MODULE - VII

Advances in Automobile Engineering

VARIABLE VALVE TIMING (VVT)
VVT WORKING..
VVT WORKING..
VVT WORKING..
VVT WORKING..
 HYBRID VEHICLES

 A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) augments an electric vehicle (EV) with a second source of power
referred to as the alternative power unit (APU).

 A hybrid can achieve the cruising range and performance advantages of conventional vehicles

with the low-noise, low exhaust emissions and energy independence benefits of electric vehicles.

 Accordingly, the hybrid concept, where the alternative power unit is used as a second source of
energy, is gaining acceptance and is overcoming some of the problems of pure electric vehicles.

 Any vehicle that combines 2 or more sources of power is said to be hybrid. For example, a moped

(a motorized pedal bike), diesel-electric locomotives.

 Relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to
provide electricity and may also drive a wheel.

 Alternative power unit to supply the power required by the vehicle, to recharge the batteries, and
to power accessories like the air conditioner and heater.
PARALLEL H YBRID

 Fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the engine.

 Set of batteries that supplies power to an electric motor.

 Both the engine and the electric motor can turn the transmission at the same time, and
the transmission then turns the wheels.
 PARALLEL HYBRID …
 When the APU is off, the parallel hybrid runs like an electric vehicle.

 When the APU is on, the controller divides energy between the drive train (propulsion) and
the batteries (energy storage).

 Under acceleration, more power is allocated to the drive train than to the batteries. During
periods of idle or low speeds, more power goes to the batteries than the drive train.

 The batteries also provide additional power to the drive train when the APU is not
producing enough and also to power auxiliary systems such as the air conditioner and
heater.

Examples: Honda Civic, Honda Insight, Chevrolet Malibu

OPERATIONAL M ODES OF HYBRID VEHICLE
SERIES HYBRID
◾ Similar to an electric vehicle with an on-board generator.

◾ The vehicle runs on battery power like a pure electric vehicle until the batteries reach a
predetermined discharged level.

◾ At that point, APU turns on and begins recharging the battery.

◾ The APU operates until the batteries are charged to a predetermined level.

◾ APU never directly powers the vehicle.

◾ The length of time, the APU is on depends on the size of the batteries and the APU itself.

◾ Since the APU is not directly connected to the drive train, it can be run at its optimal
operating condition; hence, fuel economy is increased and emissions are reduced relative
to a pure IC engine vehicle.

Examples: Chevrolet Volt, Toyota Prius

SERIES HYBRID …
POWER-SPLIT HYBRID

◾ Power split hybrids combine the best aspects of both series and parallel hybrids to create
an extremely efficient system.

◾ This system divides the engine power along two paths: one goes to the generator to
produce electricity and one goes through a mechanical gear system to drive the wheels.

◾ The series path is generally avoided because it is less efficient. The main additional
feature is that the engine, generator and motor speeds are decoupled, allowing additional
freedom in control.

◾ The most common configuration, called an input split is composed of a power split device
(transmission), two electric machines and an engine.
PO W ER-SPLIT H YBRID .. .

Examples : Ford, General Motors, Lexus, Nissan and Toyota.

ELECTRONIC BRAKING FORCE DISTRIBUTION (EBD)
◾ The refinement to antilock braking systems is electronic brake force distribution
(EBD). It is based on the principle that not every wheel needs to put forth the same
effort into bringing the car to a stop.

◾ EBD is based on the principle that the weight being supported by the wheels of your
car is not evenly distributed. Some wheels carry a heavier load than others and will
require more brake force in order to bring the car to a stop without it going out of
control.

◾ Furthermore, the amount of weight being supported by a wheel shifts during the
braking process, so the amount of force necessary at each wheel can change rapidly.
An EBD system can not only detect how much weight is being supported by each
wheel, but change the amount of braking power sent to each wheel on an instant
by-instant basis.
EBD – CONTD..
◾ Electronic brake-force distribution (EBFD) is an active vehicle safety feature
designed to make braking as efficient as possible. As the name suggests, EBFD
distributes braking power according to which wheels are braking most effectively
at the time. To illustrate, just as heavy braking causes a driver’s body to move
forward, slamming on the brakes also pushes the weight of the vehicle forward so
the front wheels bear the most weight. When this happens, the rear wheels may
not have enough grip on the road. This could cause the rear wheels to spin and
eventually lock up. Locked-up back wheels not only increase the risk of fishtailing,
but also force the front wheels to do all the braking work with only half of the
total brake force available (since the other half is still being applied – uselessly – to
the back wheels). This can result in longer stopping distances and an increased risk
of collision.

