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Dvorak - Thematization Topic Information Flow
Dvorak - Thematization Topic Information Flow
1, 17-37
James D. Dvorak
Associate Professor of Greek and New Testament, Oklahoma Christian University
Introduction
It is important to begin this article by stating two formative presuppositions. The first has
to do with the nature of discourse itself, namely that it is a semantic notion—it is "language that
is functional."1 From the perspective of Systemic-Functional Linguistics (SFL)—the linguistic
model adopted in this study—discourse (a.k.a., "text") is a "metafunctional construct."2 Basically
this means that a discourse fulfills multiple meaningful functions at once. The two main
functions, according to Halliday are: (1) it provides the ability to construe the human experience
of reality (ideational metafunction)3 and (2) it provides a way to enact interpersonal relationships
(interpersonal metafunction).4
The second presupposition has to do with the fact that when humans perceive that a
discourse "makes sense" to them, it generally means there is some thematic element which flows
through the discourse allowing them to recognize it as being cohesive rather than a jumble of
unrelated words and sentences.5 This cohesiveness and concomitant coherence is the result of the
work done by a third functional component of discourse, the textual metafunction. This function
provides the means by which the construal of experience (ideational function) and enactment of
relationships (interpersonal function) can be assembled into a coherent whole.6 When the three
types of function/meaning are realized they each map their own kind of structure on to each
clause in the discourse.7 The end result is an organization within a discourse that allows the
transmission of meaning to occur or "unfold"; generally this is classified under the concept of
"information systems."
The purpose of this paper is to investigate further how the textual component of discourse
aids in creating the flow of information. More specifically, I will narrow my focus to a
1
Halliday and Hasan, Language, Context, and Text, 10-2. See also Halliday, "Semantic Choice," 45.
2
Halliday and Hasan, Language, Context, and Text, 48.
3
The ideational metafunction is often referred to as the experiential metafunction. There is a fourth function given
by Halliday, the logical, which is usually taken together with experiential to form the "ideational" function (cf.
Halliday, "Semantic Choice," 23, 26-7). The logical function represents a small set of fundamental logical relations
(e.g., "if . . . then") which explain basic tactic relations (Halliday and Matthiessen, IFG, 29; Halliday and Hasan,
Language, Context, and Text, 21).
4
Halliday and Matthiessen, IFG, 29-30; Halliday and Hasan, Language, Context, and Text, 16-23, 29.
5
Jeffrey T. Reed, "Modern Linguistics," 251.
6
Halliday and Matthiessen (IFG, 30) say that the textual metafunction may be regarded as an "enabling or
facilitating function, since both the others [the ideational and interpersonal functions] depend on being able to build
up sequences of discourse, organizing the discursive flow and creating cohesion and continuity as it moves along."
Cf. also Halliday, "Semantic Choice," 29: "[I]t is through the semantic options of the textual component that
language comes to be relevant to its environment . . . ."
7
The clause is the "central processing unit in the lexicogrammar—in the specific sense that it is in the clause that
meanings of different kinds are mapped into an integrated grammatical structure" (Halliday and Matthiessen, IFG,
10).
JLIABG 18
discussion of thematization and topic. Following a model developed by Porter and O'Donnell,8 I
will endeavor to trace the thematic elements through a discourse from the bottom up (i.e.,
starting with the clause and working upwards to the clause complex and paragraph levels) in an
attempt to elucidate the topics of these larger chunks.9 I also want to show how this kind of
approach yields important information that can and should be used in the exegesis of biblical
discourse. To demonstrate this, I will use 1 Jn. 2:28—3:17 as the sample discourse for this study,
though I will not attempt a full exegesis of the text in this paper.10
follow that chunk with another (or series of others) that draws specific points from those
preceding propositions. This kind of organization is often referred to as thematization, though I
prefer to use the less technical term "staging."17 The important point here is that a certain
arrangement of information, whether it be words in a clause, clauses in a clause complex, clause
complexes in a paragraph, or paragraphs in a discourse will communicate a certain meaning. But,
if the arrangement of any one of those components is changed the meaning of the discourse
would change.18
Given that linearization affects both the smaller and larger ranks of discourse (from the
clause up), then it stands to reason that one ought to be able to determine the thematic structure
at the discourse level by determining the thematization in each of its constituent parts. In other
words, each rank from clause upward contributes to a "developing, cumulative instruction which
tells us how to construct a coherent representation" of the "topic" of each chunk and ultimately
for an entire discourse.19
17
See Brown and Yule, Discourse Analysis, 134. Cotterell and Turner, Linguistics, 241: "Discourse is characterized
by staging, the orderly progression in a necessarily linear sequence."
