neptha are commonly used thinners.
· Turpentine is generally used as a thinner in oil paints. In
emulsion paints, water is used as a thinner.
· After paint applied, thinner evaporates and paint dries.
TYPES OF
PAINTS
 Oil Paint
· This type of paint has a white lead base
and is typically applied in three coats:
primer, undercoat, and finish. This paint is
available in two finishes: matte and glossy
.
· Oil paint is a popular choice since it is
long-lasting and inexpensive, and it is
simple to apply and clean. This paint is
often used on walls, doors, windows, and
metal items.

· Despite their numerous advantages, these

also have significant drawbacks. Oil paint
does not work well in humid environments
and takes longer to cure entirely.
 Enamel Paint
· This type of paint is typically made by
adding zinc or lead directly to varnish.
Pigments will be added to it in order to
produce a wide range of hues. Enamel
paints have been shown to produce harder,
glossier coats that are extremely easy to
clean.

· Furthermore, the paint is chemically

resistant and waterproof, resulting in great
color retention and coverage.
 Enamel Paint
· Some of the most popular applications for
enamel paints are – windows, staircases,
walls both interior and external, wood trim,
flooring, and doors, and surfaces such as
brick, metals, wicker, glass, and plasters.

· The main drawbacks of enamel paint are

the need for titanium coating and delayed
drying before application.
 Emulsion Paint
· The term emulsion refers to a mixture of
two liquids that do not entirely mix. For
example, oil and water form an emulsion,
and you can see the layer of oil in the water.

· Emulsion paints often use polystyrene and

polyvinyl acetate as its binding materials,
and at the same time, it contains driers
such as manganese and cobalt.

· Water is the principal vehicle/medium in

which pigment, binders, and additives are
added and spread in most emulsion paints.
 Emulsion Paint
· Binders, which are polymers, are employed
in paints to form a continuous film. Binders
used in the formulation of paints include
epoxy, acrylic, resin, and alkyd resins.

Emulsion paints are flexible, dry rapidly, and

may be used on both indoor and outside
surfaces.
Cement-based
Paint
· When cement is the most important
component of paint, it can provide
maximum sturdiness and hardness. These
paints are a superior alternative for both
interior and outdoor walls. This type of
paint no longer necessitates the use of any
exclusive natural count or oil.

· It may also be an excellent choice for an

external surface because it can reduce dirt
collection and prevent water penetration.
Cement paint may be one of the best
options for an exterior or interior wall, as
well as a concrete wall construction.
Bituminous Paint
· This type of paint is created from
dissolved asphalt or tar, which gives it its
distinctive black hue. It is waterproof and
alkali-resistant, but it should not be used in
situations where it will be exposed to
sunlight because it deteriorates.

· Underwater ironworks, concrete

foundations, timber surfaces, and iron
pipes frequently find bituminous paint.
When applied to metals, it also helps to give
corrosion resistance.
Aluminum Paint
· This paint is made by combining
aluminum particles with oil varnish.

· It is corrosion, electricity, and weather

resistant.

· It resists heat to a certain degree.

· The surfaces of iron and steel are better

protected from corrosion by this paint than
any other paint.
Aluminum Paint
· Aluminum paint is widely used on metals
and wood, with particular uses including
gas tanks, oil tanks, water pipes, and
radiators.
 Anti-corrosive
Paint
· This paint is frequently distinguished by its
unique chemical resistance, as suggested
by its name. It is manufactured from
linseed oil, fine sand, and zinc chrome.

· This type of paint has a standard black

hue and is frequently used on pipes or other
metallic surfaces. This paint is capable of
preventing corrosion by limiting the direct
passage of water and air to the metal.
Anti-corrosive
Paint
· The coatings function as a barrier,
preventing corrosive materials and
chemical compounds from coming into
direct contact.
 Synthetic Rubber
Paints
· Synthetic rubber paints are made by
dissolving synthetic resins in the suitable
solvents. By adding suitable pigments to
this mixer, the color can vary.

