JOGER WILLIS

Solutions to MTH 211 Review

1. ⌠ cos x dx = 2 ⌠ cos u du = 2 sin u + c = 2 sin x
 x ⌡ + C
⌡
1 dx
let u = x 1/2 du = 2 x-1/2 dx 2du =
x1 / 2

⌠ 2x 1 2x 1 2x 1 2x 1 2x
2. ⌡ xe dx = 2 xe − 2 ⌠
⌡ e dx = 2 xe − 4 e + C

Use integration by parts: u = x dv = e2x dx

1
du = dx v = 2 e2x

3. Use integration by parts twice (or the Tabular method):

∫ x 2 cos x dx = x 2 sin x −
∫ 2 x sin x dx= x 2 sin x −  −2 x cos x −
 ∫ −2 cos x dx 
u = x2 dv = cos x dx u = 2x dv = sin x dx
du = 2x dx v = sin x du = 2 dx v = −cos x

= x 2 sin x + 2 x cos x − 2 sin x + C

4. By Substitution
1 1
1 u −1 1 2 x +1 = u
∫ x 2x + 1 dx ⇒
2 2 ∫• u 2 du =
4 ∫
(u − 1) • u 2 du =
2 dx = d u
 3 1  5 3  5 3
1  2  12 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2  1
4 ∫  u − u  du = 4  5 u − 3 u  + C = 2  5 u − 3 u  + C

2
    
dx = u
2
     
5 3 −−−−−−−
1 1
= ( 2x+ 1) 2 − (2x+ 1) 2 + C ANSWER 2 x = u −1
10 6
u −1
x =
3 2
By factoring out (2x + 1) 2 we obtain:

3  2  3 3
 1 (2 x + 1) 1 x 1 1 x 3 − 5
(2 x + 1) 2 2 − + C = (2x + 1) 2  + −  + C = = (2x + 1) 2
 5 + 30  + C =
10 6 5 10 6   
 
3 3
 6x − 2  1
= = (2 x + 1) 2
 30  + C = 15 (2x+ 1)
2 ( 3x - 1 ) ANSWER
 

1
 Same Problem By Parts Ûu dv = u v – Ûv du

1  3  3

∫ ∫ ∫
1 2  1 (2 x + 1) 2  dx =
x 2 x + 1 dx = x (2 x + 1) 2 dx = x  ⋅ (2 x + 1) 2  −
u
2 3  3 
dv    
3 5 3 5
1 1 1 2 1 1
= x (2 x + 1) 2 − ⋅ ⋅ (2 x + 1) 2 + C = x (2 x + 1) 2 − (2 x + 1) 2 + C
3 3 2 5 3 15
3 3
x 1  2 x 2 1
= (2 x + 1) 2
 3 − 15 (2 x + 1)  + C = (2 x + 1)  3 − 15 x − 15  + C
3 3
 5 x − 2 x −1   3 x −1 
= (2 x + 1) 2
  + C = (2 x + 1) 2  +C
15   15 

3
1
( 2x+ 1 ) 2 ( 3x− 1 ) + C ANSWER
15

5.
 x5   x5  1
∫x ln 3 x dx =
∫ ln 3 x x dx =   ln 3 x −
∫  • • 3 dx =
4 4

u u dv  5   5  3x
x 2
5 5

5
l
n
3
x
-
1
+
C
A
N
S
W
E
R
x5 1 x5 x5
5
ln 3 x −
5 ∫ x 4 dx =
5
ln 3 x −
25
+C = ( )

∫ ∫
x  2 1 
6. By the method of Partial Fractions (see below), 2
dx =  x + 2 − x + 1  dx
x + 3x + 2
x x A B
= = +
2
x + 3x + 2 ( x + 2)( x + 1) x+2 x +1 = 2 ln | x + 2 | – ln | x + 1 | + C
=> x = A(x + 1) + B(x + 2) ( x + 2)2
= ln + C
x +1
Let x = -1. Then -1 = A(0) + B(1), so B = -1.
Let x = -2. Then -2 = A(-1) + B(0), so A = 2.