18
This reflects the saying, "Meaningfulness implies choice" (see Lyons, Theoretical Linguistics, 413f.). A discourse
producer particularly in written discourse will organize discourse to "lead" a reader to certain conclusions in order to
meet their communicative objectives. See Hoey, Textual Interaction, 52-3.
19
Brown and Yule, Discourse Analysis, 134; cf. Porter and O'Donnell, Discourse Analysis, 56.
20
Table 1 is adapted from Porter and O'Donnell, Discourse Analysis, 57; I am indebted to these two scholars for the
work they have produced and are producing related to discourse analysis of biblical texts, which the remainder of
this paper reflects. I am also grateful for the excellent resource made available by OpenText.org, which I have used
substantially in this and other projects.
21
Cf. Halliday and Matthiessen, IFG, 30; also Halliday, "Language Structure," 190.
22
Halliday and Matthiessen, IFG, 64.
23
Porter and O'Donnell, Discourse Analysis, 57. O'Donnell, Porter, and Reed, "Clause Level Annotation."
24
Halliday, "Language Structure," 190.
25
Halliday and Matthiessen, IFG, 58, 64; cf. Brown and Yule, Discourse Analysis, 127. See Fries, "On Theme,"
229-30.
JLIABG 20
speaker says or writes about the Prime.26 Slightly less metaphorically, the Prime of a clause
provides a framework within which the Subsequent of that clause can be interpreted.27 Thus, the
Prime orients the reader to the message of the clause, telling them how to understand the "news"
conveyed by the clause; the Subsequent is the "news" (or "newsworthy") part of the clause—the
part that the writer wants the reader to remember.28
Every clause will have a Prime and will usually have a Subsequent, though it is possible
that a clause consists of a single group or word, in which case only a Prime would be present.29
For example, in 1 Jn 3:5, the Prime is a single word (a verbal group, οἴδατε (you know)) and no
subsequent exists. Identifying the Prime is relatively easy, since it is positioned at the front of the
clause, realized by the first group element, whether a nominal group, a verbal group, or an
adjunct.30 Prime may be a complex nominal or verbal group or embedded clause (see Table 3).31
The Subsequent, if present, is realized in the remaining group elements in the clause.32
26
Brown and Yule, Discourse Analysis, 126-27: "everything else in that follows [the Theme] in the sentence which
consists of 'what the speaker states about, or in regard to, the starting point of the utterance'" (quoting Mathesius,
1942).
27
Fries, "On Theme," 230.
28
Fries, "On Theme," 234. See also the documentation on clause annotation on the OpenText.org site: O'Donnell,
Porter, and Reed, "Clause Level Annotation." Thompson (Introduction, 165) says the Rheme (Subsequent in our
terminology) is the "main information" the writer wants his audience to know.
29
Porter and O'Donnell, Discourse Analysis, 58.
30
Porter and O'Donnell, Discourse Analysis, 58.
31
Porter and O'Donnell, Discourse Analysis, 60.
32
Porter and O'Donnell, Discourse Analysis, 58.
