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    37 views69 pages

    4 - Sustainable Facades EN

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    Weifeng He

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    As energy and other natural resources are being depleted, it has become clear that technologies and Strategies that allow us to maintain our satisfaction with interior environments while consuming less of these resources are major objectives of contemporary facade design. Sustainable Facades focuses on the strategies and approaches for designing sustainable, high-performance building facades, and provides technical guidance for architects and designers, This timely and useful guide presents strategies and technical guidelines for designing environmentally sensitive, energy-efficient facades hased on scientific principles. It provides climate-specifie approaches for minimiz. ing energy consumption, analyzes the thermal behavior of different facade systems and materials, and il: lustrates with case studies how these appreaches have been implemented on architectural projects. It also discusses emerging facade technologies, materials, and systems, Topics covered in this unique and indispensable guide include: © Climate-based design approaches for high-performance facades © Characteristics of sustainable facades: energy efficiency, thermal behavior, and moisture resistance © Designing for thermal comfort, lighting and glare control, and acoustic quality © Emerging technologies in facade design, including smart materials, double-skin facades, and facades as energy generators © Case studies on building orientation and facade design, tectonic sun exposure control, external shading elements, and more AJLA AKSAMIJA, 0, teads Perkirs+will Tech Lab, a center for research of building technologies. Dr, Aksamija's research expertise includes building science and sustainability, emerging building technolo- gies, digital design and information modeling. She has contributed to several books and has published nu- merous research articles. PERKINS+WILL is an interdisciptinary, international design practite offering services in the areas of architecture, interior design, branded enviror ments, planning and strategies, and urban design. Sustainable, high-performance, and environmentally conscious design is the cornerstone of Perkins+Wil's practice that informs every project, cover Design Michoe! Ruthons Cover Photograph: © Benjamin BerscheisevOTTO 1SoN 978-1-118-45860-0 | | ( | Suen ls11 181458600 | WILEY DESIGN METHODS FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE BUILDING ENVELOPES AJLA AKSAMIJA, Ph.D PERKINS+WILL WILEY coverage: © Benjamin cover deen: Mich hs book penta onacidtee paper. @ Copyright© 2013 by Ala Asami an Perkins Wi Subishe by ln Wey & Sons, In, Hoboken, New Jersey Publahed simultaneously i Canada beatin may be eroded, stored ina reteval stm mmechanlal,photocsrying, ecordeg, Scanning or cherwise, exept 3 Copp et, whut eter the per writen permisson af the Publ othe Copyght Clerance Cate, 222 Resend Orv, Danvers, MA 01928, (978) 750-6400, fax 978) 646 8600, or onthe web fom. Requests othe Publohe for permission should be aoaressed othe Perms’ Department, hn Wiey& S (201 148.601, fx (201) 748-6008, cron at wv le. com «transmit in any for or by any mens, electri mited under Section 107 oF 108 ofthe 107 United Sates tr authorization tough payment ofthe apsroontepe-con No pat ofthis Limit of LibittyDsclolme of Warranty: Wie the publsher and author hava ved thor best efforts in preparing this book, they maken reotesertatins or wararis wif the respect to the accuracy completeness te contents ofthis book ani special discs ary Irie watantes of erchartay or fines fora parcuar purpose. No warany may be coated or extend by sales representatives cr wt sales mates. The adic and stateges contaned ren may net be stable or your staten. Nene’ the publisher nor the Sutor shal be Nabe for damages ering erelrom, ent wii the Unite Sta For genera nfrmation bout (200) 782-2974, cus oer pros ited States at (317) 572-3983 oon (17) 5 and services, please contact our Customar Care De 2002. Vey pubenes varity of print mats and by pint on-demand, Some mater included with tana pri versions bth bock may not bended v6 books Orn pn-ancdemand rhs book ees to media such as a CD or OVD that not included inthe version you purchased you may downloag ths mater at hp ocoksupeert.wicy.com. Fr roc infarmaton about Wey poo Library of Congress Catalgng-in-Pubestin Data Asami, Aja Sustainable codes design methods fr high-perfoimance bulldlng erwecpes J Aa Aksomjo, Ph, Perkins Incts biographical teences and index 1971.1 (bi), YAN 978-1118-54975 9 ISBN 578-1 118-45860-0 (leh, SBN 97H 1-118.54964.9 eb SBN 978-1118. ign ane consructon, 2, Exteir wals~Desan and construct. 