◾ EBFD reduces these dangers by automatically balancing the brake force applied to
each wheel according to the overall weight distribution of the vehicle. The safety
systems not only prevents wheel lockage by reducing brake force to spinning
wheels, but can also allocate more brake-force to wheels that it detects are already
braking effectively.
WORKING OF EBD
◾ EBFD is always installed with anti-lock braking systems (ABS) and works very
similarly to ABS. The important difference between EBFD and ABS is that while
both systems prevent wheels from locking, EBFD can also redistribute brake-force
according to which wheels are performing better. EBFD systems are usually made
up of several components:

◾ Speed sensors that monitor the rotational speed of each wheel

◾ Brake-force modulators that increase or decrease brake-force to each wheel

◾ An acceleration/deceleration detector that monitors changes in the vehicle’s

forward and side-to-side speed;

◾ A yaw sensor that monitors a vehicle’s side-to-side movement and

◾ An electronic control unit (ECU) that compiles information from all the sensors
and gives commands to the brake-force modulators.
EBD – CONTD..

As with modern ABS setups, the brake-force modulators and ECU are attached
together, so while they have different functions, they appear as one unit. The ECU
monitors each wheel’s responsiveness to the brake, and then tailors the amount of
brake force applied to each wheel. If the EBFD system senses that one of the wheels is
about to lock, or that the car is swaying too much from side-to-side, it redistributes
brake force to obtain optimal braking power.
ELECTRONIC STABILITY CONTROL (ESC)
ESP - W ORKING
TRACTION CONTROL SYSTEM (TSP)
TSP - W ORKING

◾ This system deals with controlling the traction of the drive wheels of the vehicle. The
main purpose of employing this system is to control wheel slip occurring during
acceleration on slippery roads. The TCS is always coupled with ABS and uses the
hardware of ABS to function.
◾ Usually, it is experienced that the wheels of a vehicle spin on the same location
without moving forward when accelerated on slippery roads like ice-covered roads.
This happens due to the reduced friction. In such a case, if the speed of rotation of
that wheel lowers, then the wheel achieves its desired tractive force and can move
forward under control.
◾ The Electronic Control Unit (ECU) has the module of the Traction Control System in
it. It compares the vehicle’s drive wheels’ rotational speeds with the help of the ABS’s
wheel speed sensors. If any of the drive wheels are rotating at exceptionally high
speeds, the TCS considers it as the corresponding wheel’s spinning.
◾ The TCS, then, immediately sends a signal to apply brakes to that particular wheel.
Thus, the traction control system avoids the wheel-slip, allowing the driver to
accelerate under control. There are some other ways also by which Traction Control
System can avoid wheel spinning, such as reducing the engine power delivered to the
spinning wheel or cutting off the fuel supply to some engine cylinders,
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
Components of GPS
a) Satellites – They serve like stars in the constellation.
b)Ground stations – They monitor and control satellites. Ground stations also identify
their location.
c)Receivers – Receivers are constantly listening for signals from the satellites. Highly
advanced receivers can even identify the exact location within a fraction of an inch.
— “Doppler Effect”
—“ Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity”

GPS in automobiles - 1996

At present, GPS offers two levels of service:

a) Standard Positioning Service
b) Precise Positioning Service
PPS use is limited to United States federal companies, Armed Forces, and
governments. SPS is available to any person for use without any charge with GPS
receiver.
 — “ Trilateration”
To compute the 2D position and
track movement, the GPS receiver
unit must lock on to the radio
signal of a minimum of three
satellites. Remember, four or more
satellites allow the receiver to
identify a 3D position fix.
Typically, a GPS receiver can track
eight or more GPS satellites, but
this depends on your location on
Earth and the time of the day.
 Pseudorandom Code
Applications
• Identify Location  Ephemeris Data
• Support in Emergency
• Prevent Car Theft  Almanac Data
• Surveying
• Locate Criminals
• Keep an Eye on Seniors or Disabled People
• Disaster Management
SEAT BELTS
◾ Mandatory safety feature provided for each
seat in the vehicle.

