Fundamentals of Information Systems 9th Edition Stair Solutions Manual

Fundamentals of Information Systems
9th Edition Stair Solutions Manual

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Fundamentals of Information Systems, 9th Edition
Solutions – Chapter 7
Critical Thinking Exercise

KM Experiment
Review Questions
1. Joint problem solving is the process where the novice and expert work side by side,
so that is probably the best approach in this situation.
2. Student responses will vary. A community of practice is a group that regularly

engages in sharing and learning as they strive to meet a common set of goals. A CoP
may work in this situation as it would give the scouts an opportunity to work with
you.
Critical Thinking Questions
1. Student responses will vary. Most will threatened to share their knowledge with
competitors.
2. Student responses will vary. Management might want to institute a bonus structure
that where you would receive a percentage each time a scout you taught signs a new
player.

IBM Watson Offers Advice to Cancer Patients
Review Questions
1. The system might use vision systems to recognize particular patients. The system
might use natural language processing to allow patients to ask a question directly by
speaking to the system.
2. The advisor employs learning systems and neural networks.
1. Since the Watson-based advisor draws information from IBM and the American
Cancer Society, those organizations need to keep their data as current as possible.
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2. Student responses will vary. It might be possible for the advisor to recognize a pattern
of questions that people suffering from depression may ask.

Launching Google Expeditions
Review Questions
1. Students should research how their school can sign up for the Google Expeditions
Pioneer Program. They should start with https://www.google.com/edu/expeditions/.
2. Teachers will need to be trained on how to use the equipment.
1. Students will prepare recommendations for the school based on his research findings.
2. Student responses will vary. Some potential barriers could be lack of interest and
money (if not selected by Google).

Allina Health Employs Healthcare Informatics
Review Questions
1. The individuals who built this system may be knowledge engineers. A knowledge
engineer is a person who has training or experience in the design, development,
implementation, and maintenance of an expert system, including training or
experience with expert system shells. Knowledge engineers can help transfer the
knowledge from the expert system to the knowledge user. The individuals who use
this system likely are experienced in information systems and data as well as
healthcare.
2. Student responses will vary. Data may have been collected from patient records,
financial records, and patient satisfaction surveys.
1. Student responses may vary. Clinical, financial, and operational data as well as
patient satisfaction are measured.
2. Student responses will vary. The patient satisfaction data can be used to determine
better ways to serve patients.
Review Questions
1. A knowledge management system creates, captures, refines, stores, manages, and

disseminates knowledge.
2. Explicit knowledge is objective and can be measured and documented in reports,

papers, and rules. For example, knowing the best road to take to minimize driving
time from home to the office when a major highway is closed is explicit knowledge.
Tacit knowledge, on the other hand, is hard to measure and document and typically is
not objective or formalized. Knowing the best way to negotiate with a foreign
government about nuclear disarmament or a volatile hostage situation often requires a
lifetime of experience and a high level of skill. These are examples of tacit
knowledge.
3. As mentioned above, explicit knowledge is objective and can be measured and

documented in reports, papers, and rules.
4. The four key steps in selling an implementing a knowledge management project are:
▪ Connect KM to goals and objectives
▪ Start with small pilot and enthusiastic participants
▪ Identify valuable tacit knowledge
▪ Get employee buy in
5. Some organizations and professions use communities of practice (COP), which are
groups of people with common interests who come together to create, store, and share
knowledge on a specific topic. A group of oceanographers investigating climate
change or a team of medical researchers looking for new ways to treat lung cancer are
examples of COPs. COPs often connect people who might not otherwise have an
opportunity to interact, either frequently or perhaps not at all. Thus, an effective COP
can lead to a quantum leap in collaboration among people with common interests.
COPs help individuals enhance their area of expertise by providing a forum to share
information, stories, personal experiences, and solutions to common problems.
6. Organizational network analysis (ONA) is a technique used for documenting and

measuring flows of information among individuals, workgroups, organizations,
computers, Web sites, and other information sources.
7. Enterprise search software is software that matches a user’s query to many sources of
information in an attempt to identify the most important content and the most reliable
and relevant source.
8. Artificial intelligence systems include the people, procedures, hardware, software,