Dvorak - Thematization, Topic, and Information Flow 21
Conjunctions are not included in Prime-Subsequent analysis.33 See Tables 2 and 3, as well as
part three below for examples. Table 3 illustrates how an embedded clause can act as Prime
while having its own Prime and Subsequent structure,34 though in practice, embedded clauses are
not usually analyzed for Prime and Subsequent.
Two more points must be kept in mind when analyzing for Prime and Subsequent. First,
as mentioned, the Prime will not always be a nominal group. When a verbal group is the Prime,
the verbal process is highlighted and not the implied Actor.35 This leads to the second point:
Prime-Subsequent analysis must be performed on the Greek text and not on a translation. I
mentioned above that the Prime in 1 Jn 3:5 is the verb οἴδατε (καί (and) is not included). If
Prime analysis was done on an English translation (“You know”), the Prime would be "you";
however, analysis of the Greek reveals that the process "know" is functioning as Prime.36 On this
point Porter and O'Donnell remind us:
This recognizes the flexibility given to the writer of Greek to: (1) not specify a specific
subject [i.e., chooses the unmarked option of leaving the subject implicit]; (2) specify the
subject, but not place it in primary position [e.g., δέδωκεν ἡµῖν ὁ πατὴρ (the Father has
given to us; 1 Jn 3:1), where Prime is δέδωκεν (has given)]; (3) specify the subject and
place it in primary position in the clause.37
33
Porter and O'Donnell, Discourse Analysis, 60.
34
O'Donnell, Porter, Reed, "Clause Level Annotation."
35
Porter and O'Donnell, Discourse Analysis, 59. O'Donnell created a search algorithm to run on OpenText.org and
found that in 1 John the Predicator appears as Prime 87 times (primary and secondary clauses only).
36
See Porter and O'Donnell, Discourse Analysis, 59.
37
Porter and O'Donnell, Discourse Analysis, 60.
JLIABG 22
delimiting thematic elements in clause complexes.38 The main thematic elements at this level are
Theme and Rheme, and together these elements constitute a Thematic Unit.39
Since analyzing Theme involves determining the Actor (subject, whether animate or
inanimate) of verbal processes, it is important to remember that in Greek verbs are monolectic.
In other words, the form of the verb not only contains information about the aspect, mood, and
voice of the process, but it also contains information about the Actor of the process.40 This means
an Actor does not have to be named explicitly in the clause to be understood; it may be inferred
from previous co-text or extra-textual context. However, to be considered as Theme in Theme-
Rheme analysis, the Actor must be explicitly stated in the text, and it will usually be indicated by
a nominal group, though an embedded clause may also act as Theme (e.g., 1 Jn 3:3–4a; see Table
4).41 Further, since primary clauses are responsible for creating the "flow" of information in a
discourse,42 the new Actor must be explicitly introduced in a primary clause.43 That which is
Theme remains Theme until there is a shift in participant involvement—that is, when a new
Actor is named and a new process chain begins (a series of verbal groups that all have the same
Actor). The Rheme is any "additional process information for the current actor" that serves to
extend the process chain.44 Rheme is analogous to Subsequent at the clause rank; whereas
Subsequent describes what is "newsworthy" about the Prime, Rheme describes the process(es) in
which the Thematic Actor is involved or is experiencing.
Table 4 represents the two Thematic Units in 1 Jn 3:3–4a. In both units (labeled as
Thematic Unit1 and Thematic Unit2 respectively), an embedded clause serves as Theme.
Thematic Unit1
Theme1 Rheme1
(…) [πᾶς ὁ ἔχων τὴν ἐλπίδα ταύτην ἐπ᾽
ἁγνίζει ἑαυτόν
αὐτῷ]
purify themselves
everyone who has this hope in him
PrimeA SubsequentA
38
Porter and O'Donnell, Discourse Analysis, 63.
39
Porter and O'Donnell, Discourse Analysis, 60-7. The authors understand the potential confusion that could be
caused by using "Theme" and "Rheme" at a level above the clause, since the two terms have historically been used
at that rank. Nevertheless, they argue that it is a risk worth taking. I will follow their terminology here, though I
hope to see in the future more thorough reasoning in support of their choice.