3 Printed inthe United States of Avec ILEK Universit Stuttgert 93 ait 028 /6> CONTENTS Figure Creits| Acknowledgments Intoduction CLIMATE-BASED DESIGN APPROACH FOR FACADES Climate Classifications and Types Climate-Specific Design Guidelines for Facades Environmental Considerations and Design Criteria Design Strategies and Climate Chapter Summary CHARACTERISTICS OF SUSTAINABLE FACADES Energy Efficiency Orientation Facade Types and Materais Opaque Building F Glazed Building Facades Materials and Properties Properties of Facade Mater Embodied Energy of Materials, nd nents Thermal Behavior and Moisture Resistance Control of Heat Transfer, and Air and Moisture Movement Steady-State Heat and Moisture Transfer Analysis for Opaque Building Facades Hygrothermal Analyss for Heat Teansfer Analy Chapter Summary DESIGNING FOR COMFORT Comfort 86 Methads of Facade Design and Thermal Comfor Daylignt and Glare Daylighting Strateg 9 Acoustic Comfort and Air Quality 15 stics us ality 8 Chapter Summary 9 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN FACADE DESIGNS 1 Materials and Tes nologies avanced Facade Material Facades as Energy Gene! Control Systems for Facades Chapter Summary CASE STUDIES Building Orientation and Facade Design 59 ona State University Intercsciplinary Scence & Technology Building Center for Urban Waters 67 178 Tectonic Sun Exposure Contr king Abdullah Financial Distict Parcel 4,01 8 king Abdullah Financial District Parcel 4 sternal Shading Elements University of Texas Dallas Student Services Building acade Materials and Wall Assem igelow Laboratory for Ocean Elementary School mentary Prototype (Las Ve Garcia Midle School c fo Diseas Chapter 4 Nore Bint Abdulranman demic Col versily Cente iniversty (Cleveland, Obi) nterdisciplinary Science & Technology Bui Arizona State University (Tempe, Arizona Center for Urban Waters (Tacoma, Washington ‘Kuwait University College cf Education (Shadadiyah, Kuwal king Abdullah Financial Ostrit Parcel 4.01 Bui Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) King Abdullah Financial Disvict Parcel (Riyac, Saudi Arabia) vices Building (Dallas, Texa orlory for Qoean Sciences (East Boothbay, Maine) FIGURE CREDITS Figure 2-62: Jeff Green Figure 2-6b: Jeff Green Figure 2.20, inkamp Photography Faure 221 inkamp Photogran Flque 3-19: Nick Merick © Hedich Blessing Figure 3-21: Nick Merick © Hedrich Blessing Faure 5-4: Steirkamp Photography gure 5-5: Steirkamp Photography Faure 5-62: Steinkamp Photography Figure 5-6br Steinkamp Phatography Figure 5-9: Steinkamp Photography igure 6-10: Steinkamp Photography Figue 5-11: Steinkamp Photography Figue 5. Figure 5-17: Benjamin Benschn Benjamin Benschneider Figure 5-21: Benjamin Benschneider Fu Figure Figure 5 Figure Faure 5 Figure Faure Figure Benjamin Benschneider Benjamin Benschneider 5.24: Benjamin Benschneider 3: Benjamin Benschaeider res Smith 69: Chaves Smith 5-72: Charles Smith 3: Charles Smith Charles Smith 77: Charles Smit 50, ristopher Barnes © ChristopherBarr Figure 5-82: Christopher Barnes © ClvistopherBarnes.cam Figure 5-83: Christopher Bares © ChistopherBames.com Figure 5-84; Christopher Bames © CivistopherBarnes.com Flore 5.87 Chvistapher Ramos © Chvistorhes anes crm ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | would tke to acknowledge Bil Schmalz, RK Stewart, and Bruce Toman for ther input, comments, and tremendous support during the writing ofthis book. Aso, project 2am members of the featured case studies were crucial in providing the necessary dacumentation and comments, and lam deeply grateful for their involvement: Curt Behnke, Pat Bosch, Ryan Braga, Alejandko Bragner, Eric Brossy de Dies, Jane Cameron, Matthew Crummy, Patrick Cunningham, Anthony Fietdman, James Giebelhausen, Patrick Glen, ‘Anirew Gowtza, David Hansen, Scet Kirkham, Devin Kleiner. Aki Knezevie, Richard Miler Tom Mazina, Palmer, Cama Querasian, Deborah Rivers, Bryan Schabel, Ban Seng, Gary Shaw, Calvin Sm, ash. I would aso Michael Rn Stelmarsi, Angel Suarez, Joly Thulaseedas, Deepa Tolat, Ashusin Toney, and Mark ike to thank Waidi Abou-lzzeddine (The