data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that can
simulate human intelligence processes, including learning (the acquisition of
information and rules for using the information), reasoning (using rules to reach
conclusions), and self-correction (using the outcome from one scenario to improve its
performance on future scenarios).
9. Intelligent behavior is the ability to learn from experiences and apply knowledge
acquired from those experiences; to handle complex situations; to solve problems
when important information is missing; to determine what is important and to react
quickly and correctly to a new situation; to understand visual images, process and
manipulate symbols, be creative and imaginative; and to use heuristics.
10. AI is a broad field that includes several specialty areas, such as expert systems,
robotics, vision systems, natural language processing, learning systems, and neural
networks.
11. An expert system consists of a collection of integrated and related components,

including a knowledge base, an inference engine, an explanation facility, a knowledge
base acquisition facility, and a user interface.
The knowledge base stores all relevant information, data, rules, cases, and
relationships that the expert system uses. The overall purpose of an inference engine
is to seek information and relationships from the knowledge base and to provide
answers, predictions, and suggestions similar to the way a human expert would. An
important part of an expert system is the explanation facility, which allows a user or
decision maker to understand how the expert system arrived at certain conclusions or
results. The purpose of the knowledge acquisition facility is to provide a convenient
and efficient means of capturing and storing all components of the knowledge base.
The main purpose of the user interface is to make an expert system easier for users
and decision makers to develop and use.
12. Robots can perform tasks that require a high degree of precision or that are tedious or
hazardous for humans. Some examples of robots include: US Navy’s Bluefin 21
submarine; Roomba vacuum; and Dash and Dot to help kids learn programming.
13. DeepFace is an AI vision system that creates 3D models of the faces in photos. The
technology can correctly tell if two photos show the same person with 97.25 percent
accuracy. The technology, which uses more than 120 million parameters, can also
recognize people whose faces are not showing with 83 percent accuracy, using
features such as body shape, posture, hairstyle, and clothing.
14. Natural language processing is an aspect of artificial intelligence that involves

technology that allows computers to understand, analyze, manipulate, and/or generate
“natural” languages, such as English.
15. A learning system is a combination of software and hardware that allows a computer
to change how it functions or how it reacts to situations based on feedback it receives.
After Google combined natural language processing with learning systems in its
Android smartphone operating system, it reduced word-recognition errors by 25
percent.
16. A neural network is a computer system that can recognize and act on patterns or
trends that it detects in large sets of data.
AI Trilogy, available from the Ward Systems Group (www.wardsystems.com), is a

neural network software program that can run on a standard PC. The software
package’s NeuroShell Predictor component can be used to make predictions, such as
agricultural production estimates and call volume forecasts. The NeuroShell
Classifier can be used to aid in classification and decision-making tasks, such as
alarm system malfunction diagnosis and sales prospect selection.
17. A genetic algorithm is an approach to solving problems based on the theory of

evolution that uses the survival of the fittest concept as a problem-solving strategy.
Genetic algorithms have been used to solve large, complex scheduling problems such
as scheduling airline crews to meet flight requirements while minimizing total costs
and not violating federal guidelines on maximum crew flight hours and minimum
hours of rest. Genetic algorithms have also been used to design mirrors to funnel
sunlight to a solar collection panel and focus signals to a radio antenna.
18. Multimedia is text, graphics, video, animation, audio, and other media that can be
used to help an organization efficiently and effectively achieve its goals. Multimedia
can be used to create stunning brochures, presentations, reports, and documents.
Although not all organizations use the full capabilities of multimedia, most use text
and graphics capabilities. Other applications of multimedia include audio, video, and
animation. File compression and conversion are often needed in multimedia
applications to import or export analog files and to reduce file size when storing
multimedia files and sending them to others.
Examples of software to work with text and graphics are Adobe Illustrator and
Microsoft PowerPoint. Microsoft Sound Recorder and Adobe Audition can be used
with audio. Adobe Premiere and Apple Final Cut Pro can be used with video and
animation.
19. File conversion is the act of converting a file from one format to another, while file
compression compresses files to make the smaller and easier to download or transfer
via email.
20. A virtual reality system is a system that enables one or more users to move and react
in a computer-simulated environment. Threes areas of virtual reality applications
include medicine, education and training, and business and commerce.
21. An assistive technology system is an assistive, adaptive, or rehabilitative device

designed to help people with disabilities perform tasks that they were formerly unable
to accomplish or had great difficulty accomplishing.
22. Game theory is a mathematical theory for developing strategies that maximize gains
and minimize losses while adhering to a given set of rules and constraints. Game
theory is frequently applied to solve various decision-making problems where two or
more participants are faced with choices of action, by which each may gain or lose,
depending on what others choose to do or not to do. Thus the final outcome of a game
is determined jointly by the strategies chosen by all participants.
The United States Coast Guard employs a game theory system called PROTECT
(Port Resiliency for Operational/Tactical Enforcement to Combat Terrorism) to
randomize patrols while still achieving a very high level of security that provides
maximum deterrence.
23. Informatics is the combination of information technology with traditional disciplines