40
See Porter, Idioms, 293.
41
Porter and O'Donnell, Discourse Analysis, 63.
42
See Matthew Brook O'Donnell, "OpenText.org."
43
I follow the OpenText.org definitions of primary, secondary, and embedded clauses (see "Introduction to the
Annotation Model," [http://www.opentext.org/model/introduction.html]):
Clauses are divided into two levels: (1) primary clauses; and (2) secondary clauses. The primary and secondary
distinction has to do with the two possible types of logical dependency, dependence (hypotaxis) or equality
(parataxis). Primary clauses are connected to each other, while secondary clauses are connected to the primary
clause to which it is dependent. The majority of primary clauses consist of clauses with a finite verb. Secondary
clauses are typically distinguished by means of a subordinating conjunction. A second type of secondary clause, the
embedded clause, involves the phenomenon of rank-shifting—a linguistic element is embedded to a level of
grammar lower than the typical level at which it functions. The majority of secondary embedded clauses in Greek
are participial and infinitival clauses.
44
Porter and O'Donnell, Discourse Analysis, 63.
Dvorak - Thematization, Topic, and Information Flow 23
Thematic Unit1
Rheme1
(…) ἐκεῖνος ἁγνός ἐστιν
that one is pure
PrimeB SubsequentB
Thematic Unit2
Theme2 Rheme2
[Πᾶς ὁ ποιῶν τὴν ἁµαρτίαν] καὶ τὴν ἀνοµίαν ποιεῖ
everyone who commits sin also commits lawlessness
Prime Subsequent
Table 4 Thematic Units of 1 John 3:3-4a
Note also that in each Thematic Unit in Table 4, the Theme appears as Prime, which begs the
question whether Prime/Subsequent and Theme/Rheme are redundant categories. There is a
relationship between Prime/Subsequent and Theme/Rheme, but it is one of markedness, which
eliminates the redundancy between them. In the case of 1 Jn 3:3–4a, the fact that the Theme also
appears as Prime in each Thematic Unit indicates that the Theme is marked. Other possible
combinations between Theme/Rheme and Prime/Subsequent include Theme in Subsequent and
Rheme in Prime. It is also possible to have a complex of clauses that is Rhematic material only,
if, for example, no new participant or process chain is introduced in that span.
45
Cf. Hoey, Textual Interaction, 52-3.
46
The paragraph has been notoriously difficult to define. See Brown and Yule, Discourse Analysis, 95-100.
47
Brown and Yule, Discourse Analysis, 95 (citing Longacre).
48
While the UBS4 provides a section in its introduction regarding discourse segmentation, there is nothing
mentioned about the titles they chose to add to each paragraph.
49
Brown and Yule, Discourse Analysis, 139. Cf. also Porter and O'Donnell, Discourse Analysis, 68.
50
For example, the editors place a section break at 1 Jn 3:10 (creating a chunk from 2:28—3:10), a break that is
challenged by Westfall, "Grouping in Discourse," on solid linguistic and discourse sensitive grounds.
JLIABG 24
51
For example, different authors writing with different purposes utilizing different genres (e.g., narrative v. non-
narrative) will signal semantic shifts in different ways. Thus, there is no clear-cut, "one-size-fits-all" manner of
recognizing semantic shifts. Nevertheless, there are several signals that one can watch for, as noted in the body of
the paper.
52
Porter and O'Donnell, Discourse Analysis, 69.
53
Cf. Westfall, "Grouping in Discourse."
54
LN 91.1.
55
Cf. Porter and O'Donnell, Discourse Analysis, 69.
56
Porter and O'Donnell, Discourse Analysis, 70. Cf. Porter, Idioms, 304-7. See especially Reed, "Cohesiveness,"
28–46; Reed, "Discourse Analysis," 189–217.
57
Porter and O'Donnell, Discourse Analysis, 68.