x2 + 6 A B C
7. Use the partial fraction decomposition = + + . Multiplying both sides of
x( x + 2) 2 x x + 2 ( x + 2)2
the above equation by x( x + 2) 2 gives x 2 + 6 = A( x + 2)2 + Bx( x + 2) + Cx . Substituting in x = 0 gives
3 3
A = and substituting in x = −2 gives C = −5 . Then to solve for B, plug in A = , C = −5 , and
2 2
substitute in any value of x other than 0 or –2 (for example, you could let x = 1 ). Doing so will give
1 x2 + 6 3 1 5
B = − , so the partial fraction decomposition is = − − . Integrating
2 2 2 x 2( x + 2) ( x + 2) 2
x( x + 2)
2
 x2 + 6 3 1 1 1 1
both sides gives ∫ x( x + 2)2 dx = ∫
2 x
dx − ∫
2 x+2
dx − 5∫
( x + 2) 2
dx , and thus

x2 + 6 3 1 5
∫ x( x + 2)2 dx = ln x − ln x + 2 +
2 2 x+2
+C.

8.
3 1
∫ x + x dx
3
= 3
∫ x ( x +1) dx
2

 1 A Bx + C 
 x ( x 2 + 1) = x + x 2 + 1  • x ( x + 1) ⇒ 1 = A ( x + 1) + ( Bx + C ) x
2 2

 
1 = A x 2 + A + Bx 2 + C x ⇒ 1 = ( A + B) x 2 + C x + A ⇒ 0 x 2 + 0 x + 1 = ( A + B) x 2 + C x + A
Equating the coefficients on both sides of the last equation
0 = A + B ⇒ A = − B

0=C  ⇒ A = 1, B = −1, C=0
1= A 

Rewriting the original integral
1 A Bx 1 −1 x
3
∫
x ( x + 1)
2
dx = 3
x
dx + 3
∫ ∫ x +1
2
dx = 3
x ∫
dx + 3
∫
x2 +1
dx

1 x 1 3 2x 3
dx = 3 ln x − ln ( x 2 + 1) + C ANSWER
3
x∫ dx − 3
x +1
2 ∫
dx = 3
x ∫ dx −
∫
2 x +1
2
2

⌠ x2 1 x
2
9.  x - 1 dx = ⌠ x + 1 + x - 1  dx = 2 + x + ln x-1 + C
⌡ ⌡

Divide: x + 1
2
x - 1 ) x + 0x + 0
2
- x
x __________
x + 0
x - 1
1

10. First complete the square in the denominator. Then …

du
1 1• dx 1 1 u
∫ ( x − 3) 2 + 49
dx =
∫ ( x − 3) 2 + ( 7 ) 2
⇒
∫ u +a
2 2
du = arctan + C
a a
u a
1 1 x −3
∫ ( x − 3) + 49 dx = 7 arctan
2
7
+ C ANSWER

1 1  x
11.
∫ 4 − x2
dx
∫ (2) 2 − ( x) 2
dx = arcsin   + C
2
3
 3 2 2 2
12. ⌠
⌡ sin x cos x dx = ⌠
⌡ (sin x) sin x cos x dx

let w = cos x = ∫ (1 − cos 2 x) cos 2 x sin x dx

2 2
dw = -sin x dx = -⌠
⌡ (1 - w ) w dw
2 4
-dw = sin x dx = -⌠
⌡ (w - w ) dw
3 5 3 5
-w w -cos x cos x
= 3 + 5 + C = 3 + 5 + C

∫ ∫ ∫
1 + cos(6 x) 1 1 1
13. cos 2 (3 x) dx = dx = (1 + cos(6 x)) dx = ( x + sin 6 x) + C
2 2 2 6

1 1
= x + sin 6 x + C [Note: We used one of the half-angle identities here.]
2 12

1 2 cos θ
14. Let x = 2sin θ . Then dx = 2 cos θ dθ , so ∫ 2 2
dx = ∫
2 2
dθ =
x 4− x 4sin θ 4 − 4sin θ
cos θ
∫ 2 2
dθ
2sin θ 4(1 − sin θ )
cos θ 1 cos θ 1
=∫ dθ = ∫ dθ = ∫ csc2 θ dθ
4sin 2 θ cos 2 θ 4 sin 2 θ cos θ 4
1
= − cot θ + C .
4

x
To express cot θ in terms of x, construct a right triangle with acute angle θ . Since sin θ =
, the leg
2
opposite θ should be labeled x and the hypotenuse 2. Applying the Pythagorean Theorem will show
that the leg adjacent to θ has length 4 − x 2 . Then by applying basic right triangle trig, we obtain
4 − x2 1 4 − x2
cot θ =
x
. Thus, ∫ dx = −
4x
+C .
x2 4 − x2