· This type of paint is widely used on

cement concrete surfaces like concrete
walls.

· This paint is less affected by rain, sunlight

etc. It has good resistant properties against
acids, alkalis and moisture conditions.
 Synthetic Rubber
Paints
· It can be used for interior and exterior
applications, from road markings to
swimming pools and everything in between.
It can be painted on a variety of surfaces,
including metal, concrete, road surfaces
and manhole covers, and dries within a
matter of hours.

It dries very quickly and maintains uniform

color throughout the surface.
ADHESIVES
ADHESIVE
The first known use of a substance being
used as an adhesive dates back to 4000
B.C. Archeologists have found pottery and
EDUCATION other clay vessels that were repaired with a
sticky resin, thought to have been from tree

SERIES: sap.

HISTORY OF Between 1500-1000 B.C., paintings and

murals were created that showed gluing

ADHESIVES
operations. Other findings, such as
excavation of tombs in Egypt, show caskets
and other burial items were bonded
together with some form of adhesive,
typically thought to have been some type
of animal glue.
From 1-500 A.D. is when the Greeks and Romans began using different
kinds of glue for bonding thin sections or layers of wood. It was during this
time that the traditionally used animal glues were refined and combined
with other substances such as egg whites, milk, cheese, grains and animal
hides to increase bond strength and durability. Additionally, the Romans
were the first to use beeswax as a sealant on their boats and ships.

Glue as a means of assembly gained use in the 1500’s, as woodworking and

furniture making became a larger part of society.

In 1750, the first glue patent was issued in Britain for type of glue made out
of fish. After this first patent was issued, many more were issued for
adhesives made of natural rubber, animal bones, fish and casein.
During the 1920’s, glue manufacturing was a vital part of the Industrial
Revolution. New materials were created that allowed for easier formulation
of many adhesives. It was during this time that the first plastic polymer
was synthesized into a cellulose nitrate, commonly used in billiard balls.

World War II caused the rapid growth of the synthetic adhesive industry. It
was during this time that manufacturers started to take into consideration
the flexibility, toughness, cure time and temperature/chemical resistance
of the adhesives they would use on their assembly line.

Today, adhesives are being used for endless applications. Numerous

manufacturing processes are using adhesives to replace stitching, stapling
and fastening.
Applications of Adhesives in the
Construction Industry
It is used in the adhesion of Ceramic Tiles.
Used in Carpet laying.
Counter top Lamination and fixing of laminates
and veneers on furniture in the interiors.
Adhesives are used as the bonding layer for
floor fixing between the existing floor and the
substrate.
It is used in the fixing of Drywall Lamination
It finds its use in HVAC e. Heating, Ventilation
and Air Conditioning
Applications of Adhesives in the
Construction Industry
They are mixed in the cement used for Joints.
They are very useful in Manufactured Housing
or pre-fabricated housing.
Fixing of Pre-finished Panels.
Fixing of Vinyl or Resilient Flooring.
It is used in the fixing of Roofing systems and
Roof tiles.
They are used in surface preparation and
application of Wall Covering or Wall Papers.
components
of an
adhesive
formulation
primary resins, solvents, fillers,
plasticizers, reinforcements,
thickeners and thixotropic agents,
film formers, antioxidants,
antifungal agents, emulsifiers, and
wetting agents
 Mechanical Properties of
Adhesives
Abrasion Resistant Low Shrinkage
Creep and Fatigue Resistant Low Stress
Dimensionally Stable Rigid Curing
Flexibilized and Toughened Strength
Hardness Vibration, Impact and
High Elongation Shock Resistant
Two Types of Adhesives
Used in Construction
Non-structural adhesives
Structural adhesives
non-structural
construction
adhesive
Neoprene Contact Adhesives
Acrylic Dispersion Adhesives
VAE Emulsions (Vinyl Acetate-
Ethylene Copolymers)
Rosin Solvent-based
Adhesives
Cellulosic and Starch-based
Powder Adhesives
structural
construction
adhesive
Epoxy Adhesives
Polyurethanes (PU) Adhesives
Acrylic Adhesives
Silicones Adhesives
MS Polymers (Hybrid) Adhesives
Cement-based Mortars
Plaster-based Putties
Adhesives Used for Prefabricated
Parts
#1 Epoxy Adhesives
Construction and civil engineering
may only use on-site adhesives which
cure at ambient temperatures from 5
to 40°C. Temperatures below 5°C
would not allow a proper cure or
drying. Thus, the 2K epoxy adhesives
are employed in the construction
industry.
Hardener or curing agent with
different chemical types
Polyamines - Primary amines (RNH2) react with two epoxy groups
while secondary amines R-NHR' will react with only one. Tertiary
amines cannot react readily with epoxy groups but may act as a
catalyst to accelerate the epoxy reaction.

