CHAPTER 4:

Control Volume Analysis

Using Energy
Conservation of Mass and Conservation of Energy
 Conservation of Mass for a Control
Volume
 time rate of change of   time rate of flow   time rate of flow 
 mass contained
= within   of mass in across  −  of mass out across 
     
 the control volume at time t  inlet i at time t  exit e at time t 

dmcv • •
=
dt
∑m − ∑m
i
i
e
e

•
where: m = ∫ ρVn dA
A
 Other forms of the Conservation of
Mass
One-Dimensional Flow:

• AV
=m ρ=
AV
v
dmcv AV AeVe
=
dt
∑i v ∑e v
i i
−
i e

Steady-State Flow:
• •

Integral Form: ∑m = ∑m
i
i
e
e

∑ (∫ ) ( ∫ ρV dA)
d
= ∫ ρ dV ρVn dA − ∑ n
dt V i
A i
e
A e
Conservation of Energy for a Control Volume
 time rate of change   net rate at which   net rate at which   net rate of energy 
 of the energy   energy is being   energy is being   transfer into the 
       
=
 contained within   transferred in  −  transferred out  +  control volume 
       
 the control volume at   by heat transfer   by work   accompanying 
 time t   at time t   at time t   mass flow 

dEcv • • •  Vi 2  •  Ve2 
=Q − W + mi  ui + + gzi − me  ue + + gze 
dt  2   2 
 Other forms of the Conservation of Energy
• • • • •
Wcv + Flow Work = Wcv + me ( Pe ve ) − mi ( Pv
W= i i)

Recall: h =u + P⋅v
Energy Rate Balance:

dEcv • • •  Vi 2  •  Ve2 
= Qcv − Wcv + ∑ mi  hi + + gzi  − ∑ me  he + + gze 
dt i  2  e  2 

Integral Form:
d • •   V2     V2  
∫ ρ edV = Qcv − Wcv + ∑  ∫  h + + gz  ρVn dA − ∑  ∫  h + + gz  ρVn dA
dt V
i 
A
 2  i e  
A 2  e
Other forms of the Conservation of Energy

Steady State Flow:

• • • Vi 2  •  Ve2 
0 = Qcv − Wcv + ∑ mi  hi + + gzi  − ∑ me  he + + gze 
i  2  e  2 
 Steady Flow Devices
Nozzles and Diffusers

Photo courtesy of NASA Ames

 Nozzles and Diffusers

Common Form of 1st Law:

 V12 − V22 
0 = ( h1 − h2 ) +  
 2 
 Turbines

1100kW Helicopter Engine 50 watt Microturbine

Photo courtesy of M.I.T. Microturbine lab

Photo courtesy of U.S. Military Academy

Turbine schematics courtesy of

www.howstuffworks.com
 Turbines

Common Form of 1st Law:

•
W  V12 − V22 
•
= ( h1 − h2 ) +   + g ( z1 − z2 )
m  2 
Compressors and Pumps

Rotating compressors

Reciprocating compressor

Common Form of 1st Law:

•
W  V12 − V22 
•
= ( h1 − h2 ) +   + g ( z1 − z2 )
m  2 
 Heat Exchangers
Direct Contact Tube-within-a-tube counterflow

Tube-within-a-tube Cross-flow
parallel flow

Common Form of 1st Law:


• Vi 2  • Ve2 
∑i mi  hi + 2 + =
gzi  ∑e me  he + 2 + gze 
   
Throttling Devices

Common Form of 1st Law:

hi = he
Transient Analysis
 Transient Analysis

Conservation of Mass

mcv ( t ) − mcv ( 0 ) =∑ mi − ∑ me
i e

Conservation of Energy

U cv ( t ) − U cv ( 0 ) = Qcv − Wcv + ∑  ∫ mi hi dt  − ∑  ∫ me he dt 
  
t • t •

i   e  0 
0