15. Let x = 3 tan θ . Then dx = 3sec2 θ dθ , so

1 3sec2 θ 3sec2 θ 3sec 2 θ
∫ dx = ∫ dθ = ∫ dθ = ∫ dθ
9 + x2 9 + 9 tan 2 θ 9(1 + tan 2 θ ) 3 sec 2 θ
sec 2 θ
=∫ dθ = ∫ sec θ dθ = ln sec θ + tan θ + C .
sec θ

4
 x
To express sec θ in terms of x, construct a right triangle with acute angle θ . Since tan θ = , the leg
3
opposite θ should be labeled x and the leg adjacent to θ should be labeled 3. Applying the
Pythagorean Theorem will show that the hypotenuse has length 9 + x 2 . Then by applying basic right
9 + x2 1 9 + x2 + x
triangle trig, we obtain sec θ =
3
. Thus, ∫ dx = ln
3
+C .
9 + x2

16. a. LEFT (4) (Left-hand Sum, 4 subdivisions)

LHS = v (0) • D t + v (2) • D t + v (4) • D t + v (6) • D t =

= D t • [v (0) + v (2) + v (4) + v (6) ] = 2 • [2 + 3 + 5 + 9 ] = 2 [19] = 38 ft. ANSWER

b. RIGHT (4) (Right-hand Sum, 4 subdivisions)

RHS = v (2) • D t + v (4) • D t + v (6) • D t + v (8) • D t =

= D t • [v (2) + v (4) + v (6) + v (8) ] = 2 • [3 + 5 + 9 + 15 ] = 2 [32 ] = 64 ft. ANSWER

c. TRAP (4) (Trapezoid, 4 subdivisions)

v (0) + v (2) v (2) + v (4) v (4) + v (6) v (6) + v (8)

TRAP (4) = • ∆t + • ∆t + • ∆t + • ∆t
2 2 2 2
∆t
= • [v (0) + 2 • v (2) + 2 • v (4) + 2 • v (6) + v (8) ]
2
2
= • [ 2 + 2 • 3 + 2 • 5 + 2 • 9 + 15 ] =
2
= 1 • [ 2 + 6 + 10 + 18 + 15 ] = 1 • [ 51 ] = 51 ft. ANSWER

NOTE: This is an overestimate; v (t) is increasing at an increasing rate so the concavity is up;
hence the trapezoid line segments connecting adjacent points on the graph are above the
curve. The area thus formed is greater than the area under the curve. The calculated area
corresponds to the estimated distance.

d. MID (2) (Midpoint, 2 subdivisions, NOT 4 SUBDIVISIONS)

NOTE: 2 subintervals yield D t = 4, not 2 as before.

MID (2) = v (2) • D t + v (6) • D t = D t • [ v (2) + v (6) ]

= 4 • [3 + 9 ] = 4 • [12 ] = 48 ft. ANSWER

The Midpoint Sum is an underestimate because the function is concave up on this interval.
(Draw some t midpoint rectangles in on the graph to see why.)

5
e. SIMP (4) (Simpson, 4 subdivisions)

∆t
SIMP ( 4 ) = • [v (0) + 4 • v (2) + 2 • v (4) + 4 • v (6) + v (8) ] =
3
2
= • [ 2 + 4 • 3 + 2 • 5 + 4 • 9 + 15 ] =
3
2 2
= • [ 2 + 12 + 10 + 36 + 15 ] = = • [ 75 ] = 50 ft. ANSWER
3 3

17. The region in the xy-plane bounded by the graph of y = x 2 / 3 , x = 8 and the x-axis is revolved
about y-axis. Do the following:

a. Draw the region on the axes below with a typical rectangle that will sweep out an
incremental volume:

y
(8, 4)
DISC / WASHER

METHOD CHOSEN
x

b. Draw the solid of revolution:

c. Write an algebraic expression that represents the incremental volume swept out by the
typical rectangle:
DVi = p ∑ ( [ R (y i ) ] 2 – [ r (y i ) ] 2 ) ∑ Dy

DVi = p ∑ ( [ 8 ] 2 – [ yi3/2 ] 2 ) ∑ Dy

d. Write a Riemann sum that approximates the volume of the solid of revolution:
n n
V ≈ π
∑([
i=1
R(y i )] −
2
[ r( yi ) ] 2
) ⋅ ∆y so, V ≈ π
∑([ ] [ ]
i=1
8 2
− y i 3/2 2
) ⋅ ∆y