◾ Secures passengers by crossing their

chest/waist with a material belt that fastens
into the side of the seat.

◾ Other safety features such as airbags and head

restraints are more effective if the occupant is
wearing their seatbelt.
IMPORTANCE OF SEATBELTS
• Seatbelts reduce risk of serious injury
to the head, chest and extremities by
50-83%.

• Even with more sophisticated safety

features, seatbelts are still considered
the most important.
• Seatbelts reduce the movement of
occupants inside the vehicle during a
crash.

• Body’s contact with other objects in the

vehicle (steering wheel, dashboard) is
minimized.
• Prevents occupants from being thrown
out of the vehicle.

• 3/4 of occupants ejected from a vehicle

will die.
SEAT BELTS

◾ The seat belts not only stops

the movements but also
pulls the body towards the
seat.
◾ The retractor locks the belts-
mechanically but the
pretensioners with load
limiters pulls the belts
controlled by processors.
TYPES OF SEAT BELTS
SEAT BELT COMPONENTS
AIRBAGS
Supplementary Restraint System for driver and/or passenger safety
in case of a crash.
Basic Mechanism : A thin nylon bag in the steering wheel / above
glove compartment inflates in the event of an impact and prevents
the driver/passenger from hitting the steering wheel/dashboard.
3 Main Components
◾ Airbag module
◾ Diagnostic Unit
◾ Crash sensors
AIRBAG MODULE

Contains both inflator unit and light-weight fabric airbag and is located
either inside: 1) Steering wheel hub 2) Above glove compartment 3) Near
side compartment (as separate/combined head/side/window-curtain
airbag).
 Airbag: Thin nylon fabric bag folded neatly into steering wheel that
inflates to the size of a large beach ball on impact.
 Inflator unit: Contains a number of sodium azide pellets which are
electrically ignited to produce N2 that then fills the airbag. This is
preferred to storing compressed gas in the unit (space, durability)
 Both airbag and inflator unit are for single deployment only – i.e. have to
be replaced after a crash.
AIRBAG MODULE …
◾ Air bags are fabric bags that are filled quickly with a gas to provide
supplement protection.
◾ One or more sensors detect intensity and direction of vehicle
deceleration during a collision.
◾ The sensor sends an electric signal to start a chemical reaction that
inflates the air bag with harmless nitrogen gas.
◾ Air bags have vents, so they deflate immediately after cushioning.
◾ Airbags is one of the passive safety system which prevents the person
inside vehicle after accident occurs.
Diagnostic Unit
◾ Enables inflator unit and sensors when vehicle is turned on, performs
self check.
◾ Constantly monitors airbag readiness and indicates malfunctioning
through an indicator on dashboard
◾ Usually stores electricity to activate airbag in the event that a crash
damages the battery / link to battery
Sensors
◾ Several crash sensors located in the front of vehicle and in the passenger
compartment
◾ Each senses the sudden deceleration or impact in the event of a crash
and flips a mechanical switch to indicate a crash.
CHEMISTRY OF AIRBAG

An electric current is used to heat a

filament wire that ignites the
NaN3capsules, producing N2:
2NaN3  2Na + 3N2

10Na + 2KNO3  K2O + 5Na2O+ N2

K2O + Na2O SiO2  alkaline glass (safe,
unignitable)
130 g of NaN3 produces 67 ltrs. of N2
ACTIVE SUSPENSION SYSTEM (ASS)
…ACTIVE SUSPENSION SYSTEM (ASS)
…ACTIVE SUSPENSION SYSTEM (ASS)
…ACTIVE SUSPENSION SYSTEM (ASS)
…ACTIVE SUSPENSION SYSTEM (ASS)

◾ Improves driver control, safety and stability, with or without a load

◾ Eliminates sway and reduces roll on corners
◾ Reduces axle wrap
◾ Maximum safety
◾ Absorbs load, rather than resisting it, thereby ensuring a much more
comfortable ride
◾ Better handling and control in windy and rough road conditions
◾ Minimize wear on tires, shocks, shackles and leaf springs
◾ Technology typically appears only on expensive cars
◾ Maintenance is problematic
HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR
CONDITIONING