Cycloaliphatic amines
may cure at low temperatures and in humid weather
give high heat resistance and toughness
have longer pot life than previous amines and allow thicker joints
Hardener or curing agent with
different chemical types
Polyamides
available in a large range of molecular weights, and the hardener
to resin ratio is much higher than with the amines
give higher flexibility, but other properties tend to be inferior, such
as water resistance, modulus and slower speed of reaction

Polysulfides and polymercaptans

give non-brittle, more flexible epoxy adhesives, and
polymercaptans give fast curing at room temperature
Reactive diluents are low viscosity, low molecular weight mono or
difunctional epoxies, that will reduce the viscosity of the adhesive.

Fillers (e.g. talc, silica) are added to:

Modify viscosity and thixotropy (non-sagging mortars for wall
applications)
Reduce the cost of the adhesive reduce the exotherm.

Fillers allow the adhesive to fill gaps up to 1 or 2 mm thickness

(epoxy mortars for civil engineering, bonding of ceramic tiles and
stones) .
Flexibilizers, such as plasticizers & polysulfides

Elastomeric modifiers or Tougheners are used to increase the peel

strength or toughness of epoxy adhesives. Unmodified epoxy
adhesives may be very rigid and brittle so it is necessary to add
tougheners.
Characteristics of Epoxy Adhesives and Mortars
Pot life depends on the hardener, formulation, temperature and the
quantity mixed. It may vary from 40 minutes for an epoxy-polyamine
formulation to 100 minutes for an epoxy-polyamide, when mixing 1 kg of
the 2 components at 20°C.

Hardening time necessary to reach 50% of maximum resistance may vary

from 30 minutes up to 15 hours according to formulation, hardener, and
temperature.

Excellent adhesion to many materials, such as concrete, metals, stone,

ceramic tiles, glass, plastics, thermosetting composites & wood.
High mechanical strength (from 15 to 35 MPa) for the tensile shear
resistance, according to the materials to be bonded and the formulations.

Some formulations are brittle so that it may be better to use polyamide or

polysulfide hardeners.

Peel strength are often low (1 to 8 N/mm width according to formulations),

thus it may be necessary to use the toughened epoxies which are more
flexible.
Excellent resistance to water, chemicals, and solvents (full crosslinking).

Good heat and cold resistance, from - 100 to +100°C for service
temperature, but some formulations start to soften at 50°C
#2 Polyurethanes
(PU) Adhesives
Polyurethanes are semi-structural
that provide a tensile shear resistance
of 5 to 12 MPa. The polyurethane
chemistry is rich in many polymers,
reactions types, and raw material
Types of PU Formulations
Solvent-less formulations, 1K or 2K – They may be rigid or flexible
according to the formulations.

Solvent-based formulations, 1K or 2K – They are generally flexible.

Solvent-less formulations – They harden by reaction with the

humidity in the ambient air or in the materials to be bonded.