58
Porter and O'Donnell, Discourse Analysis, 68.
59
Porter and O'Donnell, Discourse Analysis, 71.
Dvorak - Thematization, Topic, and Information Flow 25
clauses and 34 are secondary clauses. A query of the OpenText.org database revealed that across
all clauses in the entire New Testament Prime position is typically filled by Predicators (7227),
JLIABG 26
followed by Adjuncts (5767), Subjects (5354), and Complements (2634).60 The pattern in 1 John
(all clauses) follows the pattern Subject (137), Predicator (87), Adjunct (72), Complement (58).61
So it appears that the author shows a preference—at least in this letter—for Subject > Predicators
> Adjuncts > Complements in Prime. Narrowed to the discourse chunk analyzed in this paper,
across all clauses, the Subject component fills the Prime position 27 times, while the Predicator
component fills that slot 20 times. When narrowed further to just primary clauses in the analyzed
chunk, the Subject is Prime 17 times and the Predicator 7 times (compare Charts 1, 2 and 3).
Rank-shifting (shifting a clause downward to function as a word group) manifests itself
in the form of embedded clauses 18 times in the chunk.62 Of those 18 embedded clauses, 12
appear in Prime position, leaving 6 in the Subsequent position. Of these 12 embedded clauses in
Prime position, nine appear in rather rapid succession beginning in 1 Jn 3:3 and subsiding in
3.10—that is nine rank-shifted clauses serving as Subject in Prime position, each in a primary
clause in a span of eight verses. This is a sign that John is "on about something" in this part of
the chunk. Further, although the whole chunk is heavy with lexis from domain 88 of the LN
lexicon63 (Moral and Ethical Qualities and Related Behavior), words from the domain occurred
22 times in these eight verses (in both Prime and Subsequent positions across all clauses).
60
Vocatives/Address are in Prime position 327 times.
61
Vocative/Address are Prime 11 times in 1 John.
62
About 21% (96 embedded clauses out of 461 total clauses in 1 John) of 1 John's clauses show rank-shifting. See n.
57 for a definition of rank-shifting.
63
A BibleWorks search revealed 30 hits in the whole chunk.
Dvorak - Thematization, Topic, and Information Flow 27
In addition to the occurrence of vocabulary from domain 88 in the entire chunk, the
author also leans heavily upon lexis from domain 13, particularly the forms of εἰμί (I am), most
notably the form ἐστιν (is).64 There is nothing necessarily special about these terms per se (they
are very common), but in this section of the discourse chunk, the author uses them to move the
discourse along with equative clauses in the form of "this is that" (Table 5). The Prime-
Subsequent data could probably be mined for more meaningful patterns, but the sample provided
here allows us to move on to the Theme-Rheme analysis. In fact, as alluded to above and as will
become evident in the next section, Theme and Rheme analysis builds on the foundation created
by the Prime-Subsequent analysis.
64
Domain 13 is "Be, Become, Exist, Happen".
65
Clause numbering follows the OpenText.org standard.
JLIABG 28
introduced in a primary clause. If the Theme appears in Prime position (determined in Prime-
Subsequent analysis), then the theme is marked.
As might be expected in a non-narrative discourse, particularly in a relatively short letter,
the thematic units in this chunk of 1 John are relatively short. The longest Thematic Units occur
toward the beginning of the chunk. This seems to be the case because it appears that the author is
performing a bit of staging from 1 Jn 2.28 to 3.2. In that section, he makes the shift from the
previous chunk66 and sets up the main part of his argument in this chunk. The staging section
begins with the vocative τεκνία (children), serving as Theme, though it is not a marked Theme
(i.e., it does not appear in the Prime position [see Prime-Subsequent analysis]). The process
chain begun in 2.28 does not end until a new explicit Actor occurs as Subject in 3.1 ("the
Father"), so the first Thematic Unit is fairly long, spanning nine clauses in all, eight of which are
Rhematic and taken to be an extension or expansion on the idea of "remaining in him."