Dar Graup) for his valued nput. My research assistants, Negin Boyhaghi and Abul Abdul, deserve special recognition for their asstance: Negi for coloctng information about some ofthe case studies in the book, ané Abul for preparation of some af the ciagrams. Kathryn Bourgoine, Doana Conte, Daniele Glordano, and the Wiley praductan team recognition for their input during the production ofthis book Lastly, | would lke to acknowledge Zlatan and Nur Aksamia for thelr undivided love and suppor. INTRODUCTION Eling, as the largest users of energyn ou society, are aso our greatest opportunity for energy conser vation and pretectin ofthe environment The rapidly growing world energy use has raised global concerns ‘ver continued depletion of energy resources and ther negative environmental impacts, Curent predetions ‘aw that ths growing trend wil The facade is one oft of any bulding. Ase 12 most significant contributors tothe energy budget and the comfort parameters ‘tinue to be depleted, it has be:ome clear that technologies and sivategies that alow us fo maintain aur setistaction withthe interior ervronment while consuming fewer ofthese reso ade d gy and athe naturel resources ‘are major abjectves fer contemporary This book focuses on the strateges and approaches for designing sustainable, high-perfamance building facades, and provides technical gudance for architects and designers. Building facades act as barriers between the interior and exterior environ bullding occupants wih a jeand sate ewronment, a facade must full mary functions, such a To pron vision of views tothe outside sistance of forces wind lads © Bearingits own weight lementation of daylighting strategies to minimize use of artical Kahting © Protection from solar heat gin © Protection from noise (© Resistance to rarwater and moisture penetration ontrl of physical environmental a There comfort conditions with minimum energy consumption. The ir selecting aporoprite des ors (heat, light, sounds) must be considered duringthe design pro -cupant comfort thermal, visual, acoustic, and air quali ynental effects and maintain inteznal an and climate thus are crucial factors ‘as must design strategies that improve a 2, sustainable facades must block adverse external eri gn strategies for sustainable facades, Srateges and technical uidelines for de 17 scientific principles are the basis o this book (such as climate-sp ergy consumption, thermal behavior of diferent facade systems, and materials and their properties, gning environmental sensitive efficient facades based fe approaches for miriia which ilustrates wih case studies how these approacies have been implemented on rea architectural jects. Il aso discusses emerging facade technologies, materia, and syster lscusses diferent cme classification systems, clmate-based design strategies, and enerey code recommencatons for building ewelopes. Diferent design sate regions, Heating-dominated climates beneft rom solar colection and passive heating, heal storage, an conservation through improved insultion and use of daylight to raduce lighting demand, Fr coaling-dom 1 sun and dcect inated cimates, opposite strategies should! be applied in these climates, protection solar racalion ig advantageous, as well as reduction of internal and externa heat gains. In med climates ‘combined stratesies must be implemented to balance solar exposure and access to dayih presents characteristics of sustainable facades, as well as guidelines for mininiing energy onsumption associated with facade desig. It examines appropriate svalagies based on building orienta an, ciferent facade types and matetias, and material properties. Opaque facades, usualy constructed of ssonry materials, precast-conerete panels, metal cladding, and other sold materials, respond diferenty t environmental conditions than do curtain walls or other types of transparent envelopes The components fetal selection, and construction methods for each are diferent, as is thermal behavior. This chapter als discusses control of heat, alr, and moisture movement; and diferent analysis methods that can be used for design decision-making presents design methcds for impraving occupants’ comfort, which isa key component of sustainable, high-performance facades. Thermal, visual, and acoustic comfort and indoer air quality affec he satisfaction and productvty of bulding occupants. This chapter covers methods for measuring ther mal comfort caritinns, design -wal aio (WW), that, the proportion cf glazed to opaque facade area. This ratio is a significant corributor to a facace's solar hea gain and energy consumption, In mast cases, higher WWRs result in greater energy consumption, a the thermal resistance of even a welnsulated glazed facades typically lower than that of an opaque facade To shaw the relationship between WWR and energy consurtioy, Figures 2-8 to 2-19 present the effects yn enexBy consumptian for narth-aiented office space located in weve US. cities. Each igure represents a diferent climate zone and subzone, with WWRs of 20%, 40%. 