Find the exact volume of the solid by writing and evaluating the appropriate definite integral:

6
 2 3 3
Since y = x , then :
3
x= y2, R( y) = 8 and r( y) = y 2

 3 2  4
 [8 ]2 −  y 2   dy = π  y4 
4 4
V =π ∫ ∫ ( 64 − y ) dy = π  64 y −  =
3
   
    4 0
0
 0

  (4) 4
 
= π   64 ( 4 ) −
  − [ 0 ] = π ( 256 − 64 ) = π ( 192 ) = 192 π = V
  4  

V = 192 π cubic units ANSWER

SAME PROBLEM, SHELL METHOD:

2/3
The region in the xy-plane bounded by the graph of y = x , x = 8 and the x-axis is
revolved about y-axis. Do the following:

a. Draw the region on the axes below with a typical rectangle that will sweep out an
incremental volume:

y
(8, 4)
SHELL

METHOD CHOSEN
x

b. Draw the solid of revolution:

c. Write an algebraic expression that represents the incremental volume swept out by the
typical rectangle:
DVi = 2 p ∑ [ p ( x i ) ∑ h (x i ) ] ∑ D x

DVi = 2 p ∑ [ x i ∑ x i2/3 ] ∑ D x

7
 d. Write a Riemann sum that approximates the volume of the solid of revolution:
n
V ≈ 2π ∑[ i=1
p( x i ) • h( x i ) ] ∆ x

n
V ≈ 2π ∑ [x
i=1
i ]
• x i 2/3 ∆ x

Find the exact volume of the solid by writing and evaluating the appropriate definite integral:
2 2
3 3
Since y = x , then : p( x) = x and h( x) = x

8 8 8
 2  5  8 

∫ (x )  x 3
∫
 3
V = 2π  dx = 2π x 3
dx = 2π  x 3  =
   8 
0   0  0

 8

3 
= 2π   
8 
[8 ]
3 
− [ 0 ] =
3π
4
(2 ) = 34π ( 2 )( 2 ) =
8 2 6
3π ( 2 ) = 3 π 64 =
6

 

V = 192 π cubic units ANSWER SAME AS WITH THE DISC / WASHER METHOD

NOTE:
• DISC / WASHER METHOD: The representative rectangle is always
perpendicular to both the axis of revolution and to the axis of the variable of
integration.
• SHELL METHOD: The representative rectangle is parallel to the axis of
revolution and perpendicular to the axis of the variable of integration.

π /3 π /3 2 π /3 π /3
 sec x tan x 
∫ 1 + [ f ′( x)]2 dx = ∫ 1+   dx = ∫ 1 + tan x dx = ∫
2
18. s = sec 2 x dx dx
0 0  sec x  0 0
π /3
π /3
= ∫ sec x dx = ln sec x + tan x  0
= ln [sec(π / 3) + tan(π / 3)] − ln [sec(0) + tan(0)]
0

= ln 2 + 3 ( ) units.

8
19. Find the work needed to pump the fluid out.
Y
Consider a cylindrical tank 15 feet high with a
radius of 10 feet. How much work is done in
pumping the fluid out? The fluid weighs 20
lbs /ft 3 (pounds per cubic foot). ( 15 – yi )
15 FLUID
NOTE: Do not approximate p, leave it in your 10 D yi
yi
answers. Follow the outline: a, b, c, d, e.
X
r =10

a. General formula for work: W = F ⋅ D (Force ⋅ Distance)

Volume of the thin disc of water (volume of a cylinder): D Vi = p r 2 D yi = p 10 2 D yi = 100 p D yi

Weight of the thin disc of water (volume Ë weight per cubic foot): D Fi = 100 p (20) D yi = 2000 p D yi

d. Distance the thin disc of water is moved (an expression): D Wi = 2000 p D yi (15 – yi)

10 10 10
 y2 
W = ∫ 2000 π ( 15 − y ) dy = 2000 π ∫ ( 15 − y ) dy = 2000 π 15 y −


2 
0 0 0
= 2000 π ( [ 150 − 50 ] − [0 ]) = 2000 π [100 ]= 200,000 π foot − pounds

