CHAPTER 2:

st
Energy and the 1 Law of
Thermodynamics
 Energy: The Property

1
• Kinetic Energy ∆KE = ⋅ m(V2 − V1 )
2 2

• Potential Energy ∆PE = m ⋅ g ( z2 − z1 )

• Common Units
– J(N·m) or kJ
– ft·lbf
– Btu
 Energy Changes
• Total Energy: An extensive property of a system
– Kinetic Energy (Mechanical)
– Potential Energy (Mechanical)
– Internal Energy: U or u
• Represents all other forms of energy
• Includes all microscopic forms of energy

∆E = ∆KE + ∆PE + ∆U
 Energy Transfers
• Work
– W > 0 : Work done by the
system
– W < 0 : Work done on the
system •
– Time rate of work is Power: W
• Heat Transfer
– Q > 0 : Heat transfer into
the system
– Q < 0 : Heat transfer out of
the system •
– Rate of heat transfer: Q
 Work
• The work W done by, or on, a system evaluated in
terms of macroscopically observable forces and
displacement is

s2  
W=∫ F.d s
s1
 Work
• Expansion/Compression Work (Moving Boundary
Work)
V2
W= ∫ p ⋅dV
V1

• Elongation of a solid bar

 Work
• Stretching of a Liquid Film

• Rotating Shaft

• Electric

• Polarization/Magnetization

Work is process (path) dependent,

and is NOT a property of the system
 Heat Transfer
• Conduction
• dT
Q x = −κ A
dx
• Radiation

•
Q e = −εσ AT b
4
Photo courtesy of Mike Benson

• Convection
•
=
Q c hA(Tb − T f )
 Conservation of Energy:
The 1st Law of Thermodynamics
∆KE + ∆PE + ∆U= Q − W
Change in Net amount of Net amount of
amount of energy energy
energy transferred in transferred out
contained within across the across the
= system - system
the system
during some boundary by boundary by
time interval heat transfer work during the
during the time time interval
interval

The Study of Energy in Closed

Systems
 Alternative Forms of the Energy
Balance
• Differential Form:

= δ Q − δW
dE
• Time Rate Form:
dE • •
= Q− W
dt
Alternative Forms of the Energy Balance
 Cycle Analysis
∆Ecycle = Qcycle − Wcycle Qcycle = Wcycle

Power Cycles Refrigeration & Heat

Pump Cycles
Wcycle
η=
Qin Qin
β=
Wcycle

Qout
γ =
Wcycle