such as medicine or science while considering the impact on individuals,
organizations, and society.
Discussion Questions
1. Student responses may vary. When considering which system to develop, you must
consider which would be more valuable and which type of knowledge is easier to
recreate. In this case, it makes sense to develop the knowledge management system.
2. Currently, scientists debate whether biological intelligence and man-created

intelligence can ever be the same. For now, computers do not think. They infer or
react as programmed. The following table might stimulate discussion in this area.
Characteristic of Natural Intelligence Artificial Intelligence

Intelligent Behavior
Learn from experience and Part of animal and human Very difficult to
apply gained knowledge behavior; people learn from replicate with
experience and apply computers; genetic
knowledge to new settings algorithms, neural
networks, and other
techniques are being
used in preliminary
applications
Handle complex situations Human experts have trouble Requires extremely
in these situations but still complex computer
outperform AI software and still is an
immature technology
Solve problems when Humans have done well in AI systems are able to
important information is these situations and still perform well in these
missing outperform AI situations
Determine what is Humans have natural Requires extremely
important instincts to aid in this process complex computer
and generally can outperform software and still is an
AI immature technology
React quickly and correctly Humans can intuitively do A perception vision
to a new situation this and outperform AI system is required in
systems addition to complex
computer software; AI
still is an immature
technology
Understand visual images Humans can intuitively do Vision systems have
this and outperform AI come a long way but are
systems not yet on par with
humans and animals
Process and manipulate People see, manipulate, and Using symbolic
symbols organize symbolic notations to represent
knowledge easily ideas, objects, and
concepts is difficult for
the computer; numerical
calculations are easier
Be creative and An innate human Machines have yet to
imaginative characteristic master this area
Use heuristics Humans are good at Using rules of thumb to
estimation approximate answers
has been implemented in
computers with a great
deal of success
3. For some decisions, people use heuristics (rules of thumb arising from experience) or
even guesses. In searching for a job, you might rank the companies you are
considering according to profits per employee.
4. Student responses will vary. A COP is a group of people dedicated to a common

discipline or practice, such as open-source software, auditing, medicine, or
engineering. Universities could use COPs to obtain, store, share, and using
knowledge.
5. The bank could use a BRMS that relies on verifiable customer and credit data rather
than on unsubstantiated information supplied by the applicant. This will cut down on
errors and improve the bank’s credit model with a resulting reduction in risk. The
BRMS may also allow the bank to quickly adapt the rules and factors inherent in its
credit reporting process to respond to new opportunities and changing business
conditions.
6. One example of an expert system is an artificial intelligence system that emulates an

auto mechanic's knowledge in diagnosing automobile problems.
7. Robots are currently used to vacuum (Roomba) or clean out litter boxes (Litter
Robot). Human tasks such as complex movement or movement through unusual
environment are more difficult. The more senses required (touch, smell, taste, vision,
et cetera), the more difficult it becomes for a robot to act.
8. In a school setting, natural language can be used to automate responses and

registration requests.
9. Learning systems are a combination of software and hardware that allows a computer
to change how it functions or how it reacts to situations based on feedback it receives.
For example, some computerized games have learning abilities.
If the computer does not win a game, it remembers not to make the same moves
under the same conditions again.
A neural network is a computer system that can recognize and act on patterns or
trends that it detects in large sets of data. AI Trilogy, available from the Ward
Systems Group (www.wardsystems.com), is a neural network software program that
can run on a standard PC. The software can make predictions with NeuroShell
Predictor and classify information with NeuroShell Classifier.
10. A knowledge base contains and stores all relevant information, rules, data, cases and
relationships within a particular domain of knowledge. A database on the other hand,
is a more general collection of data and relationships. It is usually the product of a
transaction processing system and can be used as a means of historically analyzing