PU-reactive Hot-melts – They are used in prefabricated parts

(not on-site)
Characteristics of Polyurethanes
Adhesion - PU adhesives adhere to many substrates, such as metals, glass,
wood, plastics, rubbers.
Flexibility - PU adhesives are much more flexible than the epoxies and
some of the industry players have developed theories for using PU
adhesives in construction, transportation, etc. for semi structural bonds.
Crosslinkability - PU adhesives which crosslink through reaction with
humidity In PU adhesives and sealants, the isocyanate groups at the end of
the PU polymer react with the water contained in the air or in the materials.
They may harden even in thick joints up to 20 mmm thicknesses.
Characteristics of Polyurethanes
Extrusion - The adhesive or sealant may be extruded, for instance from a
cartridge with a caulking gun and it will cure after 6 to 24 hours according
to formulation, humidity, joint thickness, and ambient temperature.

Formulation - PU may be formulated as foamable adhesives and sealants,

which are sold in aerosol cans from 500 g to a few kg sizes.
#3 Acrylic
Adhesives
Structural or modified acrylics are
thermosetting adhesives that are
used in thermoplastic non-structural
applications. Modified acrylic
adhesives are based on polymethyl
methacrylate grafted to either vinyl-
terminated rubbers or polyurethane.
They have gap filling properties up to 5 mm thickness.
They provide high shear resistance of 15 to 35 MPa to metals,
plastics, reinforced plastics or composites.
Some formulations are able to absorb some quantities of rolling
oils on steel.
They display high peel strength and impact resistance, they are
much less brittle than epoxies.
They have good water resistance and weathering properties, and
therefore they are widely used now for construction of boats and
outside bonds of plastics and composites. But their cold
resistance is generally - 40°C.
#4 Silicone
Adhesives
Silicones are mostly known as
sealants, but some grades may be
used as adhesives, such as the
silicones for structural glazing of glass
windows bonded to metal frames in
the construction of curtain wall
facades.
 They have high flexibility combined with high peel and fair shear
resistance. They are semi-structural because their shear
resistance is only 1 to 3 MPa, and they can hold large glass
windows on facades for a long period of time (probably up to 40
years or even more).

For instance, DOWSIL™ 993 Structural Glazing Sealant offers the

following properties:
Dry to the touch: 80 to 100 minutes at 25°C and 50% RH.
Excellent adhesion to various glasses, anodized aluminum and
stainless steel profiles.
They provide the following mechanical properties after full
polymerization of 7 days at 25°C and 50%, such as:
Tensile resistance: 0.95 MPa
Tear resistance: 6 kN/m
Elongation at break: 130%
Hardness: 40 (Shore A)
Service temperature: from -50°C to + 150°C
Long term durability
#5 MS Polymers
Silyl-terminated polyether adhesives
is end capped by methyl dimethoxy
silane, which may cure by moisture
with a catalyst. Hybrid silane polymers
display good adhesion to many
materials, such as metals, plastics,
composites, wood, ceramics and
concrete.
Advantages
Their low viscosity allows easy application by guns.
They cure quickly.
They have good weathering resistance and good mechanical
properties.
They may be used as adhesives.

Disadvantages
Medium heat resistance (75°C maximum)
Low shear resistance
They are flexible materials.
#6 Cement-based
Mortars
Cement-based mortars may be
considered as adhesives and are
structural because they provide
tensile shear resistance up to 20 MPa
on concrete, ceramic tiles, bricks or
stones.
Several Types of Solid Additives
Cellulosic resins
Acts as a water retaining agent
Acts as a viscosity adjuster
Adhesion promoters
They are used to increase adhesion on concrete, ceramic tiles,
glass mosaics or stones)
Vinyl copolymers are solid powders which dissolve quickly
when the user adds water to the powder mortar. These vinyl
copolymers increase the adhesion of the mortar to concrete
and ceramic tiles.
Characteristics of Cement-based Mortars

Water to powder ratio is usually 20 to 30%.