60%, and 80'%. For all these examples, (dimensions, eccupancy faterns, equipment and ling loads are the characterises ofthe intariar spac identical, as are te propertos ofthe facade in each case are designed according io the minimum recommendations for insulation prescribed by .90.-2007, The glazed ateain ea asst of ar-led glazing uns, using oating onthe second surface, Te aitude fr each city salsa shawn, since salar is dependent onthe latitude (as well as other envonmental contions, such as number of cloudy days) sque and glazed areas cl the facade. The opaque elements ofthe dation ana site For hot and warm climates (Figures 2-8 to 2-12), increased WWRs cause cooling loads o increase due to increased solar heat gain. However, note in Figure 28 that whie the WWR increases 300% {fom 20% 4 80%), the annual cooling loads increase only 33% (Irom aprroximately 36 to 48 KBtust), Ths isthe result of at east thee factors, First, the facade fs not the only component of a bulding determining ts energy efficiency, Other companents, including oof construction, the numberof dears and the frequency of thei use, and the heat load pracced by the buildne’s occupants, influence cooing loads. Second, the opaque partons ofthese facades are insulated to only the nirimum ASHRAE level ifthe wals were ore neatly insulated, the etfect of increasing the WW would b less pronounced, Thi, these diagrams dont assume a reduction of energy loads for electrical lighting resulting from the increased WWWRS. For ‘mixed and colder clates (Figures 2.13 to 2-19), higher WWR also affect heating loads, especialy for buildings located in cold and very cold climates, In al these examples, reducing the WWR (by increas the amount of opaque facade relative to glazed facade) improves the energy effcien iil “till aii ub | L f = l f 7 A | dd | i ; yoy 22 HECTOR GARCIA MIDDLE SCHOOL toamimimn, mina O% WA on can ode and 410% WHR onthe wet ace “ Hector Garcia Middle Schoo i locates in Dallas, Texas (zone 3A). tis oriented in the east-west alrecton to limit its east and west exposures (Figures 2-20 to 2-22). Because the classrooms ae grouped along the s north orientation, they Rave a consistent energy demand. This orientation also minimizes cooling loads by — protecting the classrooms from the hah south east, and west sun exposures. The noth facade's WR. of 70% takes advantage of the avaiable daylight and provides views tothe outside. The facade at the ‘second an third levels is a two-story curtain wall with clear and colored lazing. At the ground level fsa brick cavity wal with metal framing, punctuated by 2 series of long stp windows. Nort ocade Large-volume instructional spaces and other program spaces that equi minimal natural ight ae located ‘along the south facade, The WHR for this facade is 30%. Severa exterior wal systems ae used: brick Cavity wall wth metal faring, metal panels, aluminum curtain wal storefront facade, and punched windows, A deep roof overhang shades the curtain wal from the south sun, rigu Section an elevaton ofthe norintacade South fact, Opaque Building Facades sof nonstructural bck mas rete masoery uit (CMU) wall Figure 2-28) . athe in sjstern functions as a crainage that penetrates the exteriar bck layer to drain atthe bat Rigi insu cor battinsulation between the ste! raming members, wilimprove the thermal pe by CMU, insulation is ache 3 me, aboing any Watt om nthe a space wall When (Figure ondary structure (Figure 225), cast in-place conerate wal, and insulate tk-up concrete panes 5 of concrete facades include insulatng concrete forms (1 polystyrene panels acting as th ne or for castin-place ‘commercial buldings. [CBs are c faces of each concrete panel ith ste td framing A Dy 2.3 KENDAL ACADEMIC SUPPORT CENTER MIAMI DADE COLLEGE The Kendall Academic Support Center (Figures 2:26 to 230 is located onthe Miami Dade College cam us. The building's