≈ 628,318 ft. lbs. ANSWER

y 6 2y
20. r = 4 4y = 6r r= 3
2
lbs 2y
4 weight of slice = π r 2 ∆ y • 62.4 3 = π  3  • 62.4 ∆ y
ft  
4π
∆y r workslice = • 62.4 • y2(6 - y) ∆ y
6 9
4π
3
y so Total Work = ∫ 62.4 y2(6 - y) dy
9 0

3
249.π 249.6π  3 y4 
3
=
9 0 ∫ (6 y 2 − y 3 ) dy =
9
2 y − 
 4 0

249.6π  81   249.6π 135  3744π

=  54 − 4  − 0 = = = 936 π ft lbs
9    9  4  4

9
21. 0
y

∆y

lbs
∆Fi = 10 ft • ∆y ft = 10 ∆y lbs ∆Wi = 10 ∆y lbs • y ft

15 15
Total work, W = ⌠
⌡ 10y dy = 5y
2
0
|
= 5(225 – 0) = 1125 foot-pounds
0
22. a.
dy
= 2 y − 6, Initial condition: Y ( 0 ) = 9
dx

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
dy dy 1 2 dy 1
= dx ⇒ = dx ⇒ = dx ⇒ ln 2 y − 6 = x + C1 ⇒
2 y −6 2 y −6 2 2 y −6 2
+ C2
ln 2 y − 6 = 2 x + 2 C1 ⇒ ln 2 y − 6 = 2 x + C 2 ⇒ 2 y − 6 = e 2 x ⇒
C2
C3 2 x C3
2 y − 6 = ± e C2 ⋅ e 2 x ⇒ 2 y = C3 e 2 x + 6 ⇒ y = e + 3; let =C
C 2 2
3
2x
y = Ce +3 Since y ( 0 ) = 9, we have 9 = C e2 ( 0 ) + 3
C=6

∴ y = 6 e2 x + 3 ANSWER

dy dy 1 sin x + c -1
b. 2
dx = y cos x ⇒ ∫ y2 = ∫ cos x dx Integrating: -y= 1 ⇒ y = sin x + c

-1 -1 1 -1
Since y(π) = 2: 2= ⇒ 2= c c=-2 ∴ y= 1
sin π + c
-2 + sin x

23. a. 4
b. When x = 2, y ≈ 1.4.
3

2 c. Ans: when x=2, y ≈ 1.1875

1

0 x y dy/dx ∆y y +∆ y
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 0 2 -2 -1 1
-2 0.5 1 -0.5 -0.25 0.75
-3 1 0.75 0.25 0.125 0.875
-4 1.5 0.875 0.625 0.3125 1.1875
2 1.1875
10
 dP
24. a. = kP
dt

∫ ∫
1 1
b. dP = k dt ⇒ dP = k dt ⇒ ln P = kt + C1 ⇒ P = ekt + C1
P P
P = ± e e ⇒ P = Ce , where C = ± eC1 .
C1 kt kt

Now, 100000 = Cek(0) = C, so P(t) = 100000ekt.

To find k, we know that 200000 = 100000ek(7) => 2 = e7k => ln 2 = 7k
ln 2
So k = ≈ .09902 => P(t) = 100000e.09902t
7

ln 5
c. 500000 = 100000 e.09902t => 5 = e.09902t => t ≈ ≈ 16.25367 yrs
.09902
.25367(12 months) ≈ 3.04 months
Therefore, the population will reach 500,000 in the beginning of April of 2026. (Note
that we are 3 months after Jan 1. Thus we are in April.)
0
25. Note : Both of the first two limits are indetermin ate, here , so L' Hopital Rule (LHR) is needed twice
0
2ex − 2 x − 2 2ex − 2 2ex 2ex ex e0 1
lim = lim = lim = lim = lim = =
x→0 3 x2 x→0 6x x→0 6 x→0 6 x→0 3 3 3
0
0
L ' H .R.
sin 3 x 3 cos 3 x
26. lim = lim = 3 ⋅ cos 0 = 3 (1) = 3
x→0 x x→0 1

∞ ∞
∞
L ' H .R. ∞

x2 2x 2
27. lim x
= lim x
= lim = 0
x→∞ e x→∞ e x→∞ ex

∞
∞ L ' H .R.
ln x 1
1
28. lim e − x ln x = lim = lim x
= lim =0
x→∞ x→∞ ex x→∞ ex x→∞ xe x