business events.
11. Two competing businesses in the same market can use game theory to determine the
best strategy to achieve their goals. Game theory was used to develop a better security
system for the Los Angeles airport.
12. Students can use augmented reality apps to create projects or homework assignments
that incorporate pictures with overlaid dialog or music.
13. Personal emergency response systems use electronic sensors connected to an alarm
system to help maintain security, independence, and peace of mind for anyone who is
living alone, at risk for falls, or recuperating from an illness or surgery. These
systems include fall detectors, heart monitors, and unlit gas sensors. When an alert is
triggered, a message is sent to a caregiver or contact center who can respond
appropriately.
Problem-Solving Exercises
1. Students should investigate the use of robots in a restaurant to clear tables and deliver
food.
2. Students should shoot a brief video and experiment with video editing software.
3. Students should use a file compression program.
Team Activities
1. Students should conduct research to identify the most realistic virtual reality game in
their local entertainment center.
2. Students should work with your team to design an expert system to predict how many
years it will take a typical student to graduate from their college or university.
3. Students should explore the use of assistive technology systems by recent war
veterans.
Web Exercises
1. Students should use the Internet to investigate the features of NelNet.
2. Students should use the Internet to identify several instances where robots are taking
jobs away from human employees.
3. Students should use the Internet to identify several applications of neural networks.
Career Exercises
1. Students should identify several fields that are likely to be negatively impacted by
artificial intelligence applications.
2. Students should research career opportunities with healthcare informatics.
3. Students should identify people from their experience and others they may know of
who they would like to include as members of a community of practice.
Case Studies
Case One: The NASA Knowledge Map
1. NASA has an extensive knowledge management system called NASA Knowledge

Map, which is a tool that helps employees navigate the enormous collection of
knowledge within NASA. The map encompasses six major categories: (1) Case
Studies and Publications, (2) Face-to-Face Knowledge Services, (3) Online Tools, (4)
Knowledge Networks, (5) Lessons Learned and Knowledge Processes, and (6)
Search/Tag/Taxonomy Tools.
2. Student responses may vary. NASA can link KM directly to job performance.
3. NASA needs to provide easy access to all the data in the KM. In addition, all the data
needs to be in compatible formats.
4. The six categories of their KM might be a little disjointed. NASA should work to
centralize their KM.
5. As with any organization, managers must create a work culture that places a high
value on tacit knowledge and that strongly encourages people to share it.
Case Two: Doctor on Demand Enables Physicians to Make House Calls
1. Student responses will vary.
2. Students will conduct further research about Doctor on Demand and two of its
competitors.
3. Rural Americans with limited access to healthcare may also have limited access to the
Internet with less reliable connections. Because of this, they may not be more inclined
to use Doctor on Demand. If connection issues are taken out, then this does seem like
a viable solution to give those individual easier access to healthcare.

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Fundamentals of Information Systems

9th Edition Stair Solutions Manual

Critical Thinking Exercise

2. Student responses will vary. A community of practice is a group that regularly

Critical Thinking Questions

Critical Thinking Exercise

2. The advisor employs learning systems and neural networks.

Critical Thinking Questions

Critical Thinking Exercise

2. Teachers will need to be trained on how to use the equipment.

Critical Thinking Questions

Critical Thinking Exercise

Critical Thinking Questions

1. A knowledge management system creates, captures, refines, stores, manages, and

2. Explicit knowledge is objective and can be measured and documented in reports,

3. As mentioned above, explicit knowledge is objective and can be measured and

6. Organizational network analysis (ONA) is a technique used for documenting and

8. Artificial intelligence systems include the people, procedures, hardware, software,

11. An expert system consists of a collection of integrated and related components,

14. Natural language processing is an aspect of artificial intelligence that involves

AI Trilogy, available from the Ward Systems Group (www.wardsystems.com), is a

17. A genetic algorithm is an approach to solving problems based on the theory of

21. An assistive technology system is an assistive, adaptive, or rehabilitative device

23. Informatics is the combination of information technology with traditional disciplines

2. Currently, scientists debate whether biological intelligence and man-created

Characteristic of Natural Intelligence Artificial Intelligence

4. Student responses will vary. A COP is a group of people dedicated to a common

6. One example of an expert system is an artificial intelligence system that emulates an

8. In a school setting, natural language can be used to automate responses and

transaction processing system and can be used as a means of historically analyzing

3. Students should use a file compression program.

1. Students should use the Internet to investigate the features of NelNet.

2. Students should research career opportunities with healthcare informatics.

Case One: The NASA Knowledge Map

Critical Thinking Questions

1. NASA has an extensive knowledge management system called NASA Knowledge

Case Two: Doctor on Demand Enables Physicians to Make House Calls

Critical Thinking Questions

1. Student responses will vary.

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