program incuces classreoms, student support, and acministrative spaces. An atrium Connect the administrative areas tothe learning spaces, ‘The south facade is composed of thin-hell precast concrete panels, The sizes and positions of windows ‘wore dotermined by day ghting studies Figure 2-27) ana diene ty Te: ea veri meray boar Rendering of he south facade lh 2.27 Dayle study uses to determine the window pate in the procast cance pals Pressure equal ram, Stick systems consist of co srl - — structure piece by piece to form th be futhe asc components of a curtain m Matrals and com utain wall Thermal performance of curtain wall assembl the design and interaction of ind monet: mulfons, glazing unis, spandrel units, anchorattachment cor s, and the pein osures, Because aluminum fas very high thermal canductity, aluminum mulions ar typical or rough the assembly. To enhance erformance of aluminum mul be incorporated into their design. Thermal breaks consist of ity materials 1 rubber, or polyester-reinfoced nylon, which separate the mulan’s outer. fasteners, With thermally broken mulions, exterior metal surfaces re A ve, variation is "tnermally imp 1, but have fast material separating ttusion| ofthe metat-to act atthe fastener moroved ralion ar vision glass may ito insulation or at he typeof lacing can significantly affect a curtain walls be desirable for daylighting, vows, and building sing, However, there area number of ways to improve te performance ofthe vison-sass areas of ance it performs pooty wi Fis, the las itself can be integral tinted, Heavily tinted glass can block 2 substantal amount of crect sunlight, Unfortunately, ined glass also blocks daylight and may restrict views. Asi ass—any kind of glass —provides almost no insulation. Therefore, tinted gas is usually the but least effective way of improving lass performance tunis using two tes of glass separated ty a desiccated air space can significantly imorove Jazing performance. Because air is a poor conductor of heat, dauble-plazed insulating unis perform sg hificanty better than a singe ite of alass. Further performance improvemests can t ne rather Ite of glass (and ancther airspace). Tple-lazed units per < however, te ineremental improvement is less than when gong fram singe el its. 82 CHARACTERISTICS OF St A cost-benefit analysis is needed to determine if the adltonal cost for tole glazings justified by increased performance, Other materials, such as argan gas or tansparentsilcaaerogel, can be used in lieu ofthe desiceate air between the Its of lass ta improve the insulating qualities of the glazing unt oatngs can 1 to glass to improve ts thermal and ight transmission performance. Low-emissivty oe) coatings applied to the glass surface can block and reflect some dayight (hus making the eass ook darker and more reflective). Through impravements inthe formulation oF the coating materials and her apolcation processes, manufacturers are continually introducing beter performing, yt clearer, low-e ass. Because lon-e coatings ae susceptible to damage and require protection, they can only be aplied othe inner surfaces of an insulating glass unt. Glass surfaces of double-gazed insulating units are usually fesignated by @ numb, withthe #1 surface onthe ouside ofthe unit and the # surface on the bulling interior. Therefore, lw-€ coatings are applied to either the #2 or #3 surfaces, 3mmonly used coatings ceramic fit, Ceramic its can have varying levels of opacity, and in patterns with varying levels of glass coverage. Glass thats coated witha 50% patter of ‘aque ft wll Bock twice the direct sunlight as unfrited glass. Because fit is baked ont the surface of sass, tis durable and does not requ the same level of protecton as loi coatings. Fritcan be aoplied to any lass surtace; nowever, esigners need to remember that al lass, even the mest transparent, some amount of inherent tinting Ie fits applied to the #4 surace, then ight that is reflecte aff the rit must passthrough four es of las, The three most common glazing methads (Figure 2:39) With the exterior batten meth, the glass lat is fixed tothe mulion with re to gaskets or Bing tapes between the glass ‘and the mulion, The exterior gasket prevents mast water fram entering the system, whl te interior seal provides the real ar and water baer. The applied stops mi lazing sto that holds the glass lt in place. An interor applies stop method allows glass replacement from the interior of the buiding, which