PHYSICS PROJECT FOR THE SESSION 2023-2024.

ON
"TO STUDY VARIATION OF CURRENT USING ALDR"

N
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Creat

krisbnacurty oorld
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Krishnamurthy World School,Jaripada,Cuttack for the fulf illment

of terms and conditions set by the Central Board of Secondary
Education(CBSE)for the "PHYSICS PROJECT"practical paper for All
India Senior Secondary Certif icate Examination AISSCE 2023-2024.

SUBMITTED BY:- PROJECT SUPERVISOR

PRINCE SENAPATI MRS.MADHUSMITA BEHERA
ROLLNO:-62 (DEPT OF PHYSICS)
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that PRINCE SENAPATI, a student

of class XI,Roll no:-62 has successfully done the
project on the topic "TO STUDY THE VARIATION OF
CURRENT
USING A LDR"under my guidance during the session
2023-24 in partial fulf illment of Physics practical
examination conducted by the CBSE in Krishnamurthy
World School,Cuttack.

EXAMINER SIGNATURE TEACHER SIGNATURE

MRS.MADHUSMITA BEHERA
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I,PRINCE SENAPTIof class XII,am glad to present my Physics

Project on the topic"TO STUDY VARIATION OF CURRENT USING
LDR".

Primarily,I would thank God for being able to complete this project
with success.Then I would like to thank my Physics Teacher MRS.
MADHUSMITA BEHERA(PHYSICS)whose valuable guidance has been
the ones that helped me patch this project with success and their
suggestions
and their instructions were served as the major contributor towards
the
completion of the project.I would like to extend my gratitude to
Principal sir Mr.Prashant Dash for providing me with all the
facilities that were
required.

NAME:- PRINCE SENAPTI

 DECLARATION

IPRINCE SENAPATI of class XI Krishnamurthy World

School,Cuttack do hereby solemnly declare that this
project entitled "TO STUDY VARIATION OF CURRENT USING
A LDR"submitted for PHYSICS PAPER for AISSCE 2023-24
consist of my original work done by me under the
guidance of my Physics Teacher.

SIGNATURE OF TIE STUDENT

CLASS
 INDEX

1.INTRODUCTION
2.OBJECTIVE
3.AIM
4.APPARATUS
5.TIEORY
6.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
7.PROCEDURE
8.OBSERVATIONS
9.RESULT
10.CONCLUSION
11.APPLICATION
12.SOURCES OF ERROR
13.BIBLIOGRAPY
 INTRODUCTION
)The general purpose photoconductive cell is also known as LDR-light
hependent resistor.It is atype of semiconductor and its conductivity
changes with proportional change in the intensity oflight.There are
two common types of materials used to manufacture the
photoconductive
cells.They are Cadmium Sulphide(CdS)and Cadmium Selenide (CdSe).
Extrinsic devices haveimpurities added,which have a ground state
energy closer to the conduction band -since theelectrons don't
have as far to jump, lower energy photons (i.e.longer wavelengths
and lowerfrequencies)are
sufficient to trigger the device.Two of its earliest applications were as
part ofsmoke and fire detection systems and camera light
meters.The structure is covered with glasssheet to protect it from
moisture and dust and allows only light to fall on it.
ucH

homemad tS.
EL ECTRODE
(
PH OTOCON DUCTME
ERMIN MATERIAL cthau
CdS OR CdSe c
for
connection

OBJECTIVE
To study the variations,in current flowing in a circuit
containing a LDR,because of a variation:-
(a)In the power of the incandescent lamp,used to
illuminate'the LDR.
(Keeping all the lampsat a f ixed distance).
(b)In the distance of a incandescent lamp,(of fixed power),
used to 'illuminate'the LDR.
 THEORY
1.LDR AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS:-
When light is incident on it,a photon is absorbed and thereby
it
excites an electron fromvalence band into conduction
band.Due to
such new electrons coming up in conduction band area,the
electrical resistance of the device decreases.Thus the LDR or
photo-conductive
transducer has the resistance which is the inverse function of
radiation intensity.

λo=threshold wavelength,in
meters.

e=charge on one electron,in Coulombs

Ew=work function of the metal used,in EvHere we must note that
any radiation with wavelength greater than the value obtained in
aboveequation CANNOT PRODUCE any change in the resistance
of this device.The band gap energyof Cadmium Sulphide is
2.42eV and for
Cadmium Selenide it is1.74eV.Due to such large energy gaps,both
the materials have extremely High resistivity at room
temperature.
 THEORY
2.CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTOCONDUCTIVE CELLS

Now when the device is kept in darkness,its resistance is called as

dark resistance.Thisresistance is typically of the order of 1013
ohms. When light falls on it,its resistance decreasesup to
several kilo ohms or even hundreds of ohms,depending on
the intensity of light,falling onit.The spectral response
characteristics of two commercial cells
were compared in ourlaboratory.And we found that there is
almost no response to the radiation of a wavelength
whichwas shorter than 300nm.It was very interesting to note
that the Cadmium Sulphide cell has a peak response nearer
or within the green color of the
spectrum within a range of 520nm.Thus itcan be used nearer to
the infra-red region up to 750nm.It was found that the maximum
responseof Cadmium Sulphoselenide is in the yellow-orange range
at 615nm and also it can be used inthe infra-red region up to
about 970nm.