29. Note that the given limit is an indeterminate form of type 00 . Let y = x 2 x . Taking the natural
2 ln x
log of both sides gives ln y = ln( x 2 x ) = 2 x ln x . Thus, lim ln y = lim 2 x ln x = lim , which
x→ 0 +
x→ 0 +
x→ 0 + 1
x

11
 −∞
is an indeterminate form of type . Applying L’Hopital’s Rule gives
∞
2
lim ln y = lim x = lim − 2 x = -2(0) = 0.
x → 0+ x → 0+ −1 x → 0+
x2

lim ln y
+
Therefore, lim x 2 x = lim y = lim eln y = e x → 0 = e0 = 1 .
+ + +
x→ 0 x→ 0 x→ 0

30. Note that the given limit is an indeterminate form of type ∞0 . Let y = (e x + 1)1 x . Taking the

(1
)
natural log of both sides gives ln y = ln (e x + 1)1 x = ln(e x + 1) . Thus,
x
1 ln(e x + 1) ∞
lim ln y = lim ln(e x + 1) = lim , which is an indeterminate form of type . Applying
x→ ∞ x→ ∞ x x→ ∞ x ∞
ex
x ex ex
L’Hopital’s Rule twice gives lim ln y = lim e + 1 = lim = lim = lim (1) = 1 .
x→ ∞ x→ ∞ 1 x → ∞ ex +1 x → ∞ ex x → ∞

lim ln y
Therefore, lim (e x + 1)1 x = lim y = lim eln y = e x → ∞ = e1 = e .
x→ ∞ x→ ∞ x→ ∞

31.
∞ b b   1   1 
1  − 3 −1 3 
∫ dx ⇒ lim ∫ x − 4 3 dx = lim  x  = lim − 3   3  −   =
x4 3 b→∞ b→∞  1 1 b→∞   b  3 1 
1 1   

− 3 ( [ 0 ]− [1 ] ) = − 3 ( −1) = 3 The integral converges.

32.
4 4 4
 ( x − 3 ) −1 2 
∫ ∫
1 −3 2
dx ⇒ lim ( x −3) dx = lim   =
( x − 3 )3 2 b→3 + b → 3+ 
 −1 2  b
3 b
 1   1   1 
−2  
lim −   = − 2 • lim + 1− 
b→ 3+   ( 4) − 3   (b) − 3   (b) − 3 
      b→ 3 
= −2 ( − ∞ ) = ∞

∴ The integral diverges.

12
33.
∞ b

∫ e − x dx ⇒ lim
∫ e − x dx = lim [ −e ]
−x b
0 = lim



 −1   −1 
 b  −  0   = ( 0 + 1) = 1
b→∞ b→∞ b→∞
  e   e  
0 0

∴ The integral converges.

2 -1 2 b 2

∫
⌠ 1 ⌠ 1 ⌠ 1 lim ⌠ 1 1
34.  x + 1 dx =  x + 1 dx +  x + 1 dx = b→ -1-  x + 1 dx + lim dx
⌡ ⌡ ⌡ ⌡ a → −1 + x +1
-2 -2 -1 -2 a

I1 I2

-1 b
1 ⌠ 1
I1= ⌠ lim
 x + 1 dx = b→ -1-  x + 1 dx
⌡ ⌡
-2 -2

b
lim lim
=
b→ -1-
[ln x+1 ]-2 =
b→ -1-
[ln b+1 - ln -2+1 ] = - ∞.

DNE

∴ This part of the integral diverges, so the whole integral DIVERGES.

35. a)

2
x=1

∞ b
1 1
∫
b
∫ x − 1 dx = blim ln x − 1  = lim ln b − 1 − ln 1  = ∞
lim
b) A= dx = b →∞
x −1 2
→∞ 2 b→ ∞
2
Diverges !

13
 ∞
sin 2 2 x 1 1
36 a. For all x ≥ 1, 0 ≤
x 2
≤
x 2
. ∫ x2 dx converges since it is an improper integral of the form
1
∞
1
∫ xp dx with p > 1 (or you could verify this directly by applying the limit definition of an improper
1
∞
sin 2 2x
integral). By the Comparison Test, ∫ x2
dx also converges.
1

∞ ∞
1 1 1 1 1 1
b. For all x ≥ 1 , ≥ = ≥0. ∫ dx = ∫ dx , which diverges since
2 x −1 2 x 2x1 2 1 2 2 x 2
1
1 2 x 1
∞ ∞
1 1
∫ x1 2 dx is an improper integral of the form ∫ xp dx with p ≤ 1 (or you could verify this directly by
1 1
∞
1
applying the limit definition of an improper integral). By the Comparison Test, ∫2 x −1
dx also
1
diverges.