coule be Beneficial for building maintenance, The stuctural scone ructualsiicone can two-sided or four-sided. Inthe frst case, either the vertical or the horizontal edges of the glass are adhered to mulions wth structural scone sealant, and the other two edges are mechanical fixed usually with pressure plates. With four-sided structural slicone, all four edges of the lass are adhered to ‘mulions with structural sean sealant n place. The pressure hod consists ofan extrioe or interior ernovable ecially formulated slicone sealant to hold the glass ite in place Opaque areas of a curtain wal include spandrels. A spandrlis a horzontal band of epaque curtain wall between continuous strips of vision glass, Spandrels are generally the bestnsulsed parts cf curtain wal, £0 increasing thal aaa can significantly improve the overall performs four types of spandcels: sold materials, back-coated glss, glazed shadow Avariety of solid materials can be used for spandrel ae st common being metal panels. The panels can have integral insulation, or insulation can be a separate layer behind them, FACADE TYPES AND MATERIALS » bifret matiods and muon types. Back-costed glass can be either a sngle eo lass or an insulting unt. In ether case, the inner surface of ass ely coated wi ceramic rt to make an opaque spancrel. Whether the glass spanchel is single- or double -azed, an adainal insulation layer is recommended io improve ts thermal performance. created by placing painted metal bores behind vision lass. The purpose of shadow boxes ace, A deep shadow box, with 2 carefuly selected paint 1 bend the shadow box ‘Shadow bes ar ‘sto give spandre's the appearance of occupied coal, can come close ta creatingthisllsion ayer of insulation shoud be ac 34 CHARACTERISTICS OF SUSTAINABLE FACADES Lowers in spandrels can be functional to allow ar to enter or be exhausts trom the buldeg; or decorate, with some form of soid material behind them. Functional spandel/ouvers are usually ‘mechanical rooms, so they ae ied to fly insulated internal building systems, ingulavon behind them Storefont facades are priariy used at the ground or secand feo ofa building. Like curtain walls, they Consist of aluminum frames and glass components, and do nol cary significant structural leads. However, the assembly and frame components are diferent than in curtain wall applications and the performance criteria are less stringent. For example, frames may have smaller dimensions, or gaskets may be made of aiferent material vinyl for sorefrent applications and slicone for curtain walls), Properties of Facade Materials and Components Material selection is an important factor in designing sustainable facades. All materials have specific pysical properties, such as dens, thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, and permeability. Insulating materials are selected fr ther thermal resistance, and vapor barriers for ther permeability Table 21 Its he thermal resistance (R-values) of typical bling materials used for opaque building envelopes. The nominal thermal resistance ofan opaque building facade can be calculated by adding the values of each ‘material ayer, nctudng ar spaces. ‘oble 24 Thermal resistance properties of typical components for opaque builcing envelopes. Brick (0.30-0.40 per inch 068-277 ‘CMU, 8 in, (200 mm 020-038 (CMU, 22 in (800 mm) 022-065 ‘Concrete (sand and gravel aggregate) 0.05-0.14 per inch 035-099 Concrete (limestone aggregate) 0.09-0.18 per inch 0.62-1.26 Concrete with ightweight aggregate 0.11-0.78 per inch 0.76-5.40 ‘Stone (quartzite and sandstone) 0.01-0.08 per ine 010-053, Stone (limestone, marble, granite) 0.03-0.13 per inch 023-090 Mineral bat insuation, 6 in. (150 mm) 22 367 ee Expanded polystyrene insulation 5 perinch 387 ‘Spay-applied foam 6.25 per inch 433 Gypsum board, 0.500 in. (12.7 mm) 0.45, 0.08 Gypsum board, 0.625 in, (15.9 mm) 0.56 10 Source: © 2008, ASHRAE Gm ase. Used wih peison ie ASHRAE Haro of Furano Cape Table 2:2 calculates the overall P-values for five brick veneer wall assemblies. For each assembly, the overall R-vave is calculated by adding the thermal resistance of individual materia layers (Getermined by rmultilying ts Rovalues per unt thickness by the material's crerall thickness), Table 2-2 compares various ‘combinations of back-up wal systems: CML wall, and cold-ormed ste! framing spaced 16 inches (4 mm} and 24 inches (610 rm) apart. insulation materials forthe five assembles ae rgié mineral