3.SENSITIVTTY:-

The sensitivity of a photo detector is the relationship between the

light falling on the device andthe resulting output signal.In the
case of a photocell,one is dealing with the relationship between
the incident light and the corresponding resistance of the cell.

4.SPECTRAL RESPONSE:-

Like the human eye,the relative sensitivity of a photoconductive

cell is dependent on thewavelength (color)of the incident light.
Each photoconductor material type has its own uniquespectral
response curve or plot of the relative response of the photocell
versus wavelength of light.
 THEORY
SYMBOLS OF LDR:-

Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

IEC ANSI

RESISTANCE AS A FUNCTION ILLUMINATION:-

Resistance

Lux
 THEORY
SPECIAL RESPONSE:-

P1
response

P3
P4
P5
Relative

P6

IR

MATERIAIS REQUIRED:-
·Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

·Connecting Wires

·Source of different power rating

(bulbs)
·Bulb Holder

·Metre scale

·Multi Meter

·Battery
 THEORY
LUMINOUS FLUX VARIATION:-

Luminous flux,or luminous power,is the measure of the

perceived power of light.It differs from the measure of the
total power of light emitted,termed radiant f lux',in that the
former takes into account the varying sensitivity of the
human eye to different wavelengths of light.'Lumen'is the
unit of luminous f lux,def ined as f lux emitted through unit
solid angle (one steradian)from a directional unit
point source of 1 cd.To avoid reference to candela,and to use
as
photometric base unit,the lumen may be def ined as the
luminous f lux of monochromatic radiant energy whose radiant
f lux is 1/683 W and whose frequency is 540×1012 Hz(closely
equal to a wavelength of
555 nm).As with luminous intensity,the luminous f lux of light
with other wavelengths can be calculated What is using the CIE
Lumen and Luminous Flux?

photometric curve. Luminous Flux (symbol d)is the amount of visible

emitted by a light source per second.
light

Unit:Lumen (lm)

Lumen =Light Output=Brightness

or 0.0926 footcandle

hux (m) i ty (c d )
 PROCEDURE:-
1.Choose a specif ic position for the source and
mount it
using a holder,make sure it is stable.
2.Select the bulb with the lowest power rating and
connect it to the holder as shown in the f igure.
3.Connect the LDR,battery(6V)and the multimeter in
series.
4.Set the multimeter to ohm section and select
suitable range and measure the resistance with
abulb on.
5.Similarly switch to current section and move to
micro ampere in the multimeter.This gives
thevalue of the
current.
6.Repeat these steps with different power sources at
different distances and note do
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

R1
390
LDR

LED
9V+ 2V
LDR Circuit
Q1
BC547
R2

100k ·
 OBSERVATIONS:-
The experiment has been conducted by using various
sources with different power ratings.Voltage ofthe battery=6
V.

1).15 Watts (Yellow)(Wavelength:-570nm)

Serial DISTANCE FROM RESISTANCE CURRENT

No SOURCE (Kilo ohm) (micro ampere)
(cm)

1. 50 142.5 40
2. 40 69 80
3. 30 41 150
4. 20 21 300

2.)15 Watts (incandescent)(mean wavelength:

-610nm)
Serial DISTANCE FROM RESISTANCE CURRENT
No SOURCE (Kilo ohm) (micro ampere)
(cm)

1. 50 51 120
2. 40 35 170
3. 30 22 270
4. 20 11 540
 OBSERVATIONS:-
3).40 watts (incandescent)(mean
wavelength=610nm)
Serial DISTANCE FROM RESISTANCE CURRENT
No SOURCE (Kilo ohm) (micro ampere)
(cm)

1. 50 20 300
2. 40 13 460
3. 30 8.5 700
4. 20 4.5 1330

4).20 Watts (CFL)(white light)

Serial DISTANCE FROM RESISTANCE CURRENT
No SOURCE (Kilo ohm) (micro ampere)
(cm)

1. 50 15.5 380
2. 40 10 600
3. 30 6 1000
4. 20 3 2000
 CONCLUSION:-

1 .The LDR resistance decreases with increase in

intensity of light and hence there is an increase in the
flow of current.
2.There is an increase in the current as the distance
from the
source decreases.
3.The intensity decreases as the distance from the
source
increases.
4 .The error lies within the experimental limit.
APPLICATIONS:-

Lead sulfide (PbS)and indium antimonide (InSb)LDRs are

used for the mid infrared spectralregion.GeCu
photoconductors are among the best far infrared detectors
available,and are usedfor infrared
astronomy and infrared spectroscopy.

ANALOG APPLICATIONS:-

·Camera Exposure Control

·Auto Slide Focus-dual cell ·Photocopy Machines -density
of toner
·Colorimetric Test Equipment
·Densitometer
·Electronic Scales -dual cell
 APPLICATIONS:-
2.DIGITAL APPLICATION:-
1.Automatic Headlight Dimmer
2.Night Light Control
3·Oil Burner Flame Out
4.Street Light Control
5·Position Sensor.

SOURCES OF ERROR:-

1.The LDR may not be perpendicular to the

source. 2.Connections may be faulty.
3.Experiment should be conducted in a dark
room. 4.Measurements should be taken
accurately.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY:-

1.NCERT CLASS-12 PHYSICS

2.www.technologystudent.com
3.Physics lab manual class 12
4.https.wikipedia.com
5.https.google.com