Name : Andriana Veronika P

NIM : 172120115
Class : VI D

1. (a) (i) This is a recorded telephone message and therefore the speaker does not
know the hearer. This is indicated by the absence of address term and the formal
syntax
(ii) Its primary function is to provide referential information. It is not intended to
provide information on how the speaker is feeling.

(b) (i) Despite the initial greeting good morning which can be used to strangers and
acquaintances, the speaker clearly knows the addressee well. Two affectionate endearment
terms are used ( little one, pet ).
(ii) The use of the tag form ( didn’t you ?) is an attempt to elicit a response. However,
it is not a request for information – the answer is self-evident since it is provided in the
utterance itself. This is clearly an utterance with a high affective content.

(c) (i) The address forms ( Mr Clayton , sir ), as well as the initial phrase, an apology for
interruption (excuse me ), suggest this is an utterance from a subordinate to a superior and
that the two do not know each other well.
(ii) The primary intention of this utterance appears to be to provide referential
information.

2.
Reasons for code-switching Quote an example number from the
chapter
Setting In Eggenwil;
Addressee specification a town in the Aargau canton of Switzerland;
local Swiss German dialect of her canton
Ethnic identity marker which
she uses in her everyday interactions;
Express solidarity knows two very distinct varieties of German;
Express social distance she rarely uses it in speech;
The sermons her mother listens to in church
Assert social status
are generally in standard German too,
though more
radical clerics use Swiss German dialect;
Topic Diglossia
Quoting someone Silvia, a bank-teller;
Proverb RAID THE FRIDGE;
Add emphasis
Add authority
 THEN I’D FEEL GUILTY AND SICK AND
Express feelings WHEN I WOKE UP NEXT DAY I WOULD BE
SO DEPRESSED;
Describing facts Alf want to diet, but he cannot;

3.
(a) Vernacular languages contrast with standardised varieties predominantly on
the status and formality dimensions. Vernaculars are generally low status
varieties used to express solidarity or construct aspects of social identity in
informal contexts
(b) Standard dialects are prestigious varieties which may be used in more
formalsituations
(c) Lingua francas means of expressing referential functions – they are associated with
informal but information-oriented contexts
(d) Pidgin language may be well explained based on its function. Similarly the langua
francas language is the main means of expressing referential functions - both are
related to an informal but information-oriented context
(e) Creoles are generally regarded as low status linguistic varieties, though we will see
in the next chapter that steps can be taken to raise the status of creoles which have
been selected for promotion for political reasons

4.
a) Pavement [British]; Sidewalk [US]
b) Trunk [US]; Boot [British]
c) Bonnet [British]; Hood [US]
d) Gas [US]; Petrol [British]
e) Jersey [British]; Sweater [US]
f) Diaper [US]; Nappy [British]
g) Elevator [US]; Lift [British]
h) Can [US]; Tin [British]
i) Luggage [British]; Baggage [US]
j) Eraser [US]; Rubber [British]
5.
Age
Sentenc
Young Old
e
I’ve just got a new car. It’s….. Fast I love it
The Australianswere beaten by 6 Bad Very bad
wickets and I’m not surprised.
Their playing
was…..
I heard a talk about personality types on Foolish Inconsequential
the
radio today. The speaker didn’t know a
thing about the subject. It was …...

6. a : 3; b : 1; c : 2

7. a) Grafitti. CLUEs: Say no to nuclear weapons – like a political messages

b) Baby-talk words. CLUEs: Ripiting words, simple vocabulary
c) Formal information. CLUEs: Like information voice by informan in public area
d) Text message. CLUEs: Weird word, slang word
e) Im not robot text. CLUEs: Can find when you download something

8. a) Alone among the animals human beings use language to communicate.

b) ‘Speech,’ wrote Benjamin Lee Whorf, ‘is the best show humankind puts on.’
Language helps people think. The average student might hear 100,000 words a day. With a
modest reading speed a student would cover 90,000 words a day. Students could easily be
exposed to three quarters of a billion words a year. And anyone could easily increase that if
they wanted.
c) Human beings have been civilised for centuries. They no longer need to hunt for
food.
d) The two Oxford Union male debaters most ably supported by a woman debater
from Victoria made entertaining contributions.
e) The pioneers who established the farms of this country, who toiled to break in the
land, knew little of what was happening in the towns.

9. a) act as an informative as well as a directive to shoot (gun)

b) expresses admiration (expressive) as well as encouragement to continue
behaving in a particular way (directive)
c) could be expressing a wish but is more likely to be a directive which also provides
information
d) expresses how the speaker feels, but is simultaneously informative, and could be
directive if it serves as a hint that it is time to leave.