The Thematic Unit beginning with ὁ πατὴρ (the Father) is neither marked nor very long,
but together with ἴδετε, which functions as a sort of discourse marker ("pay attention," "behold"
[see LN 30.45]), a new participant is introduced. It is interesting that the Theme not only appears
in the Subsequent, it also appears at the very end of the clause, appearing only after a
Complement (ποταπὴν ἀγάπην (how great a love)), the Predicator (δέδωκεν (he gave)), and a
second Complement (ἡµῖν (to us)). Though the Theme is not marked, what the Father gave
(ποταπὴν ἀγάπην (how great a love)) receives emphasis because it is fronted in the clause, and
the process (δέδωκεν (he gave)), because it is foregrounded by the choice of the stative aspect
(i.e., perfect tense), also receives emphasis.
At this point in the text, "the world" is introduced into the discourse as a new participant.
Again, the Theme appears in the Subsequent and is not marked. This process chain is longer,
spanning nine clauses. The world is said not to know "us" because it does not know "him." By
the use of an orthographic convention (inserting significant whitespace), the NA27 GNT suggests
that a new break might occur at 3.2 with the term ἀγαπητοί (beloved), but the Theme-Rheme
analysis shows that a break is unlikely because ἀγαπητοί (beloved) is not introduced as an
Actor, nor is any other new participant explicitly introduced. Thus, the Rhematic material
following the introduction of "the world" (latter part of v. 1) to the end of v. 2 is related to that
Theme.
The staging that occurs at the beginning of this chunk includes the ideas of remaining in
"him" (presumably Jesus, based on preceding co-text), which is expanded upon in terms of
having boldness and not being ashamed at his parousia, as well as knowing that "everyone who
does righteousness is born of him." In addition, the Father gave "great love" so that "we" might
be called children of God. Finally, "the world" does not know the believers and, although
believers are "now children of God," it has not been revealed to the believers what they will be
like at the parousia, but the author assures them that they will be "like him."
create and sustain his argument. But it is not enough to say that this chunk is about "everyone
who"—such would not make much sense or be that helpful for exegesis. What is more helpful is
a look at the processes associated with each Thematic participant. What becomes clear, as
alluded to above, is nicely summarized by the author's own words in 3:10 (even though not a
marked theme): "clearly demarcated are the children of God and the children of the devil." Based
on what is thematized, and particularly on what are marked Themes, I might suggest that the
topic of this discourse chunk, though a bit verbose, is, "People demonstrate by their righteous or
sinful deeds whether or not they are children of God, and this is most especially demonstrated by
whether or not they love other people by 'laying their lives down' for them in the form of meeting
their physical needs."
Conclusion
What I have attempted to do in this paper is describe a method of analyzing information
flow, especially related to thematization and topic. I began by describing Prime and Subsequent
analysis, which helps the exegete gain a sense of the basic textual makeup of the chunk (e.g.,
identification of primary, secondary, and embedded [rank-shifted] clauses; "leaping off" points).
Further, Prime-Subsequent analysis was shown to aid Theme-Rheme analysis, which is the next
step in the method.
JLIABG 30
Bibliography
Brown, G., and G. Yule. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge:
Cambridge Univ. Press, 1983.
Cotterell, P., and M. Turner. Linguistics & Biblical Interpretation. Downers Grove: IVP, 1989.
Fries, P. H. "On Theme, Rheme and Discourse Goals." In Advances in Written Text Analysis,
229–49. Edited by M. Coulthard. London: Routledge, 1994.
_____. "Text as Semantic Choice in Social Contexts." In Linguistic Studies of Text and
Discourse, 23–81. Complete Works of M. A. K. Halliday 3. Edited by J. Webster.
London: Continuum, 2002.
Halliday, M. A. K., and R. Hasan, Language, Context, and Text. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1989.
Louw, J. P., and E. A. Nida. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament Based on Semantic
Domains. 2nd ed. 2 vols. New York: UBS, 1989.