May fill large gaps up to 20 mm thick.
After mixing, the mix may be used during several hours.
Hardening time must be long enough to allow the worker to install
several m2 with one mixed bag.
Open time after spreading the mortar on the substrate is usually
half an hour.
The mortar is spread with a notched trowel on the wall or floor
with a coverage of 2 to 7 kg/m2 because it is necessary to fill the
gap between the substrates which may be uneven and the back
of the tiles which may be grooved or fluted (not flat) and the
finished surfaces must be perfectly flat however after tile
installation.
Cement-based mortars stick well to concrete, cement, stones,
ceramic tiles, glass mosaics, but they do not stick to metals or
plastics.
Their tensile resistance is quite high, usually around 10 to 20 MPa.
Water resistance is excellent, similar to the water resistance of
cement or concrete.
Uses of Cement-based Mortars
These cement-based mortars are used mainly for the following
applications:
Ceramic tiles and stones bonding onto concrete walls & floors,
inside & outside the buildings.
They are used to bond cellular concrete blocks, insulation hollow
bricks, prefabricated building blocks.
They also for repair of worn concrete.
#7 Plaster-based
Putties
These are mixtures of plaster and a few percentages of powder
additives which bring improved properties:

Cellulosic resins control the viscosity and rheology of the paste

after mixing it with water.
An additive slows down the setting (hardening) of plaster.
Parts to be bonded may be slightly adjusted during the first hour
to half hour before the plaster starts to harden.
Powder vinyl copolymers increase the adhesion of the mortar to
the various construction materials (concrete, wood, metals)
Uses of Plaster-based Putties
Jointing and bonding of plaster blocks & plasterboard
Repairs of cracks
Bonding of insulation panels on walls
#8 Adhesives Used for
Prefabricated Parts
Many parts of buildings are prefabricated in a plant, for example
doors and windows, panels, insulated panels or laminated arches.
This is done on high speed lines and it requires:

Fast bonding, fast drying or curing adhesives, such as hot-

melts, solvent-based adhesives or
Heat-cured thermosetting adhesives, such as Urea-
formaldehyde (UF) or resorcinol-formaldehyde.
Hot melts for prefabricated parts are usually based on a mix of 3
components:

A plastic polymer which is usually ethylene-vinyl acetate

copolymer (EVA)
A resin which provide adhesion to specific substrates, tack and
heat resistance
A wax that can melt quickly and is useful to control melting time,
viscosity and rheology of the adhesive.
EVA hot melts are used for bonding
edges to panels on edge banding
machines, for profile laminating,
cabinets, countertop assembly, and
sometimes to bond insulation
panels to plasterboard, plywood,
fiber cement, etc.
PU-reactive hot melts provide high cohesion and high heat
resistance than EVA. They are used for windows assembly, and
bonding parts that must withstand temperatures up to 80°C.

Formaldehyde Resins
The UF resins and adhesives cure by hot pressing at 70 to 110°C. They
are widely used for the lamination of decorative veneers or foils and
films (PVC, melamine paper) to plywood, particle board or MDF.
Resorcinol-formaldehyde are 2 components adhesives that cure at
45 to 60°C. They give a hard and cohesive bond on wood, with long
durability, high creep resistance, high heat resistance and for all these
reasons they have been widely used to manufacture laminated
beams arches for large buildings (stadium, shopping centers, markets,
swimming pools, etc.)
Technical Characteristics of
Construction Adhesives
Surface Preparation

In order to get a strong and durable bond with construction adhesives,

it is always mandatory to prepare the surfaces of the substrates so
that they are:
Clean
Sound and strong
Dry
Flat
Absorb the carrier
Mode of Application or Tools
Adhesives should be applied with the proper tools which
include:

Notched trowel for floor and wall coverings: The

amount and thickness of adhesive will depend on the
size of the teeth of the trowel, and also of the materials
to be bonded. (Strictly follow the indications on the
TDS of the material)
Brush, paint roller or spray gun, according to the job
and adhesives.
Hand gun with a cartridge for sealants and for thick,
gap filling mastics.