batt insulation, polystyrene spray foam insulation, oF mineral wool insulation. The five well assembles have the following components ‘© Assembly I: Brick veneer with rigid batt insulation anc CMU back-up wall © Assembly 2: Brick veneer with polystyrene insulation end CRU back-up wall ‘© Assembly 3: Brick veneer with cold-formesd steel framing (16 in. o° 406 mm 0.) and rigid mineral ty fe Assembly 4; Brick veneer with col-formed ste! faring (16 in. or 406 mm o.c) and insulation inthe stud cavity woo! insulation in the st foam ‘© Assembly 5 Brick veneer wit col-formed steel aming (24 in. or 610 mm 0.) and rigid mineral woo insulation in the s Calculated R-values for five brick veneer exterior wall assemblies. CES CSE ‘Assembly 1: Brick veneer with rigid batt insulation and CMU back-up wall 4 in, (100 ram) brick veneer in, x0.20/n, =080 0.16 2 in, (50 mm) airspace 2in.x0.58fn,=113 0.20 3 in, (75 mv) of eigid mineral bat insulation 11.00, 195, Air and vapor barier ° ° 8 in, (200 mm) CMU Li 020 0.625 in. (15:9 mm) interior gypsum board 0.56 10 Overall Reval 1460 2.59 ‘Assombly 2: Brick veneer with polystyrene insulation and CMU back-up wall 4in, (100 mm) brick veneer 4in,x0.20/n. =0.80 O14 2 in. (60 mm) air space 2in.x0.56/in=1.13 0.20 3 in, (75 mm) of expended polystyrene Bin.x Bin =1500 2.66 Air and vapor barter ° o 8 n. (200 mm) CML an 020 0.628 in. (15:9 mm) interior gypsum board 0.58 010 (veal Revalue 1860 330 Assembly 3: Brick veneer with insulated steel stu framing (16 in. or 406 mm o..) and rigid mineral woo insulation 4 in. (100 me) brick veneer 4 in. x 0.204, oa 2 in. (50 mm) air sp 2in. x 0.56\in, = 0.20 in. (75 mm) of rigid mineral wool insulation 3 in. x An 22 Ar and vapor barter ° ° 055 in. (12.7 mm) exterior gypsum sheathing 08 6 in. (150 mm) stud cavity with bat insulation 730 26 0.625 in. (15.9 mm) interior gypsum board 0.56 10 Overall Rvalue 22.04 390 Assembly 4 Brick veneer ith insulate ste! std framing (16 in. or 406 mmo.) and spray foam insulation 4 in, (100 mm) brick veneer 4in.x0.20/n,=0.80 0.14 2 in, (50 mm) at space 2in.x0.S6in.=113 0.20 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) exterior gypsum sheathing 0. 0.08 3 in, (75 mm) of spray foam insulation in 6 in. 19.8 3.50 (150 mm ste! stud cavity 0.628 in. (15.9 mm) interior gypsum board 0.56 20 Overall Revalue 22.29 394 Assembly 5: Brick veneer with insulated steel stud framing (24 in, ot 610 mm oc.) and right mineral woo insulation 4in. 100 mm) brick veneer 4in.x020in,=080 0.14 in, (50 mm) air space 2inx0.560in,=113 0.20 in. (75 mm) of rigé mineral wool insulation 3in.x4/in.= 1200 2.12 Air and vapor baer ° ° 05 in. (12.7 mm) exterior gypsum sheathing 0.45 0.08 6 in, (150 mm) stud cavity with bat insulation 8.60 152 0.825 in. (18.9 mm) interior gypsum board 0.56 oo Overall Rvalue 2aa4 416 The simple adctve method does nat work wel for facades supparted by cold-formed steel framing, Ia these facades, the low thermal resistance af the highly conductive steel members wll be quite ciferent from that af the insulation between the members. The zone method has been developed for calculating z-alues in these cases. For example, a brick veneer wall that uses ste! framing can be divided into wo zanes: a zone containing steel framing, and a zone between the framing. The thermal resistance of teach zane can be calculated using the addtive approach. By calculating the values of each zone and faceringin the ative areas ofeach zone, the cverall thermal resstance of n be determined facet g within a wal occurs where 2 highly conductive material, such as a metal veneer suppor oenetats the facade’s insulation layer. This can affect the thermal performance othe wal. Thermal biden teanoccur inal types of facades. Thermally unbroken aluminum mls in curtain waks are highly conductive and transfer heat from the exter tothe interior, reducing the aveal thermal performance of the facade ‘When an opaque facade has a significant amaunt of thermal bridging, the effective R-value ofthe wal assem ‘yal be less than ts nominal Revalue. Figure 2-40 sh ferences between nominal and effect es of supports: vertical Zgirts, Noizantal Zits, and wire ‘an no insulation between the ualues of trick veneer facades with three tyne ties Far al three cantons, there i layer of insulation within te ar spac col-formed steel framing, Th therm brighig occurs where the Z-g2ts or wie ties penetrate the rsulaon

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