37.
∞ ∞ 2

∑ ∑
n
2 2 1 3
=  •   = =1 ∴ The series converges to 1.
3 n +1 3 3 1−
1
n=0 n=0
3
2 1
Geometric Series with a = , r =
3 3
a
Since 0 < r < 1, the series converges to S =
1− r

38.
∞ n ∞

∑ ∑
n
 −5  −5
  = (1) •  
 4   4 
n=0 n=0

5 −5
Geometric Series with a = 1, r = − Since r = ≥ 1, the series diverges.
4 4

39.
∞
n2
∑
n=0 3 n 2 +1
By The n
th
Term Test for Divergence

n2
n2 2 1 1
we have lim = lim n 2n 1 = lim = ≠0
n → ∞ 3 n +1
2 n→∞ 3
n2
+ n2 n → ∞ 3 + n2 3
1

∴ The series diverges.

14
 Note: This limit could also be done with L’Hôpital’s Rule (first rewriting it as a
continuous function of x, of course).

1
40. Consider the function f ( x) = . For x ≥ 1 , f is a positive, continuous, decreasing function
1 + x2
(you can verify this graphically).
∞
1 lim b 1 lim lim π π π
∫ dx = ∫ dx = [ arctan x ]1 =
b
( arctan b − arctan1) = − =
2 b → ∞ 1 + x2 b→∞ b→∞ 2 4 4
1 1+ x 1
∞ ∞
π 1 1
Since
4
is a finite number, ∫ 1 + x2 dx converges. By the Integral Test, ∑ 1 + n2 also converges.
1 n =1
(Note: This problem could also be done using the Comparison or Limit Comparison Test if you have
learned those tests.)

1
41. Consider the function f ( x) = . For x ≥ 2 , f is a positive, continuous, decreasing function
x ln x
1
(you can verify this graphically). Let u = ln x . Then du = dx , so
x
1 1
∫ x ln x dx = ∫ u du = ln u + C = ln ln x + C . Thus,
∞ b ∞
1 lim 1 lim b lim 1
∫ x ln x
dx = ∫
b → ∞ x ln x
dx =
b→∞
ln ln x  =
2 b →∞
 ln ln b − ln ln 2  = ∞ . Since ∫ x ln x dx
2 2 2
∞
1
diverges, ∑ n ln n also diverges by the Integral Test.
n=2

∞
1
42. ∑n is the harmonic series, which diverges. (Note: If you did not recognize this series as the
n =1
harmonic series, you could also use the Integral Test to see that it diverges.)

lim 1 ∞
1 1 1
43. For all n ≥ 1 , < and = 0 . By the Alternating Series Test, ∑ (−1)n converges.
n +1 n n→∞n n =1
n
an+1 2 n+1 n! 2 a
44. = ⋅ n = → 0 as n → ∞. Since lim n+1 = 0 < 1, the series converges by the
an (n + 1)! 2 n +1 n →∞ an
Ratio Test

45.
an+1 (−3) n+1 n 2 n+1 − 3n 3n 3 3 a 3
= n+2
⋅ = = = → as n → ∞. Since lim n+1 = > 1,
an (n + 1)2 (−3) n
2(n + 1) 2n + 2 2 + 2 / n 2 n → ∞ an 2
the series diverges by the Ratio Test.

15
46. In this problem each of the series is geometric and each converges. For a convergent geometric
a
series, the sum is given by , where a is the first term of the series and r is the geometric ratio
1− r
a
given by n+1 . Note: Answers may vary when writing the sums in Sigma notation.
an
∞ n
 3 a 1 5
a. ∑   = = =
n =0  5  1− r 1− 3/ 5 2

∞ n ∞ n
4  2  or  2 a 4/9 4
b. ∑  −  = ∑ −  = = =
n=0 9  3 n=2  3  1 − r 1 − (−2 / 3) 15

1 A B
47a. Write = + . Multiplying both sides of this equation by (n + 1)(n + 2)
(n + 1)(n + 2) n + 1 n + 2
gives 1 = A(n + 2) + B(n + 1) . Substituting in n = −1 gives A = 1 and substituting in n = −2 gives
1 1 1
B = −1 . Thus, the partial fraction decomposition is = − .
(n + 1)(n + 2) n + 1 n + 2