O'Donnell, M. B., S. E. Porter, and J. T. Reed, eds. "Clause Level Annotation." Cited 08-Nov-
2006. Online: http://divinity.mcmaster.ca/OpenText/model/guidelines/clause/0-1.
Porter, S. E. Idioms of the Greek New Testament. 2nd ed.. Biblical Languages: Greek 2. Sheffield:
Sheffield Academic Press, 1994; repr. 1999.
Porter, S. E. and M. B. O'Donnell. Discourse Analysis and the New Testament (in preparation).
Reed, J. T. "Discourse Analysis." In A Handbook to the Exegesis of the New Testament, 189–
217. Edited by Stanley E. Porter. Leiden: Brill, 1997.
_____. "Modern Linguistics and the New Testament: A Basic Guide to Theory, Terminology,
and Literature." In Approaches to New Testament Study, 222–65. Journal for the Study of
the New Testament: Supplement Series 120. Edited by S. E. Porter and D. Tombs.
Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995.
_____. "The Cohesiveness of Discourse." In Discourse Analysis and the New Testament, 28–46.
Journal for the Study of the New Testament: Supplement Series 170, Studies in New
Testament Greek 4. Edited by S. E. Porter and J. T. Reed. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic
Press, 1999.
Westfall, C. L. "Grouping in Discourse." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society of
Biblical Literature. Washington, D.C., 20–Nov–2006.
Dvorak - Thematization, Topic, and Information Flow 33
The following table displays the Prime and Subsequent analysis for each primary and secondary
clauses. Since connecting words are not included in the analysis of Prime and Subsequent, they
are placed in parentheses rather than removing them or replacing them with ellipsis marks.67
Further, embedded clauses are identified by square brackets ("[" and "]"), but their
Prime/Subsequent structure is not analyzed.
67
I used the OpenText.org clause divisions in this analysis. The clause numbers in the table correlate with the clause
numbers on the OpenText.org site.
JLIABG 34
The following table displays the main components of Theme-Rheme analysis. In addition to
verse and clause references (first two columns), the clause type, Actor, implicitness or
explicitness of Actor, and process are displayed. The remaining two columns indicate whether or
not the clause is Thematic (i.e., Actor is stated explicitly in a primary clause), and if so whether
or not it is a marked Theme (i.e., Theme appears in Prime position [see Prime-Subsequent in
Appendix 1]).
Actor
Clause Marked
Vs Clause Actor implicit or Process Theme?
Type Theme?
explicit
2:28 2_120 p children (voc/add) e µένετε Y N
2_121 s he i φανερωθῇ N N
2_122 s we i σχῶµεν N N
2_123 s we i αἰσχυνθῶµεν N N
2:29 2_124 s you i εἰδῆτε N N
2_125 s he i ἐστιν N N
2_126 p you i γινώσκετε N N
the one doing
2_127 s righteousness e γεγέννηται N N
3:1 3_1 p you i ἴδετε N N
3_2 p the father e δέδωκεν Y N
3_3 p we i κληθῶµεν N N
3_4 p we i ἐσµέν N N
3_5 p the world e γινώσκει Y N
3_6 s the world i ἔγνω N N
3:2 3_7 s we i ἐσµέν N N
3_8 p he i ἐφανερώθη N N
3_10 p we i οἴδαµεν N N
3_11 s he i φανερωθῇ N N
3_12 s we i ἐσόµεθα N N
3_13 s we i ὀψόµεθα N N
3_14 s he i ἐστιν N N
the one having this
3:3 3_15 p hope e ἁγνίζει Y Y
3_17 s that (one) e ἐστιν N N
3:4 3_18 p the one doing sin e ποιεῖ Y Y
3_20 p sin e ἐστὶν Y Y
3:5 3_21 p you i οἴδατε N N
3_22 s that (one) e ἐφανερώθη N N
3_23 s he i ἄρῃ N N
JLIABG 36