∞ ∞
1  1 1 
∑ (n + 1)(n + 2) ∑  n + 1 − n + 2  is
b. The nth partial sum of the series =
n =1 n =1
1 1 1 1 1 1  1 1  1 1
Sn =  −  +  −  +  −  + ⋅⋅⋅ +  −  . After canceling, this becomes Sn = − .
 2 3 3 4  4 5  n +1 n + 2  2 n+2

lim lim  1 ∞
1  1 1 1
c.
n→∞
Sn =  −  =
n → ∞ 2 n + 2  2
. Thus, ∑ = .
(n + 1)(n + 2) 2
n =1

(−1) n x 2 n+1
∞
x3 x5
48a. sin x = ∑ = x − + + ⋅⋅⋅
n =0 ( 2n + 1)! 3! 5!
∞
(−1) n x 2 n x2 x4
cos x = ∑
n =0 (2n)!
= 1 − + + ⋅⋅⋅
2! 4!
∞
xn x2
ex = ∑
n =0 n!
= 1 + x +
2!
+ ⋅⋅⋅

x3 x5 f (6) ( z ) 6
b. P5 ( x) = x − + => R5 ( x) = x , where 0 < z < π.
3! 5! 6!
Now, f (x) = sin x − sin z 6 x6 π6
f ′ (x) = cos x So, 0 ≤ R5 ( x) = x < ≤ ≈ 1.3
6! 6! 720
f ′′ (x) = -sin x Middle inequality true, since | -sin z | ≤ 1 for all z.
f ′′′ (x) = -cos x Last inequality true, since x6 is an increasing function on this
f (4)(x) = sin x interval, and will take its max value at the right endpoint.
f (5)(x) = cos x
f (6)(x) = -sin x This means that P5(x) will have at worst an error of 1.3 for
All values of x from the interval [0, π], and generally the 16
error will be much smaller.
 c. Replace x with 2x3 in the Taylor expansion for ex.
3 (2 x3 ) 2 (2 x3 )3
Here g(x) = e 2 x = 1 + 2 x3 + + + ...
2! 3!
4 x6 8 x9
So P(x) = 1 + 2 x3 + + ,
2 6
4
Ö P(x) = 1 + 2 x3 + 2 x 6 + x9
3
1 1 1
 4 x10 
∫e ∫
2 x3  3 6 4 9 2 x4 2 x7
Ö dx ≈ 1 + 2 x + 2 x + x dx =  x + + + ⋅ 
0 0 3   4 7 3 10 
0
1
 x4 2 x7 2 x10  1 2 2 403
=  x + + +  = 1+ + + − 0 = ≈ 1.91905
 2 7 15  2 7 15 210
0
1

∫
3
On the calculator, e 2 x dx ≈ 1.99314
0

∑ (2 x )
n
49. a. For all x , is a geometric series with geometric ratio r = 2 x . By the Geometric Series
n =0

1 1
test the series will converge when 2 x < 1 . This is true if and only if − < x < . Therefore the
2 2
interval of convergence is (− 1 / 2,1 / 2 ) and the radius of convergence is 1 / 2 .

an+1 x n+1 n! x
b. = ⋅ n = → 0 as n → ∞ for all x . Therefore, by the Ratio Test, since
an (n + 1)! x n +1
an+1
lim = 0 < 1 for all x , the series converges for all x . The interval of convergence is (− ∞, ∞ ) and
n→∞ a
n

the radius of convergence is ∞ .

an+1 x n+1 n xn x
c. = ⋅ n = = → x as n → ∞ . Using the ratio test we know the series will
an n +1 x n + 1 1 + 1/ n
converge when the limit x < 1 , i.e. when − 1 < x < 1 . In addition the series will diverge when x > 1 .
However, the Ratio Test is inconclusive when the limit x = 1 , i.e. when x = ±1 . In the case that
(−1) n
∞
x = −1 , the series becomes
n =1
∑
n
which you may note is the alternating harmonic series which

converges. You can also show that this series converges by the Alternating Series Test. When x = 1 ,
∞
1
the series becomes ∑ which you may note is the harmonic series which diverges. You can also
n =1 n
show that this series converges by the p-series or integral test. Therefore we conclude that the given
power series converges if and only if − 1 ≤ x < 1 . Thus the interval of convergence is [−1,1) and the
radius of convergence is 1 .

17